CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '914a66ef4bde3f4b',cH: 'AnwUS.1LPy9gORxpMGUoCN.piWFeOg.4NyOzxwuptyU-1740011573-1.2.1.1-MBLKhp1JkhFr1VU7LRxDiEqY.2JwXa0y.4vv70Fbsa2uztwWvRAatxaN.R69AQsw',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=multi-echelon%20inventory%20system&__cf_chl_tk=x92H9FzsH_lqF.zre5KxErNRXGNZoYjsPHUY9U5Uv4M-1740011573-1.0.1.1-o.1iK9tB8llohG6AkOdPWxagYWKzWZ7aBibygjHBQck",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740011573',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=multi-echelon%20inventory%20system&__cf_chl_f_tk=x92H9FzsH_lqF.zre5KxErNRXGNZoYjsPHUY9U5Uv4M-1740011573-1.0.1.1-o.1iK9tB8llohG6AkOdPWxagYWKzWZ7aBibygjHBQck",md: "b5zNqM85kJZj4p8Owxcs20Z1fk5PsZhIii7RLod7O6A-1740011573-1.2.1.1-ljHycdoD90O.vyCLx1G_v7jDSjA3Utlw1YgRjJhmsdrbcpULUbAPpYgKNnE_s_EpLW.wN18oI9XOt.LJv3qTkPoMU6JwszmhXmZPklD2iKl__O89X7Fe2QzpQsHUHLa2477KEDjBzNfLCIwfkVgukmh5xj3ssmCtfQSaOrzDisbmfHCS_q0ZnsoKns60MFNXcdL_JVDjVET4aRjtwZHUdidwOyzALObVcIZIe1fEufj1LZsp4VzpUJOxoBf4SfoChesNg926bcnkz7.oSq3fDncJufZSVFuDmUZkwlk4dQdPmOOZH5_FpwlEINIqGODDapEqLAQlEy2bpFIDQz5.aXCCG89x3INPzg3Ft9qvdVt1GF64CzX0yMdarbQaMsl69N2f4UP6pGIe6gwOPE33sBlocaHwNF2J6rAJvan_HkzcPY37wT0bVKwN_CD.k.v_LOtkLM2mMx35ye1szk.1Ntt3N4nZaWj5U9Jh0xDOiUGdHDSzQdcimPeAIBFBGqdnMM9TmqfEhwbr4bYpXdYzAwwS6DDZKzcQ5qo9iD6USNi9lfpp9.9Ex9gx_WcASTFzX2wJb5Pn.8LM.JrQPnFHAeSdQAPLWneylS8TRK2rfzFMNyzloy3Uc0O4rnByxJLUeVWhyIn3az.e_7sByk2LgvrcITM8nBk6rctkqDH78yRzXsTxFSCLIxSdAZWT4ofSua7nmnmylXcUA2.dCFX.2trS2m4UWX2iRYmkYmFphsBpDfcNPGtNyQgCJtSbubOus5F9VyKnFE.VknM_W919iJB0rcojmHz5ZtcNVr5caLYjawzI76WpZBFE0OiKG8ELurvJ4QTCds823U9q..imbQsaMJC6Q0aBtVHHFd2UxwkGzvQ7Zva3xzAbOCBwL_CDPorc6xzY37VOTAtZDnj.M4pv54PEGD9d9F6aum7zIph8dFqzqOPxKg9CH31lL9_ssSE0jsHchbfUODtT4qrRkO0AUCif6JZahSH.CmMJUu7qDoDf9oO.TTeEO6WlUtGx33pSyNrwUwtopwooeqU8IZVTCQsM9IF52FmhrMbGuYakFetGIysboLUNMJJI5PQR_sUBREDcSzSjABKl0HDdXnW4bsss4XQQenwn9uReO.Fk_yhdw0Kw48tG4VowkvUkCo60.tXAGBJTto6gbuGl1lRrB6yrt8QwX0eOoTA4Cf8_rmjhXXMj4QSexmq1zDJgumvuGHeO2jdbwX2k..8pWZxNIU33iDT35bLuJE4NKkv.XOsBGCVETz8wbfxwlQdfCRKokTibUx6dkwcU8yJlnMCCz.y.VfDFz_QP2b2xRvCC0E.GSeuqcvylymQONiwT_4cg4FvpzQ3HYFqhTNr6w2204wIXkPiXBa3rNHXBQ08o2iGFvJ18KH6vqmzFdUpHhQDpAf8NZQkplLcz_mycuW4X3lRmtEpGXEGkVmozwU5KimaHYdrYfgZsBT87iF6ZxsPhz.zgeKTCmPRQyOttTzkdLkiJuBn58p_5SMhyJoPRQfZCBYschAWEtvYnOsDmW_Kn01SLHrCYocZ1ANDZp8U2CecCxOA90DLBroJY1OFSAm0_HkqLeExkiqo2LN42ZbiA7h6DesEwrs8ejiYv7WAYa45NmUiGSLF_oFF9Z8H_9ZrHvVg9LWfckB9GW0YBbFgE1A7Q8BH0x7XVBn.6HG9HnsmsfTEjACzbjbubEbF0FmGsai5Mjqux3AG3jSXP4ty1yxjy8_AtBJ8Iw7ekhlOkRqiCjNzQmpB8Sv40PWI3e7X.aRDJrmdVGRMc8DMZwx38J4e0O7F.X7FjGh8AkXX87UUNo0QL.3MGBr.tNRo_q_TlnOwBsulpuxjsmx1rZ8gLiIncdXCqsjoPNZg2fchu6lqL3yJSpMTjjQqbgmtoRo.i_rlBFKdbbn4__p.XEhKzK.JOCx.j3CNV1JxZCgHlKMkB_yANWJ4fpMYPNGuAUCTI5OnEWfQ2lJotA0gkR2FqyaiKv7NftSyWVk_bKg",mdrd: "Ebga4OR7rLZIC.sC6g4JbaeUULqxrp9flm3RthtAL4U-1740011573-1.2.1.1-jJD3VC8mF8yyDHLuYAmV6bV2UbCgKslwGkEiIK77BTpKRV0fzuPMqF8gSH.J7lcSIQNWpLLGemh5wdYY.Bt.YmIimAheZLvHVeDnVjoB3h_V1FIHn9x5NKT5hR_klvPFqGtflhkDeSSTY8tXFuy6THhDaWa1Ydh7d7jCbk6Jx2lb9az9xZs5BSxao8s3RdSJeYBXCNgZL4vJqltC0RJjfIDLMoUZdeu3Dw3eiMOp3yksgUSYbdzgcWDglKsEPFvC.ZRTpHnA7Kxeh68X2kltz0Mq9mL6AdiMBubrlaYcMkem46ugbZ0xwzeiuTooXz74D1QYmbeSGkCn.OwKiVPKQqjOO62A9yh6KCpNn4zA9JMic8CrowFD2umNE2bp.i2OTLM0jvZIIlQ40oGvj84nhHi7xqvIFdZqp5Z6aAzPn8uX_op.bVxss2gsBsNLA_ykynrgF9u_vGcr9jK39dNjbbDmoizGrejLNsXZ_GLvrfI.rNitU7ilxtCi16ST6iVoEjRZ5f7d.J0GvBU9dfe1Ljx9ifsdFkUK8V3uPx_fqIDZbIitBWt4xAH1PHnUX7lARjvLa6XCqs_U_BJgaeZrmnz4syAgdd37fnmEJ9jXiGW6664G60shCVLB2gSRX7HcNNyfjPp7ew253EXH_SjZvVQ9jsL72LZbo9tP_3uVh89JuwporrlxL73GaFAMnNHdjMWvyDKtfrYHBTfR.aodmzjfe5m93HOrASNdJs8n3Da9OdKGg8r2oDg12_HypGAYKVI4InMjYsYgWDRYt7.bRBhFn5TMMQ9RJCI7_zJAIE54qwnC3dztG2gHlR3MeHbMuZjgjKfIhyE0TAAOhuGuLcgSjEYqwSfTnrvSTHBPeLcxYrZT_.bruAkA9yIhFWsEpzi8exSuMzZOub4Fb7hIRbdI0lax.RniB10c3apP9VjbDpazv7iVDaJhwAqnBK.EKGb.cBFQRpj1i1kvcamAHWyzxmKmWT9t.vjc._ZeCPYMOH4stHyRsEvYsg3eRDBqtM6.XmbN3py72rdo92N2_UU_f41d6luTeri8884rARmtvKegbAnnZHII_LzW2us.YRboiRgNQYX_lJ.RqQ8mwshuyDMksdcMe4y3UOfr.YGzAo5V6PsZHPWpHxHtvMvn.GhWF5LI2OeuLJszwgnZj.xdrJ6yydWwrC2l.hOIIGcWYLl8GbKdU1KHR4VV6oruaKJaCTmFbLjz2HiEvckyswj.gYkiF_oJkyTNMKGeFnhlbpu.aJ1b4ROgC13jxVplP7qbum5ZoGgW8wYwpPAqDwPCt3PrLCrm96_meOD5.jRq5OXqduOQrCY.5m99FgOhn_q_9aTLMyjhK5SC1co1IkQEhdMFG7k3PqrcbKFtBAA0cVjPbyS9WMPAOcpv_H2SehZrATtZ2wljQwtd_R5uocy1CeqTFiT1EOoE6WEf2Cu1hVCLDhtePk04VOqHLii_kEVQS2J0vcIJCZUevicXtMnQeGF3eQWn1mhVHmx9BdNA_ClYNGHjXTdgZHd4WRx8mgsGij78.nIDPASi5CRL5WEzQYdVi8Vzz92_T8MoPkGHmoNceJbnm8gVqu6D77bnSn9dFv2_WYjyA4jXkuIIsetdsbbYfNyxB4mw1.2DOU0M9uPbDhLU.RN8c5NLIxnlU5ul20YBOad9q_Mj67mM.jOSnYK3wBGaAhYIhDJmfil7LQZoNg5LneQ4hSga1phc1.Ig3PDoU8f1kqgPQkHnybPDROqy8rX7F9ITFYq1gsxkR0g.ecHBE8102DSENADknnPunJmMIKE1Bf369muNAa5tkk9_rgbm325.43u.T9IAlXtjFXDjhXjMQDgbPjVsQ8L32lqO96D.A.RZqnQagZnR_HmlD6QkrBiVHLo2.zQos._VPoTi2elwD9MRdprV4.9k6Y2KiASPdfJp042D7u0hKarm3fzaXri3ur8jitSRRldmHXc2BWeBZNaW44.d1OiJ4wYsgQY6ox3BhAKAxw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914a66ef4bde3f4b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=multi-echelon%20inventory%20system&__cf_chl_rt_tk=x92H9FzsH_lqF.zre5KxErNRXGNZoYjsPHUY9U5Uv4M-1740011573-1.0.1.1-o.1iK9tB8llohG6AkOdPWxagYWKzWZ7aBibygjHBQck" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>