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States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Costumes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Costumes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Costumes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Costumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exposure_by_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure_by_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Exposure by women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure_by_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mardi Gras</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ماردي جرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماردي جرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Qra" title="Mardi Qra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mardi Qra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurlarjez" title="Meurlarjez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meurlarjez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimarts_de_Carnaval" title="Dimarts de Carnaval – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dimarts de Carnaval" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AE_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Λιπαρή Τρίτη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιπαρή Τρίτη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras_(Martes_de_Carnaval)" title="Mardi Gras (Martes de Carnaval) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mardi Gras (Martes de Carnaval)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astearte_inautea" title="Astearte inautea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astearte inautea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ماردی گرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماردی گرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_gras" title="Mardi gras – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mardi gras" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1irt_na_hInide" title="Máirt na hInide – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Máirt na hInide" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC" title="마르디 그라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르디 그라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="मार्दी ग्रा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्दी ग्रा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprengidagur" title="Sprengidagur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sprengidagur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90" title="מרדי גרא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרדי גרא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C" title="ಮರ್ಡಿ ಗ್ರಾಸ್‌‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರ್ಡಿ ಗ್ರಾಸ್‌‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="მარდი გრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარდი გრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsang" title="Farsang – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Farsang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Марди Гра – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марди Гра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras_(feest)" title="Mardi Gras (feest) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mardi Gras (feest)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9" title="マルディグラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルディグラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdemo_juorno_%27e_Carnevale" title="Urdemo juorno 'e Carnevale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Urdemo juorno 'e Carnevale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi-gras" title="Mardi-gras – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mardi-gras" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimars_gras" title="Dimars gras – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dimars gras" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras_(carnaval)" title="Mardi Gras (carnaval) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mardi Gras (carnaval)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Марди Гра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марди Гра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Марди Гра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марди Гра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்டி கிறாஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்டி கிறாஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="มาร์ดิกรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์ดิกรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Марді Гра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марді Гра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="مارڈی گرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارڈی گرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mardi Gras" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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/></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Holiday on the day before Ash Wednesday</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the carnival holiday. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mardi Gras (disambiguation)">Mardi Gras (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent">Mardi Gras</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KosmicFrenchmenPurpleFaceMardiGras2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KosmicFrenchmenPurpleFaceMardiGras2009.JPG/240px-KosmicFrenchmenPurpleFaceMardiGras2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KosmicFrenchmenPurpleFaceMardiGras2009.JPG/360px-KosmicFrenchmenPurpleFaceMardiGras2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KosmicFrenchmenPurpleFaceMardiGras2009.JPG/480px-KosmicFrenchmenPurpleFaceMardiGras2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">Celebrations</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Fat Tuesday, <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>, Pancake Tuesday</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Christian, Cultural</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Celebration period before fasting season of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data">Parades, parties</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">Day before <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>, 47 days before <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, 2 days after <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrove Sunday">Shrove Sunday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 13</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2025 date</th><td class="infobox-data">March 4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2026 date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 17</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2027 date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Monday" title="Shrove Monday">Shrove Monday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEgav%C4%97n%C4%97s" title="Užgavėnės">Užgavėnės</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a>,</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mardi Gras</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a></b>) is the final day of <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Shrovetide" title="Shrovetide">Shrovetide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fastelavn" title="Fastelavn">Fastelavn</a>); it thus falls on the day before the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mardi Gras</i></span> is <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for "<b>Fat Tuesday</b>", referring to it being the last day of consuming rich, fatty foods, most notably <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>, in preparation for the Christian <a href="/wiki/Lenten_sacrifice" title="Lenten sacrifice">fasting season of Lent</a>, during which such foods are avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose1995_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Related popular practices are associated with Carnival celebrations before the fasting and religious obligations associated with the <a href="/wiki/Penitential" title="Penitential">penitential</a> season of Lent. In countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, Mardi Gras is more usually known as Pancake Day or (traditionally) Shrove Tuesday, derived from the word <i>shrive</i>, meaning "to administer the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a> to; to absolve".<sup id="cite_ref-Melitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan_2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan_2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical season</a> of Lent, some Christians <a href="/wiki/Lenten_sacrifice" title="Lenten sacrifice">abstain from the consumption</a> of certain foods such as meat, eggs, dairy products, and alcoholic beverages. Most Christian denominations observe the tradition of Lent; exceptions include many churches within the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-OPC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benedict2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedict2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mennonite_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mennonite-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FTU2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTU2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moore2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shrovetide" title="Shrovetide">Shrovetide</a> provided Christians with the opportunity to use up these foods prior to the start of the 40-day fasting season of Lent.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler1774_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler1774-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 6th century, Lent was normatively observed through the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Fast" title="Black Fast">Black Fast</a>, which enjoins fasting from food and liquids, with the allowance of one <a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> meal and water after sunset.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler1774_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler1774-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition of <a href="/wiki/Pancake_breakfast" title="Pancake breakfast">pancake breakfasts</a> during Shrovetide, as well as that of pancake races, owes itself to this practice of "using up the surplus eggs, milk and butter" prior to Lent.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2005_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CollinsMartin2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CollinsMartin2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many Christian parish churches, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, a popular Shrove Tuesday tradition is the ringing of the <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a> (on this day, the toll is known as the Shriving Bell) "to call the faithful to confession before the solemn season of Lent" and for people to "begin frying their pancakes".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cocks1897_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cocks1897-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, a hallmark of Shrovetide is the opportunity for a last round of merrymaking associated with Mardis Gras before the start of the somber Lenten season.<sup id="cite_ref-ELCD2021_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELCD2021-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beadle1994_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beadle1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rose1995_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last day of Shrovetide, Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday), is named as such "because people felt bloated having eaten up all the rich foods before Lent" in order to prepare for the coming season of repentance.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose1995_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2></div> <p>The festival season varies from city to city; Mardis Gras often refers to the last day of Shrovetide (or Fastelavn or Carnival), thus being synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose1995_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traditions, such as the one in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana, consider Mardi Gras to stretch the entire period from <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a> (the last night of Christmas which begins <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>) to Ash Wednesday.<sup id="cite_ref-carnivalterminology_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnivalterminology-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wild/Dufour/Cowan_(seas/New_Orl.)_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild/Dufour/Cowan_(seas/New_Orl.)-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others treat the final three-day period before Ash Wednesday as the Mardi Gras.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>, Mardi Gras–<a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile">associated social events begin in November</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Mystic_society" title="Mystic society">mystic society</a> balls<sup id="cite_ref-carnivalterminology_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnivalterminology-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MCA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Year's Eve, followed by parades and balls in January and February, celebrating up to midnight before <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>. In earlier times, parades were held on New Year's Day.<sup id="cite_ref-carnivalterminology_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnivalterminology-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnival (or <a href="/wiki/Fastelavn" title="Fastelavn">Fastelavn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shrovetide" title="Shrovetide">Shrovetide</a>) is an important celebration in <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> European nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Melitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan_2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan_2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ELCD2021_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELCD2021-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MardiGrasDakar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MardiGrasDakar.JPG/220px-MardiGrasDakar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MardiGrasDakar.JPG/330px-MardiGrasDakar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MardiGrasDakar.JPG/440px-MardiGrasDakar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mardi Gras in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, Senegal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille-carnival-sun-and-moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Marseille-carnival-sun-and-moon.jpg/220px-Marseille-carnival-sun-and-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Marseille-carnival-sun-and-moon.jpg/330px-Marseille-carnival-sun-and-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Marseille-carnival-sun-and-moon.jpg/440px-Marseille-carnival-sun-and-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2461" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Mardi Gras in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg/220px-Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg/330px-Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg/440px-Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4056" data-file-height="2902" /></a><figcaption>Mardi Gras in <a href="/wiki/Binche" title="Binche">Binche</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure> <p>The three-day <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche" title="Carnival of Binche">Carnival of Binche</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>, is one of the best known in Belgium. It takes place around <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> (or Mardi Gras) just before <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>. Performers known as <a href="/wiki/Gilles" title="Gilles">Gilles</a> wear elaborate costumes in the <a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">national colours</a> of red, black and yellow. During the parade, they throw <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a> at the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, it was recognized by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as one of the <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LP223_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP223-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, it is a folk tradition to celebrate Mardi Gras, which is called Masopust (meat-fast, i.e. beginning of the fast there). There are celebrations in many places including <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Masopust_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masopust-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the tradition also prevails in villages such as <a href="/wiki/Star%C3%A9_Hamry" title="Staré Hamry">Staré Hamry</a>, whose door-to-door processions made it to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Intangible Cultural Heritage List">UNESCO World Intangible Cultural Heritage List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">Karneval, Fasching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swabian%E2%80%93Alemannic_Fastnacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht">Fastnacht</a></div> <p>The celebration on the same day in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> knows many different terms, depending on the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Swabian%E2%80%93Alemannic_Fastnacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht">Fastnacht</a>, meaning the eve of the fast that takes place during Lent, or Veilchensdienstag (Violet Tuesday), as it is called in the Lower Rhine region. The celebrations often stretch from Epiphany, known in sections of Germany as Heilige Drei Könige, through the night before Ash Wednesday, and is variously known by different names, such as <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">Karneval</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fasching" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasching">Fasching</a> in Germany, Austria and German-speaking areas of Switzerland. It is also often referred to as the "fifth season", which traditionally begins with Hoppeditz Erwachen (the waking of Hoppeditz, the Fool who embodies the Karneval season) on 11 November at 11:11 AM (11/11 11:11).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and ends with his comic funeral mass on Fastnacht. </p><p>Karneval is filled with large banquets held by the various organizing societies and generally comes to a climax beginning on what is variously known as <i>Schmutziger Donnerstag</i> or <i>Fetter Donnerstag</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fat_Thursday" title="Fat Thursday">Fat Thursday</a>), <i>Unsinniger Donnerstag</i> (Nonsense Thursday), <i>Altweiberfastnacht</i>, <i>Greesentag</i> and others. In <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">standard German</a>, <i>schmutzig</i> means "dirty", but in the Alemannic dialects <i>schmotzig</i> means "lard" (<a href="/wiki/Schmalz" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmalz">Schmalz</a>), or "fat";<sup id="cite_ref-Schmotzig_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmotzig-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus "Greasy Thursday", as remaining winter stores of lard and butter used to be consumed at that time, before the fasting began. Altweiberfastnacht often featured women wearing men's clothing and assuming their roles. In many towns across the state of North Rhine Westphalia, a ritual "takeover" of the town halls by local women has become tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> Mardi Gras is called Martedì Grasso (Fat Tuesday). It is the main day of <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> along with the Thursday before, called Giovedí Grasso (Fat Thursday), which ratifies the start of the celebrations. The most famous <a href="/wiki/Carnivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivals">Carnivals</a> in northern Italy are in Venice, Viareggio and Ivrea, while in the southern part of Italy the Sardinian <a href="/wiki/Sartiglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sartiglia">Sartiglia</a> and the intriguing apotropaic masks, especially the mamuthones, issohadores, s'urtzu (and so on), are more popular, belonging to a very ancient tradition. Ivrea has the characteristic "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Oranges">Battle of Oranges</a>" that finds its roots in medieval times. The Italian version of the festival is spelled Carnevale.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> the celebration is called Fettisdagen, when fastlagsbulle is eaten, more commonly called <a href="/wiki/Semla" title="Semla">Semla</a>. The name comes from the words "fett" (fat) and "tisdag" (Tuesday). Originally, this was the only day one should eat <a href="/wiki/Fastlagsbulle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastlagsbulle">fastlagsbullar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-semla_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semla-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States">Mardi Gras in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile">Mardi Gras in Mobile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">Mardi Gras in New Orleans</a></div> <p>While not observed nationally throughout the United States, a number of historically ethnically French cities and regions in the country have notable celebrations. Mardi Gras arrived in North America as a <a href="/wiki/French_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Catholic">French Catholic</a> tradition with the Le Moyne brothers,<sup id="cite_ref-MGtime_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGtime-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne_de_Bienville" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville</a>, in the late 17th century, when King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> sent the pair to defend France's claim on the territory of <i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiane</a></i>, which included what are now the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and part of eastern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MGtime_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGtime-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expedition, led by Iberville, entered the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> on the evening of 2 March 1699 (new style), <a href="/wiki/Lundi_Gras" title="Lundi Gras">Lundi Gras</a>. They did not yet know it was the river explored and claimed for France by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a> in 1683. The party proceeded upstream to a place on the east bank about 60 miles (100 km) downriver from where <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> is today, and made camp. This was on 3 March 1699, Mardi Gras, so in honour of this holiday, Iberville named the spot <i>Point du Mardi Gras</i> (French: "Mardi Gras Point") and called the nearby tributary Bayou Mardi Gras.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne_de_Bienville" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville">Bienville</a> went on to found the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> (now in Alabama) in 1702 as the first capital of French Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-TLhist_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLhist-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1703 French settlers in Mobile established the <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile">first organised Mardi Gras</a> celebration tradition in what was to become the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-MGtime_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGtime-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MoMtime_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoMtime-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LOCgras_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOCgras-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MBAYgras_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBAYgras-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first informal <a href="/wiki/Mystic_society" title="Mystic society">mystic society</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Krewe" title="Krewe">krewe</a>, was formed in Mobile in 1711, the <i>Boeuf Gras Society</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MoMtime_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoMtime-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then came the <a href="/wiki/Striker%27s_Independent_Society" title="Striker's Independent Society">Striker's Independent Society</a> in 1842, followed by the oldest parading mystic society the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Myths" title="Order of Myths">Order of Myths</a> or "OOMs" in 1867. </p><p>In 1720, <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a> had been made capital of Louisiana. The French Mardi Gras customs had accompanied the colonists who settled there.<sup id="cite_ref-MGtime_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGtime-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg/220px-Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg/330px-Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg/440px-Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Knights of Revelry parade down Royal Street in Mobile during the 2010 Mardi Gras season.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1723, the capital of Louisiana was moved to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, founded in 1718.<sup id="cite_ref-TLhist_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLhist-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Mardi Gras parade held in New Orleans is recorded to have taken place in 1833 with <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Marigny" title="Bernard de Marigny">Bernard de Marigny</a> funding the first organized parade, tableau, and ball. The tradition in New Orleans expanded to the point that it became synonymous with the city in popular perception, and embraced by residents of New Orleans beyond those of French or Catholic heritage. Mardi Gras celebrations are part of the basis of the slogan <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez_les_bons_temps_rouler" title="Laissez les bons temps rouler">Laissez les bons temps rouler</a></i> ("Let the good times roll"), as floats "roll."<sup id="cite_ref-MGtime_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGtime-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2014)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Festivities formally began in 1853 when a group of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo-Americans</a>, some members of <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> <a href="/wiki/Mystic_society" title="Mystic society">Mystic Societies</a>, formed the first "old-line" krewe, The <a href="/wiki/Mistick_Krewe_of_Comus" title="Mistick Krewe of Comus">Mistick Krewe of Comus</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Marigny" title="Bernard de Marigny">Bernard de Marigny</a>'s 1833 parade of paper-mached wagons, a formal <a href="/wiki/Tableau_vivant" title="Tableau vivant">tableau vivant</a> and presentation of debutants, followed by a formal <a href="/wiki/Ball_(dance_event)" title="Ball (dance event)">ball</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_Revelers" title="Twelfth Night Revelers">Twelfth Night Revelers</a> were formed in 1870, again with ties to <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, but no longer stage a parade, just tableau and ball. The <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Momus" title="Knights of Momus">Knights of Momus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rex_parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex parade">Rex</a> came about in 1872, with the last of the old-line krewes the <a href="/wiki/Krewe_of_Proteus" title="Krewe of Proteus">Krewe of Proteus</a> being formed 10 years later. Of these 5 groups only Rex and Proteus still formally parade, with the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Chaos" title="Knights of Chaos">Knights of Chaos</a> replacing Momus. </p><p>The parades of the largest krewes (colloquially known as "super krewes") came later, during the 1960s/70's, and traditionally occur immediately prior to and on Shrove Tuesday, including those of <a href="/wiki/Krewe_of_Endymion" title="Krewe of Endymion">Endymion</a> (Saturday, which also culminates with a concert event at <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Superdome" title="Caesars Superdome">Caesars Superdome</a>), <a href="/wiki/Krewe_of_Bacchus" title="Krewe of Bacchus">Bacchus</a> (Sunday), and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Social_Aid_%26_Pleasure_Club" title="Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club">Zulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rex_parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex parade">Rex</a> (Tuesday). </p><p>Other cities along the Gulf Coast with early French colonial heritage, from <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola, Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana" title="Lake Charles, Louisiana">Lake Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette, Louisiana</a>, and north to <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria, Louisiana</a>, have active Mardi Gras celebrations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Galveston's first recorded Mardi Gras celebration, in 1867, included a masked ball at Turner Hall (Sealy at 21st St.) and a theatrical performance from Shakespeare's "King Henry IV" featuring Alvan Reed (a justice of the peace weighing in at 350 pounds) as Falstaff. The first year that Mardi Gras was celebrated on a grand scale in Galveston was 1871 with the emergence of two rival Mardi Gras societies, or "Krewes" called the Knights of Momus (known only by the initials "K.O.M.") and the Knights of Myth, both of which devised night parades, masked balls, exquisite costumes and elaborate invitations. The Knights of Momus, led by some prominent Galvestonians, decorated horse-drawn wagons for a torch lit night parade. Boasting such themes as "The Crusades", "Peter the Great", and "Ancient France", the procession through downtown Galveston culminated at Turner Hall with a presentation of tableaux and a grand gala.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the rural <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a> area, many <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a> celebrate with the <i><a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a></i>, a tradition that dates to medieval celebrations in France.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, founded in 1764 by French fur traders, claims to host the second largest Mardi Gras celebration in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celebration is held in the historic French neighborhood, <a href="/wiki/Soulard,_St._Louis" title="Soulard, St. Louis">Soulard</a>, and attracts hundreds of thousands of people from around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although founded in the 1760s, the St. Louis Mardi Gras festivities only date to the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's celebration begins with "12th night," held on Epiphany, and ends on Fat Tuesday. The season is peppered with various parades celebrating the city's rich French Catholic heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costumes">Costumes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mardi_Gras_Pirates_New_Orleans_Louisiana_WPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mardi_Gras_Pirates_New_Orleans_Louisiana_WPA.jpg/220px-Mardi_Gras_Pirates_New_Orleans_Louisiana_WPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mardi_Gras_Pirates_New_Orleans_Louisiana_WPA.jpg/330px-Mardi_Gras_Pirates_New_Orleans_Louisiana_WPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mardi_Gras_Pirates_New_Orleans_Louisiana_WPA.jpg/440px-Mardi_Gras_Pirates_New_Orleans_Louisiana_WPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Mardi Gras in New Orleans in 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>Mardi Gras, as a celebration of life before the more-somber occasion of Ash Wednesday, nearly always involves the use of masks and costumes by its participants, and the most popular celebratory colors are purple, green, and gold. In New Orleans, for example, these often take the shape of fairies, animals, people from myths, or various Medieval costumes<sup id="cite_ref-Gabbert1999_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabbert1999-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as clowns and Indians (<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many costumes today are simply elaborate creations of colored feathers and capes. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> costumery, Mardi Gras costumes are not usually associated with such things as zombies, mummies, bats, blood, and the like, though death may be a theme in some. The Venice tradition has brought golden masks into the usual round of costumes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure_by_women">Exposure by women</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MardiGras2009CoffeeCustomers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/MardiGras2009CoffeeCustomers.JPG/170px-MardiGras2009CoffeeCustomers.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/MardiGras2009CoffeeCustomers.JPG/255px-MardiGras2009CoffeeCustomers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/MardiGras2009CoffeeCustomers.JPG/340px-MardiGras2009CoffeeCustomers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>A topless woman at a coffee house, Mardi Gras Day in New Orleans, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a> teaches that it is sinful and that it contravenes the Christian standards of <a href="/wiki/Modesty#Christianity" title="Modesty">modesty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-O'Malley_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Malley-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuthbert2018_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuthbert2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the practice of some women exposing their breasts during Mardi Gras in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, US, has been documented since 1889, when the <i>Times-Democrat</i> decried the "degree of immodesty exhibited by nearly all female masqueraders seen on the streets." The practice was mostly limited to tourists in the upper Bourbon Street area.<sup id="cite_ref-sparks_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparks-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shrum_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrum-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the crowded streets of the French Quarter, generally avoided by locals on Mardi Gras Day, <a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">flashers</a> on balconies cause crowds to form on the streets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the last decades of the 20th century, the rise in producing commercial <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotapes</a> catering to <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">voyeurs</a> helped encourage a tradition of women baring their breasts in exchange for beads and trinkets. Social scientists studying "ritual disrobement" found, at Mardi Gras 1991, 1,200 instances of body-baring in exchange for beads or other favors.<sup id="cite_ref-shrum_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrum-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the traveling bead art exhibition: <a href="/wiki/Bead_Town" title="Bead Town">Bead Town</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Ponce" title="Carnaval de Ponce">Carnaval de Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%93uf_Gras" title="Bœuf Gras">Boeuf gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Fest" title="Fantasy Fest">Fantasy Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Thursday" title="Fat Thursday">Fat Thursday</a>, a similar traditional Christian feast associated with the celebration of Carnival.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Gay_and_Lesbian_Mardi_Gras" title="Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras">Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEgav%C4%97n%C4%97s" title="Užgavėnės">Užgavėnės</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Mardi_Gras_(n.)" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/9489225210">"Mardi Gras (n.)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F9489225210">10.1093/OED/9489225210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mardi+Gras+%28n.%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F9489225210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F9489225210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose1995-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose1995_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose1995_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose1995_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose1995_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1995" class="citation book cs1">Rose, David (1995). <i>Christianity</i>. Folens Limited. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85276-765-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85276-765-5"><bdi>978-1-85276-765-5</bdi></a>. <q>Shrove Tuesday was the day when all the luxury foods were eaten up. These included meat, eggs, milk and fine flour. People also went to church and confessed their sins. Today, many Christians give up 'something' for Lent, while others occupy their time with charitable works. In other parts of the world the day is called Fat Tuesday (or 'Mardi Gras') because people felt bloated having eaten up all the rich foods before Lent. Mardi Gras celebrations are often very elaborate, involving costumes and parties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Folens+Limited&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85276-765-5&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan_2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan_2008_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan_2008_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan2008" class="citation book cs1">Melitta Weiss Adamson, Francine Segan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPDIx6WWuOQC&q=Anglican+Mardi+Gras&pg=PA354"><i>Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313086892" title="Special:BookSources/9780313086892"><bdi>9780313086892</bdi></a>. <q>In Anglican countries, Mardis Gras is known as <i>Shrove Tuesday</i>—from <i>shrive</i> meaning "confess"—or <i>Pancake Day</i>—after the breakfast food that symbolizes one final hearty meal of eggs, butter, milk and sugar before the fast. On Ash Wednesday, the morning after Mardi Gras, repentant Christians return to church to receive upon the forehead the sign of the cross in ashes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entertaining+from+Ancient+Rome+to+the+Super+Bowl&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780313086892&rft.au=Melitta+Weiss+Adamson%2C+Francine+Segan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPDIx6WWuOQC%26q%3DAnglican%2BMardi%2BGras%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OPC_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opc.org/qa.html?question_id=365">"Question & Answer: Should we Observe Lent?"</a>. Willow Grove, Pennsylvania: The Orthodox Presbyterian Church. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>Those inheriting a Reformed theology (which would include the OPC) have adopted the stance that the church is only to practice in worship what the Bible actually establishes, often called the 'regulative principle of worship.' Many in the Reformed tradition would exclude the practice of Lent on this basis—it lacks scriptural warrant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Question+%26+Answer%3A+Should+we+Observe+Lent%3F&rft.place=Willow+Grove%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=The+Orthodox+Presbyterian+Church&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opc.org%2Fqa.html%3Fquestion_id%3D365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedict2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benedict2014_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict2002" class="citation book cs1">Benedict, Philip (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKj_x3W01hoC&q=lent"><i>Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 118, 496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08812-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08812-4"><bdi>0-300-08812-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ%27s+Churches+Purely+Reformed%3A+A+Social+History+of+Calvinism&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=118%2C+496&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-300-08812-4&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKj_x3W01hoC%26q%3Dlent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mennonite-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mennonite_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thirdwaycafe.com/glossary/lent/#:~:text=The%20choice%20to%20fast%20or,await%20the%20promise%20of%20Easter."><i>Mennonite Stew – A Glossary: Lent</i></a>. Third Way Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>Traditionally, Mennonites did not observe Lent, and only recently have more modern Mennonite churches started to focus on the six week season preceding Easter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mennonite+Stew+%E2%80%93+A+Glossary%3A+Lent&rft.pub=Third+Way+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthirdwaycafe.com%2Fglossary%2Flent%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520choice%2520to%2520fast%2520or%2Cawait%2520the%2520promise%2520of%2520Easter.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FTU2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTU2012_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumley2012" class="citation news cs1">Brumley, Jeff (12 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2012-03-12/story/lent-not-just-catholics-also-some-baptists-and-other-evangelicals">"Lent not just for Catholics, but also for many denominations, Baptists and other evangelicals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Florida_Times-Union" title="The Florida Times-Union">The Florida Times-Union</a></i>. Jacksonville, Florida<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Times-Union&rft.atitle=Lent+not+just+for+Catholics%2C+but+also+for+many+denominations%2C+Baptists+and+other+evangelicals&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.aulast=Brumley&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjacksonville.com%2Fnews%2Fmetro%2F2012-03-12%2Fstory%2Flent-not-just-catholics-also-some-baptists-and-other-evangelicals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore2008_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2008" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Scott (2008). "The Predicament and the Promise for Young Baptist Scholars". In Ward, Roger; Gushee, David (eds.). [978-0881461046 <i>The Scholarly Vocation and the Baptist Academy: Essays on the Future of Baptist Higher Education</i>]. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. p. 143. <q>In most Baptist churches, Lent is non-existent, and Advent is merely the 'pre-Christmas' wind-up.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Predicament+and+the+Promise+for+Young+Baptist+Scholars&rft.btitle=The+Scholarly+Vocation+and+the+Baptist+Academy%3A+Essays+on+the+Future+of+Baptist+Higher+Education&rft.place=Macon%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=978-0881461046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2005_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2005_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Georgina (May 2005). <i>The Best of Irish Breads and Baking: Traditional, Contemporary and Festive</i>. Georgina Campbell Guides. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903164-15-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903164-15-0"><bdi>978-1-903164-15-0</bdi></a>. <q>Until relatively recently, the Lenten fast was taken so seriously in Ireland that it meant abstaining not only from meat but also eggs and all milk products. The tradition of making pancakes on Shrove Tuesday (the day before Ash Wednesday) came about as a practical way of using up the surplus eggs, milk and butter which would otherwise go to waste. Most Irish families still make pancakes on Shrove Tuesday and the tradition of tossing pancakes not only survives but actually thrives, providing voter-friendly photo opportunities for politicians and commercial opportunities for the catering trade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Irish+Breads+and+Baking%3A+Traditional%2C+Contemporary+and+Festive&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Georgina+Campbell+Guides&rft.date=2005-05&rft.isbn=978-1-903164-15-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butler_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1839" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alban (1839). <i>The Moveable Feasts, Fasts, and Other Annual Observances of the Catholic Church</i>. Dublin: James Duffy. pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>146. <q>The primitive Christians in Lent broke their fast only after sunset, and then usually only with herbs, roots, and bread. At least all were obliged to abstain not only from flesh meat, but also from fish, and whatever had life; also whatever is derived from flesh, as eggs, milk, cheese, butter, according to the ancient canon. Likewise from wine, which in the primitive ages was no less forbidden on all fasting days than the use of flesh meat itself ... Some mitigations were introduced in part of abstinence in the sixth century ... Fish was in the same age allowed, but not of the dearer and more dainty kinds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moveable+Feasts%2C+Fasts%2C+and+Other+Annual+Observances+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.pub=James+Duffy&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler1774-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butler1774_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler1774_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1774" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alban (1774). <i>The Moveable Feasts, Fasts, and Other Annual Observances of the Catholic Church</i>. C. Kiernan. p. 257. <q>It is undoubted, that anciently to drink on fasting days was no less forbid than to eat, only in the refection after sunset.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moveable+Feasts%2C+Fasts%2C+and+Other+Annual+Observances+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=C.+Kiernan&rft.date=1774&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CollinsMartin2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CollinsMartin2005_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMartinVamplew2005" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Tony; Martin, John; Vamplew, Wray (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports</i>. Psychology Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415352246" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415352246"><bdi>978-0415352246</bdi></a>. <q>The association between pancakes and Shrove Tuesday appears to have its origins in the fact that the pancakes used up food such as butter, eggs and fat that were prohibited during Lent, which begins the following day on Ash Wednesday. ... Pancakes have been eaten on Shrove Tuesday since at least the sixteenth century. In some parishes, it was the custom for the church bell to ring at noon as the signal for people to begin frying their pancakes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Traditional+British+Rural+Sports&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415352246&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Martin%2C+John&rft.au=Vamplew%2C+Wray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianity.com/wiki/holidays/what-is-shrove-tuesday-meaning-and-holiday-date.html">"What Is the Meaning and History of Shrove Tuesday?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity.com" title="Christianity.com">Christianity.com</a>. 13 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>In many Protestant and Roman Catholic Christian churches, a popular Shrove Tuesday ritual is the ringing of the church bells (on this day, known as the Shriving Bell) "to call the faithful to confession before the solemn season of Lent" and for people to "begin frying their pancakes."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+the+Meaning+and+History+of+Shrove+Tuesday%3F&rft.pub=Christianity.com&rft.date=2024-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianity.com%2Fwiki%2Fholidays%2Fwhat-is-shrove-tuesday-meaning-and-holiday-date.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cocks1897-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cocks1897_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocks1897" class="citation book cs1">Cocks, Alfred Heneage (1897). <i>The church bells of Buckinghamshire: their inscriptions, founders, and uses, and traditions; &c</i>. Jarrold & sons. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+church+bells+of+Buckinghamshire%3A+their+inscriptions%2C+founders%2C+and+uses%2C+and+traditions%3B+%26c&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Jarrold+%26+sons&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Cocks&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Heneage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyn1828" class="citation book cs1">Pulleyn, William (1828). <i>The Etymological Compendium, Or Portfolio of Origins and Inventions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Griffin_and_Company" title="Richard Griffin and Company">Richard Griffin and Company</a>. p. 192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etymological+Compendium%2C+Or+Portfolio+of+Origins+and+Inventions&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Richard+Griffin+and+Company&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Pulleyn&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELCD2021-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ELCD2021_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ELCD2021_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lutheranchurch.dk/liturgy-and-worship/festivals-and-traditions/shrovetide">"Shrovetide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Church of Denmark</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shrovetide&rft.pub=Church+of+Denmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranchurch.dk%2Fliturgy-and-worship%2Ffestivals-and-traditions%2Fshrovetide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beadle1994-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beadle1994_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeadle1994" class="citation book cs1">Beadle, Richard (17 March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00rich_1/page/69"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00rich_1/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521459167" title="Special:BookSources/9780521459167"><bdi>9780521459167</bdi></a>. <q>One of these was the pre-Lent Carnival extravaganza of Shrovetide, though this seems to have been celebrated to a much lesser extent in Britain than it was (and still is) on the continent: however, we know of English Shrovetide plays, and <i>Mankind</i> bears signs of being one of them (<i>335</i>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Medieval+English+Theatre&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994-03-17&rft.isbn=9780521459167&rft.aulast=Beadle&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00rich_1%2Fpage%2F69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carnivalterminology-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carnivalterminology_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carnivalterminology_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carnivalterminology_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209165238/http://www.mobile.org/vis_mardigras_terms.php">"Mardi Gras Terminology"</a>. <i>Mobile Bay Convention & Visitors Bureau</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobile.org/vis_mardigras_terms.php">the original</a> on 9 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mobile+Bay+Convention+%26+Visitors+Bureau&rft.atitle=Mardi+Gras+Terminology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobile.org%2Fvis_mardigras_terms.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild/Dufour/Cowan_(seas/New_Orl.)-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wild/Dufour/Cowan_(seas/New_Orl.)_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildsCharles_L._DufourWalter_G._Cowan1996" class="citation book cs1">Wilds, John; Charles L. Dufour; Walter G. Cowan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CyI14B5pua8C&q=mardi+gras+season+from+twelfth+night+to+ash+wednesday+new+orleans&pg=PA157"><i>Louisiana, Yesterday and Today: A Historical Guide to the State</i></a>. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807118931" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807118931"><bdi>978-0807118931</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisiana%2C+Yesterday+and+Today%3A+A+Historical+Guide+to+the+State&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0807118931&rft.aulast=Wilds&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Charles+L.+Dufour&rft.au=Walter+G.+Cowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCyI14B5pua8C%26q%3Dmardi%2Bgras%2Bseason%2Bfrom%2Btwelfth%2Bnight%2Bto%2Bash%2Bwednesday%2Bnew%2Borleans%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratcher2010" class="citation web cs1">Bratcher, Dennis (7 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crivoice.org/cylent.html">"The Season of Lent"</a>. Christian Resource Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Season+of+Lent&rft.pub=Christian+Resource+Institute&rft.date=2010-01-07&rft.aulast=Bratcher&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crivoice.org%2Fcylent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCA_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mobile Carnival Association, 1927", MardiGrasDigest.com, 2006, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mardigrasdigest.com/Bureau/Mobile/mobile_carnival_association.htm">mardigrasdigest-Mobile</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060307233517/http://www.mardigrasdigest.com/Bureau/Mobile/mobile_carnival_association.htm">"Mobile Carnival Association"</a>. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mobile+Carnival+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mardigrasdigest.com%2FBureau%2FMobile%2Fmobile_carnival_association.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/nl/leisure/travel_tourism/The-best-Belgian-folklore-festivals_16212.html">"The best Belgian folklore festivals"</a>. expatica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+best+Belgian+folklore+festivals&rft.pub=expatica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Fnl%2Fleisure%2Ftravel_tourism%2FThe-best-Belgian-folklore-festivals_16212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LP223-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LP223_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2007" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Leanne Logan & Geert (2007). <i>Lonely Planet Belgium & Luxembourg</i> (3. ed.). Footscray (Victoria): Lonely Planet. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-237-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-237-5"><bdi>978-1-74104-237-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Belgium+%26+Luxembourg.&rft.place=Footscray+%28Victoria%29&rft.pages=223&rft.edition=3.&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-237-5&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Leanne+Logan+%26+Geert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masopust-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masopust_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3IqY-QsJgc">"Mardi Gras in Bohemia-Prague"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/p3IqY-QsJgc">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mardi+Gras+in+Bohemia-Prague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dp3IqY-QsJgc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masopusthamry.cz/">"Staročeský masopust Hamry"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staro%C4%8Desk%C3%BD+masopust+Hamry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masopusthamry.cz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmotzig-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmotzig_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rontaler.ch/20330/woher-hat-der-schmutzige-donnerstag-seinen-namen">"Woher hat der Schmutzige Donnerstag seinen Namen?"</a>. <i>Regionalzeitung Rontaler AG</i> (in German). 17 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00char/page/94">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313324895" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313324895"><bdi>978-0313324895</bdi></a>. <q>mardi gras in italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Italy&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0313324895&rft.aulast=Killinger&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-semla-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-semla_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606090150/http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Lifestyle/Traditions/Reading/Swedish-semla-more-than-just-a-bun/">"Swedish semla: more than just a bun"</a>. <i>Sweden.se</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Lifestyle/Traditions/Reading/Swedish-semla-more-than-just-a-bun/">the original</a> on June 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sweden.se&rft.atitle=Swedish+semla%3A+more+than+just+a+bun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sweden.se%2Feng%2FHome%2FLifestyle%2FTraditions%2FReading%2FSwedish-semla-more-than-just-a-bun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGtime-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MGtime_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MGtime_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MGtime_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MGtime_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MGtime_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "New Orleans & Mardi Gras History Timeline " (event list), Mardi Gras Digest, 2005, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124195528/http://www.mardigrasdigest.com/html/mardi_gras_history__timeline.htm">MG-time</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-mardi-gras">"9 Things You May Not Know About Mardi Gras"</a>. <i>History.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=9+Things+You+May+Not+Know+About+Mardi+Gras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F9-things-you-may-not-know-about-mardi-gras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TLhist-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TLhist_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TLhist_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Timeline 18th Century:" (events), Timelines of History, 2007, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timelines.ws/1700_1724.HTML">TLine-1700-1724</a>: on "1702–1711" of Mobile.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoMtime-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MoMtime_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoMtime_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofmobile.com/timeline.php">"Carnival/Mobile Mardi Gras Timeline"</a>. <i>Museum of Mobile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Mobile&rft.atitle=Carnival%2FMobile+Mardi+Gras+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofmobile.com%2Ftimeline.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOCgras-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOCgras_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Mardi Gras in Mobile" (history), <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a>, Senator, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, 2006, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cocoon/legacies/AL/200002665.html">LibCongress-2665</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MBAYgras-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MBAYgras_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Mardi Gras" (history), Mobile Bay Convention & Visitors Bureau, 2007, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobile.org/ab_mardigras.php/ab_mardigras_history.php">MGmobile</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Jean_Ancelet1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Jean_Ancelet" title="Barry Jean Ancelet">Barry Jean Ancelet</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitainevoyaget00ance"><i>Capitaine, voyage ton flag : The Traditional Cajun Country Mardi Gras</i></a>. Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940984-46-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-940984-46-6"><bdi>0-940984-46-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitaine%2C+voyage+ton+flag+%3A+The+Traditional+Cajun+Country+Mardi+Gras&rft.pub=Center+for+Louisiana+Studies%2C+University+of+Southwestern+Louisiana&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-940984-46-6&rft.au=Barry+Jean+Ancelet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcapitainevoyaget00ance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiling" class="citation news cs1">Geiling, Natasha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/best-places-celebrate-mardi-gras-outside-new-orleans-180954286/">"Best Places to Celebrate Mardi Gras Outside of New Orleans"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Best+Places+to+Celebrate+Mardi+Gras+Outside+of+New+Orleans&rft.aulast=Geiling&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fbest-places-celebrate-mardi-gras-outside-new-orleans-180954286%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouser" class="citation news cs1">Houser, Dave G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/travel/ct-mardi-gras-celebrations-not-in-new-orleans-20170131-story.html">"7 big Mardi Gras celebrations (not in New Orleans)"</a>. <i>chicagotribune.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=chicagotribune.com&rft.atitle=7+big+Mardi+Gras+celebrations+%28not+in+New+Orleans%29&rft.aulast=Houser&rft.aufirst=Dave+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Flifestyles%2Ftravel%2Fct-mardi-gras-celebrations-not-in-new-orleans-20170131-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutmardigras.com/Features/soulardhistory.html">"Mardi Gras in St. Louis' Soulard Neighborhood"</a>. <i>allaboutmardigras.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allaboutmardigras.com&rft.atitle=Mardi+Gras+in+St.+Louis%27+Soulard+Neighborhood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutmardigras.com%2FFeatures%2Fsoulardhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stlmardigras.org/events/12th-night">"12th Night | Soulard Mardi Gras 2018"</a>. <i>stlmardigras.org</i>. St. Louis, MO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stlmardigras.org&rft.atitle=12th+Night+%7C+Soulard+Mardi+Gras+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstlmardigras.org%2Fevents%2F12th-night&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabbert1999-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gabbert1999_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Gabbert1999" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Gabbert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4T2D0H8KJDAC&pg=PA4"><i>Mardi Gras: A City's Masked Parade</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-5337-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-5337-0"><bdi>978-0-8239-5337-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mardi+Gras%3A+A+City%27s+Masked+Parade&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-5337-0&rft.au=Lisa+Gabbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4T2D0H8KJDAC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJzd111SBGwC&pg=PT6"><i>A Mardi Gras Dictionary</i></a>. Pelican Publishing. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0836-2"><bdi>978-1-4556-0836-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mardi+Gras+Dictionary&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-1-4556-0836-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJzd111SBGwC%26pg%3DPT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.C._Brown2008" class="citation book cs1">J.C. Brown (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWfQPQAACAAJ"><i>Carnival Masks of Venice: A Photographic Essay</i></a>. AAPPL Artists & Photographers Press, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904332-83-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904332-83-1"><bdi>978-1-904332-83-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carnival+Masks+of+Venice%3A+A+Photographic+Essay&rft.pub=AAPPL+Artists+%26+Photographers+Press%2C+Limited&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904332-83-1&rft.au=J.C.+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWfQPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Malley-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Malley_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley2022" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, Timothy P. (20 May 2022). <i>Becoming Eucharistic People: The Hope and Promise of Parish Life</i>. Ave Maria Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64680-157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64680-157-2"><bdi>978-1-64680-157-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Eucharistic+People%3A+The+Hope+and+Promise+of+Parish+Life&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Ave+Maria+Press&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-64680-157-2&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=Timothy+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuthbert2018-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cuthbert2018_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuthbert2018" class="citation web cs1">Cuthbert, Chloe (19 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/iron-ladies/why-we-celebrate-mardi-gras-a185f0eee70a">"Why We Celebrate Mardi Gras"</a>. Iron Ladies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>And by the way, flashing is not only not required, it's discouraged.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+We+Celebrate+Mardi+Gras&rft.pub=Iron+Ladies&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.aulast=Cuthbert&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Firon-ladies%2Fwhy-we-celebrate-mardi-gras-a185f0eee70a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMardi+Gras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sparks-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sparks_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sparks, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuevomundo.revues.org/document3941.html">"American Sodom: New Orleans Faces Its Critics and an Uncertain Future"</a>. <i>La Louisiane à la dérive</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuevomundo.revues.org/sommaire2899.html#rub3927">The École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales Coloquio</a>. 16 December 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shrum-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shrum_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrum_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shrum, W. and J. Kilburn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2580408">"Ritual Disrobement at Mardi Gras: Ceremonial Exchange and Moral Order"</a>. <i>Social Forces</i>, Vol. 75, No. 2. (Dec. 1996), pp. 423–458.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mardi_Gras" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmusic.about.com/od/northamerican/p/CajunMardiGras.htm">Traditional Cajun Mardi Gras Celebrations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1437">Mardi Gras in Mobile, Encyclopedia of Alabama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/gallery/2009/jan/21/mardi-gras-carnival-festivals-guide">Where to Celebrate Mardi Gras Around the World</a> – slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p15324coll12/searchterm/mardi%20gras/order/nosort">Fashion plates featuring historic Mardi Gras costumes</a> from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carnival_around_the_world" title="Template:Carnival around the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carnival_around_the_world" title="Template talk:Carnival around the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carnival_around_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carnival around the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carnival_around_the_world379" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> around the world</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Batik_Carnival" title="Solo Batik Carnival">Solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jember_Fashion_Carnaval" title="Jember Fashion Carnaval">Jember</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarnaval" title="Jakarnaval">Jakarta</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinulog" title="Sinulog">Sinulog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati-Atihan_festival" title="Ati-Atihan festival">Ati-Atihan festival</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg/200px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg/300px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg/400px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">Austria</a></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Aalst" title="Carnival of Aalst">Aalst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche" title="Carnival of Binche">Binche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Samba_Carnaval" title="Helsinki Samba Carnaval">Finland</a></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Carnival" title="Nice Carnival">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Carnival" title="Paris Carnival">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Carnival" title="Cologne Carnival">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz_carnival" title="Mainz carnival">Mainz</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patras_Carnival" title="Patras Carnival">Patras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s" title="Busójárás">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Italy" title="Carnival in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Viareggio" title="Carnival of Viareggio">Viareggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Oranges">Ivrea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEgav%C4%97n%C4%97s" title="Užgavėnės">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Carnival" title="Maltese Carnival">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_the_Netherlands" title="Carnival in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Madeira" title="Carnival of Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Ovar" title="Carnival of Ovar">Ovar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_carnival" title="Slavic carnival">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Belarus, Russia, Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijeka_Carnival" title="Rijeka Carnival">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurentovanje" title="Kurentovanje">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Carnival of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Las_Palmas" title="Carnival of Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Basel" title="Carnival of Basel">Basel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baklahorani" title="Baklahorani">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winterlude" title="Winterlude">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Winter_Carnival" title="Quebec Winter Carnival">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribana" title="Caribana">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Mexico" title="Carnival in Mexico">México</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Mexico#Major_Carnivals" title="Carnival in Mexico">Vera Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Mexico#Major_Carnivals" title="Carnival in Mexico">Mazatlán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Day Carnival">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Carnival" title="Antigua Carnival">Antigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkanoo" title="Junkanoo">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_Over" title="Crop Over">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batabano" title="Batabano">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Carnival of Santiago de Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant%C3%A9_mas" title="Chanté mas">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Carnival in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Carnival" title="Haitian Carnival">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturama" title="Culturama">Nevis</a></li> <li>Puerto Rico (<a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Ponce" title="Carnaval de Ponce">Ponce</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Carnival" title="Buenos Aires Carnival">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gualeguaych%C3%BA,_Entre_R%C3%ADos#Carnival" title="Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos">Gualeguaychú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murga" title="Murga">Murga</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bolivia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Oruro" title="Carnaval de Oruro">Oruro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Carnival of São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahian_Carnival" title="Bahian Carnival">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galo_da_Madrugada" title="Galo da Madrugada">Recife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Colombia" title="Carnival in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquilla%27s_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Barranquilla's Carnival">Barranquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Negros_y_Blancos" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnaval de Negros y Blancos">Negros y Blancos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_French_Guiana" title="Carnival in French Guiana">French Guiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Cayenne" title="Carnival of Cayenne">Cayenne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashramani" title="Mashramani">Guyana</a></li> <li>Panama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival#Panama" title="Carnival">Las Tablas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival#Cajamarca" title="Carnival">Cajamarca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Carnival" title="Uruguayan Carnival">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival of Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mardi Gras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Heroes Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Eve of Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korematsu_Day" title="Fred Korematsu Day">Fred Korematsu Day</a> (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Human_Rights_Day" title="Idaho Human Rights Day">Idaho Human Rights Day</a> (ID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a> (federal quadrennial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Day" title="Kansas Day">Kansas Day</a> (KS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti / Pongal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial_Day" title="Stephen Foster Memorial Day">Stephen Foster Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_(United_States)" title="The Eighth (United States)">The Eighth</a> (LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religion_Day" title="World Religion Day">World Religion Day</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January–February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday" title="Super Bowl Sunday">Super Bowl Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February<br /><a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Month" title="American Heart Month">American Heart Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín">Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Day" title="Darwin Day">Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day</a> (CA, DE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_(Japanese_Americans)" title="Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)">Day of Remembrance</a> (CA, OR, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Day" title="Georgia Day">Georgia Day</a> (GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday">Lincoln's Birthday</a> (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Girls_and_Women_in_Sports_Day" title="National Girls and Women in Sports Day">National Girls and Women in Sports Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Freedom_Day" title="National Freedom Day">National Freedom Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana_Day" title="Parinirvana Day">Nirvana Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day" title="Ronald Reagan Day">Ronald Reagan Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (CA, MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a> (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu B’shvat</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February–March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mardi Gras</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayy%C3%A1m-i-H%C3%A1" title="Ayyám-i-Há">Intercalary Days</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Mahashivaratri</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March<br /><a href="/wiki/Irish-American_Heritage_Month" title="Irish-American Heritage Month">Irish-American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Colon_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Colon Cancer Awareness Month">Colon Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month" title="Women's History Month">Women's History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break">Spring break</a> (week)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Day" title="Casimir Pulaski Day">Casimir Pulaski Day</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day" title="Cesar Chavez Day">Cesar Chavez Day</a> (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#Puerto_Rico" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico</a> (PR, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">Evacuation Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Day" title="Harriet Tubman Day">Harriet Tubman Day</a> (NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj#Modern_Muslim_observance" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Lailat al-Mi'raj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a> (Charlottesville, VA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States">Mardi Gras</a> (AL (in two counties), LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Day" title="Maryland Day">Maryland Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_Day" title="Medal of Honor Day">Medal of Honor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Poison_Prevention_Week" title="National Poison Prevention Week">National Poison Prevention Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> (cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Day" title="Pi Day">Pi Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Day" title="Prince Kūhiō Day">Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward%27s_Day" title="Seward's Day">Seward's Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Independence_Day" title="Texas Independence Day">Texas Independence Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting#Vermont" title="Town meeting">Town Meeting Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Day" title="Transfer Day">Transfer Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Hostage_and_Wrongful_Detainee_Day" title="U.S. Hostage and Wrongful Detainee Day">U.S. Hostage and Wrongful Detainee Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Trans Day of Visibility</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March–April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (religious)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> (PR, religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Saturday" title="Lazarus Saturday">Lazarus Saturday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday / Bright Monday</a> (VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Ramnavami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_American_Heritage_Month" title="National Arab American Heritage Month">Arab American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego" title="José de Diego">Birthday of José de Diego</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a> (AL, MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" title="Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust">Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Thomas Jefferson's Birthday</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag B’Omer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Last Friday of Great Lent</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascua_Florida" title="Pascua Florida">Pascua Florida</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a> (MA, ME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n" title="Ridván">Ridván</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Day" title="San Jacinto Day">San Jacinto Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom Ha'atzmaut</a> (cultural, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May<br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Heritage_Month" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month">Asian American and<br />Pacific Islander Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Heritage_Month" title="Jewish American Heritage Month">Jewish American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Military_Appreciation_Month" title="National Military Appreciation Month">Military Appreciation Month</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension of Our Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Declaration of the Bab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk_Day" title="Harvey Milk Day">Harvey Milk Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> / <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> (CA, unofficial, proposed state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_(United_States)" title="Law Day (United States)">Law Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day" title="Loyalty Day">Loyalty Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a> (CA, IL, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Spouse_Day" title="Military Spouse Day">Military Spouse Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer" title="National Day of Prayer">National Day of Prayer</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Reason" title="National Day of Reason">National Day of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Transportation_Day" title="National Defense Transportation Day">National Defense Transportation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Maritime_Day" title="United States National Maritime Day">National Maritime Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Officers_Memorial_Day" title="Peace Officers Memorial Day">Peace Officers Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June<br /><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> (federal, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Father's Day (United States)">Father's Day</a> (36)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker Hill Day">Bunker Hill Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Day">Carolina Day</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young_Day" title="Don Young Day">Don Young Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Fast of the Holy Apostles</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> (36, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller_Day" title="Helen Keller Day">Helen Keller Day</a> (PA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_America_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor America Days">Honor America Days</a> (3 weeks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Davis Day">Jefferson Davis Day</a> (AL, FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamehameha Day">Kamehameha Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Litha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odunde_Festival" title="Odunde Festival">Odunde Festival</a> (Philadelphia, PA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Week" title="Senior Week">Senior Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist#Celebration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">Saint John's Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Day" title="West Virginia Day">West Virginia Day</a> (WV)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a> (federal)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Rivera" title="Luis Muñoz Rivera">Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celso_Barbosa" title="José Celso Barbosa">Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands</a> (VI, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad_Sal" title="Khordad Sal">Khordad Sal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Restoration_Day" title="Sovereignty Restoration Day">Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Execution of the Báb">Martyrdom of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a> (UT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Constitution_Day" title="Puerto Rico Constitution Day">Puerto Rico Constitution Day</a> (PR)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July–August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation">Summer vacation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Illinois</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington_Battle_Day" title="Bennington Battle Day">Bennington Battle Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_versus_Assumption" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">Eid-e-Ghadeer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_fast" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary#Feasts" title="Assumption of Mary">Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Statehood Day (Hawaii)">Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Lammas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Day" title="National Aviation Day">National Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration of the Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(United_States)" title="Victory Day (United States)">Victory Day</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a> (36)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Prostate_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month">Prostate Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month">Childhood Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Music_Heritage_Month" title="Gospel Music Heritage Month">Gospel Music Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Day" title="Brazilian Day">Brazilian Day</a> (NY, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Admission_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="California Admission Day">California Admission Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Garner_Federal_Lands_Cleanup_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day">Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_Day_(Maryland)" title="Defenders Day (Maryland)">Defenders Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Elevation of the Holy Cross">Elevation of the Holy Cross</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_San_Gennaro" title="Feast of San Gennaro">Feast of San Gennaro</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mother%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Star Mother's Day">Gold Star Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin_Ngawang_Kunga" title="Sakya Trizin Ngawang Kunga">His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Mabon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Payroll_Week" title="National Payroll Week">National Payroll Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day</a> (proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September–October<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month">Hispanic Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Chehlum Imam Hussain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri_Paksha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitri Paksha">Pitri Paksha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijaya Dashami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Breast_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Breast Cancer Awareness Month">Breast Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Disability_Employment_Awareness_Month" title="National Disability Employment Awareness Month">Disability Employment Awareness Month</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Heritage_and_Culture_Month" title="Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month">Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American_History_Month" title="Filipino American History Month">Filipino American History Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Day" title="Alaska Day">Alaska Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Health_Day" title="Child Health Day">Child Health Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">General Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-American_Day" title="German-American Day">German-American Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson_Day" title="Leif Erikson Day">Leif Erikson Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Day" title="Missouri Day">Missouri Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomonestotse" title="Nanomonestotse">Nanomonestotse</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National School Lunch Week">National School Lunch Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day in South Dakota</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Day" title="Nevada Day">Nevada Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Day" title="Spirit Day">Spirit Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Day" title="Sweetest Day">Sweetest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_Friendship_Day" title="Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day">Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day</a> (PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Cane_Safety_Day" title="White Cane Safety Day">White Cane Safety Day</a> (36)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October–November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Holy_Birthdays" title="Twin Holy Birthdays">Birth of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Birth of Baháʼu'lláh">Birth of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid al-Nabi</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November<br /> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Indian_Heritage_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Indian Heritage Month">Native American Indian Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day">Veterans Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Beginning of the Nativity Fast</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Alabama</a> (Perry County, AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Hamilton_Jackson" title="D. Hamilton Jackson">D. Hamilton Jackson Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Day after Thanksgiving</a> (24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Covenant_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Day of the Covenant (Baháʼí)">Day of the Covenant</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of Puerto Rico">Discovery of Puerto Rico Day</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendsgiving" title="Friendsgiving">Friendsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Guru Nanak Gurpurab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Independence Day (Hawaii)">Lā Kūʻokoʻa</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day">Native American Heritage Day</a> (MD, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Trans Day of Remembrance</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> (religious, federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">Advent Sunday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Day" title="Alabama Day">Alabama Day</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Day" title="Bodhi Day">Bodhi Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalica" title="Chalica">Chalica</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Day after Christmas</a> (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivus" title="Festivus">Festivus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HumanLight" title="HumanLight">HumanLight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Day" title="Indiana Day">Indiana Day</a> (IN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a> (cultural, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin" title="Mohammed Burhanuddin">Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">Old Year's Night</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Aviation_Day" title="Pan American Aviation Day">Pan American Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami" title="Sivaya Subramuniyaswami">Pancha Ganapati</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (OH, OR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Day" title="Wright Brothers Day">Wright Brothers Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_No-Diso" title="Zartosht No-Diso">Zartosht No-Diso</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varies (year round)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Yawm al-Arafa</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> (religious, four times a year)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (religious, month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Yawm Aashura</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div>Legend: <p>(federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">racial/ethnic group</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">sexual minority</a>, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code">Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies</a><br /> </p> See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_holidays" title="Lists of holidays">Lists of holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_holiday" title="Hallmark holiday">Hallmark holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Public holidays in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mardi_Gras&oldid=1277591211">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mardi_Gras&oldid=1277591211</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mardi_Gras" title="Category:Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tuesday_observances" title="Category:Tuesday observances">Tuesday observances</a></li><li><a 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