CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913685e2d824fd96',cH: 'vHmzJ8H1kYRE20uMmHZVqtNB715A.KhV7_lfMM04quo-1739803126-1.2.1.1-V1yziIa0ruzOnpS3KOQrszOr4zaV_CO9o3PAPxRf8z3wZ3X0_k971FTlHccuNvsP',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=seismic%20demand&__cf_chl_tk=cljw_uQ.DsLmin71_3jOwJP.5HiuwsxQVWgzisl9o8Y-1739803126-1.0.1.1-U0z1Wby2_53BmPBgSozvq.2rQJQP8gzEjmurotijQ4k",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739803126',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=seismic%20demand&__cf_chl_f_tk=cljw_uQ.DsLmin71_3jOwJP.5HiuwsxQVWgzisl9o8Y-1739803126-1.0.1.1-U0z1Wby2_53BmPBgSozvq.2rQJQP8gzEjmurotijQ4k",md: "W96xPz30AXkohpdXYs0gizjWkuvyShKr_PjgLUA7x5M-1739803126-1.2.1.1-5XrqZnjyQdtEfLPv16v7SJFXCIrU2mel3m78oeROZ_7LVgEmqEzMTNhsiM1XQGLIIXFQwIO5w1d3oyQObltyAV6wvtcvqyrFqRs_jGOY0NUkiKz2EECGlcanls8cVb0CJfEZ93G13op.t4oZVHQLQwaHUdc5v.Im.N.Z9m8n9wEZ0jcRYI6s4TOEH6MJutrwDxJ6KtYlZ8yFtzC.3M60VpCNN.8GYDo7D7wSZZcjVrIiT3XVLZiiUSebCjqcv35VOlLj4d2FsATkplhI0moxXmRkbnklygO2lApultVtXfBGqfI56lIC7PuuBT_5v98FQkvIzC0Rz1t0NKNxsTfj41U_eP_r2.zm8JfPU9KmQ8tD7BiWKShnIR9O2TB5W6qeoeWUSJUcax.O21RmzS6H_8dRJD31xApYfKCvDUvJhaMCRpF3pHHAwyCh3Q.4xQqQ2Wb1Qac4PfRNrLz2lCc5o6HQ34_.i8X7K60y1JU8Spb5PFTFNpWwYddIhg2nLQqSwZonUV8lBaqqo0TTfZsFvx8mwgTsXiUkH0WRK7TbjGMkct6XCOSRx92k8ZOEfIGM6kFLZn6l8Fk1rwecYdIaFR0hoTO0j3NbpzyGqQP0.QNuHGID1_xP863xsjOW3GsTqQaSlbNTaE1_uyv3Y57GNxpx7uxAyYJ.lzBsZA_ztUfG0N0mGKL41X7fuY_I1nlxjOoS9cRJ.ZY7kc0Dq0XqTt7lB_WrqAnb9_4i0g3xi0VNdWRSln5uxz6lGYDO8_FGk8p16TGSPFV6dgf7b9Zt6PXiNnPxvLNnygLWWurPQFF7zCTUQGK.qT0aUTHtoqzNMwAKmcEoTA8n_E7cOApm8h3EdoI3SkNLztITwTqXyj74FDMI_2pR4L6mep4jDZhbuQXmlQuMsb2bbR3Bznk6Dws4VhjoWfaCewzsWqEfnRWdu0.moj4A4daV.IxmVciAWPJxVKlDgjx0CPdR5UkmnDmq0klPak2nxrfPRfe2SXbAQQRifBGThCw587PWdSHn5jIq0Tcp71NUXOy._kYsbhKkZO0Wso80z3Hvaa4lJgMHf6AQAQ0UxyMI9PlIC9ejDKKSNBQAEgmrKg7vdMDdkXlzl9s92w76V6JZFz0_nZfYOhU0VQXqPMz0dMkPELvtLqx9cSJcEOxpVmMBE43._wNPCgTob2uqDFbsA4xG9JmnqIgsEmWJRmSgDkFeMSKMbCcEo3wa7.LfVxnKvb8dQVd5tzBBl7KzdgsIZoGRWrMofD..7J1L4kxTlFr0.Oav7dKtcThvfxb7nD_zaqqIdaiSMZsiJE0AJBL2jLll1hCuXKuZ4eZbeW4XAVnrbG17h_Dye5N1ENs6RIpEYX7nk.WnYicNIr8HMFjeTIOtIz4x3u2fFSsR2a8_x55UM1ttd..nvNJz1ZDXXVIMu4.NqJIZFbtsQAm210X4gsK0qy_O8nXjYeOSpTZ4AIFV5vybKW3JUVGQDP.u3OfPZM6eXcNNDtkPoEe4.SphMqveEWqV2Sn_GNn3cjlEDIBOBuEkEVPb7mh_vQ609lMZXHk_Xi2h_xWh04jKbNoEwSMgosQlVVpJZoeSQG1puhZDaI2_gx_AzLu03ZHz.V7TUwt5LbPYqb.Sc3p65lxLpksenDDREjGxXdhv8RuE7NHKNjJaVnktzJk1lXxgEJF3aElotK83ISwBUE1Syo_0vo22vgt19rD2oQ8_.HaakcrNpq2ExKVdJMnDKBqEjf08ibGNY0Z4h5785d40EXwsWoter3PLPIBhMCYID2LxRj41POS2GfOZteixmr2rhuZE7Kx7.PdAFILHZMUhsvKd9wW9EVY8NLCTFKsEKKmfT_2F3T0BmnjSAcUbAlEAKVK9.3Vqpkkzg4lv6Q3.6yp3VMNZ.yMQJBVl76MNpfMSi63u6aIk.nPZWBx36Ep49ck8e6iQptiPpL3IM3tdKhJhie96SkM",mdrd: "Dm7grccbQoAcems6eD9SBqzfpsddy4MXyGZZmyim614-1739803126-1.2.1.1-h.qWtn_1BG1nLvTrMqvbzwJZuj4X9kMdTQ5QKu3BTAonOPSCapwmHOlAD5y._UDWFwFeEYgrvYfTIJsX4K1SDponRbEyKt7.18XqcROEX9PxbmLxc8cNBv0G9j.ZNB34QHSXYts11TWcPh6nY.PIaWhwM7LqrAdLx7d6mejGUeO24wGOKmnv..BplfG.rao2ETrhyfkXvx3JH4M8BbgCCgB8J8gIK0X6DWd6_kZ5p1TegkLFD4gkJlXH11lDraTI_sq9corVa1OJEXoLTG9Ra0CzgXscdEpaZf26YKMqs0gRhycSAtjZAFIUinodPAaaS7H_vACtt..FJsJzOpG6tu..6QXNCJLkNJ4BNxEhgDgRRlyzf7.hCqlphRyypkbhDI43xyrqseLH8d5UbZwJIkCRcQ.6iSThjhRVRQasn88PndPwvJZTGa_CBFmftP7Eju74W2dTk4qxlAmoxYt5EPBRjtLyZ4LCNSC4yBi7QDWyUaCX1rOmTqW2u92Qw9lU2Gub1VwXwAYFy5vqd9Whlzb2y2_PoxIapVQ3GCSzGYROKecCwYwqc3_OxLjqnZSej1Sv1Y_8UMWR3cw_6mE1ojwgc9gIznNyQ95h23MqD1lPi4ZcjhnUsMo9qn_mUilWJH8dQmGNtpRmR8FpTCXA5hAXvP_m3LwEETONCb43ao7OGdiXEC7MDbZ8EAwEa5t4koAQLgjkUpi50vl7FlPL6IvuIY0ZKjSEWRYYJSNsY2iWakqgfhrREa14dXDmX.wXtO7hI.Sjb2itpe_yYIR7k_YlrN.f3DU1n054YXGciZtn2_09zCYonfNLz8Y6xbL8tScr9ak_stjw39j3Hj4ORLCvo7wX9M6Ge2kzSoZ.1CTKpZj77A6_AASmHRCD0ioNoZDag3OlZtBLV9x3O1xx8xrXZ68R1PaQ3F5HpX.C6_knP0MFoYHkO601wTq42apyk2WLQQlqWZ2kvIatlbIAy6BcpwKl5EsBZ3pcXAtM7LZNRLqltwhhcS8NPbuo6Z_5UwWyahl15p_OosVE4dS8HQoenVmwO8PFUESCyCJPvNpPdv6mFlXmj30x9qgxTs5OUrVvbqAg53.GYfpu4lGV_COwGju5zMiL9g2d.rQOV8uSrHwSe2CwTusKVun8MooYisxdc9pDkN1.pniu3NICTkclwmE7uRq3hkRQZB3eRjGaohuU6iiYGmnZgVPgXpVK2UzpDa3EEWseNoToYtEVIxxHKmuLlxxHJl2VR0NCnVN1I0UfBTQspDH43cGmzJM5eEXuI1jckD7.i.11kakEEVeMuCGWW.zBrlHMoNi70SGuRIf5OWwH64_bJIpkb_QVH5BjZFAEVsbHw6bsP5qMKZWqgHYvghggZCrT_PZBkNxyy50Pkv34CkNBIWUHRwFhmuXBxxLlW.K2O7gwkKyIf26Qbvy5FT5VIggUnYUzzhR7jFdwHprKpqFyf6gAvDP_v0.SxI9E18JE2BEQ10sr_5MN8qCkx0zbh85yunD3898WVlZHk.qqm4fpQjBifyNcbL_.66MMIAmWU_6ipULnDsC8_aDBxMZF0f_4o75fKsZvZwh4CHe5c0sybwDWIr2g.1NEIu1a7pI5PQy6saVyNWyLqrxb62DQqDfhm7PNUbyIy_LstAbxBZqHCsnaUimuUxXP2rbLfu6wpcPV6684g2pu0uQIUmdl.Ln0IXHKLwf6fzj7a8Tk5EfStG7aVVEHfzugNXRhZZsmfgsdBpBaD1NJvTl4gkFNDeUkX8vXvGfjrGCvd_Y.Ri10nLs6FVLdlKPHRq8rkZRJhImR_xxLeY25hevivARHDMIy.3weJf4NecvtzIE6r8fxEb.dHkvUpjZGu39.J6gakY26dToN2PGTtzYsIOLTiWgDH2EuF5CB.6wxrCNwp7SkJ7Mj78ibLJsVjUDJBYVJT1g2_OdG_zZNZbQy5LuSVtsOCF85UDrTeBiQtOChgIq8A8NPSSPh"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913685e2d824fd96';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=seismic%20demand&__cf_chl_rt_tk=cljw_uQ.DsLmin71_3jOwJP.5HiuwsxQVWgzisl9o8Y-1739803126-1.0.1.1-U0z1Wby2_53BmPBgSozvq.2rQJQP8gzEjmurotijQ4k" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>