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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Completions of other composers' unfinished works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Completions_of_other_composers'_unfinished_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Musical style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorations_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decorations and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decorations_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decorations and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decorations_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_doctorates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_doctorates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Honorary doctorates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_doctorates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ernst Krenek" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_K%C5%99enek" title="Ernst Křenek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ernst Křenek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ernst Krenek" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernst Krenek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernst Krenek" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ernst Krenek" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ernst Krenek" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%A9" title="ارنست کرنک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارنست کرنک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_K%C5%99enek" title="Ernst Křenek – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernst Křenek" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%88%EB%84%A4%ED%81%AC" title="에른스트 크레네크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에른스트 크레네크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D4%BF%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AF" title="Էռնստ Կշենեկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էռնստ Կշենեկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_K%C5%99enek" title="Ernst Křenek – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ernst Křenek" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="ארנסט קרנק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארנסט קרנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestus_Krenek" title="Ernestus Krenek – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ernestus Krenek" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ernst Krenek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="ايرنست كرينيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرنست كرينيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_K%C5%99enek" title="Ernst Křenek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ernst Křenek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AF" title="エルンスト・クルシェネク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルンスト・クルシェネク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_K%C5%99enek" title="Ernst Křenek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ernst Křenek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ernst Krenek" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Кшенек, Эрнст – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кшенек, Эрнст" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_K%C5%99enek" title="Ernst Křenek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ernst Křenek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_K%C5%99enek" title="Ernst Křenek – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ernst Křenek" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ernst Krenek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ernst Krenek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Ернст Кренек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ернст Кренек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%83%AD%E5%86%85%E5%85%8B" title="恩斯特·克热内克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="恩斯特·克热内克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian/American composer (1900–1991)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ernst Krenek</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Komponist_Ernst_Krenek_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Komponist_Ernst_Krenek_1937.jpg/220px-Komponist_Ernst_Krenek_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Komponist_Ernst_Krenek_1937.jpg/330px-Komponist_Ernst_Krenek_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Komponist_Ernst_Krenek_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="485" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ernst Krenek in 1937</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ernst Heinrich Křenek</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1900-08-23</span>)</span>23 August 1900<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 1991<span style="display:none">(1991-12-22)</span> (aged 91)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California" title="Palm Springs, California">Palm Springs, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Krenek_signature_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ernst_Krenek_signature_1944.jpg/150px-Ernst_Krenek_signature_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ernst_Krenek_signature_1944.jpg/225px-Ernst_Krenek_signature_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ernst_Krenek_signature_1944.jpg/300px-Ernst_Krenek_signature_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ernst Heinrich Krenek</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Czech:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈkr̝ɛnɛk]</a></span>, 23 August 1900 – 22 December 1991) was an <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a>, later American, composer. He explored <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">modern</a> styles and wrote a number of books, including <i>Music Here and Now</i> (1939), a study of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a> (1953), and <i>Horizons Circled: Reflections on my Music</i> (1974). Krenek wrote two pieces using the pseudonym <b>Thornton Winsloe</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born <b>Ernst Heinrich Křenek</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Vienna (then in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>), he was the son of a Czech soldier in the Austro-Hungarian army. He studied there and in Berlin with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schreker" title="Franz Schreker">Franz Schreker</a> before working in a number of German opera houses as conductor. During World War I, Krenek was drafted into the Austrian army, but he was stationed in Vienna, allowing him to go on with his musical studies. In 1922 he met <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a>, widow of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, and her daughter, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Mahler" title="Anna Mahler">Anna</a>, to whom he dedicated his Symphony No. 2, and whom he married in January 1924. That marriage ended in divorce before its first anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krenek_Jonny-spielt-auf_Titel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Krenek_Jonny-spielt-auf_Titel.jpg/220px-Krenek_Jonny-spielt-auf_Titel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Krenek_Jonny-spielt-auf_Titel.jpg/330px-Krenek_Jonny-spielt-auf_Titel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Krenek_Jonny-spielt-auf_Titel.jpg/440px-Krenek_Jonny-spielt-auf_Titel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3980" data-file-height="5140" /></a><figcaption><i>Jonny spielt auf</i>, the title page of the 1926 vocal score (1st edition)</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of his marriage to Anna Mahler, Krenek was completing his Violin Concerto No. 1, Op. 29. The <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> violinist <a href="/wiki/Alma_Moodie" title="Alma Moodie">Alma Moodie</a> assisted Krenek, not with the scoring of the violin part, but with getting financial assistance from her Swiss patron <a href="/wiki/Werner_Reinhart" title="Werner Reinhart">Werner Reinhart</a> at a time when there was hyper-inflation in Germany. In gratitude, Krenek dedicated the concerto to Moodie, and she premiered it on January 5, 1925, in <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>. Krenek's divorce from Anna Mahler became final a few days after the premiere. Krenek did not attend the premiere, but he did have an affair with Moodie, which has been described as "short-lived and complicated". He never managed to hear her play the concerto, but he did "immortalize some aspects of her personality in the character of Anita in his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Jonny_spielt_auf" title="Jonny spielt auf">Jonny spielt auf</a></i>". This 'jazz opera', completed in 1926, was an enormous success across Europe and made Krenek a household name for several years; there is even a brand of cigarettes, still on the market today in Austria, named "Jonny".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischof_and_Pelinka2003109_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBischof_and_Pelinka2003109-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krenek himself became uncomfortable with this success though, as his musical colleagues criticised the commercialisation of his music, and shortly afterwards changed his compositional direction radically. </p><p>The jazz-influenced score of <i>Jonny spielt auf</i> and its central character of a black jazz musician (who is also seen womanising and stealing a priceless violin) brought Krenek the opprobrium of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>; the image of Jonny was distorted to form the centrepiece of the poster advertising the <i><a href="/wiki/Entartete_Musik" class="mw-redirect" title="Entartete Musik">Entartete Musik</a></i> exhibition of so-called 'degenerate' music in 1938. Krenek was frequently named as a Jewish composer during the Third Reich, although he was not, and was intimidated by the regime until his emigration; on March 6, 1933, one day after the last semi-free <a href="/wiki/German_federal_election,_March_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="German federal election, March 1933">election of March 1933</a>, Krenek's incidental music to <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <i>Triumph der Empfindsamkeit</i> was withdrawn in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, and eventually pressure was brought to bear on the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a>, which cancelled the <a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">commissioned</a> premiere of <i><a href="/wiki/Karl_V_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl V (opera)">Karl V</a></i>. </p><p>In 1938 Krenek moved to the United States, where he taught music at various universities, the first being <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a>. He later taught at <a href="/wiki/Hamline_University" title="Hamline University">Hamline University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> from 1942 to 1947. There he met and married his third wife, the composer <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Nordenstrom" title="Gladys Nordenstrom">Gladys Nordenstrom</a>, who was his student at the time. He became an American citizen in 1945. He later moved to <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto, Ontario</a>, Canada, where he taught at <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Conservatory_of_Music" title="The Royal Conservatory of Music">The Royal Conservatory of Music</a> during the 1950s. His students included <a href="/wiki/Milton_Barnes_(composer)" title="Milton Barnes (composer)">Milton Barnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorne_Betts" title="Lorne Betts">Lorne Betts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roque_Cordero" title="Roque Cordero">Roque Cordero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dolin" title="Samuel Dolin">Samuel Dolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Erickson" title="Robert Erickson">Robert Erickson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halim_El-Dabh" title="Halim El-Dabh">Halim El-Dabh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Maxfield" title="Richard Maxfield">Richard Maxfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Ogdon" title="Will Ogdon">Will Ogdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">George Perle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Seay" title="Virginia Seay">Virginia Seay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hsiung-Zee_Wong" title="Hsiung-Zee Wong">Hsiung-Zee Wong</a>. Later he moved to <a href="/wiki/Sunland-Tujunga,_Los_Angeles" title="Sunland-Tujunga, Los Angeles">Tujunga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1991321_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1991321-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before moving to <a href="/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California" title="Palm Springs, California">Palm Springs, California</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died there in 1991, aged 91, but was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Central_Cemetery" title="Vienna Central Cemetery">Vienna Central Cemetery</a>. In 1998 Gladys Nordenstrom founded the Ernst Krenek Institute; in 2004 the private foundation moved from Vienna to <a href="/wiki/Krems_an_der_Donau" title="Krems an der Donau">Krems an der Donau</a>, Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Completions_of_other_composers'_unfinished_works"><span id="Completions_of_other_composers.27_unfinished_works"></span>Completions of other composers' unfinished works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Completions of other composers' unfinished works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After meeting Krenek in 1922, Alma Mahler asked him to complete her late husband's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._10_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 10 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 10</a>. Krenek assisted in editing the first and third movements but went no further. More fruitful was Krenek's response to an approximately contemporary request from his <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a> friend <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Erdmann" title="Eduard Erdmann">Eduard Erdmann</a>, who wished to add Schubert's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_C_major,_D_840_(Schubert)" title="Piano Sonata in C major, D 840 (Schubert)"><i>Reliquie</i> piano sonata</a> to his repertoire, for completions of that work's fragmentary third and fourth movements. Krenek's completion, dated to 1921 in some sources<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Krenek is not even named on this biography page of Alcalay Luna. (November 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> but to 1922 in his own memory,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1947_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev1947-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later found other champions in <a href="/wiki/Webster_Aitken" title="Webster Aitken">Webster Aitken</a> in the concert hall<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Lev" title="Ray Lev">Ray Lev</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1947_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev1947-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%BChrer" title="Friedrich Wührer">Friedrich Wührer</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWührerc._1955_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWührerc._1955-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Khristenko" title="Stanislav Khristenko">Stanislav Khristenko</a><sup id="cite_ref-Khristenko_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khristenko-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on records. </p><p>In his notes to the Lev recording, dated July 1947,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Krenek offered insights into the challenges of completing another composer's works in general and the Schubert sonata in particular. </p> <blockquote><p>Completing the unfinished work of a great master is a very delicate task. In my opinion it can honestly be undertaken only if the original fragment contains all of the main ideas of the unfinished work. In such a case a respectful craftsman may attempt, after an absorbing study of the master's style, to elaborate on those ideas in a way which to the best of his knowledge might have been the way of the master himself. The work in question will probably have analogies among other, completed works of the master, and careful investigation of his methods in similar situations will indicate possible solutions of the problems posed by the unfinished work. Even then the artist who goes about the ticklish task will feel slightly uneasy, knowing from his own experience as a composer that the creative mind does not always follow its own precedents. He is more conscious of the fact that unpredictability is one of the most jealously guarded prerogatives of genius. ... However, scruples of this kind may be set aside once we are certain that the author of the fragment has put forth the essential thematic material that was expected to go into the work. If this is not the case, I feel that no one, not even the greatest genius, should dare to complete the fragments left by another genius.</p></blockquote> <p>As an example, Krenek explains that a careful student of Rembrandt's style might be able to complete a painting lacking one or two corners but could never supply two entirely missing paintings from a four-painting series; such an attempt would result only in "more or less successful fakes". Turning to a musical example, Krenek, evidently unaware of the surviving sketch of a third movement, avers that Schubert's own <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Schubert)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Schubert)">"Unfinished" Symphony</a> "was left by its creator with only two of its four movements written; of the other two there is no trace. It would be possible to write two or more movements to the symphony in the manner of Schubert, but it would not be Schubert."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="Presumably from those same 'notes to the Lev recording', but where are they to be found? (September 2017)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_style">Musical style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Musical style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krenek's music encompassed a variety of styles and reflects many of the principal musical influences of the 20th century. His early work is in a late-<a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> idiom, showing the influence of his teacher Franz Schreker, but around 1920 he turned to <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kurth" title="Ernst Kurth">Ernst Kurth</a>'s textbook, <i>Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts</i>, and the tenets of <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Schnabel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Erdmann" title="Eduard Erdmann">Erdmann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Scherchen" title="Hermann Scherchen">Scherchen</a>, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-Krenek_1964,_37_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenek_1964,_37-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A visit to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, during which he became familiar with the work of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> (<i>Pulcinella</i> was especially influential) and <a href="/wiki/Les_Six" title="Les Six">Les Six</a>, led him to adopt a neo-classical style around 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-Krenek_1964,_37_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenek_1964,_37-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward, he turned to neoromanticism and incorporated <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> influences into his <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <i>Jonny spielt auf</i> (Jonny Strikes Up, 1926) and one-act opera <a href="/wiki/Schwergewicht" title="Schwergewicht">Schwergewicht</a> (1928). Other neoromantic works of this period were modeled on music of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, a prime example being <i>Reisebuch aus den österreichischen Alpen</i> (1929).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenek196437–38_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenek196437–38-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krenek abandoned the neoromantic style in the late 1920s to embrace <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Krenek_1964,_37_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenek_1964,_37-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the method exclusively employed in Krenek's opera <i><a href="/wiki/Karl_V_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl V (opera)">Karl V</a></i> (1931–33) and most of his later pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurkis1992a_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurkis1992a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most uncompromising use of the twelve-tone technique was in his Sixth String Quartet (1936) and his Piano Variations (1937).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenek196439_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenek196439-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Lamentatio Jeremiae prophetae</i> (1941–42) Krenek combined twelve-tone writing with techniques of <a href="/wiki/Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">modal</a> <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> of the Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenek194390–93_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenek194390–93-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used motifs composed by his student <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Seay" title="Virginia Seay">Virginia Seay</a> in his works <i>Hurricane Variations for Piano, opus 100</i> (1944)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tricks and Trifles 1945), also for piano.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955 he was invited to work in the <a href="/wiki/Studio_for_Electronic_Music_(WDR)" title="Studio for Electronic Music (WDR)">Electronic Music Studio</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, and this experience motivated him to develop a total <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serial</a> idiom.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowles_2001_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowles_2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning around 1960 he added to his serial vocabulary some principles of <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">aleatoric music</a>, in works such as <i>Horizon Circled</i> (1967), <i>From Three Make Seven</i> (1960–61), and <i>Fibonacci-Mobile</i> (1964).<sup id="cite_ref-Bowles_2001_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowles_2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgdonKrenek1972106_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgdonKrenek1972106-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his later years his compositional style became more relaxed, though he continued to use elements of both twelve-tone and total serial techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowles_2001_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowles_2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ernst_Krenek" title="List of compositions by Ernst Krenek">List of compositions by Ernst Krenek</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Ernst_Krenek" title="List of operas by Ernst Krenek">List of operas by Ernst Krenek</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorations_and_awards">Decorations and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decorations and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-db.musicaustria.at_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-db.musicaustria.at-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1955: City of Vienna Prize for Music<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Decoration_of_Honour_in_Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver">Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver</a> (<i>Grosses Silbernes Ehrenzeichen</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-adk_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960: Gold Medal of the City of Vienna<sup id="cite_ref-adk_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Austrian_State_Prize_for_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Austrian State Prize for Music">Grand Austrian State Prize for Music</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965: Commander's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (<i>Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-adk_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Bach_Prize_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" title="Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg">Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-adk_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970: Honorary Ring of the Vienna<sup id="cite_ref-adk_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Decoration_for_Science_and_Art" title="Austrian Decoration for Science and Art">Austrian Decoration for Science and Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-adk_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Goethe_Medal_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe Medal of Hesse">Goethe Medal of Hesse</a><sup id="cite_ref-adk_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1980: Honorary Citizen of the City of Vienna<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1984: Honorary Citizen of the City of New Orleans<sup id="cite_ref-adk_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1990: Grand Decoration of Salzburg<sup id="cite_ref-adk_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>On Krenek's 85th birthday, the City of Vienna donated the Ernst Krenek Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_doctorates">Honorary doctorates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honorary doctorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Hamline_University" title="Hamline University">Hamline University</a>, St. Paul<sup id="cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maurer_Zenck-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Chapman_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapman College">Chapman College</a>, Los Angeles<sup id="cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maurer_Zenck-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico" title="University of New Mexico">University of New Mexico</a>, Albuquerque<sup id="cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maurer_Zenck-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/New_England_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Conservatory">New England Conservatory</a>, Boston<sup id="cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maurer_Zenck-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Musical_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Musical Academy">Philadelphia Musical Academy</a>, Philadelphia<sup id="cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maurer_Zenck-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He changed the spelling of his name to Krenek after he moved to the US<sup id="cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maurer_Zenck-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Maurer_Zenck-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maurer_Zenck_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurer_ZenckFetthauer2006">Maurer Zenck & Fetthauer 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bruceduffie.com/krenek2.html">"Ernst Krenek Interview with Bruce Duffie.... "</a>. <i>bruceduffie.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bruceduffie.com&rft.atitle=Ernst+Krenek+Interview+with+Bruce+Duffie....+.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbruceduffie.com%2Fkrenek2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBischof_and_Pelinka2003109-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischof_and_Pelinka2003109_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBischof_and_Pelinka2003">Bischof and Pelinka 2003</a>, 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1991321-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1991321_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1991">Stewart 1991</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DS19741212.2.119&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">"Festival Set in Honor of Krenek"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Desert_Sun" title="The Desert Sun">The Desert Sun</a></i>. December 12, 1974. p. 83<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2020</span>. <q>except in his adopted city of Los Angeles where he lived in a Kokoshka-type setting in Tujunga Hills for many years</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Desert+Sun&rft.atitle=Festival+Set+in+Honor+of+Krenek&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1974-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DDS19741212.2.119%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aulokithara, Wechselrahmen, Three Sacred Pieces, Echoes from Austria</i>, var. composers (Krenek on "Echoes"), Orion Master Recordings ORS 76246, liner notes]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeks2014" class="citation book cs1">Meeks, Eric G. (2014) [2012]. <i>The Best Guide Ever to Palm Springs Celebrity Homes</i>. Horatio Limburger Oglethorpe. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4793-2859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4793-2859-8"><bdi>978-1-4793-2859-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Guide+Ever+to+Palm+Springs+Celebrity+Homes&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Horatio+Limburger+Oglethorpe&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4793-2859-8&rft.aulast=Meeks&rft.aufirst=Eric+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krenek.at/en/institut">"Institute"</a>. <i>Krenek.at</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Krenek.at&rft.atitle=Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.krenek.at%2Fen%2Finstitut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mica.at/composerdb/details/Composer/composer21710.asp%3Fcat%3Dcomposer%26letter%3Dk&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=9&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dkrenek%2BD%2B840%2B1921%26hl%3Den">Alcalay Luna biographical page at Music Information Center Austria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELev1947-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1947_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1947_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLev1947">Lev 1947</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820030501/http://www.bandoneonrecordings.com/bandoneon%20pages/biographycn.html">"Bandoneon Recordings Webster Aitkin page (in Chinese)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bandoneonrecordings.com/bandoneon%20pages/biographycn.html">the original</a> on August 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bandoneon+Recordings+Webster+Aitkin+page+%28in+Chinese%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bandoneonrecordings.com%2Fbandoneon%2520pages%2Fbiographycn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWührerc._1955-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWührerc._1955_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWührerc._1955">Wührer c. 1955</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khristenko-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khristenko_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toccata Classics TOCC 0298, CD</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krenek_1964,_37-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krenek_1964,_37_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krenek_1964,_37_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krenek_1964,_37_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrenek1964">Krenek 1964</a>, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenek196437–38-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenek196437–38_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrenek1964">Krenek 1964</a>, 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurkis1992a-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurkis1992a_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurkis1992a">Purkis 1992a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenek196439-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenek196439_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrenek1964">Krenek 1964</a>, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenek194390–93-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenek194390–93_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrenek1943">Krenek 1943</a>, 90–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1991" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, John Lincoln (January 1, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5RqK8C__ysC&dq=virginia+seay+composer&pg=PA242"><i>Ernst Krenek: The Man and His Music</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07014-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07014-1"><bdi>978-0-520-07014-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernst+Krenek%3A+The+Man+and+His+Music&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07014-1&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=John+Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5RqK8C__ysC%26dq%3Dvirginia%2Bseay%2Bcomposer%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotter1995" class="citation book cs1">Trotter, William R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCZTeJrqiQgC&dq=virginia+seay+composer&pg=PA203"><i>Priest of Music: The Life of Dimitri Mitropoulos</i></a>. Hal Leonard Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931340-81-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931340-81-9"><bdi>978-0-931340-81-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Priest+of+Music%3A+The+Life+of+Dimitri+Mitropoulos&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-931340-81-9&rft.aulast=Trotter&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCZTeJrqiQgC%26dq%3Dvirginia%2Bseay%2Bcomposer%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowles_2001-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowles_2001_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowles_2001_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowles_2001_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowles2001">Bowles 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgdonKrenek1972106-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgdonKrenek1972106_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOgdonKrenek1972">Ogdon & Krenek 1972</a>, 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-db.musicaustria.at-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-db.musicaustria.at_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.musicaustria.at/node/58212">"Krenek Ernst"</a>. <i>db.musicaustria.at</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=db.musicaustria.at&rft.atitle=Krenek+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.musicaustria.at%2Fnode%2F58212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2001">Schmidt 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adk-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adk_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adk_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adk_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adk_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adk_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adk_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adk_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adk_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adk_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/index.htm?we_objectID=52507">"Musik Mitglieder: Ernst Krenek"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademie der Künste">Akademie der Künste</a></i>. Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Akademie+der+K%C3%BCnste&rft.atitle=Musik+Mitglieder%3A+Ernst+Krenek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adk.de%2Fde%2Fakademie%2Fmitglieder%2Findex.htm%3Fwe_objectID%3D52507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBischof_and_Pelinka2003"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Bischof" title="Günter Bischof">Bischof, Günter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pelinka" title="Anton Pelinka">Anton Pelinka</a> (eds.) (2003). <i>The Americanization/Westernization of Austria</i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0803-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0803-X">0-7658-0803-X</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowles2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bowles, Garrett H (2001). "Krenek, Ernst". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Krenek%2C+Ernst&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bowles&rft.aufirst=Garrett+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFKrenek1943">Krenek, Ernst (1943). "New Developments of the Twelve-Tone Technique". <i>The Music Review</i> 4, no. 2 (May): 81–97.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFKrenek1964">Krenek, Ernst (1964). "A Composer's Influences". <i><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music" title="Perspectives of New Music">Perspectives of New Music</a></i> 3, no. 1 (Autumn–Winter): 36–41.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLev1947"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lev" title="Ray Lev">Lev, Ray</a> (1947). Album notes for <i>Franz Schubert – Piano Sonata No. 15 in C major (Unfinished); Allegretto in C minor</i>. Ray Lev, piano (78 rpm). [n.p.]: <a href="/wiki/Concert_Hall_Society" title="Concert Hall Society">Concert Hall Society</a>, Release B3.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurer_ZenckFetthauer2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Maurer_Zenck" title="Claudia Maurer Zenck">Maurer Zenck, Claudia</a>; Fetthauer, Sophie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de/object/lexm_lexmperson_00001293">"Ernst Krenek"</a>. In Claudia Maurer Zenck; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Petersen_(musicologist)" title="Peter Petersen (musicologist)">Peter Petersen</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Lexikon_verfolgter_Musiker_und_Musikerinnen_der_NS-Zeit" title="Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit">Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit</a></i> (in German). Hamburg: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ernst+Krenek&rft.btitle=Lexikon+verfolgter+Musiker+und+Musikerinnen+der+NS-Zeit&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=University+of+Hamburg&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Maurer+Zenck&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=Fetthauer%2C+Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexm.uni-hamburg.de%2Fobject%2Flexm_lexmperson_00001293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFOgdonKrenek1972"><a href="/wiki/Will_Ogdon" title="Will Ogdon">Ogdon, Will</a>, and Ernst Krenek. 1972. "Conversation with Ernst Krenek". <i><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music" title="Perspectives of New Music">Perspectives of New Music</a></i> 10, no. 2 (Spring-Summer): 102–110.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurkis1992a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Purkis, Charlotte (1992a). "<i>Karl V</i>". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7"><bdi>0-333-73432-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karl+V&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Opera&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-333-73432-7&rft.aulast=Purkis&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchmidt2001"><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Schmidt_(musicologist)" title="Matthias Schmidt (musicologist)">Schmidt, Matthias</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musiklexikon.ac.at/ml/musik_K/Krenek_Ernst.xml">"Ernst Krenek"</a>. 2001. <i><a href="/wiki/Oesterreichisches_Musiklexikon" title="Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon">Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon</a> online</i>. (in German)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWührerc._1955" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%BChrer" title="Friedrich Wührer">Wührer, Friedrich</a> (c. 1955). <i>Franz Schubert Piano Sonatas vol. 3)</i> (LP album notes). Vox VBX 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franz+Schubert+Piano+Sonatas+vol.+3%29&rft.aulast=W%C3%BChrer&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Krenek" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bowles, Garrett H. (comp.) (1989). <i>Ernst Krenek: A Bio-Bibliography</i>. New York and London: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-25250-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-25250-5">0-313-25250-5</a></li> <li>Dreyfus, Kay (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200434279037623;res=E-LIBRARY">"Alma Moodie and the Landscape of Giftedness"</a>. <i>Australasian Music Research</i> 7:1–14. (Subscription access)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Lawson" title="Colin Lawson">Lawson, Colin</a> (1995). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47066-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47066-8">0-521-47066-8</a> (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47668-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47668-2">0-521-47668-2</a> (pbk)</li> <li>Purkis, Charlotte (1992b). "Krenek, Ernst". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>, 4 vols. London: Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7">0-333-73432-7</a></li> <li>Taylor-Jay, Claire (2004). <i>The Artist Operas of Pfitzner, Krenek and Hindemith: Politics and the Ideology of the Artist</i>. Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0578-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-0578-7">0-7546-0578-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tregear" title="Peter Tregear">Tregear, Peter John</a> (2001). "Musical style and political allegory in Krenek's <i>Karl V</i>". <i>Cambridge Opera Journal</i>, 13, 55–80.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ernst_Krenek" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orelfoundation.org/index.php/composers/article/ernst_krenek/">Orel Foundation</a> Ernst Krenek – biography, bibliography, works and discography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716183924/http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/composer.pl?comp=87">Art of the States: Ernst Krenek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krenek.com">Ernst-Krenek-Institut site</a> contains an English-language discography, worklist, and details of each work, so only some works and information have been given above</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de/object/lexm_lexmperson_00001293">Krenek page</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmslib.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/lexm/content/home.xml">Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruceduffie.com/krenek2.html">Interview with Ernst Krenek</a>, January 18, 1986</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.ucsd.edu/speccoll/findingaids/mss0713.html">Ernst Krenek Letters to Mildred Kayden</a> MSS 713.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/gladys-krenek">NAMM Oral History Interview with Gladys Krenek</a> March 25, 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.ucsd.edu/collections/sca/">Special Collections & Archives</a>, UC San Diego Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatsynthesizers.com/en/general-en/2015/09/ernst-kreneks-buchla-synthesizer-part-1">Ernst Krenek's</a> <a href="/wiki/Buchla" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchla">Buchla</a> synthesizer, GreatSynthesizers.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/158805215">Ernst Krenek</a> at <a 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href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ernst_Krenek" title="List of compositions by Ernst Krenek">List of compositions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Ernst_Krenek" title="List of operas by Ernst Krenek">List of operas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Sprung_%C3%BCber_den_Schatten" title="Der Sprung über den Schatten">Der Sprung über den Schatten</a></i> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_und_Eurydike" title="Orpheus und Eurydike">Orpheus und Eurydike</a></i> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jonny_spielt_auf" title="Jonny spielt auf">Jonny spielt auf</a></i> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Diktator" title="Der Diktator">Der Diktator</a></i> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Das_geheime_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Das geheime Königreich">Das geheime Königreich</a></i> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Schwergewicht" title="Schwergewicht">Schwergewicht</a></i> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Leben_des_Orest" title="Leben des Orest">Leben des Orest</a></i> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Cefalo_e_Procri" title="Cefalo e Procri">Cefalo e Procri</a></i> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Karl_V._(opera)" title="Karl V. (opera)">Karl V.</a></i> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Tarquin_(opera)" title="Tarquin (opera)">Tarquin</a></i> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Tower" title="The Bell Tower">The Bell Tower</a></i> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/What_Price_Confidence%3F" title="What Price Confidence?">What Price Confidence?</a></i> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sardakai" title="Sardakai">Sardakai</a></i> (1969)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alma_Moodie" title="Alma Moodie">Alma Moodie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Nordenstrom" title="Gladys Nordenstrom">Gladys Nordenstrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Compositions_by_Ernst_Krenek" title="Category:Compositions by Ernst Krenek">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernist_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism_(music)" title="Template talk:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernist_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_composers" title="List of modernist composers">List of modernist composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Pousseur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alois_H%C3%A1ba" title="Alois Hába">Hába</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Bergman" title="Erik Bergman">Bergman</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet" title="André Jolivet">Jolivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koechlin" title="Charles Koechlin">Koechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Messiaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Reger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Skalkottas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Genres and<br />techniques</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_limited_transposition" title="Mode of limited transposition">Modes of limited transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotonality" title="Neotonality">Neotonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandiatonicism" title="Pandiatonicism">Pandiatonicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">Polyrhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">Polytonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartal_and_quintal_harmony" title="Quartal and quintal harmony">Quartal and quintal harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Sound mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">Stochastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">Tone cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Schools of composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ←<b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music">Romantic music</a></b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism_(music)" title="Category:Modernism (music)">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve-tone_and_serial_composers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#dbc3a3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Template:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Template talk:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve-tone_and_serial_composers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serial</a> composers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Abrahamsen" title="Hans Abrahamsen">Hans Abrahamsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Amy" title="Gilbert Amy">Gilbert Amy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_ApIvor" title="Denis ApIvor">Denis ApIvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Erich_Apostel" title="Hans Erich Apostel">Hans Erich Apostel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_van_Baaren" title="Kees van Baaren">Kees van Baaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osvaldas_Balakauskas" title="Osvaldas Balakauskas">Osvaldas Balakauskas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Banks" title="Don Banks">Don Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Barraqu%C3%A9" title="Jean Barraqué">Jean Barraqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barrett_(composer)" title="Richard Barrett (composer)">Richard Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Baur" title="Jürg Baur">Jürg Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berger_(composer)" title="Arthur Berger (composer)">Arthur Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Bergman" title="Erik Bergman">Erik Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Boehmer" title="Konrad Boehmer">Konrad Boehmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Boucourechliev" title="André Boucourechliev">André Boucourechliev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Boykan" title="Martin Boykan">Martin Boykan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Buck" title="Ole Buck">Ole Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Calonne" title="Jacques Calonne">Jacques Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Castiglioni" title="Niccolò Castiglioni">Niccolò Castiglioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Clementi" title="Aldo Clementi">Aldo Clementi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Dallapiccola" title="Luigi Dallapiccola">Luigi Dallapiccola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Goeyvaerts" title="Karel Goeyvaerts">Karel Goeyvaerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Matthias_Hauer" title="Josef Matthias Hauer">Josef Matthias Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnston_(composer)" title="Ben Johnston (composer)">Ben Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernst Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Martino" title="Donald Martino">Donald Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Paz" title="Juan Carlos Paz">Juan Carlos Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">George Perle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Henri Pousseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Searle" title="Humphrey Searle">Humphrey Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sessions" title="Roger Sessions">Roger Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swift_(composer)" title="Richard Swift (composer)">Richard Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen" title="Charles Wuorinen">Charles Wuorinen</a></li> <li>...<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_dodecaphonic_and_serial_compositions" title="List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions">more</a></i>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bach_Prize_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bach_Prize_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" title="Template:Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg"><abbr title="View this 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Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jarnach" title="Philipp Jarnach">Philipp Jarnach</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Blacher" title="Boris Blacher">Boris Blacher</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fortner" title="Wolfgang Fortner">Wolfgang Fortner</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_David" title="Johann Nepomuk David">Johann Nepomuk David</a> (1963)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernst Krenek</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann" title="Helmut Lachenmann">Helmut Lachenmann</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_Reimann" title="Aribert Reimann">Aribert Reimann</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_H%C3%B6lszky" title="Adriana Hölszky">Adriana Hölszky</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Dun" title="Tan Dun">Tan Dun</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuk_Chin" title="Unsuk Chin">Unsuk Chin</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Widmann" title="Jörg Widmann">Jörg Widmann</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158436#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109309918">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108254785">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/37981/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXJXyCg8ytqqHJkrbjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118566636">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79068663">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120253404">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120253404">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00446321">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35849412">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20030317025&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1258983">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070625212">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/15020338">Norway</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90115715">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000058278&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000463242&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199615458">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhj9xm5g7bncw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810601299105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/284656">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264161605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000202263">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517440606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14026944">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00392002?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d601a5f6-254f-4ad8-8929-ec01cb059182">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=52507">ADK</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brahms.ircam.fr/ernst-krenek">BRAHMS</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de/object/lexm_lexmperson_00001293">LexM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/k2255">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1114911">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118566636.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118566636">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027513939">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cj8cf5">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30017615">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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