CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Japan–United States relations - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"72ff267a-ed20-49ca-9c91-2d569a426ec7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Japan–United_States_relations","wgTitle":"Japan–United States relations","wgCurRevisionId":1274576657,"wgRevisionId":1274576657,"wgArticleId":2991012,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Graph extension","Pages with disabled graphs","CS1 errors: generic name","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2021","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021","Articles to be expanded from February 2025","All articles to be expanded","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2021","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Source attribution","Articles with dead external links from January 2025","Japan–United States relations","Bilateral relations of Japan","Bilateral relations of the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Japan–United_States_relations","wgRelevantArticleId":2991012,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1227243","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons": "ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg/1200px-Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="530"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg/800px-Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="353"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg/640px-Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="283"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Japan–United States relations - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Japan–United_States_relations rootpage-Japan–United_States_relations skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Japan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Japan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Japan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Japan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_American_contacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_American_contacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Early American contacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_American_contacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perry_Expedition_1853–1854" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perry_Expedition_1853–1854"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Perry Expedition 1853–1854 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perry_Expedition_1853–1854-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harris_treaty_of_1858" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harris_treaty_of_1858"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Harris treaty of 1858 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harris_treaty_of_1858-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Japanese Embassy to the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_1865_to_1890" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_1865_to_1890"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 From 1865 to 1890 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_1865_to_1890-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1890–1937" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1890–1937"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1890–1937 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1890–1937-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hawaii,_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaii,_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Hawaii, Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaii,_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_1900_to_1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_1900_to_1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 From 1900 to 1914 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_1900_to_1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Severe_tensions_in_1907" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severe_tensions_in_1907"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2.1 Severe tensions in 1907 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severe_tensions_in_1907-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines_and_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines_and_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2.2 Philippines and Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines_and_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cherry_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cherry_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2.3 Cherry trees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cherry_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_trouble_in_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_trouble_in_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2.4 More trouble in California </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_trouble_in_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2.5 Protestant missionaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 World War I and 1920s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1929–1937:_Militarism_and_tension_between_the_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1929–1937:_Militarism_and_tension_between_the_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.4 1929–1937: Militarism and tension between the wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1929–1937:_Militarism_and_tension_between_the_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1937–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1937–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1937–1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1937–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_road_to_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_road_to_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.1 The road to war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_road_to_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.2 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_II_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_II_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Post–World War II period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_II_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_American_occupation_of_Japan,_1945–1952" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_American_occupation_of_Japan,_1945–1952"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.1 The American occupation of Japan, 1945–1952 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_American_occupation_of_Japan,_1945–1952-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Yoshida_Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Yoshida_Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.1.1 The Yoshida Doctrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Yoshida_Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s:_Anti-base_protests_and_the_struggle_to_revise_the_Security_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s:_Anti-base_protests_and_the_struggle_to_revise_the_Security_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.2 1950s: Anti-base protests and the struggle to revise the Security Treaty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s:_Anti-base_protests_and_the_struggle_to_revise_the_Security_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s:_The_Anpo_protests_and_Okinawan_reversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s:_The_Anpo_protests_and_Okinawan_reversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.3 1960s: The Anpo protests and Okinawan reversion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s:_The_Anpo_protests_and_Okinawan_reversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_Nixon_shocks_and_oil_shocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_Nixon_shocks_and_oil_shocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.4 1970s: Nixon shocks and oil shocks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_Nixon_shocks_and_oil_shocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_Reagan_and_Nakasone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Reagan_and_Nakasone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.5 1980s: Reagan and Nakasone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_Reagan_and_Nakasone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s:_Bush_Sr._and_Clinton_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s:_Bush_Sr._and_Clinton_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.6 1990s: Bush Sr. and Clinton years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s:_Bush_Sr._and_Clinton_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century:_Stronger_alliance_in_the_context_of_a_rising_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century:_Stronger_alliance_in_the_context_of_a_rising_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.7 21st century: Stronger alliance in the context of a rising China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century:_Stronger_alliance_in_the_context_of_a_rising_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Economic relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economic relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Trade volume </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_frictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_frictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Trade frictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_frictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Direct investment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Military relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ryukyu_Islands_(Okinawa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ryukyu_Islands_(Okinawa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ryukyu_Islands_(Okinawa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 National intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cultural relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Surveys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Pre 1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Since 1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Japan–United States relations</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات الأمريكية اليابانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات الأمريكية اليابانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E%E2%80%93Yaponiya_m%C3%BCnasib%C9%99tl%C9%99ri" title="ABŞ–Yaponiya münasibətləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ–Yaponiya münasibətləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beziehungen_zwischen_Japan_und_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Beziehungen zwischen Japan und den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beziehungen zwischen Japan und den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Estados_Unidos-Jap%C3%B3n" title="Relaciones Estados Unidos-Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Estados Unidos-Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="روابط ایالات متحده آمریکا و ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روابط ایالات متحده آمریکا و ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_les_%C3%89tats-Unis_et_le_Japon" title="Relations entre les États-Unis et le Japon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre les États-Unis et le Japon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_Amerika_Serikat_dengan_Jepang" title="Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relazioni_bilaterali_tra_Giappone_e_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Relazioni bilaterali tra Giappone e Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Relazioni bilaterali tra Giappone e Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%E2%80%93_%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="יחסי ארצות הברית – יפן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי ארצות הברית – יפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_Amerika_Syarikat%E2%80%93Jepun" title="Hubungan Amerika Syarikat–Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hubungan Amerika Syarikat–Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%B1%B3%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82" title="日米関係 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日米関係" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81_%D8%A7%DA%93%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%90" title="د جاپان او متحده ایالاتو ترمنځ اړیکې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جاپان او متحده ایالاتو ترمنځ اړیکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_entre_Estados_Unidos_e_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Relações entre Estados Unidos e Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações entre Estados Unidos e Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Американо-японские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американо-японские отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="پەیوەندییەکانی ژاپۆن و ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیوەندییەکانی ژاپۆن و ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugnayang_Hapon-Estados_Unidos" title="Ugnayang Hapon-Estados Unidos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ugnayang Hapon-Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Японсько-американські відносини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Японсько-американські відносини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جاپان امریکا تعلقات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاپان امریکا تعلقات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%87_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n_%E2%80%93_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Quan hệ Nhật Bản – Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quan hệ Nhật Bản – Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E2%80%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="日本—美国关系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日本—美国关系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1227243#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&oldid=1274576657" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&id=1274576657&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJapan%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJapan%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Relations_of_Japan_and_the_United_States" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1227243" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Japanese–American relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Japan and USA"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Japan and USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg/250px-Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg/375px-Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg/500px-Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;color:inherit;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/68px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/90px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/57px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/86px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/114px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Japan_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Japan in Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Japan, Washington, D.C.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States_in_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of the United States in Tokyo">Embassy of the United States, Tokyo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Ambassador_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Ambassador to the United States">Japanese Ambassador to the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Shigeo_Yamada" title="Shigeo Yamada">Shigeo Yamada</a> (since 24 October 2023)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Japan">United States Ambassador to Japan</a> Vacant (since 15 January 2025)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishiba_walks_with_Trump_February_2025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ishiba_walks_with_Trump_February_2025.jpg/220px-Ishiba_walks_with_Trump_February_2025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ishiba_walks_with_Trump_February_2025.jpg/330px-Ishiba_walks_with_Trump_February_2025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ishiba_walks_with_Trump_February_2025.jpg/440px-Ishiba_walks_with_Trump_February_2025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba" title="Shigeru Ishiba">Shigeru Ishiba</a> in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Rose_Garden" title="White House Rose Garden">Rose Garden</a> in February 2025.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> between <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> began in the late 18th and early 19th century with the diplomatic but <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty#Japan_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">force-backed</a> missions of U.S. ship captains <a href="/wiki/James_Glynn" title="James Glynn">James Glynn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew C. Perry</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, the countries maintained relatively cordial relations.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Potential disputes were resolved. Japan acknowledged American control of <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Hawaii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Philippines</a>, and the United States reciprocated regarding <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Korea</a>. Disagreements about Japanese immigration to the U.S. were resolved in <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">1907</a>. The two were allies against <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> From as early as 1879 and continuing through most of the first four decades of the 20th century, influential Japanese statesmen such as <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iesato" title="Tokugawa Iesato">Prince Iesato Tokugawa</a> (1863–1940) and <a href="/wiki/Shibusawa_Eiichi" title="Shibusawa Eiichi">Baron Eiichi Shibusawa</a> (1840–1931) led a major Japanese domestic and international movement advocating goodwill and mutual respect with the United States. Their friendship with the U.S. included allying with seven U.S. presidents – <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. It was only after the passing of this older generation of diplomats and humanitarians, along with the evidence that many Americans believed all Asians to be alike with President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>'s signing of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> that Japanese militarists were able to gain control and pressure Japan into joining with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Starting in 1931, tensions escalated. Japanese actions against <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> in 1931 and especially after 1937 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> caused the United States to cut off the oil and steel Japan required for their military conquests. Japan responded with attacks on the Allies, including the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, which heavily damaged the US naval base at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, opening the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific theater of World War II</a>. The United States made a massive investment in naval power and systematically destroyed Japan's offensive capabilities while <a href="/wiki/Island_hopping_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Island hopping campaign">island hopping</a> across the Pacific. To force a surrender, the Americans <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">systematically bombed Japanese cities</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> in August 1945. <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan surrendered</a>, and was subjected to seven years of <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">military occupation</a> by the United States, during which the Americans under General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> eliminated militarism and rebuilt the country's economic and political systems. In the 1950s and 1960s Japan entered into a <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan alliance">military alliance with the United States</a>, and experienced unprecedented economic growth by sheltering under the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_umbrella" title="Nuclear umbrella">nuclear umbrella</a>, taking full advantage of U.S.-backed free trade schemes, and supplying American wars in <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a>. Japanese exports to the United States dramatically expanded in the postwar period, with Japanese automobiles and consumer electronics being especially popular, and Japan became the world's second largest economy after the United States (in 2010 it dropped to third place after <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>). From the late 20th century and onwards, the United States and Japan have had firm and active <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> relationships. US government officials generally consider Japan to be one of its <a href="/wiki/Special_relationship_(international_relations)" title="Special relationship (international relations)">closest allies and partners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> generally perceive Japan positively, with 84% viewing Japan favorably in 2021; however, few Americans consider Japan one of their closest allies in public opinion polls, with only 1% of Americans picking Japan as their most important foreign policy partners, far behind other key American allies, according to a 2021 Pew survey.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> In a New York Times analysis of YouGov data in 2017, American survey respondents ranked Japan as their 21st closest ally, also behind other key American allies.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a> Japan is currently one of the most <a href="/wiki/Pro-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-American">pro-American</a> countries in the world, with 67% of Japanese viewing the United States favorably, according to a 2018 Pew survey;<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and 75% saying they trust the United States as opposed to 7% for China.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In a 2019 Pew survey, 63% of people in Japan named the United States their closest ally, far higher than any other country named by Japanese respondents.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_American_contacts">Early American contacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early American contacts">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1600s, Japan's ruling <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> enacted a policy of national seclusion known as <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">sakoku</a> (literally, "chained country"). Foreigners were barred from setting foot in Japan save for limited contact with the Dutch and Chinese at <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, Christianity was banned, and Catholic missionaries were expelled. Japanese citizens were also forbidden to leave Japan in most cases. There were occasional minor contacts. For example, in 1785 a ship owned and commanded by an Irishman, <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Donnell_(merchant)" title="John O'Donnell (merchant)">John O'Donnell</a>, docked at Baltimore and reportedly had ethnically Japanese sailors as part of its crew.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> And in 1791, two American ships commanded by the American explorer <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrick_(American_sea_captain)" title="John Kendrick (American sea captain)">John Kendrick</a> stopped for 11 days on <a href="/wiki/Kii_%C5%8Cshima" title="Kii Ōshima">Kii Ōshima</a> island, south of the <a href="/wiki/Kii_Peninsula" title="Kii Peninsula">Kii Peninsula</a>. He is the first American to visit Japan, but there is no Japanese account of his visit.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VincennesYedoBay1846.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/VincennesYedoBay1846.PNG/220px-VincennesYedoBay1846.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/VincennesYedoBay1846.PNG/330px-VincennesYedoBay1846.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/VincennesYedoBay1846.PNG/440px-VincennesYedoBay1846.PNG 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Columbus_(1819)" title="USS Columbus (1819)">USS Columbus</a> of James Biddle, and an American crewman in <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> Bay in 1846</figcaption></figure> In the early 1800s American whaling vessels operating in the North Pacific whaling grounds routinely sought to land in Japan to gather firewood and fresh water, but were routinely turned away or even driven off with cannon fire. Meanwhile, the U.S. government increasingly cast its eyes on Japan as a possible coaling station for the U.S. Navy and a stopping point for U.S. merchants engaged in the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Old_China_Trade" title="Old China Trade">China trade</a>. In 1846, Commander <a href="/wiki/James_Biddle_(commodore)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Biddle (commodore)">James Biddle</a> was dispatched to Japan by Washington with orders to open trade, anchoring himself in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> with two ships, one of which was armed with seventy-two cannons. However, Japanese representatives refused to negotiate, and he returned home empty-handed.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perry_Expedition_1853–1854">Perry Expedition 1853–1854</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Perry Expedition 1853–1854">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a></div> In 1848, Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Glynn" title="James Glynn">James Glynn</a> sailed to <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, which led to the first successful negotiation by an American with sakoku Japan. Glynn recommended to the Congress that any negotiations to open up Japan should be backed up by a demonstration of force; this paved the way for the 1853–1854 expedition of US Navy Commodore <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew Perry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The Perry Expedition (Japanese: 黒船来航, kurofune raikō, "Arrival of the Black Ships") lasted from 1853 to 1854. It was a significant diplomatic and military undertaking of the United States Navy towards the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan. The expedition involved two separate voyages by American warships with objectives such as exploration, surveying, and establishing diplomatic relations and trade agreements with countries in the region. The primary aim of the mission was to establish contact with the Japanese government and open up Japanese ports to American trade, which was a top priority. Under the command of Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, who received orders from <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">President Millard Fillmore</a>, the expedition aimed to end Japan's 220-year-old policy of isolation by utilizing gunboat diplomacy if necessary. As a result, the Perry Expedition played a crucial role in establishing diplomatic relations between Japan and the western Great Powers, leading to the collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the Emperor in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> of 1868. Furthermore, Japan's growing trade relationships with the world after the expedition resulted in the rise of Japonisme, a cultural trend where Japanese culture influenced art in Europe and America.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg/220px-Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg/330px-Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg/440px-Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Commodore Perry's fleet for his second visit to Japan in 1854</figcaption></figure> In 1852, American Commodore <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew C. Perry</a> embarked from Norfolk, Virginia, for Japan, in command of a squadron tasked with negotiating a trade treaty with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Aboard a black-hulled steam frigate, he ported <a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(1841)" title="USS Mississippi (1841)">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Plymouth_(1844)" title="USS Plymouth (1844)">Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(1842)" title="USS Saratoga (1842)">Saratoga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Susquehanna_(1847)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Susquehanna (1847)">Susquehanna</a> at Uraga Harbor near <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> (present-day Tokyo) on July 8, 1853, and he was met by representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa Shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a>. They told him to proceed to <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, where the sakoku laws allowed limited trade by the Dutch. Perry refused to leave, and he demanded permission to present a letter from President Fillmore, threatening force if he was denied. Japan had shunned modern technology for centuries, and the Japanese military would not be able to resist Perry's ships; these "<a href="/wiki/Black_Ships" title="Black Ships">Black Ships</a>" would later become a symbol of threatening Western technology in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Dutch behind the scenes smoothed the American treaty process with the Tokugawa shogunate.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Perry returned in March 1854 with twice as many ships, finding that the delegates had prepared a treaty embodying virtually all the demands in Fillmore's letter; Perry signed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">U.S.-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity</a> on March 31, 1854, and returned home a hero.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Perry had a missionary vision to bring an American presence to Japan. His goal was to open commerce and more profoundly to introduce Western morals and values. The treaty gave priority to American interests over Japan's. Perry's forceful opening of Japan was used before 1945 to rouse Japanese resentment against the United States and the West; an unintended consequence was to facilitate Japanese militarism.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harris_treaty_of_1858">Harris treaty of 1858</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Harris treaty of 1858">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Townsend_Harris" title="Townsend Harris">Townsend Harris</a> (1804–1878) served 1856–1861 as the first American diplomat after Perry left.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He won the confidence of the Japanese leaders, who asked his advice on how to deal with Europeans. In 1858, Harris successfully concluded a full trade treaty with Japan, remembered in the United States as the "<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(United_States%E2%80%93Japan)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan)">Harris Treaty of 1858</a>." Via the new treaty, Harris obtained the privilege of Americans to reside in Japan in five "treaty ports" and travel in designated areas. The treaty also banned the opium trade, established extremely low tariffs favorable to American merchants, and guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a> for American citizens in Japan. Following the conclusion of the Harris Treaty, other western powers, including Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, and Russia, rushed to secure "<a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaties</a>" of their own from Japan; these treaties closely followed the American model and granted similar rights to treaty ports and extraterritoriality. The extreme one-sidedness of the new treaties caused significant domestic unrest within Japan, and contributed to the collapse of the 250-year-old <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa Shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a> just ten years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber199721–23-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States">Japanese Embassy to the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Japanese Embassy to the United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860)">Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanrinmaru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kanrinmaru.jpg/220px-Kanrinmaru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kanrinmaru.jpg/330px-Kanrinmaru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kanrinmaru.jpg/440px-Kanrinmaru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Kanrin_Maru" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese warship Kanrin Maru">Kanrin Maru</a>, Japan's first screw-driven steam warship, transported 1860s delegation to San Francisco.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanrin-Maru-Ship-Crew-1860.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kanrin-Maru-Ship-Crew-1860.png/220px-Kanrin-Maru-Ship-Crew-1860.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kanrin-Maru-Ship-Crew-1860.png/330px-Kanrin-Maru-Ship-Crew-1860.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kanrin-Maru-Ship-Crew-1860.png/440px-Kanrin-Maru-Ship-Crew-1860.png 2x" data-file-width="3526" data-file-height="2753" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860)">Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860)</a>. Sailors of the <a href="/wiki/Kanrin_Maru" title="Kanrin Maru">Kanrin Maru</a>. Fukuzawa Yukichi sits on the right.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese-Embassy-to-the-United-States-Group-Photo-1860.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Japanese-Embassy-to-the-United-States-Group-Photo-1860.png/220px-Japanese-Embassy-to-the-United-States-Group-Photo-1860.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Japanese-Embassy-to-the-United-States-Group-Photo-1860.png/330px-Japanese-Embassy-to-the-United-States-Group-Photo-1860.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Japanese-Embassy-to-the-United-States-Group-Photo-1860.png/440px-Japanese-Embassy-to-the-United-States-Group-Photo-1860.png 2x" data-file-width="3758" data-file-height="3097" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860)">Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860)</a></figcaption></figure> Two years later, the Shōgun sent <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Kanrin_Maru" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese warship Kanrin Maru">Kanrin Maru</a> on a mission to the United States, intending to display Japan's mastery of Western navigation techniques and naval engineering. On January 19, 1860, Kanrin Maru left the <a href="/wiki/Uraga_Channel" title="Uraga Channel">Uraga Channel</a> for <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. The delegation included <a href="/wiki/Katsu_Kaishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsu Kaishu">Katsu Kaishu</a> as ship captain, <a href="/wiki/Nakahama_Manjir%C5%8D" title="Nakahama Manjirō">Nakahama Manjirō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi" title="Fukuzawa Yukichi">Fukuzawa Yukichi</a>. From San Francisco, the embassy continued to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington</a> via <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> on American vessels. Japan's official objective with this mission was to send its first embassy to the United States and to ratify the new Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation between the two governments. The Kanrin Maru delegates also tried to revise some of the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal clauses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Perry</a>'s treaties; they were unsuccessful. Townsend Harris returned to the United States in 1861 after five years as the main U.S. diplomat in Japan. Harris was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Pruyn" title="Robert H. Pruyn">Robert H. Pruyn</a>, a New York politician who was a close friend and ally of Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Seward">William Henry Seward</a>. Pruyn served from 1862 to 1865<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and oversaw successful negotiations following the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Shimonoseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki bombardment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_1865_to_1890">From 1865 to 1890</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From 1865 to 1890">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amerikajin-An_American_Family_MET_DP148104.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Amerikajin-An_American_Family_MET_DP148104.jpg/220px-Amerikajin-An_American_Family_MET_DP148104.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Amerikajin-An_American_Family_MET_DP148104.jpg/330px-Amerikajin-An_American_Family_MET_DP148104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Amerikajin-An_American_Family_MET_DP148104.jpg/440px-Amerikajin-An_American_Family_MET_DP148104.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>American family in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, 1861</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> after 1868 marked the beginning of a new era in Japan, during which the country underwent significant modernization and westernization. The United States supported Japan's efforts to modernize, and American advisers played a role in Japan's development. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Immigration to the United States (1868–1900s)</a> came in large numbers to Hawaii (which joined the U.S. in 1898) and also to farmlands and fishing towns on the West Coast. The Japanese population grew rapidly during this period, which created tension and discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Both nations experienced very high rates of industrial growth, urbanization, and modernization. The United States relied on both imported engineers and mechanics, and its own growing base of innovators, while Japan relied primarily on learning European technology.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1890–1937">1890–1937</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1890–1937">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hawaii,_Philippines">Hawaii, Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hawaii, Philippines">edit</a>]</div> The American <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">annexation</a> of Hawaii in 1898 was stimulated in part by fear that otherwise Japan would annex the Hawaiian Kingdom first.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> When King Kalākaua embarked on a <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua%27s_1881_world_tour" title="Kalākaua's 1881 world tour">world tour</a> in 1881, he tried to forestall American ambitions by offering a plan to Emperor Meiji for putting Hawaii under the protection of the Empire of Japan with an arranged marriage between his niece Kaʻiulani and Japanese Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito.<a href="#cite_note-Kalakaua_Tour-30">[30]</a> However Germany was the alternative to American takeover of the Philippines in 1900, and Tokyo preferred the U.S. to take those islands from Spain.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> These events were part of the American goal of transitioning into a naval world power, but it needed to find a way to avoid a military confrontation in the Pacific with Japan. In the late 19th century, the opening of sugar plantations in the Kingdom of Hawaii led to the immigration of large numbers of families from China, Portugal and the Philippines. According to Thomas Bailey, the Kingdom of Hawaii sought to offset the preponderance of the Chinese plantation workers. In 1886 it negotiated an immigration convention with Tokyo, resulting in a rapid increase from 116 Japanese in 1883 to 24,400 in 1896, out of a population of 109,000. The Republic of Hawaii (which came to power in 1893) decided to call a halt, and looked to annexation to the United States as a permanent solution. Tokyo protested the annexation to no avail, and continued to send workers to California. When Hawaii was annexed in 1898, the Japanese were the largest element of the population. Although immigration from Japan largely ended by 1907, they have remained the largest element ever since.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_1900_to_1914">From 1900 to 1914</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: From 1900 to 1914">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration</a></div> One of Theodore Roosevelt's high priorities during his presidency, was the maintenance of friendly relations with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Two of the most influential Japanese statesmen that Roosevelt allied with to promote goodwill were <a href="/wiki/Shibusawa_Eiichi" title="Shibusawa Eiichi">Baron Shibusawa Eiichi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iesato" title="Tokugawa Iesato">Prince Tokugawa Iesato</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201924,_37,_55–56,_64n11,_198–202,_237,_358,_384n11-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Charles Neu concludes the Roosevelt policies were a success: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">By the close of his presidency it was a largely successful policy based upon political realities at home and in the Far East and upon a firm belief that friendship with Japan was essential to preserve American interests in the Pacific ... Roosevelt's diplomacy during the Japanese-American crisis of 1906-1909 was shrewd, skillful, and responsible.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Severe_tensions_in_1907">Severe tensions in 1907</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Severe tensions in 1907">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_administration#Troubled_relations_with_Japan" title="Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration § Troubled relations with Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a></div> Vituperative <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States#Early_20th_century" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">anti-Japanese sentiment</a> (especially on the West Coast) soured relations in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> President Theodore Roosevelt did not want to anger Japan by passing legislation to bar Japanese immigration to the U.S. as had been done for Chinese immigration. Instead there was an informal "<a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907</a>" between the foreign ministers <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> and Japan's <a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Tadasu" title="Hayashi Tadasu">Tadasu Hayashi</a>. The Agreement said Japan would stop emigration of Japanese laborers to the U.S. or Hawaii, and there would not be segregation in California. The agreements remained effect until 1924 when Congress forbade all immigration from Japan—a move that angered Japan.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1907, there was widespread speculation among experts in Europe, the United States, and Japan that a war was likely between the United States and Japan. The main cause was intense Japanese resentment against the mistreatment of Japanese in California. Repeatedly in 1907, Roosevelt received warnings from authoritative sources at home and abroad that war with Japan was imminent. The British ambassador to Japan reported to his foreign minister in London that, "the Japanese government are fully impressed with the seriousness of the immigration question.<a href="#cite_note-A._Whitney_Griswold_1938_p._128-40">[40]</a> Roosevelt listened closely to the warnings but believed that Japan did not in fact have good reason to attack; nevertheless the risk was there. He told Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>:<blockquote> the only thing that will prevent war is the Japanese feeling that we shall not be beaten, and this feeling we can only excite by keeping and making our navy efficient in the highest degree. It was evidently high time that we should get our whole battle fleet on a practice voyage to the Pacific."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></blockquote> Pulitzer prize-winning biographer <a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Pringle" title="Henry F. Pringle">Henry F. Pringle</a> states that sending the <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a> so dramatically to Japan in 1908 was, "the direct result of the Japanese trouble."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Furthermore, Roosevelt made sure there was a strategy to defend the Philippines. In June 1907 he met with his military and naval leaders to decide on a series of operations to be carried in the Philippines which included shipments of coal, military rations, and the movement of guns and munitions.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In Tokyo the British ambassador watched the Japanese reception to the Great White Fleet, and reported to London:<blockquote> The visit of the American fleet has been an unqualified success and has produced a marked and favorable impression on both officers and men of the fleet – in fact it is have the effect our allies wanted it to and has put an end to all this nonsensical war talk."<a href="#cite_note-A._Whitney_Griswold_1938_p._128-40">[40]</a></blockquote> Roosevelt quickly solidified friendly relations with the <a href="/wiki/Root%E2%80%93Takahira_Agreement" title="Root–Takahira Agreement">Root–Takahira Agreement</a> whereby the United States and Japan explicitly recognized each other's major claims.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Philippines_and_Korea">Philippines and Korea</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philippines and Korea">edit</a>]</div> Major issues regarding the Philippines and Korea were clarified at a high level in 1905 in the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Taft–Katsura Agreement">Taft–Katsura Agreement</a>, with the United States acknowledging Japanese control of Korea, and Japan recognizing American control of the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The two nations cooperated with the European powers in suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> in China in 1900, but the U.S. was increasingly troubled about Japan's denial of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a> that would ensure that all nations could do business with China on an equal basis. President Theodore Roosevelt played a major role in negotiating an end to the war between Russia and Japan in 1904–1905. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_trade_delegation%27s_arrival,_Great_Northern_Steamship_Co_dock,_Smith%27s_Cove,_Seattle,_Washington,_September_1,_1909_(AYP_636).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Japanese_trade_delegation%27s_arrival%2C_Great_Northern_Steamship_Co_dock%2C_Smith%27s_Cove%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_September_1%2C_1909_%28AYP_636%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_trade_delegation%27s_arrival%2C_Great_Northern_Steamship_Co_dock%2C_Smith%27s_Cove%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_September_1%2C_1909_%28AYP_636%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Japanese_trade_delegation%27s_arrival%2C_Great_Northern_Steamship_Co_dock%2C_Smith%27s_Cove%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_September_1%2C_1909_%28AYP_636%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_trade_delegation%27s_arrival%2C_Great_Northern_Steamship_Co_dock%2C_Smith%27s_Cove%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_September_1%2C_1909_%28AYP_636%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Japanese_trade_delegation%27s_arrival%2C_Great_Northern_Steamship_Co_dock%2C_Smith%27s_Cove%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_September_1%2C_1909_%28AYP_636%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_trade_delegation%27s_arrival%2C_Great_Northern_Steamship_Co_dock%2C_Smith%27s_Cove%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_September_1%2C_1909_%28AYP_636%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Japanese trade delegation arrives in <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>, 1909.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cherry_trees">Cherry trees</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cherry trees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Cherry_Blossom_Festival" title="National Cherry Blossom Festival">National Cherry Blossom Festival</a></div> In 1912, the people of Japan sent 3,020 cherry trees to the United States as a gift of friendship. <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a>, Mrs. <a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Herron Taft</a>, and the Viscountess Chinda, wife of the Japanese Ambassador, planted the first two cherry trees on the northern bank of the Tidal Basin. These two original trees are still standing today at the south end of 17th Street. Workmen planted the remainder of the trees around the Tidal Basin and East Potomac Park.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Three years later, President William Howard Taft reciprocated with a gift to Japan of dogwood trees. To commemorate the centennial of Japan's gift in 2012, the U.S. launched the Friendship Blossoms Initiative, with a gift of 3,000 dogwood trees from the American people to the Japanese people.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="More_trouble_in_California">More trouble in California</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: More trouble in California">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/California_Alien_Land_Law_of_1913" title="California Alien Land Law of 1913">California Alien Land Law of 1913</a></div> In 1913 the California state legislature proposed the <a href="/wiki/California_Alien_Land_Law_of_1913" title="California Alien Land Law of 1913">California Alien Land Law of 1913</a> that would exclude Japanese non-citizens from owning any land in the state. (The Japanese farmers put the title in the names of their American born children, who were U.S. citizens.) The Japanese government protested strongly. Previously, President Taft had managed to halt similar legislation but President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> paid little attention until Tokyo's protest arrived. He then sent Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> to California; Bryan was unable to get California to relax the restrictions. Wilson did not use any of the legal remedies available to overturn the California law on the basis that it violated the 1911 treaty with Japan. Japan's reaction at both official and popular levels was anger at the American racism that simmered into the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Protestant_missionaries">Protestant missionaries</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Protestant missionaries">edit</a>]</div> American Protestant missionaries were active in Japan, even though they made relatively few converts. When they returned home, they were often invited to give local lectures on what Japan was really like. In Japan they set up organizations such as colleges and civic groups. Historian John Davidann argues that the evangelical American YMCA missionaries linked Protestantism with American nationalism. They wanted converts to choose "Jesus over Japan". The Christians in Japan, although small minority, held a strong connection to the ancient "bushido" tradition of warrior ethics that undergirded Japanese nationalism. By the 1920s the nationalism theme had been dropped<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Emily M. Brown and Susan A. Searle were missionaries during the 1880s-1890s. They promoted <a href="/wiki/Kobe_College" title="Kobe College">Kobe College</a> thus exemplifying the spirit of American Progressive reform by concentrating on the education of Japanese women.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Similar endeavors included the Joshi Eigaku Jaku, or the English Institute for Women, run by Tsuda Umeko, and the "American Committee for Miss Tsuda's School" under the leadership of Quaker Mary Morris.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I_and_1920s">World War I and 1920s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World War I and 1920s">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishii-Lansing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ishii-Lansing.jpg/300px-Ishii-Lansing.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ishii-Lansing.jpg/450px-Ishii-Lansing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ishii-Lansing.jpg/600px-Ishii-Lansing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4614" data-file-height="3345" /></a><figcaption>Viscount <a href="/wiki/Ishii_Kikujir%C5%8D" title="Ishii Kikujirō">Ishii Kikujirō</a>, Japanese special envoy, with Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a> in Washington in 1917 for the signing of the Lansing–Ishii Agreement</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, both nations <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">fought on the Allied side</a>. With the cooperation of its ally the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, Japan's military <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I#Events_of_1914" title="Japan during World War I">took control of German bases in China and the Pacific</a>, and in 1919 after the war, with U.S. approval, was given a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> mandate over the German islands north of the equator, with Australia getting the rest. The U.S. did not want any mandates.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Japan's aggressive approach in its dealings with China, however, was a continual source of tension—indeed eventually leading to World War II between the two nations. Trouble arose between Japan on the one hand and China, Britain and the U.S. on the other over Japan's <a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a> made on China in 1915. These demands forced China to acknowledge Japanese possession of the former German holdings and its economic dominance of Manchuria, and had the potential of turning China into a puppet state. Washington expressed strongly negative reactions to Japan's rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a>. In the Bryan Note issued by Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> on March 13, 1915, the U.S., while affirming Japan's "special interests" in Manchuria, Mongolia and Shandong, expressed concern over further encroachments to Chinese sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1997106–116-55">[55]</a> In 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93Ishii_Agreement" title="Lansing–Ishii Agreement">Lansing–Ishii Agreement</a> was negotiated. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a> specified American acceptance that Manchuria was under Japanese control, while still nominally under Chinese sovereignty. Japanese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ishii_Kikujiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishii Kikujiro">Ishii Kikujiro</a> noted Japanese agreement not to limit American commercial opportunities elsewhere in China. The agreement also stated that neither would take advantage of the war in Europe to seek additional rights and privileges in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Japan insisted that Germany's concessions in China, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula" title="Shandong Peninsula">Shandong Peninsula</a>, be transferred to Japan. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> fought vigorously against Japan's demands regarding China, but backed down upon realizing the Japanese delegation had widespread support.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In China there was outrage and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in China">anti-Japanese sentiment</a> escalated. The <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> emerged as a student demand for China's honor.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a> approved a reservation to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, "to give Shantung to China," but Wilson told his supporters in the Senate to vote against any substantive reservations.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 1922 the U.S. brokered a solution of the <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">Shandong Problem</a>. China was awarded nominal sovereignty over all of Shandong, including the former German holdings, while in practice Japan's economic dominance continued.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Japan and the U.S. agreed on terms of naval limitations at the Washington Conference of 1921, with a ratio of naval force to be 5–5–3 for the U.S., Britain, and Japan. Tensions arose with the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">1924 American immigration law</a> that prohibited further immigration from Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1997-61">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1929–1937:_Militarism_and_tension_between_the_wars">1929–1937: Militarism and tension between the wars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1929–1937: Militarism and tension between the wars">edit</a>]</div> By the 1920s, Japanese intellectuals were underscoring the apparent decline of Europe as a world power, and increasingly saw Japan as the natural leader for all of East Asia. However, they identified a long-term threat from <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western colonial powers in Asia</a> deliberately blocking Japan's aspirations, especially regarding control of China. The goal became "Asia for the Asians" as Japan began mobilizing anti-colonial sentiment in India and Southeast Asia. Japan <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">took control of Manchuria in 1931</a> over the strong objections of the League of Nations, Britain and especially the United States. In 1937, it seized control of the main cities on the East Coast of China, over strong American protests. Japanese leaders thought their deeply Asian civilization gave it a natural right to this control and refused to negotiate Western demands that it withdraw from China.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937–1945">1937–1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1937–1945">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS Panay incident</a></div> Relations between Japan and the United States became increasingly tense after the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> and the subsequent Japanese military seizure of parts of China in 1937–39. American outrage focused on <a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">the Japanese attack</a> on the US gunboat USS Panay in Chinese waters in late 1937.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Japan apologized after the attack—and the atrocities of the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> at the same time. The United States had a powerful naval presence in the Pacific, and it was working closely with the British and the Dutch governments. When Japan seized Indochina (now Vietnam) in 1940–41, the United States, along with Australia, Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch government in exile">Dutch government in exile</a>, boycotted Japan via a trade embargo. They cut off 90% of Japan's oil supply, and Japan had to either withdraw from China or go to war with the US and Britain as well as China to get the oil. Under the Washington Naval treaty of 1922 and the 1930 London Naval treaty, the American navy was to be larger than the Japanese navy by a ratio of 10:7. However, by 1934, the Japanese ended their disarmament policies and enabled rearmament policy with no limitations.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-64">[64]</a> The government in Tokyo was well informed of its military weakness in the Pacific in regards to the American fleet. The foremost important factor in realigning their military policies was the need by Japan to seize British and Dutch oil wells.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-65">[65]</a> Through the 1930s, Japan's military needed imported oil for airplanes and warships. It was dependent at 90% on imports, 80% of it coming from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-65">[65]</a> Furthermore, the vast majority of this oil import was oriented towards the navy and the military.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> America opposed Tokyo's expansionist policies in China and Indochina. On July 26, 1940, the U.S. government passed the <a href="/wiki/Export_Control_Act" title="Export Control Act">Export Control Act</a>, cutting oil, iron and steel exports to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-65">[65]</a> This containment policy was seen by Washington as a warning to Japan that any further military expansion would result in further sanctions. However, Tokyo saw it as a blockade to counter Japanese military and economic strength. Accordingly, by the time the United States enforced the Export Act, Japan had stockpiled around 54 million barrels of oil.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-67">[67]</a> Washington imposed a full oil embargo on Japan in July 1941.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_road_to_war">The road to war</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The road to war">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ww2-pacific_globe_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ww2-pacific_globe_map.jpg/400px-Ww2-pacific_globe_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ww2-pacific_globe_map.jpg/600px-Ww2-pacific_globe_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Ww2-pacific_globe_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Allied supply routes to China and India and attack lines against Japan, 1941–1945<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></figcaption></figure> American public and elite opinion—including even the isolationists—strongly opposed Japan's invasion of China in 1937. President Roosevelt imposed increasingly stringent economic sanctions intended to deprive Japan of the oil and steel, as well as dollars, it needed to continue its war in China. Japan reacted by forging an alliance with Germany and Italy in 1940, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>, which worsened its relations with the U.S. In July 1941, the United States, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands froze all Japanese assets and cut off oil shipments—Japan was extremely vulnerable to such sanctions, as it did not possess oil sources.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Japan had conquered all of Manchuria and most of coastal China by 1939, but the Allies refused to recognize the conquests and stepped up their commitment.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> President Franklin Roosevelt arranged for American pilots and ground crews to set up an aggressive Chinese Air Force nicknamed the <a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a> that would not only defend against Japanese air power but also start bombing the Japanese islands.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Diplomacy provided very little space for the adjudication of the deep differences between Japan and the United States. The United States was firmly and almost unanimously committed to defending the integrity of China. The isolationism that characterized the strong opposition of many Americans toward war in Europe did not apply to Asia. Japan had no friends in the United States, nor in the United Kingdom, nor the Netherlands. The United States had not yet declared war on Germany, but was closely collaborating with Britain and the Netherlands regarding the Japanese threat. The United States started to move its newest B-17 heavy bombers to bases in the Philippines, well within range of Japanese cities. The goal was deterrence of any Japanese attacks to the south. Furthermore, plans were well underway to ship American air forces to China, where American pilots in Chinese uniforms flying American warplanes, were preparing to bomb Japanese cities well before Pearl Harbor.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Great Britain also had a significant presence in the Far East, even though it was apparent that <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> could not resist an invasion for long. The nexus of British forces in the region were concentrated in Singapore. When war eventually came in December 1941, Singapore fell within two months after British forces capitulated.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Japan–Netherlands relations">The Netherlands</a> possessed limited but far from token <a href="/wiki/Government_Navy" title="Government Navy">naval assets stationed in the region</a> to defend their lucrative colonial possessions in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">the East Indies</a>. The role of Dutch forces was to <a href="/wiki/American-British-Dutch-Australian_Command" title="American-British-Dutch-Australian Command">contribute to a combined allied force</a> of available assets, that together could contest against the Japanese Fleet. Independently, Dutch forces served to delay the Japanese invasion long enough to destroy the oil wells, drilling equipment, refineries, and pipelines that Japan coveted as vital war assets. Military strategy and decision making in Tokyo was effectively exercised by the Army, and rubber-stamped by Emperor Hirohito; the Navy also exerted more limited influence. However, the civilian government and diplomats were largely irrelevant. The Army regarded their conquest of China as their primary objective, but operations in Manchuria had created a long border with the USSR. Informal, large-scale military clashes with Soviet forces at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Nomonhan</a> in summer 1939 demonstrated that the Soviets possessed a decisive military advantage over Japanese land forces. Despite being in an alliance with Germany, Japan did not assist their invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 to any significant degree—Japan had signed a <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">non aggression pact with the Soviet Union</a> in April 1941. The Japanese realized the urgent need for oil, over 90% of which was supplied by the United States, Britain and the Netherlands. From the Army's perspective, a secure fuel supply was essential for the warplanes, tanks, and trucks—as well as the Navy's warships and warplanes. The solution was to send the Navy south, to seize the oilfields in the Dutch East Indies and nearby British colonies. Some admirals and many civilians, including Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Konoe_Fumimaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Konoe Fumimaro">Konoe Fumimaro</a>, believed that a war with the U.S. would end in defeat. The alternative was the loss of honor and power.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> While the admirals were dubious about their long-term ability to confront the American and British navies, they hoped that a decisive blow destroying the American fleet at Pearl Harbor would bring the enemy to the negotiating table for a favorable outcome.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Japanese diplomats were sent to Washington in summer 1941 to engage in high-level negotiations. However, they did not speak for the Army leadership, who made the ultimate decisions. By early October both sides concluded that compromise was not feasible. Japan's determination to continue their war in China and America's commitment to defend China ended prospects for peace. The failure of these negotiations would serve as the catalyst for the fall of Japan's civilian government and the Army under General Tojo seizing total control of Japanese foreign policy, whose militarist faction was determined on a course of war with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II#Japan" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II § Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/200px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/300px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/400px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Arizona (BB-39)">USS Arizona</a> sinking following the Attack on Pearl Harbor</figcaption></figure> Japan <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked</a> the American navy base at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. In response, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Japan">United States declared war on Japan</a>. Japan's Axis allies, including Nazi Germany, <a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor#Germany_and_Italy_declare_war" title="Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor">declared war on the United States</a> days after the attack, bringing the United States into World War II. The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> was marked by atrocities towards both civilians and combatants alike, such as Japanese conduct towards both civilians and allied prisoners of war and allied desecration of Japanese dead. Despite winning decisive victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Malayan Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a> and other Western colonial possessions, Japan's dramatic advances stalled in May 1942. Allied forces successfully repulsed a Japanese naval taskforce at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a> and thereafter the Imperial Japanese Army during the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a>. In June, the Imperial Japanese Navy suffered a catastrophic defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>, effectively ending Japanese expansion in the Pacific. The Pacific War, as with the Asian theatre generally, was often marked by atrocities towards prisoners of war. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_Death_-_Resting_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/March_of_Death_-_Resting_02.jpg/200px-March_of_Death_-_Resting_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/March_of_Death_-_Resting_02.jpg/300px-March_of_Death_-_Resting_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/March_of_Death_-_Resting_02.jpg/400px-March_of_Death_-_Resting_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>American POW's rest under guard of their Japanese captors during the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/200px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/300px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/400px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a><figcaption>The mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rises 18 km (11 mi, 60,000 ft) into the air.</figcaption></figure> With its defeat at Midway and subsequent allied counter offensives in 1942, Japan now found itself in an increasingly precarious situation. America's industrial might outstripped that of Japan, a material disadvantage which became more apparent as the war progressed. The United States had gained both the strategic initiative and momentum. American and allied forces embarked on a long and bitter <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island hopping</a> campaign, a campaign which would result in some of the most intense island battles of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. By 1945, a succession of defeats had pushed Japan's defensive parameter to Okinawa, just 400 miles from mainland Japan. American aircraft also conducted a sustained bombardment of Japanese cities. Japan's strategic situation deteriorated still further when the Soviet Union declared war on Japan in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a>, which stipulated a Soviet entry into the conflict three months after the defeat of Nazi Germany. The U.S. dropped <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">two atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>—among the most controversial acts in history—and the Soviet army invaded Japanese held territory in Korea and Manchuria. Unable to protect the Emperor, the Japanese government gave up. The war finally ended on September 1, 1945, when Japan surrendered following the American bombings. The official <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Instrument of Surrender</a> was signed on September 2, and the United States subsequently <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupied</a> Japan in its entirety, while Japan lost all its conquests. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–World_War_II_period">Post–World War II period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Post–World War II period">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_American_occupation_of_Japan,_1945–1952">The American occupation of Japan, 1945–1952</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The American occupation of Japan, 1945–1952">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></div> According to Jonathan Monten:<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <blockquote> To convert Japan into a stable liberal democracy, the United States established an extensive occupation structure under the Supreme Command of the Allied Powers (SCAP), led by General Douglas MacArthur. The SCAP agenda included not only framing a new constitution and organizing elections, but a wider array of institutional and economic reforms aimed at creating the conditions for a sustainable liberal democracy and pluralist society. These directives were implemented and administered through the Japanese national bureaucracy, which the United States allowed to remain intact despite the Japanese defeat. The result, according to a 2003 RAND Corporation study, was an occupation that "set standards for post-conflict transformation that have not yet been equaled" (Dobbins et al. 2003). </blockquote> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Japan was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Powers</a>, led by the United States with contributions from Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand. This was the first time that Japan had ever been occupied by a foreign power. In the initial phase of the Occupation, the United States and the other Allied Powers, under the leadership of American general <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> sought to carry out a thoroughgoing transformation of Japanese politics and society, in an effort to prevent Japan from threatening the peace again in the future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20188-81">[81]</a> Among other measures, the Occupation authorities pressured Emperor Hirohito into renouncing his divinity, disbanded the Japanese military, purged wartime leaders from serving in government, ordered the dissolution of the massive <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a> industrial conglomerates that had powered Japan's war machine, vastly increased land ownership with an extensive land reform, legalized labor unions and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Communist Party">Japan Communist Party</a>, gave women the right to vote, and sought to decentralize and democratize the police and the education system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20188-81">[81]</a> Many of these changes were formalized in a brand new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a>, written from scratch by Occupation authorities and then translated into Japanese and duly passed by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Diet">Japanese Diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-82">[82]</a> Most famously, <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9</a> of the new constitution expressly forbade Japan from maintaining a military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-82">[82]</a> However, as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> began to ramp up, US leaders began to see Japan as less of a threat to peace and more as a potential industrial and military bulwark against communism in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-82">[82]</a> Accordingly, beginning in 1947, Occupation authorities began attempting to roll back many of the changes they had just implemented, in what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Reverse_Course" title="Reverse Course">Reverse Course</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_War_Crimes_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal">Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal</a> of Japanese war criminals was brought to a hasty conclusion, wartime leaders were depurged and encouraged to return to government, the Occupation began cracking down on labor unions, the police were allowed to re-centralize and militarize, and the U.S. government began pressuring the Japanese government to get rid of Article 9 and fully remilitarize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-82">[82]</a> In 1950, Occupation authorities collaborated with Japanese conservatives in business and government to carry out a massive "<a href="/wiki/Red_Purge" title="Red Purge">Red Purge</a>" of tens of thousands of communists, socialists, and suspected fellow travelers, who were summarily fired from their jobs in government, schools, universities, and large corporations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201810-83">[83]</a> In addition to making Japan more safe for free-market capitalism, the Occupation also sought to strengthen Japan's economy handing control over to American banker <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dodge" title="Joseph Dodge">Joseph Dodge</a>, who implemented a series of harsh measures to tackle inflation and limit government intervention in the economy, known collectively as the "<a href="/wiki/Dodge_Line" title="Dodge Line">Dodge Line</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201876-84">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoshida_signing_the_US-Japan_Security_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Yoshida_signing_the_US-Japan_Security_1951.jpg/220px-Yoshida_signing_the_US-Japan_Security_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Yoshida_signing_the_US-Japan_Security_1951.jpg/330px-Yoshida_signing_the_US-Japan_Security_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Yoshida_signing_the_US-Japan_Security_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Japanese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_Between_the_United_States_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a>, September 8, 1951.</figcaption></figure> The Occupation finally came to an end in 1952 with the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Peace Treaty">San Francisco Peace Treaty</a>, which returned sovereignty to Japan. The treaty was signed on September 8, 1951, and took effect on April 28, 1952. As a condition of ending the Occupation and restoring its sovereignty, Japan was also required to sign the <a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_Between_the_United_States_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a>, which brought Japan into a <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliance</a> with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201810-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Yoshida_Doctrine">The Yoshida Doctrine</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Yoshida Doctrine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoshida_Doctrine" title="Yoshida Doctrine">Yoshida Doctrine</a></div> The Yoshida Doctrine was a strategy adopted by Japan under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a>, the prime minister 1948–1954. He concentrated upon reconstructing Japan's domestic economy while relying heavily on the <a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_Between_the_United_States_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan">security alliance with the United States</a>. The Yoshida Doctrine emerged in 1951 and it shaped Japanese foreign policy into the 21st century. First, Japan is firmly allied with the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> against communism. Second, Japan relies on American military strength and limits its own defense forces to a minimum. Third, Japan emphasizes economic diplomacy in its world affairs. The Yoshida doctrine was accepted by the United States; the actual term was coined in 1977. The economic dimension was fostered by <a href="/wiki/Hayato_Ikeda" title="Hayato Ikeda">Hayato Ikeda</a> who served as finance minister and later as prime minister. Most historians argue the policy was wise and successful, but a minority criticize it as naïve and inappropriate.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1950s:_Anti-base_protests_and_the_struggle_to_revise_the_Security_Treaty">1950s: Anti-base protests and the struggle to revise the Security Treaty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1950s: Anti-base protests and the struggle to revise the Security Treaty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sunagawa_Struggle" title="Sunagawa Struggle">Sunagawa Struggle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girard_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Girard Incident">Girard Incident</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Dragon_No._5" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucky Dragon No. 5">Lucky Dragon No. 5</a></div> The original 1952 Security Treaty had established the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan Alliance">U.S.-Japan Alliance</a>, but did not put Japan on an equal footing with the United States. Among other provisions inimical to Japanese interests, the Treaty had no specified end date or means of abrogation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201811-86">[86]</a> On May 1, 1952, just a few days after the Security Treaty came into force, protests were staged around the nation against the ongoing presence of U.S. military bases even though the occupation had officially ended. The protests in Tokyo turned violent, coming to be remembered as "<a href="/wiki/Bloody_May_Day" title="Bloody May Day">Bloody May Day</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201814-87">[87]</a> In response to this situation, the Japanese government began pushing for a revision to the treaty as early as 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201812-88">[88]</a> However, the Eisenhower administration resisted calls for revision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201813-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Student_Activists_in_Sunagawa_Struggle_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Student_Activists_in_Sunagawa_Struggle_1956.jpg/220px-Student_Activists_in_Sunagawa_Struggle_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Student_Activists_in_Sunagawa_Struggle_1956.jpg/330px-Student_Activists_in_Sunagawa_Struggle_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Student_Activists_in_Sunagawa_Struggle_1956.jpg/440px-Student_Activists_in_Sunagawa_Struggle_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>Protesters opposing the planned expansion of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachikawa Air Base">Tachikawa Air Base</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Sunagawa_Struggle" title="Sunagawa Struggle">Sunagawa Struggle</a>, October 1956</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, the ongoing presence of U.S. military bases on Japanese soil caused increasing friction with local residents, leading to a growing anti-US military base movement in Japan. The movement began with protests against a U.S. artillery range in <a href="/wiki/Uchinada,_Ishikawa" title="Uchinada, Ishikawa">Uchinada, Ishikawa</a> in 1952, and culminated in the bloody <a href="/wiki/Sunagawa_Struggle" title="Sunagawa Struggle">Sunagawa Struggle</a> over the proposed expansion of a U.S. air base near Sunagawa village south of Tokyo, lasting from 1955 to 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201814–15-90">[90]</a> Anti-U.S. sentiment also increased following the <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Dragon_No._5" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucky Dragon No. 5">Lucky Dragon No. 5</a> incident in 1954, in which a U.S. nuclear weapons test at <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a> rained radioactive fallout on a Japanese fishing vessel, inspiring the original <a href="/wiki/Godzilla" title="Godzilla">Godzilla</a> movie, as well as in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Girard_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Girard Incident">Girard Incident</a> in 1957, when an off-duty U.S. soldier shot and killed a Japanese housewife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201816–17-91">[91]</a> The Eisenhower administration finally agreed to significantly draw down U.S. troops in Japan and revise the Security Treaty. Eisenhower lowered the American military presence in Japan from 210,000 in 1953 to 77,000 in 1957, and then again to 48,000 in 1960. Most were now airmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1997316-92">[92]</a> Negotiations began on a revised treaty in 1958, and <a href="/wiki/Anpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpo">the new treaty</a> was signed by Eisenhower and Kishi at a ceremony in Washington, D.C., on January 19, 1960. Japanese leaders and protesters also pushed for the rapid reversion of smaller Japanese islands that had not been included in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Peace Treaty">San Francisco Peace Treaty</a> and still remained under U.S. military occupation. Recognizing the popular desire for the return of the Ryukyu Islands and the Bonin Islands (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogasawara Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a>), the United States as early as 1953 relinquished its control of the <a href="/wiki/Amami" class="mw-redirect" title="Amami">Amami</a> group of islands at the northern end of the Ryukyu Islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992387-93">[93]</a> But the United States made no commitment to return the Bonins or Okinawa, which was then under United States military administration for an indefinite period as provided in Article 3 of the peace treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992387-93">[93]</a> Popular agitation culminated in a unanimous resolution adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese diet">Diet</a> in June 1956, calling for a return of Okinawa to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992387-93">[93]</a> Meanwhile, U.S. military intelligence and its successor organization, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, meddled in Japanese politics, helping to facilitate the rise to power of former suspected Class-A war criminal <a href="/wiki/Nobusuke_Kishi" title="Nobusuke Kishi">Nobusuke Kishi</a>. C.I.A. funding and logistical support helped Kishi orchestrate the unification of the Japan's conservative parties into the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> in 1955,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201810-83">[83]</a> thus establishing the so-called <a href="/wiki/1955_System" title="1955 System">1955 System</a> of conservative, anti-communist dominance of Japanese domestic politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018107-94">[94]</a> It was only after trusted partner Kishi became prime minister in 1957 that the U.S. considered it possible to revise the Security Treaty. From the 1950s through the 1970s, the C.I.A. would spend millions of dollars attempting to influence elections in Japan to favor the LDP against more leftist parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party" title="Japan Socialist Party">Socialists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Communist Party">Communists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> although these expenditures would not be revealed until the mid-1990s when they were exposed by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960s:_The_Anpo_protests_and_Okinawan_reversion">1960s: The Anpo protests and Okinawan reversion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1960s: The Anpo protests and Okinawan reversion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okinawan_Reversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan Reversion">Okinawan Reversion</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1960_Protests_against_the_United_States-Japan_Security_Treaty_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1960_Protests_against_the_United_States-Japan_Security_Treaty_07.jpg/200px-1960_Protests_against_the_United_States-Japan_Security_Treaty_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1960_Protests_against_the_United_States-Japan_Security_Treaty_07.jpg/300px-1960_Protests_against_the_United_States-Japan_Security_Treaty_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1960_Protests_against_the_United_States-Japan_Security_Treaty_07.jpg/400px-1960_Protests_against_the_United_States-Japan_Security_Treaty_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Anpo_Protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpo Protests">Anpo Protests</a> against the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_Security_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan Security Treaty">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a>, masses of protestors flood the streets around Japan's <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> building, June 18, 1960.</figcaption></figure> From a Japanese perspective, the <a href="/wiki/Anpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpo">revised U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a> signed in January 1960, known as "<a href="/wiki/Anpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpo">Anpo</a>" in Japanese, represented significant improvement over the original treaty, committing the United States to defend Japan in an attack, requiring prior consultation with the Japanese government before dispatching US forces based in Japan overseas, removing the clause preauthorizing suppression of domestic disturbances, and specifying an initial 10-year term, after which the treaty could be abrogated by either party with one year's notice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201817–18-98">[98]</a> Because the new treaty was better than the old one, Prime Minister Kishi expected it to be ratified in relatively short order. Accordingly, he invited Eisenhower to visit Japan beginning on June 19, 1960, in part to celebrate the newly ratified treaty. If Eisenhower's visit had proceeded as planned, he would have become the first sitting US president to visit Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201835-99">[99]</a> However, many on the Japanese left, and even some conservatives, hoped to chart a more neutral course in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and thus hoped to get rid of the treaty and the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan Alliance">U.S.-Japan alliance</a> entirely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201813-89">[89]</a> Therefore, even though the revised treaty was manifestly superior to the original treaty, these groups decided to oppose ratification of the revised treaty, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Anpo_Protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpo Protests">1960 Anpo protests</a>, which eventually grew into the largest protests in Japan's modern history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20181-100">[100]</a> Meanwhile, Kishi grew increasingly desperate to ratify the new treaty in time for Eisenhower's planned visit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201822-101">[101]</a> On May 19, 1960, he took the desperate step of having opposition lawmakers physically removed from the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> by police and ramming the new treaty through with only members of his own Liberal Democratic Party present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201822–23-102">[102]</a> Kishi's anti-democratic actions sparked nationwide outrage, and thereafter the protest movement dramatically escalated in size, as hundreds of thousands of protesters flooded the streets around the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> and in city centers nationwide on an almost daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201824-103">[103]</a> At the climax of the protests on June 15, a violent clash at the Diet between protesters and police led to the death of a female university student, <a href="/wiki/Michiko_Kanba" title="Michiko Kanba">Michiko Kanba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201831-104">[104]</a> Unable to guarantee Eisenhower's safety, Kishi was forced to take responsibility for his mishandling of the treaty issue by resigning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201833-105">[105]</a> Nevertheless, the treaty had been passed, cementing the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan alliance">U.S.-Japan alliance</a> into place and putting it on a much more equal footing. The Security Treaty crisis significantly damaged U.S.-Japan relations. The anti-American aspect of the protests and the humiliating cancellation of Eisenhower's visit brought US–Japan relations to their lowest ebb since the end of World War II. In the aftermath of the protests, incoming U.S. president <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and new Japanese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hayato_Ikeda" title="Hayato Ikeda">Hayato Ikeda</a> worked to repair the damage. Kennedy and Ikeda also arranged to have a summit meeting in Washington, D.C., in 1961, with Ikeda becoming first foreign leader to visit the United States during Kennedy's term in office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201850-106">[106]</a> At the summit, Kennedy promised Ikeda he would henceforth treat Japan more like a close ally such as Great Britain. Historian Nick Kapur has argued that this summit was a success, and led to a substantial realignment of the US–Japan alliance in the direction of greater mutuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201854–74-107">[107]</a> Kennedy appointed sympathetic Japan expert and Harvard professor <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O._Reischauer" title="Edwin O. Reischauer">Edwin O. Reischauer</a> as ambassador to Japan, rather than a career diplomat. Reischauer worked to repair the recent rift in US–Japan relations. Reischauer made "equal partnership" the watchword of his time as ambassador, and constantly pushed for more equal treatment of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201853–54-108">[108]</a> Reischauer also embarked on a nationwide listening tour in Japan; he visited 39 of the 47 prefectures. Reischauer's time as ambassador was seen as a success, and he stayed in the role until 1966, continuing on under the administration of <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. However, his time as ambassador ended on a note of tragedy. Reischauer increasingly had to defend the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">US war in Vietnam</a>, and increasingly felt uncomfortable doing so, ultimately leading to his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Article 3 of the new treaty promised to eventually return all Japanese territories occupied by the United States in the aftermath of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992388-110">[110]</a> In June 1968, the United States returned the <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>) to Japanese administrative control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992388-110">[110]</a> In 1969, the Okinawa reversion issue and Japan's security ties with the United States became the focal points of partisan political campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992388–389-111">[111]</a> The situation calmed considerably when Prime Minister Sato Eisaku visited Washington in November 1969, and in a joint communiqué signed by him and President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, announced the United States had agreed to return Okinawa to Japan by 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">[112]</a> In June 1971, after eighteen months of negotiations, the two countries signed an agreement providing for the return of Okinawa to Japan in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">[112]</a> The price of these concessions by the United States was staunch support by Japan of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and U.S. policy of no official relations with <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Communist China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201872-113">[113]</a> Adherence to these policies led to frictions within Japan, and protest movements such as the anti-Vietnam War protests organized by groups such as <a href="/wiki/Beheiren" title="Beheiren">Beheiren</a>. But these frictions proved manageable thanks to the political capital Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a> and Japan's ruling conservatives gained by successfully negotiating Okinawan Reversion. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_Eisaku_Sato_of_Japan_at_San_Clemente_-_NARA_-_194752.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/President_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_Eisaku_Sato_of_Japan_at_San_Clemente_-_NARA_-_194752.jpg/200px-President_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_Eisaku_Sato_of_Japan_at_San_Clemente_-_NARA_-_194752.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/President_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_Eisaku_Sato_of_Japan_at_San_Clemente_-_NARA_-_194752.jpg/300px-President_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_Eisaku_Sato_of_Japan_at_San_Clemente_-_NARA_-_194752.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/President_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_Eisaku_Sato_of_Japan_at_San_Clemente_-_NARA_-_194752.jpg/400px-President_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_Eisaku_Sato_of_Japan_at_San_Clemente_-_NARA_-_194752.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="2947" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a> and U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, who negotiated the repatriation of <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970s:_Nixon_shocks_and_oil_shocks">1970s: Nixon shocks and oil shocks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1970s: Nixon shocks and oil shocks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></div> The Japanese government's firm and voluntary endorsement of the security treaty and the settlement of the Okinawa reversion question meant that two major political issues in Japan–United States relations were eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">[112]</a> But new issues arose following the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Nixon_Shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon Shock">Nixon Shocks</a>" of 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">[112]</a> In July 1971, the Japanese government was stunned by Nixon's dramatic announcement of his forthcoming <a href="/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Nixon visit to China">visit to the People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201866-114">[114]</a> Many Japanese were chagrined by the failure of the United States to consult in advance with Japan before making such a fundamental change in foreign policy, and the sudden change in America's stance made Satō's staunch adherence to non-relations with China look like he had been played for a fool.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201867-115">[115]</a> The following month, the government was again surprised to learn that, without prior consultation, Nixon was imposing a 10 percent surcharge on imports, a decision explicitly aimed at hindering Japan's exports to the United States, and was unilaterally suspending the convertibility of dollars into gold, which would eventually lead to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> of fixed currency exchange rates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201866-67-116">[116]</a> The resulting decoupling of the yen and the dollar led the yen to soar in value, significantly damaging Japan's international trade and economic outlook. These shocks of 1971 marked the beginning of a new stage in relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">[112]</a> The basic relationship remained close, but frictions increasingly appeared as Japan's economic growth led to economic rivalry.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The political issues between the two countries were essentially security-related and derived from efforts by the United States to induce Japan to contribute more to its own defense and to regional security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">[112]</a> The economic issues tended to stem from the ever-widening United States trade and payments deficits with Japan, which began in 1965 when Japan reversed its imbalance in trade with the United States and, for the first time, achieved an export surplus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">[112]</a> A second round of shocks began in 1973 when the oil producing states of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> introduced a worldwide oil embargo to protest Israeli policies in the Middle East, leading to a <a href="/wiki/1973_Oil_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Oil Crisis">worldwide oil crisis</a>. Japan had rapidly transitioned its economy and industry from coal to a high dependence on oil in the postwar period, and was hit hard by the first oil shock in 1973 and again by the second oil shock attending the Iranian revolution in 1979. Japan further attracted American ire by renouncing support for Israel and U.S. policy in the Middle East in order to secure early relief from the embargo. The United States withdrawal from Vietnam in 1975 and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> meant that the question of Japan's role in the security of East Asia and its contributions to its own defense became central topics in the dialogue between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">[112]</a> American dissatisfaction with Japanese defense efforts began to surface in 1975 when Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> publicly stigmatized Japan as an overly passive defense partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">[112]</a> The Japanese government, constrained by constitutional limitations and strongly pacifist public opinion, responded slowly to pressures for a more rapid buildup of its <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> (SDF).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">[117]</a> It steadily increased its budgetary outlays for those forces, however, and indicated its willingness to shoulder more of the cost of maintaining the United States military bases in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">[117]</a> In 1976 the United States and Japan formally established a subcommittee for defense cooperation, in the framework of a bilateral Security Consultative Committee provided for under the 1960 security treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">[117]</a> This subcommittee, in turn, drew up new Guidelines for Japan–United States Defense Cooperation, under which military planners of the two countries have conducted studies relating to joint military action in the event of an armed attack on Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">[117]</a> On the economic front, Japan sought to ease trade frictions by agreeing to Orderly Marketing Arrangements, which limited exports on products whose influx into the United States was creating political problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">[117]</a> In 1977 an <a href="/wiki/Orderly_marketing_arrangement" title="Orderly marketing arrangement">orderly marketing arrangement</a> limiting Japanese color television exports to the United States was signed, following the pattern of an earlier disposition of the textile problem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">[117]</a> Steel exports to the United States were also curtailed, but the problems continued as disputes flared over United States restrictions on Japanese development of nuclear fuel-reprocessing facilities, Japanese restrictions on certain agricultural imports, such as beef and oranges, and liberalization of capital investment and government procurement within Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">[117]</a> Under American pressure Japan worked toward a comprehensive security strategy with closer cooperation with the United States but on a more reciprocal and autonomous basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">[117]</a> This policy was put to the test in November 1979, when radical Iranians seized the United States embassy in Tehran, taking sixty hostages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">[117]</a> Japan reacted by condemning the action as a violation of international law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">[117]</a> At the same time, Japanese trading firms and oil companies reportedly purchased Iranian oil that had become available when the United States banned oil imported from Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">[117]</a> This action brought sharp criticism from the United States of Japanese government "insensitivity" for allowing the oil purchases and led to a Japanese apology and agreement to participate in sanctions against Iran in concert with other United States allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390–391-118">[118]</a> Following that incident, the Japanese government took greater care to support United States international policies designed to preserve stability and promote prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> Japan was prompt and effective in announcing and implementing sanctions against the Soviet Union following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> In 1981, in response to United States requests, it accepted greater responsibility for defense of seas around Japan, pledged greater support for United States forces in Japan, and persisted with a steady buildup of the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s:_Reagan_and_Nakasone">1980s: Reagan and Nakasone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1980s: Reagan and Nakasone">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg/170px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg/255px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg/340px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_with_Hirohito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> and Ronald Reagan</figcaption></figure> Trade issues with Japan dominated relationships, especially the threat that American automobile and high tech industries would be overwhelmed. Japan's economic miracle emerged from a systematic program of subsidized investment in strategic industries—steel, machinery, electronics, chemicals, autos, shipbuilding, and aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> During Reagan's first term Japanese government and private investors held a third of the debt sold by the US Treasury, providing Americans with hard currency used to buy Japanese goods.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In March 1985 the Senate voted 92–0 in favor of a Republican resolution that condemned Japan's trade practices as "unfair" and called on President Reagan curb Japanese imports.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In 1981, Japanese automakers entered into the "<a href="/wiki/Voluntary_export_restraint" title="Voluntary export restraint">voluntary export restraint</a>" limiting the number of autos that they could export to the U.S. to 1.68 million per year.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> One side effect of this quota was that Japanese car companies opened new divisions through which they began developing luxury cars that had higher profit margins, such as with <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Acura" title="Acura">Acura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Infiniti" title="Infiniti">Infiniti</a>. Another consequence was that the Japanese car makers began opening auto production plants in the U.S., with the three largest Japanese auto manufacturers all opening production facilities by 1985. These facilities were opened primarily in the southern U.S., in states which disadvantaged unions through <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-work">right-to-work</a> laws. The UAW failed in its substantial union-organizing efforts at these plants. The Big Three also began investing in and/or developing joint manufacturing facilities with several of the Japanese automakers. Ford invested in <a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a> as well as setting up a joint facility with them called <a href="/wiki/AutoAlliance_International" class="mw-redirect" title="AutoAlliance International">AutoAlliance International</a>. Chrysler bought stock in <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a> and established a joint facility with them called <a href="/wiki/Diamond-Star_Motors" title="Diamond-Star Motors">Diamond-Star Motors</a>. GM invested in <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isuzu_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Isuzu Motors">Isuzu Motors</a>, and set up a joint manufacturing facility with <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, called <a href="/wiki/NUMMI" title="NUMMI">NUMMI</a> (New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.).<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> A qualitatively new stage of Japan–United States cooperation in world affairs appeared to be reached in late 1982 with the election of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> Officials of the Reagan administration worked closely with their Japanese counterparts to develop a personal relationship between the two leaders based on their common security and international outlook.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> President Reagan and Prime Minister Nakasone enjoyed a particularly close relationship.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was Nakasone who backed Reagan to deploy Pershing missiles in Europe at the 1983 <a href="/wiki/9th_G7_summit" title="9th G7 summit">9th G7 summit</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nakasone reassured United States leaders of Japan's determination against the Soviet threat, closely coordinated policies with the United States toward Asian trouble spots such as the Korean Peninsula and Southeast Asia, and worked cooperatively with the United States in developing China policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> The Japanese government welcomed the increase of American forces in Japan and the western Pacific, continued the steady buildup of the SDF, and positioned Japan firmly on the side of the United States against the threat of Soviet international expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> Japan continued to cooperate closely with United States policy in these areas following Nakasone's term of office, although the political leadership scandals in Japan in the late 1980s (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Recruit_scandal" title="Recruit scandal">Recruit scandal</a>) made it difficult for newly elected President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> to establish the same kind of close personal ties that marked the Reagan years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> A specific example of Japan's close cooperation with the United States included its quick response to the United States' call for greater host nation support from Japan following the rapid realignment of Japan–United States currencies in the mid-1980s due to the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Accord" title="Plaza Accord">Plaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Accord" title="Louvre Accord">Louvre Accords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> The currency realignment resulted in a rapid rise of United States costs in Japan, which the Japanese government, upon United States request, was willing to offset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> Another set of examples was provided by Japan's willingness to respond to United States requests for foreign assistance to countries considered of strategic importance to the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> During the 1980s, United States officials voiced appreciation for Japan's "strategic aid" to countries such as Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt, and Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">[119]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kaifu_Toshiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaifu Toshiki">Kaifu Toshiki</a>'s pledges of support for <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">East European</a> and Middle Eastern countries in 1990 fit the pattern of Japan's willingness to share greater responsibility for world stability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391–392-126">[126]</a> Another example of US–Japan cooperation is through energy cooperation. In 1983 a US–Japan working group, chaired by <a href="/wiki/William_Flynn_Martin" title="William Flynn Martin">William Flynn Martin</a>, produced the Reagan-Nakasone Joint Statement on Japan–United States Energy Cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Other instances of energy relations is shown through the US–Japan Nuclear Cooperation Agreement of 1987 which was an agreement concerning the peaceful use of nuclear energy.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Testimony by William Flynn Martin, US Deputy Secretary of Energy, outlined the highlights of the nuclear agreement, including the benefits to both countries.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_Japanese_Meetings_London_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Reagan_Japanese_Meetings_London_1984.jpg/220px-Reagan_Japanese_Meetings_London_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Reagan_Japanese_Meetings_London_1984.jpg/330px-Reagan_Japanese_Meetings_London_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Reagan_Japanese_Meetings_London_1984.jpg/440px-Reagan_Japanese_Meetings_London_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> greeting leaders including Prime Minister Nakasone, Foreign Minister Abe, Finance Minister Takashita in London in 1984</figcaption></figure> Despite complaints from some Japanese businesses and diplomats, the Japanese government remained in basic agreement with United States policy toward China and Indochina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> The government held back from large-scale aid efforts until conditions in China and Indochina were seen as more compatible with Japanese and United States interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> Of course, there also were instances of limited Japanese cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> Japan's response to the United States decision to help to protect tankers in the Persian Gulf during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (1980–88) was subject to mixed reviews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> Some United States officials stressed the positive, noting that Japan was unable to send military forces because of constitutional reasons but compensated by supporting the construction of a navigation system in the Persian Gulf, providing greater host nation support for United States forces in Japan, and providing loans to Oman and Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> Japan's refusal to join even in a mine-sweeping effort in the Persian Gulf was an indication to some United States officials of Tokyo's unwillingness to cooperate with the United States in areas of sensitivity to Japanese leaders at home or abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> The main area of noncooperation with the United States in the 1980s was Japanese resistance to repeated United States efforts to get Japan to open its market more to foreign goods and to change other economic practices seen as adverse to United States economic interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> A common pattern was followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> The Japanese government was sensitive to political pressures from important domestic constituencies that would be hurt by greater openness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> In general, these constituencies were of two types—those representing inefficient or "declining" producers, manufacturers, and distributors, who could not compete if faced with full foreign competition; and those up-and-coming industries that the Japanese government wished to protect from foreign competition until they could compete effectively on world markets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> To deal with domestic pressures while trying to avoid a break with the United States, the Japanese government engaged in protracted negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> This tactic bought time for declining industries to restructure themselves and new industries to grow stronger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> Agreements reached dealt with some aspects of the problems, but it was common for trade or economic issues to be dragged out in talks over several years, involving more than one market-opening agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> Such agreements were sometimes vague and subject to conflicting interpretations in Japan and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">[130]</a> Growing interdependence was accompanied by markedly changing circumstances at home and abroad that were widely seen to have created a crisis in Japan–United States relations in the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> United States government officials continued to emphasize the positive aspects of the relationship but warned that there was a need for "a new conceptual framework".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> publicized a series of lengthy reports documenting changes in the relationship in the late 1980s and reviewing the considerable debate in Japan and the United States over whether a closely cooperative relationship was possible or appropriate for the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> An authoritative review of popular and media opinion, published in 1990 by the Washington-based Commission on US–Japan Relations for the Twenty-first Century, was concerned with preserving a close Japan–United States relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> It warned of a "new orthodoxy" of "suspicion, criticism and considerable self-justification", which it said was endangering the fabric of Japan–United States relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> A commercially successful but critically panned 1991 book authored by US-based husband-and-wife team <a href="/wiki/George_Friedman" title="George Friedman">George Friedman</a> and Meredith LeBard even warned of a <a href="/wiki/The_Coming_War_with_Japan" title="The Coming War with Japan">"Coming War with Japan"</a> caused by increased friction in trade relations.<a href="#cite_note-Kurtenbach-132">[132]</a> The relative economic power of Japan and the United States was undergoing sweeping change, especially in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> This change went well beyond the implications of the United States trade deficit with Japan, which had remained between US$40 billion and US$48 billion annually since the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> The persisting United States trade and budget deficits of the early 1980s led to a series of decisions in the middle of the decade that brought a major realignment of the value of Japanese and United States currencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> The stronger Japanese currency gave Japan the ability to purchase more United States goods and to make important investments in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> By the late 1980s, Japan was the main international creditor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> Japan's growing investment in the United States—it was the second largest investor after Britain—led to complaints from some American constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> Moreover, Japanese industry seemed well positioned to use its economic power to invest in the high-technology products in which United States manufacturers were still leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> The United States's ability to compete under these circumstances was seen by many Japanese and Americans as hampered by heavy personal, government, and business debt and a low savings rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> In the late 1980s, the breakup of the Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe and the growing preoccupation of Soviet leaders with massive internal political and economic difficulties forced the Japanese and United States governments to reassess their longstanding alliance against the Soviet threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">[131]</a> Officials of both nations had tended to characterize the security alliance as the linchpin of the relationship, which should have priority over economic and other disputes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385–386-133">[133]</a> Some Japanese and United States officials and commentators continued to emphasize the common dangers to Japan–United States interests posed by the continued strong Soviet military presence in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992386-134">[134]</a> They stressed that until Moscow followed its moderation in Europe with major demobilization and reductions in its forces positioned against the United States and Japan in the Pacific, Washington and Tokyo needed to remain militarily prepared and vigilant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992386-134">[134]</a> Increasingly, however, other perceived benefits of close Japan–United States security ties were emphasized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992386-134">[134]</a> The alliance was seen as deterring other potentially disruptive forces in East Asia, notably the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (<a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992386-134">[134]</a> Some United States officials noted that the alliance helped keep Japan's potential military power in check and under the supervision of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992386-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s:_Bush_Sr._and_Clinton_years">1990s: Bush Sr. and Clinton years</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1990s: Bush Sr. and Clinton years">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration#Japan" title="Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration § Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration#Japan" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration § Japan</a></div> Following the collapse of Japan's <a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">bubble economy</a> in 1989, relations with Washington began to improve, as fears faded that Japan was surpassing America economically. In terms of security issues and basic political solidarity, agreement was high. The only frictions arose from trade issues. In its first months, the new administration of incoming President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> negotiated with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> to collaborate on a project that would produce a Japanese-made jet fighter, the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F-2" title="Mitsubishi F-2">Mitsubishi F-2</a>, based on the American <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a>. While supporters viewed the joint project as allowing the US access to Japanese technology and preventing Japan from constructing its own military aircraft, the agreement attracted bipartisan criticism from members of Congress who believed the deal would give away American technology to Japan and allow the country to form a major aeronautics industry that might compete with that of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Nevertheless, the Bush administration pushed the deal through, assessing the aircraft as providing an improvement in the mutual defense of both America and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On March 12, 1990, Bush met with former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Noboru_Takeshita" title="Noboru Takeshita">Noboru Takeshita</a> for an hour to discuss shared economic issues and "the fact that their solution will require extraordinary efforts on both sides of the Pacific."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> On April 28, Bush announced Japan was being removed from the list of countries the US was targeting with reprisal tariffs for what was considered unfair trading practices on the part of Japan. The decision was made on the recommendation of U.S. Trade Representative <a href="/wiki/Carla_A._Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Carla A. Hills">Carla A. Hills</a> and was hailed by Japanese officials. The move also came at a time where the US had a $50 billion trade deficit with Japan, and congressional critics lambasted the move as premature.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In January 1991, Bush launched the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in order to roll back Iraq's invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. Japan was unable to send troops due to <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9 of its constitution</a>, but made a show of support for U.S. policy by contributing $9 billion in 1991 dollars to help fund the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201874-139">[139]</a> In April 1991, Bush met with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Toshiki_Kaifu" title="Toshiki Kaifu">Toshiki Kaifu</a>, Bush stating afterward that the pair were "committed to see that that <a href="/wiki/Japan_bashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan bashing">bashing</a> doesn't go forward and that this relationship goes on." Bush pressed U.S. demands for access to Japan's highly protected rice market and Kaifu countered by explaining the numerous objections being raised by both consumers and producers in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In November, during an address in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, Bush stated that bashing Japan had become a regularity in parts of the US and had served to strain relations. Two days later, Chief Cabinet Secretary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koichi_Kat%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koichi Katō (page does not exist)">Koichi Katō</a> said that Japan had mixed feelings toward the US and that Japan was appreciative of American efforts to reduce the U.S. budget deficit.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> On December 7, the fiftieth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, Bush accepted an apology from Japan over the event issued by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kiichi_Miyazawa" title="Kiichi Miyazawa">Kiichi Miyazawa</a> the previous day and urged progress be made in improving relations between the US and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Bush visited Japan in January 1992 as part of a 12-day trade-oriented trip to Asia. On January 8, 1992, Bush played a <a href="/wiki/Doubles_tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubles tennis">doubles tennis</a> match with <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Japan" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Japan">U.S. ambassador to Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Armacost" title="Michael Armacost">Michael Armacost</a> against <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> and his son, Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Naruhito,_Crown_Prince_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan">Naruhito</a>. The emperor and crown prince won.<a href="#cite_note-:0-143">[143]</a> That same evening, at banquet hosted by Prime Minister Kiichi, Bush <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_vomiting_incident" title="George H. W. Bush vomiting incident">fainted and vomited into the Prime Minister's lap</a>. A news video of the vomiting incident was played over and over on American television, and together with the humiliating defeat to the Emperor and Crown Prince in the tennis match, came to be viewed as a metaphor for American weakness in the face of Japanese strength. During the Clinton years, relations transitioned to a new stage, as Washington and Tokyo came together around shared interests in the face of a rapidly rising China.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The nuclear threat posed by North Korea was also a concern. Clinton's policy was multilateral pressure on Pyongyang while arming South Korea and Japan. Nevertheless, trade tensions lingered and despite the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japan's bubble economy</a> and the onset of the "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">lost decades</a>" in Japan, "<a href="/wiki/Japan_bashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan bashing">Japan bashing</a>" was slow to die out in the United States. Progress on trade issues was hampered by the rapid turnover in Japanese prime ministers—there were five in Clinton's first four years. Clinton engaged in some casual "Japan bashing" of his own shortly after assuming the office, when he was caught on a hot microphone telling Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> that when Japanese say yes, they actually mean no, provoking a firestorm in the Japanese press.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">[145]</a> Prime Minister Miyazawa Kiichi, however, laughed off the remark, mentioned the song "Yes, We Have No Bananas," and noting that, "every language has its peculiarity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">[145]</a> Miyazawa was in no position to object since he had a record of making similar gaffes himself, such as his earlier suggesting that America's economic difficulties were due to Americans lacking a strong work ethic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">[145]</a> When Miyazawa and Clinton met in April 1993, Japan was still running a massive trade surplus with the U.S., extending to $59 billion by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">[145]</a> Miyazawa admitted that this was "embarrassing" and argued that his government's stimulus plans would deliver a much-needed boost to domestic demand, which would hopefully lead to a reduction in Japan's trade surplus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">[145]</a> This fell far short of Clinton's desire for "temporary quantitative indicators," but Miyazawa categorically rejected anything that would smell like an import quota.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">[145]</a> Instead, a "framework" approach was taken whereby trade negotiations were delegated to specialists and confined to specific sectors, including automobiles, computer parts, and agricultural goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">[145]</a> This approach proved unworkable from the beginning and confusion reigned between Japanese and American officials over which "sectors" exactly were covered by the "framework" approach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">[145]</a> Clinton had even less luck with Miyazawa's successor <a href="/wiki/Morihiro_Hosokawa" title="Morihiro Hosokawa">Morihiro Hosokawa</a> with whom he met twice, in September 1993 and February 1994.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">[145]</a> After making little headway in their first meeting, negotiations completely collapsed in the second meeting as Hosokawa firmly rejected U.S. demands for a unilateral slashing of Japanese auto exports, arguing that as the head of a fragile coalition government, he simply did not have the political capital to accept the hard numerical targets the U.S. was seeking.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">[145]</a> Although both sides were at pains to stress that bilateral relations were too important to be damaged by this one diplomatic failure, an atmosphere of tension and disappointment was palpable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">[145]</a> Clinton fared better with the fifth Japanese prime minister to hold office during his time as U.S. president, <a href="/wiki/Ryutaro_Hashimoto" title="Ryutaro Hashimoto">Ryutaro Hashimoto</a>. The two leaders held a cordial meeting in Tokyo in the spring of 1996, agreeing to stand firm together against the threat from North Korea. The waning of Japan's economic might made U.S.-Japan trade discussions less contentious, and Clinton also agreed to return one of the controversial military bases on Okinawa.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> However, during Murayama's tenure, Relations between the two countries would further be strained by the <a href="/wiki/1995_Okinawa_rape_incident" title="1995 Okinawa rape incident">1995 Okinawa rape incident</a> which triggered a significant increase in anti base sentiment across Japan, and swiftly lead to both governments working together to come up with an amicable solution to the political fallout, with Murayama organizing an examination of the SOFA agreement, with Clinton stating two days later that he was willing to revise implementing procedures of the Agreement<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century:_Stronger_alliance_in_the_context_of_a_rising_China">21st century: Stronger alliance in the context of a rising China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 21st century: Stronger alliance in the context of a rising China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=1">adding to it</a>. (February 2025)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_070817-N-8534H-001_Ryoichi_Kabaya,_the_Mayor_of_Yokosuka_City,_throws_the_opening_pitch_to_Capt._Daniel_Weed,_commander_of_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka,_hoping_to_get_one_past_Japan_Maritime_Self_Defense_Force_Rear_Adm._Is.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/US_Navy_070817-N-8534H-001_Ryoichi_Kabaya%2C_the_Mayor_of_Yokosuka_City%2C_throws_the_opening_pitch_to_Capt._Daniel_Weed%2C_commander_of_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka%2C_hoping_to_get_one_past_Japan_Maritime_Self_Defense_Force_Rear_Adm._Is.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/US_Navy_070817-N-8534H-001_Ryoichi_Kabaya%2C_the_Mayor_of_Yokosuka_City%2C_throws_the_opening_pitch_to_Capt._Daniel_Weed%2C_commander_of_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka%2C_hoping_to_get_one_past_Japan_Maritime_Self_Defense_Force_Rear_Adm._Is.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/US_Navy_070817-N-8534H-001_Ryoichi_Kabaya%2C_the_Mayor_of_Yokosuka_City%2C_throws_the_opening_pitch_to_Capt._Daniel_Weed%2C_commander_of_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka%2C_hoping_to_get_one_past_Japan_Maritime_Self_Defense_Force_Rear_Adm._Is.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese mayor throws a <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(baseball)" title="Pitch (baseball)">pitch</a> to a U.S. Navy captain. Japan and the U.S. share many cultural links, including a love for <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> imported from the US.</figcaption></figure> By the late 1990s and beyond, the US–Japan relationship had been improved and strengthened. The major cause of friction in the relationship, e.g. trade disputes, became less problematic as China displaced Japan as the greatest perceived economic threat to the U.S. and the emergence of North Korea as a belligerent rogue state brought the two nations closer together in the face of what was perceived to be a common enemy. In the face of these new threats, the two nations focused on increasing military and defensive cooperation, while also adopting a new rhetoric for the alliance—that of "shared values."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2018152-149">[149]</a> While the foreign policy of the administration of President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> put a strain on some of the United States' international relations, the alliance with Japan became stronger, as evidenced in the <a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_Japanese_troops_to_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq">deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq</a>, Japanese provision of logistical support in Bush's "<a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>," and the joint development of anti-missile defense systems. The new strength of the relationship was underscored by extensive media coverage of the "close friendship" between Bush and Japanese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Junichir%C5%8D_Koizumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Junichirō Koizumi">Junichirō Koizumi</a>, as exemplified by Bush taking Koizumi to visit the former home of Koizumi's personal hero, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, during their "farewell" meeting in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-NBCNews-150">[150]</a> As part of his official remarks on the White House lawn, Bush told Koizumi, "Decades ago our two fathers looked across the Pacific and saw adversaries, uncertainty and war. Today their sons look across that same ocean and see friends and opportunity and peace."<a href="#cite_note-NBCNews-150">[150]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan" title="Democratic Party of Japan">Democratic Party of Japan</a> came into power with a mandate calling for changes in U.S.-Japan security arrangements. The new government launched a review of the recently concluded security realignment plan, but United States Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> said that the U.S. Congress was unwilling to consider any changes.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-152">[152]</a> Some U.S. officials worried that the government led by the Democratic Party of Japan might chart a policy shift away from the United States and toward a more independent foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-152">[152]</a> However, in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Japanese_general_election" title="2012 Japanese general election">2012 Japanese general election</a>, the conservative <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> swept back into power, ensuring that relations with the United States would return to their prior, more stable footing. In 2015, during remarks welcoming Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> to the White House, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> thanked Japan for its cultural contributions to the United States by saying: "This visit is a celebration of the ties of friendship and family that bind our peoples. I first felt it when I was 6 years old when my mother took me to Japan. I felt it growing up in Hawaii, like communities across our country, home to so many proud Japanese Americans," and "Today is also a chance for Americans, especially our young people, to say thank you for all the things we love from Japan. Like karate and <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>. And, of course, <a href="/wiki/Emojis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emojis">emojis</a>."<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Blinken_Delivers_Remarks_and_Signs_a_U.S.-Japan_Space_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement_(52625664581).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Secretary_Blinken_Delivers_Remarks_and_Signs_a_U.S.-Japan_Space_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement_%2852625664581%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Blinken_Delivers_Remarks_and_Signs_a_U.S.-Japan_Space_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement_%2852625664581%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Secretary_Blinken_Delivers_Remarks_and_Signs_a_U.S.-Japan_Space_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement_%2852625664581%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Blinken_Delivers_Remarks_and_Signs_a_U.S.-Japan_Space_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement_%2852625664581%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Secretary_Blinken_Delivers_Remarks_and_Signs_a_U.S.-Japan_Space_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement_%2852625664581%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Blinken_Delivers_Remarks_and_Signs_a_U.S.-Japan_Space_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement_%2852625664581%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3742" data-file-height="3421" /></a><figcaption>US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a> signs a U.S.-Japan Space Cooperation Framework Agreement in 2023.</figcaption></figure> In 2016, U.S. presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> partially revived old "Japan bashing" rhetoric from the 1980s by complaining about Japan engaging in "unfair" trade practices, rhetoric that many commentators viewed as "outdated" and "anachronistic."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2018140-154">[154]</a> As president, Trump withdrew the United States from the <a href="/wiki/Trans_Pacific_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans Pacific Partnership">Trans Pacific Partnership</a>, which many viewed as a blow to Japan. Later in 2018, Trump imposed metal tariffs on Japan, while other allies such as the EU, Canada, Australia, South Korea etc. were all exempt, signaling a deterioration in ties between the U.S. and Japan. Along with harsh criticism of Japanese trade practices, accusations of Japanese "cheating," and suggestions that Japan was an economic threat and rival, similar to the 1980s and 90s,<a href="#cite_note-:4-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Trump also started to question the U.S.-Japan Security Alliance, deeming it one-sided toward Japan.<a href="#cite_note-:6-158">[158]</a> Trump also repeatedly expressed his hopes of convincing Japan to dramatically increase its <a href="/wiki/Omoiyari_Yosan" title="Omoiyari Yosan">annual payments</a> subsidizing U.S. military bases in Japan. However, despite the inflammatory rhetoric, Japanese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> managed to build a cordial relationship with Trump, and succeeded in negotiating a bilateral trade deal in 2019 that lowered tariffs between the two nations. However, the deal was said to be more advantageous to the U.S., as tariffs on Japanese automobiles remained in place (automobiles were the largest Japanese export to the U.S.), and some Japanese media referred to the agreement as an "unequal treaty".<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Furthermore, the metal tariffs on Japan were not removed, and continued to exist into late 2021.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> After the White House meeting between <a href="/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga" title="Yoshihide Suga">Prime Minister Suga</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in April 2021, the leader level joint statement mentioned <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> for the first time in fifty years, stating that stability there was important for the region and that cross-strait issues should be resolved peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In February 2025, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba" title="Shigeru Ishiba">Shigeru Ishiba</a> and President Donald Trump inaugurated a "new golden age" of relations in a meeting at the White House.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_relations">Economic relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economic relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_volume">Trade volume</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Trade volume">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg/220px-United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg/330px-United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg/440px-United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>U.S. trade deficit (in billions, goods only) by country in 2014</figcaption></figure> As of the late 1980s, the United States was Japan's largest economic partner, taking 33.8 percent of its exports, supplying 22.4 percent of its imports, and accounting for 38.6 percent of its direct investment abroad in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283-165">[165]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] As of 2013, the United States takes up 18% of Japanese exports, and supplies 8.5% of its imports (the slack having been picked up by China, which now provides 22%).<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Japan's imports from the United States include both raw materials and manufactured goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283-165">[165]</a> American agricultural products were a leading import in 1988 (US$9.1 billion as measured by United States export statistics), made up of meat (US$1.4 billion), fish (US$1.6 billion), grains (US$2.3 billion), and soybeans (US$1.0 billion).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283-165">[165]</a> Imports of manufactured goods were mainly in the category of machinery and transportation equipment, rather than consumer goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283-165">[165]</a> In 1988 Japan imported US$6.9 billion of machinery from the United States, of which computers and computer parts (US$2.4 billion) formed the largest single component.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283-165">[165]</a> In the category of transportation equipment, Japan imported US$2.2 billion of aircraft and parts (automobiles and parts accounted for only US$500 million).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283-165">[165]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Japan's exports to the United States are almost entirely manufactured goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283-165">[165]</a> Automobiles were by far the largest single category, amounting to US$21 billion in 1988, or 23% of total Japanese exports to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283-165">[165]</a> Automotive parts accounted for another US$5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283-165">[165]</a> Other major items were office machinery (including computers), which totaled US$10.6 billion in 1988, telecommunications equipment (US$10.4 billion) and power-generating machinery (US$3.3 billion).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283–284-167">[167]</a> From the mid-1960s until at least the late 1980s, the trade balance was in Japan's favor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992284-168">[168]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] According to Japanese data, its surplus with the United States grew from US$380 million in 1970 to nearly US$48 billion in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992284-168">[168]</a> United States data on the trade relationship (which differ slightly because each nation includes transportation costs on the import side but not the export side) also showed a rapid deterioration of the imbalance in the 1980s, from a Japanese surplus of US$10 billion in 1980 to one of US$60 billion in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992284-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_frictions">Trade frictions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Trade frictions">edit</a>]</div> Notable outpourings of United States congressional and media rhetoric critical of Japan accompanied the disclosure in 1987 that Toshiba had illegally sold sophisticated machinery of United States origin to the Soviet Union, which reportedly allowed Moscow to make submarines quiet enough to avoid United States detection, and the United States congressional debate in 1989 over the Japan–United States agreement to develop a new fighter aircraft—the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F-2" title="Mitsubishi F-2">FSX</a>—for the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Japan Air Self-Defense Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992393-169">[169]</a> The United States government halted the purchase of Toshiba products for three years in retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_investment">Direct investment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Direct investment">edit</a>]</div> As elsewhere, Japan's direct investment in the United States expanded rapidly and is an important new dimension in the countries' relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285-171">[171]</a> The total value of cumulative investments of this kind was US$8.7 billion in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285-171">[171]</a> By 1988, it had grown to US$71.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285-171">[171]</a> United States data identified Japan as the second largest investor in the United States; it had about half the value of investments of Britain, but more than those of the Netherlands, Canada, or West Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285-171">[171]</a> Much of Japan's investment in the United States in the late 1980s was in the commercial sector, providing the basis for distribution and sale of Japanese exports to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285-171">[171]</a> Wholesale and retail distribution accounted for 35% of all Japanese investments in the United States in 1988, while manufacturing accounted for 23%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285-171">[171]</a> Real estate became a popular investment during the 1980s, with cumulative investments rising to US$10 billion by 1988, or 20% of total direct investment in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> The US and Japan find themselves in fundamentally different situations regarding energy and energy security. Cooperation in energy has moved from conflict (the embargo of Japanese oil was the trigger that launched the Pearl Harbor attack) to cooperation with two significant agreements being signed during the 1980s: the Reagan-Nakasone Energy Cooperation Agreement and the US–Japan Nuclear Cooperation Agreement of 1987 (allowing the Japanese to reprocess nuclear fuels).<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Further cooperation occurred during the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a> with US troops aiding the victims of the disaster zone and US scientists from the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> advising on the response to the nuclear incident at Fukushima. In 2013 the Department of Energy allowed the export of American natural gas to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> After 2021 the new Biden administration emphasized cooperation, especially regarding digital and energy infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_relations">Military relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Military relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan alliance">U.S.-Japan alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Japan" title="CIA activities in Japan">CIA activities in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Military_bases_in_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/US_Military_bases_in_Japan.jpg/220px-US_Military_bases_in_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/US_Military_bases_in_Japan.jpg/330px-US_Military_bases_in_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/US_Military_bases_in_Japan.jpg/440px-US_Military_bases_in_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Major US military bases in Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Military_bases_in_Okinawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US_Military_bases_in_Okinawa.jpg/220px-US_Military_bases_in_Okinawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US_Military_bases_in_Okinawa.jpg/330px-US_Military_bases_in_Okinawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US_Military_bases_in_Okinawa.jpg/440px-US_Military_bases_in_Okinawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>US military bases in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Green_Bay_(LPD_20)_and_the_Japan_ship_JS_Kunisaki_(LST_4003)_sail_in_formation_during_a_training_exercise._(48036785657).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/USS_Green_Bay_%28LPD_20%29_and_the_Japan_ship_JS_Kunisaki_%28LST_4003%29_sail_in_formation_during_a_training_exercise._%2848036785657%29.jpg/220px-USS_Green_Bay_%28LPD_20%29_and_the_Japan_ship_JS_Kunisaki_%28LST_4003%29_sail_in_formation_during_a_training_exercise._%2848036785657%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/USS_Green_Bay_%28LPD_20%29_and_the_Japan_ship_JS_Kunisaki_%28LST_4003%29_sail_in_formation_during_a_training_exercise._%2848036785657%29.jpg/330px-USS_Green_Bay_%28LPD_20%29_and_the_Japan_ship_JS_Kunisaki_%28LST_4003%29_sail_in_formation_during_a_training_exercise._%2848036785657%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/USS_Green_Bay_%28LPD_20%29_and_the_Japan_ship_JS_Kunisaki_%28LST_4003%29_sail_in_formation_during_a_training_exercise._%2848036785657%29.jpg/440px-USS_Green_Bay_%28LPD_20%29_and_the_Japan_ship_JS_Kunisaki_%28LST_4003%29_sail_in_formation_during_a_training_exercise._%2848036785657%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4312" data-file-height="3450" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force ship <a href="/wiki/JS_Kunisaki" title="JS Kunisaki">JS Kunisaki</a> (right) participates in a training exercise with <a href="/wiki/USS_Green_Bay_(LPD-20)" title="USS Green Bay (LPD-20)">USS Green Bay (LPD-20)</a> (left) in 2019.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_Between_the_United_States_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan">1952 Security Treaty</a> provided the initial basis for the nation's security relations with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454-175">[175]</a> The pact was replaced in 1960 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454-175">[175]</a> The Agreed Minutes to the treaty specified that the Japanese government must be consulted prior to major changes in United States force deployment in Japan or to the use of Japanese bases for combat operations other than in defense of Japan itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454-175">[175]</a> However, Japan was relieved by its constitutional prohibition of participating in external military operations from any obligation to defend the United States if it were attacked outside of Japanese territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454-175">[175]</a> In 1990 the Japanese government expressed its intention to continue to rely on the treaty's arrangements to guarantee national security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454-175">[175]</a> The Agreed Minutes under Article 6 of the 1960 treaty contain a status-of-forces agreement on the stationing of United States forces in Japan, with specifics on the provision of facilities and areas for their use and on the administration of Japanese citizens employed in the facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454-175">[175]</a> Also covered are the limits of the two countries' jurisdictions over crimes committed in Japan by United States military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454-175">[175]</a> The Mutual Security Assistance Pact of 1952 initially involved a military aid program that provided for Japan's acquisition of funds, matériel, and services for the nation's essential defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454–455-176">[176]</a> Although Japan no longer received any aid from the United States by the 1960s, the agreement continued to serve as the basis for purchase and licensing agreements ensuring interoperability of the two nations' weapons and for the release of classified data to Japan, including both international intelligence reports and classified technical information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455-177">[177]</a> As of 2014 the United States had 50,000 troops in Japan, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">US 7th Fleet</a> and more than 10,000 Marines. In May 2014 it was revealed the United States was deploying two unarmed <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_RQ-4_Global_Hawk" title="Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk">Global Hawk long-distance surveillance drones</a> to Japan with the expectation they would engage in surveillance missions over <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JapanDrones-178">[178]</a> At the beginning of October 2018 the new Japanese Mobile Amphibious Forces held joint exercises with the US marines in the Japanese prefecture of Kagoshima, the purpose of which was to work out the actions in defense of remote territories.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> During the US-Japan Security Consultative Committee meeting in Tokyo on 28 July 2024, Japan's defense leaders agreed to support the United States through co-production of US-designed Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missiles (AMRAAM) and Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) missiles.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ryukyu_Islands_(Okinawa)">Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa)">edit</a>]</div> Okinawa is the site of major American military bases that have caused problems, as Japanese and Okinawans have protested their presence for decades. In secret negotiations that began in 1969 Washington sought unrestricted use of its bases for possible conventional combat operations in Korea, Taiwan, and South Vietnam, as well as the emergency re-entry and transit rights of nuclear weapons. However anti-nuclear sentiment was strong in Japan and the government wanted the U.S. to remove all nuclear weapons from Okinawa. In the end, the United States and Japan agreed to maintain bases that would allow the continuation of American deterrent capabilities in East Asia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1972 the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, reverted to Japanese control and the provisions of the 1960 security treaty were extended to cover them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455-177">[177]</a> The United States retained the right to station forces on these islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455-177">[177]</a> Military relations improved after the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455-177">[177]</a> In 1960 the Security Consultative Committee, with representatives from both countries, was set up under the 1960 security treaty to discuss and coordinate security matters concerning both nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455-177">[177]</a> In 1976 a subcommittee of that body prepared the Guidelines for Japan–United States Defense Cooperation that were approved by the full committee in 1978 and later approved by the National Defense Council and cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455-177">[177]</a> The guidelines authorized unprecedented activities in joint defense planning, response to an armed attack on Japan, and cooperation on situations in Asia and the Pacific region that could affect Japan's security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455-177">[177]</a> A dispute that had boiled since 1996 regarding a base with 18,000 U.S. Marines had temporarily been resolved in late 2013. Agreement had been reached to move the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Futenma" title="Marine Corps Air Station Futenma">Marine Corps Air Station Futenma</a> to a less-densely populated area of <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Relocation_of_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Futenma" title="Relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma">Relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma</a></div> In October 2024, <a href="/wiki/Gen_Nakatani" title="Gen Nakatani">Gen Nakatani</a> conducted his first talks with U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin, agreeing to enhance their military presence in the Ryukyu Islands. In July 2024, defense chiefs and diplomats from both nations agreed on significant upgrades to their alliance, including a revamp of U.S. command in Japan, which would grant it a direct leadership role over American forces. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan's Self-Defense Forces</a> planned to establish a new permanent joint headquarters by March 2025. This collaboration aimed to counter China's growing assertiveness, especially regarding Taiwan, which <a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Tarō Asō</a> controversially referred to as an important "country" for Japan. This statement underscored Japan's cautious approach to Taiwan amid its complex relationship with China, which views the island as a breakaway province. The potential for conflict over Taiwan could implicate Japan due to its alliance with the U.S. and geographic proximity, leading Japan to focus its defense budget on addressing these threats.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_intelligence">National intelligence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: National intelligence">edit</a>]</div> Japan's limited intelligence gathering capability and personnel are focused on China and North Korea, as the nation primarily relies on the American <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_relations">Cultural relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cultural relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pop_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Japanese pop culture in the United States">Japanese pop culture in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Judo_in_the_United_States" title="Judo in the United States">Judo in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan" title="Baseball in Japan">Baseball in Japan</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> is a major historical American export to Japan, where it is now the most popular sport.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> The sport played a meaningful role in helping Japanese and American citizens and diasporas to integrate with each other; for example, Japanese Americans played the game while interned during World War II as a way to show their enduring Americanness.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Public opinion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Views on Japan in the United States<a href="#cite_note-gallup1-186">[186]</a></div></div></div> According to a 2015 Pew survey, 68% of Americans believe that the US can trust Japan, compared to 75% of Japanese who believe that Japan can trust the United States.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> According to a 2018 Pew survey, 67% of people in Japan had a favorable view of the United States, 75% had a favorable view of the American people, and 24% had confidence in the US president, and in a 2019 Pew survey Japanese respondents considered the US their closest ally, with 63% of people in Japan picking the US, while other countries were picked by 1% or less.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> A 2021 Gallup poll showed that 84% of Americans had a favorable view of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-gallup1-186">[186]</a> However, only 1% of Americans regarded Japan as their closest foreign policy partner in a 2021 Pew survey, compared to 31% who did so for the UK, 13% for Canada, 9% for Israel, 7% for Germany, and 4% for France.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> According to a New York Times analysis of YouGov data in 2017, American survey respondents ranked Japan as their 21st closest ally, behind all other key American allies such as other G7 countries, Israel, Australia, New Zealand, and most other Western European countries.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> Because World War II was a global war, diplomatic historians start to focus on Japanese–American relations to understand why Japan had attacked the United States in 1941. This in turn led diplomatic historians to start to abandon the previous Euro-centric approach in favor of a more global approach.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> A sign of the changing times was the rise to prominence of such diplomatic historians such as the Japanese historian Chihiro Hosoya, the British historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_Nish" title="Ian Nish">Ian Nish</a>, and the American historian <a href="/wiki/Akira_Iriye" title="Akira Iriye">Akira Iriye</a>, which was the first time that Asian specialists became noted diplomatic historians.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The Japanese reading public has a demand for books about American history and society. They read translations of English titles and Japanese scholars who are <a href="/wiki/American_studies" title="American studies">Americanists</a> have been active in this sphere.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Japan" title="Americans in Japan">Americans in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anpo_Protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpo Protests">Anpo Protests</a>. 1959–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Ships" title="Black Ships">Black Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Japan" title="CIA activities in Japan">CIA activities in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_Citizens_League" title="Japanese American Citizens League">Japanese American Citizens League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">History of Japanese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/442nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100th_Infantry_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="100th Infantry Battalion (United States)">100th Infantry Battalion (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Service_(United_States)" title="Military Intelligence Service (United States)">Military Intelligence Service (United States)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860)">Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pop_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Japanese pop culture in the United States">Japanese pop culture in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. 1941–1945 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Plan_Orange" title="War Plan Orange">War Plan Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Accord" title="Plaza Accord">Plaza Accord</a>, 1985 finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_Between_the_United_States_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan">Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba%E2%80%93Kongsberg_scandal" title="Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal">Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(United_States%E2%80%93Japan)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a>, between Japan and Russia, 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a>, 1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_Japan" title="United States beef imports in Japan">United States beef imports in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Alliance" title="U.S.–Japan Alliance">U.S.–Japan Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan" title="United States Forces Japan">United States Forces Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement">U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omoiyari_Yosan" title="Omoiyari Yosan">Omoiyari Yosan</a>, Japanese funds to support for the U.S. forces in Japan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tomodachi" title="Operation Tomodachi">Operation Tomodachi</a>, earthquake relief 2011</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/dwe/86550.htm">"The United States and the Opening to Japan, 1853"</a>. US Department of State. 15 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+the+Opening+to+Japan%2C+1853&rft.date=2007-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ftime%2Fdwe%2F86550.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2017" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Eric (2017-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/05/09/national/history/japans-little-known-significant-role-world-war/">"Japan's little-known, but significant, role in World War I"</a>. The Japan Times. Retrieved 2023-05-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+little-known%2C+but+significant%2C+role+in+World+War+I&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2F09%2Fnational%2Fhistory%2Fjapans-little-known-significant-role-world-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theemperorandthespy.com/2020/04/the-art-of-peace-the-illustrated-biography-on-prince-iyesato-tokugawa/">"Introduction to The Art of Peace: the illustrated biography of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa"</a>. TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com. 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+The+Art+of+Peace%3A+the+illustrated+biography+of+Prince+Iyesato+Tokugawa&rft.date=2020-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheemperorandthespy.com%2F2020%2F04%2Fthe-art-of-peace-the-illustrated-biography-on-prince-iyesato-tokugawa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2019" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Stan S. (2019). The Art of Peace: An Illustrated Biography on Prince Tokugawa, Heir to the Last Shogun of Japan. Horizon Productions. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Peace%3A+An+Illustrated+Biography+on+Prince+Tokugawa%2C+Heir+to+the+Last+Shogun+of+Japan&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Horizon+Productions&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Stan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/14/obama-us-will-stand-longtime-ally-japan/">"Obama: US will stand by longtime ally Japan"</a>. The Washington Times. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+US+will+stand+by+longtime+ally+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2Fmar%2F14%2Fobama-us-will-stand-longtime-ally-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-usa-japan-idUSN2328607520080623">"Rice says U.S. won't forget Japanese abductees"</a>. Reuters. 2008-06-23. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Rice+says+U.S.+won%27t+forget+Japanese+abductees&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-korea-north-usa-japan-idUSN2328607520080623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInc2021" class="citation web cs1">Inc, Gallup (2021-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/331082/china-russia-images-hit-historic-lows.aspx">"China, Russia Images in U.S. Hit Historic Lows"</a>. Gallup.com. Retrieved 2021-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup.com&rft.atitle=China%2C+Russia+Images+in+U.S.+Hit+Historic+Lows&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft.aulast=Inc&rft.aufirst=Gallup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F331082%2Fchina-russia-images-hit-historic-lows.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/11/PG_2021.11.22_US-German-relations_TOPLINE.pdf">"Topline questionnaire"</a> (PDF). Pew Research Center. 2021-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Topline+questionnaire&rft.date=2021-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2%2F2021%2F11%2FPG_2021.11.22_US-German-relations_TOPLINE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzQuealy2017" class="citation news cs1">Katz, Josh; Quealy, Kevin (2017-02-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/03/upshot/which-country-do-americans-like-most-for-republicans-its-australia.html">"Which Country Is America's Strongest Ally? For Republicans, It's Australia"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2021-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Which+Country+Is+America%27s+Strongest+Ally%3F+For+Republicans%2C+It%27s+Australia&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Quealy%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2017%2F02%2F03%2Fupshot%2Fwhich-country-do-americans-like-most-for-republicans-its-australia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/11/12/views-of-the-u-s-and-president-trump/">"Japanese views of U.S., Trump"</a>. Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 2018-11-12. Retrieved 2020-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Global+Attitudes+Project&rft.atitle=Japanese+views+of+U.S.%2C+Trump&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2018%2F11%2F12%2Fviews-of-the-u-s-and-president-trump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/04/07/americans-japanese-mutual-respect-70-years-after-the-end-of-wwii/">"Americans, Japanese: Mutual Respect 70 Years After the End of WWII"</a>. Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 2015-04-07. Retrieved 2020-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Global+Attitudes+Project&rft.atitle=Americans%2C+Japanese%3A+Mutual+Respect+70+Years+After+the+End+of+WWII&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2015%2F04%2F07%2Famericans-japanese-mutual-respect-70-years-after-the-end-of-wwii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2019" class="citation web cs1">Silver, Laura (5 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/05/u-s-is-seen-as-a-top-ally-in-many-countries-but-others-view-it-as-a-threat/">"U.S. is seen as a top ally in many countries – but others view it as a threat"</a>. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2021-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=U.S.+is+seen+as+a+top+ally+in+many+countries+%E2%80%93+but+others+view+it+as+a+threat&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2019%2F12%2F05%2Fu-s-is-seen-as-a-top-ally-in-many-countries-but-others-view-it-as-a-threat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.digitalmaryland.org/digital/collection/akop/id/179">""John O'Donnell of Baltimore," a biographical account written by JL"</a>. Digital Maryland. Retrieved October 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Maryland&rft.atitle=%22John+O%27Donnell+of+Baltimore%2C%22+a+biographical+account+written+by+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.digitalmaryland.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fakop%2Fid%2F179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Scott Ridley, Morning of Fire: John Kendrick's Daring American Odyssey in the Pacific (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Spencer C. Tucker, Almanac of American Military History (2012) vol 1 p 682 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Charles Oscar Paullin, American voyages to the Orient, 1690–1865 (1910) p 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Paul Hendrix Clark, The Perry Expedition and the "Opening of Japan to the West," 1853–1873: A Short History with Documents (Hackett, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8arYDwAAQBAJ&dq=Perry+expedition&pg=PP1">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a>. "Old Bruin": Commodore Matthew C. Perry, 1794-1858: The American naval officer who helped found Liberia, Hunted Pirates in the West Indies, Practised Diplomacy With the Sultan of Turkey and the King of the Two Sicilies; Commanded the Gulf Squadron in the Mexican War, Promoted the Steam Navy and the Shell Gun, and Conducted the Naval Expedition Which Opened Japan (1967) pp 61-76 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldbruincommodor00mori/page/n1">online free to borrow</a> pp 261-421. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Francis Hawks, Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Martha Chaiklin, "Monopolists to Middlemen: Dutch Liberalism and American Imperialism in the Opening of Japan." Journal of World History (2010): 249-269 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Martha_Chaiklin/publication/236701618_Monopolists_to_Middlemen_Dutch_Liberalism_and_American_Imperialism_in_the_Opening_of_Japan/links/5712535008ae39beb87a428d.pdf">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> George Feifer, Breaking Open Japan: Commodore Perry, Lord Abe, and American Imperialism in 1853 (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> George Feifer, "Perry and Pearl: The unintended consequence." World Policy Journal 24.3 (2007): 103-110 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40210226">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Dennett" title="Tyler Dennett">Tyler Dennett</a>, Americans in Eastern Asia: a critical study of United States' policy in the Far East in the nineteenth century (1922) pp 347-66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber199721–23-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFeber199721–23_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaFeber1997">LaFeber 1997</a>, pp. 21–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Edwin B. Lee "Robert H. Pruyn in Japan, 1862-1865", New York History 66 (1985) pp. 123-39. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreat1928" class="citation book cs1">Treat, Payson J. (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YO6eAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA61">Japan and the United States, 1853-1921</a> (2nd ed.). Stanford U.P. pp. 61–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804722513" title="Special:BookSources/9780804722513"><bdi>9780804722513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+and+the+United+States%2C+1853-1921&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Stanford+U.P.&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=9780804722513&rft.aulast=Treat&rft.aufirst=Payson+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYO6eAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Tetsuo Scott Miyakawa, East across the Pacific: historical & sociological studies of Japanese immigration & assimilation (ABC-CLIO, 1972). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> John P. Tang, "A tale of two SICs: Japanese and American industrialisation in historical perspective" Australian Economic History Review. (2016) 56#2 pp 174-197. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> William Michael Morgan, "The anti-Japanese origins of the Hawaiian Annexation treaty of 1897." Diplomatic History 6.1 (1982): 23-44. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalakaua_Tour-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalakaua_Tour_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2019" class="citation web cs1">Wood, Charlie (9 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/585342/when-19th-century-hawaii-tried-join-japanese-empire">"That Time Hawaii Tried to Join the Japanese Empire"</a>. mentalfloss. Retrieved 9 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mentalfloss&rft.atitle=That+Time+Hawaii+Tried+to+Join+the+Japanese+Empire&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F585342%2Fwhen-19th-century-hawaii-tried-join-japanese-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> James K. Eyre Jr, "Japan and the American Annexation of the Philippines." Pacific Historical Review 11.1 (1942): 55-71 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632998">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Thomas A. Bailey, "Japan's Protest against the Annexation of Hawaii." Journal of Modern History 3.1 (1931): 46-61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1872141">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Michael J. Green, By More Than Providence: Grand Strategy and American Power in the Asia Pacific Since 1783 (2019) pp 78–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201924,_37,_55–56,_64n11,_198–202,_237,_358,_384n11-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz201924,_37,_55–56,_64n11,_198–202,_237,_358,_384n11_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatz2019">Katz 2019</a>, pp. 24, 37, 55–56, 64n11, 198–202, 237, 358, 384n11. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/Item/Shibusawa%20Eiichi:%20Father%20of%20Japanese%20Capitalism">"Shibusawa Eiichi: Father of Japanese Capitalism"</a>. Theodore Roosevelt Center. April 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+Center&rft.atitle=Shibusawa+Eiichi%3A+Father+of+Japanese+Capitalism&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodorerooseveltcenter.org%2FBlog%2FItem%2FShibusawa%2520Eiichi%3A%2520Father%2520of%2520Japanese%2520Capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Charles E. Neu, An Uncertain Friendship: Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 1906–1909 (Harvard University Press, 1967), p. 319 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uncertainfriends00neuc">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Raymond Leslie Buell, "The Development of the Anti-Japanese Agitation in the United States," Political Science Quarterly (1922) 37#4 pp. 605–638 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142459">part 1 in JSTOR</a> and Buell, "The Development of Anti-Japanese Agitation in the United States II," Political Science Quarterly (1923) 38#1 pp. 57–81 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142539">Part 2 in JSTOR</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Carl R. Weinberg, "The 'Gentlemen's Agreement' of 1907–08," OAH Magazine of History (2009) 23#4 pp 36–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> A. Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (1938). pp 354–360, 372–379 </li> <li id="cite_note-A._Whitney_Griswold_1938_p._128-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A._Whitney_Griswold_1938_p._128_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A._Whitney_Griswold_1938_p._128_40-1">b</a> A. Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern policy of the United States (1938) p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Roosevelt to Elihu Root, July 23, 1907, in Charles Neu, An Uncertain Friendship (1967) p 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Henry Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt (1956) p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Louis Morton, "Military and Naval Preparations for the Defense of the Philippines during the War Scare of 1907." Military Affairs (April 1949) 13#2 pp 95-104 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Thomas A. Bailey, "The Root-Takahira Agreement of 1908." Pacific Historical Review 9.1 (1940): 19-35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3634124">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Raymond A. Esthus, "The Taft-Katsura Agreement: Reality or Myth?" Journal of Modern History. 31#1: 46–51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1871772">Online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Cooper" class="citation web cs1">Rachel Cooper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113091642/http://dc.about.com/od/hoildaysseasonalevents/a/FAQsCherryTrees.htm">"Washington, DC's Cherry Trees - Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. About. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dc.about.com/od/hoildaysseasonalevents/a/FAQsCherryTrees.htm">the original</a> on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About&rft.atitle=Washington%2C+DC%27s+Cherry+Trees+-+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.au=Rachel+Cooper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdc.about.com%2Fod%2Fhoildaysseasonalevents%2Fa%2FFAQsCherryTrees.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bridgingfoundation.org/friendship-blossoms">"Friendship Blossoms—Dogwood Tree Initiative"</a>. U.S.-Japan Bridging Foundation. Retrieved 2021-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.-Japan+Bridging+Foundation&rft.atitle=Friendship+Blossoms%E2%80%94Dogwood+Tree+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bridgingfoundation.org%2Ffriendship-blossoms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ann McClellan, The cherry blossom festival: Sakura celebration (Bunker Hill Publishing, 2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Herbert P. Le Pore, " Hiram Johnson, Woodrow Wilson, and the California Alien Land Law Controversy of 1913." Southern California Quarterly 61.1 (1979): 99–110. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41170813">in JSTOR</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Arthur Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era (1954) pp. 84–87 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Jon Thares Davidann, "The American YMCA in Meiji Japan: God's Work Gone Awry." Journal of World History (1995) 6#1: 107-125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636924">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Noriko Ishii, "Crossing Boundaries of Womanhood: Professionalization and American Women Missionaries' Quest for Higher Education in Meiji Japan," Journal of American and Canadian Studies 19 (2001): 85–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Febe D. Pamonag, "Turn-of-the-century cross-cultural collaborations for Japanese women's higher education." US-Japan Women's Journal (2009): 33-56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42772000">Online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Cathal J. Nolan, et al. Turbulence in the Pacific: Japanese-U.S. Relations during World War I (2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1997106–116-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFeber1997106–116_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaFeber1997">LaFeber 1997</a>, pp. 106–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> J. Chal Vinson, "The Annulment of the Lansing-Ishii Agreement." Pacific Historical Review (1958): 57-69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3637211">Online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> A. Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (1938) pp 239-68 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Zhitian Luo, "National humiliation and national assertion-The Chinese response to the twenty-one demands," Modern Asian Studies (1993) 27#2 pp 297-319. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lewis_Allen" title="Frederick Lewis Allen">Frederick Lewis Allen</a> (1931), Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920s, 2011 reprint, Los Angeles: Indo-European, pp. 18-22, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60444-519-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60444-519-0">978-1-60444-519-0</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> A. Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (1938) pp 326-28 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1997-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFeber1997_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaFeber1997">LaFeber 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> John T. Davidann, "Citadels of Civilization: U.S. and Japanese Visions of World Order in the Interwar Period," in Richard Jensen, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds., Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century (2003) pp 21-44. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Harlan J. Swanson, "The 'Panay' Incident: Prelude To Pearl Harbor." U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings (Dec 1967) 93#12 pp 26-37. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-64"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_64-0">^</a> Pelz, Stephen E. Race to Pearl Harbor. Harvard University Press 1974 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_65-2">c</a> Maechling, Charles. Pearl Harbor: The First Energy War. History Today. Dec. 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Hein, Laura E. Fueling Growth. Harvard University Press 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_67-1">b</a> Maechling, Charles. Pearl Harbor: The First Energy War. History Today. December 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> This map is at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/COS-Biennial/maps/COS-Biennial-p156.jpg">Biennial Reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War 1 July 1939-30 June 1945 p 156</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-57/CMH_Pub_70-57.pdf">full War Department Report</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Conrad Totman, A History of Japan (2005). pp 554–556. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Herbert Feis, China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission (1953) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c517.html">contents</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Daniel Ford, Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941-1942 (2016). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Michael Schaller, "American Air Strategy in China, 1939-1941: The Origins of Clandestine Air Warfare" American Quarterly 28#1 (1976), pp. 3-19 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712474">in JSTOR</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Martha Byrd, Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger (2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> S. Woodburn Kirby, The War Against Japan: Volume I: The Loss of Singapore (HM Stationery Office, 195) pp 454-74. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Haruo Tohmatsu and H. P. Willmott, A Gathering Darkness: The Coming of War to the Far East and the Pacific (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Dorothy Borg and Shumpei Okamoto, eds. Pearl Harbor as History: Japanese-American Relations, 1931-1941 (1973). </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Herbert Feis, Road to Pearl Harbor: The Coming of the War Between the United States and Japan (1950) pp. 277-78 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtopearlharbo0000feis_l2w7">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Michael A. Barnhart, Japan prepares for total war: The search for economic security, 1919–1941 (1987) pp. 234, 262 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Jonathan Monten, "Intervention and State-Building: Comparative Lessons from Japan, Iraq, and Afghanistan" The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 656.1 (2014): 173-191. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> James Dobbins et al. America's role in nation-building: From Germany to Iraq (RAND Corporation, 2003) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20188-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20188_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20188_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_82-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_82-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201810-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201810_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201810_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201810_83-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201876-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201876_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Yoneyuki Sugita, "The Yoshida Doctrine as a myth." Japanese Journal of American Studies 27 (2016): 123-143 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaas.gr.jp/jjas/pdf/2016/06_SUGIYAMA.pdf">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201811-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201811_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201814-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201814_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201812-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201812_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201813-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201813_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201813_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201814–15-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201814–15_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201816–17-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201816–17_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1997316-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFeber1997316_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaFeber1997">LaFeber 1997</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992387-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992387_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992387_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992387_93-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 387. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018107-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur2018107_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1994" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Tim (1994-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE2DA113DF93AA35753C1A962958260">"C.I.A. Spent Millions to Support Japanese Right in 50's and 60's"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 2007-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=C.I.A.+Spent+Millions+to+Support+Japanese+Right+in+50%27s+and+60%27s&rft.date=1994-10-09&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C0DE2DA113DF93AA35753C1A962958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/xxix2">"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Part 2, Japan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2007-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1964-1968%2C+Vol.+XXIX%2C+Part+2%2C+Japan&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2006-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ffrus%2Fjohnsonlb%2Fxxix2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Chalmers (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725191810/http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp11.html">"The 1955 System and the American Connection: A Bibliographic Introduction"</a>. JPRI Working Paper No. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp11.html">the original</a> on 2020-07-25. Retrieved 2018-09-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JPRI+Working+Paper+No.+11&rft.atitle=The+1955+System+and+the+American+Connection%3A+A+Bibliographic+Introduction&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Chalmers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpri.org%2Fpublications%2Fworkingpapers%2Fwp11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201817–18-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201817–18_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201835-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201835_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20181-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20181_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201822-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201822_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201822–23-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201822–23_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201824-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201824_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201831-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201831_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201833-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201833_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201850-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201850_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201854–74-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201854–74_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, pp. 54–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201853–54-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201853–54_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackard2010" class="citation book cs1">Packard, George (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jd0wBWBXGKQC">Edwin O. Reischauer and the American Discovery of Japan</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 213–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231512770" title="Special:BookSources/9780231512770"><bdi>9780231512770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edwin+O.+Reischauer+and+the+American+Discovery+of+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780231512770&rft.aulast=Packard&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJd0wBWBXGKQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992388-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992388_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992388_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 388. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992388–389-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992388–389_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, pp. 388–389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389_112-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389_112-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389_112-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389_112-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389_112-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389_112-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992389_112-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201872-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201872_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201866-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201866_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201867-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201867_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201866-67-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201866-67_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 66-67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390_117-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390_117-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390_117-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390_117-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390_117-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390_117-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390_117-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390_117-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 390. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390–391-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992390–391_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, pp. 390–391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391_119-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Clyde V. Prestowitz, "Lie of the Tiger." Foreign Policy 182 (2010): 34–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Michael J. Green, By more than providence: Grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (2017) pp 403–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Michael Schaller, Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation (Oxford UP, 1997), pp. 254–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Andrew P. Cortell, "Centralization, access, and influence: The Reagan administration and the semiconductor industry's trade complaints." Governance 10.3 (1997): 261-285. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Barbara A. Sousa, Regulating Japanese Automobile Imports: Some Implications of the Voluntary Quota System, 5 British Columbia International and Comparative Law Review (1982) pp 431+, </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Thomas W. Zeiler, "Business Is War in US-‐Japanese Economic Relations, 1977-‐2001." in Partnership: The United States and Japan 1951-2001 ed. by Akira Irike and Robert Wampler, (2001) pp: 223-48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391–392-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992391–392_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, pp. 391–392. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085247/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/111183b.htm">"Joint Statement on Japan-United States Energy Cooperation"</a>. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum. 11 November 1983. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/111183b.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ronald+Reagan+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.atitle=Joint+Statement+on+Japan-United+States+Energy+Cooperation&rft.date=1983-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reagan.utexas.edu%2Farchives%2Fspeeches%2F1983%2F111183b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnmcc.or.jp/pdf/nichi_bei_kyoutei.pdf">"AGREEMENT FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OP JAPAN AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONCERNING PEACEFUL USES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY"</a> (PDF). Nuclear Material Control Center. 18 October 1988. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Material+Control+Center&rft.atitle=AGREEMENT+FOR+COOPERATION+BETWEEN+THE+GOVERNMENT+OP+JAPAN+AND+THE+GOVERNMENT+OF+THE+UNITED+STATES+OF+AMERICA+CONCERNING+PEACEFUL+USES+OF+NUCLEAR+ENERGY&rft.date=1988-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnmcc.or.jp%2Fpdf%2Fnichi_bei_kyoutei.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211085616/http://www.wpainc.com/Archive/Congressional%20Testimony/Testimony%20as%20Deputy%20Secretary,%20DOE/12-16-87%20%E2%80%93%20US-Japan%20Nuclear%20Cooperation%20Agreement%20%E2%80%93%20House%20Committee%20on%20Foreign%20Affairs.pdf">"United States-Japan Nuclear Co-operation Agreement"</a> (PDF). Washington Policy & Analysis. Washington Policy & Analysis, Inc. 2 March 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpainc.com/Archive/Congressional%20Testimony/Testimony%20as%20Deputy%20Secretary,%20DOE/12-16-87%20%E2%80%93%20US-Japan%20Nuclear%20Cooperation%20Agreement%20%E2%80%93%20House%20Committee%20on%20Foreign%20Affairs.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Policy+%26+Analysis&rft.atitle=United+States-Japan+Nuclear+Co-operation+Agreement&rft.date=1988-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpainc.com%2FArchive%2FCongressional%2520Testimony%2FTestimony%2520as%2520Deputy%2520Secretary%2C%2520DOE%2F12-16-87%2520%25E2%2580%2593%2520US-Japan%2520Nuclear%2520Cooperation%2520Agreement%2520%25E2%2580%2593%2520House%2520Committee%2520on%2520Foreign%2520Affairs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992392_130-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385_131-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtenbach-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtenbach_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtenbach1991" class="citation news cs1">Kurtenbach, Elaine (12 June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/d7d1710d320923a861bad6655fd7f15b">"Books's Predictions of War Derided, But It's a Bestseller"</a>. AP News. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Books%27s+Predictions+of+War+Derided%2C+But+It%27s+a+Bestseller&rft.date=1991-06-12&rft.aulast=Kurtenbach&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fd7d1710d320923a861bad6655fd7f15b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385–386-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992385–386_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, pp. 385–386. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992386-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992386_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992386_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992386_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992386_134-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992386_134-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 386. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinraub1989" class="citation news cs1">Weinraub, Bernard (April 28, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/29/world/us-and-japanese-agree-to-proceed-on-fighter-plane.html">"U.S. AND JAPANESE AGREE TO PROCEED ON FIGHTER PLANE"</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+AND+JAPANESE+AGREE+TO+PROCEED+ON+FIGHTER+PLANE&rft.date=1989-04-28&rft.aulast=Weinraub&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F04%2F29%2Fworld%2Fus-and-japanese-agree-to-proceed-on-fighter-plane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bush41library.tamu.edu/archives/public-papers/371">"The President's News Conference"</a>. George H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum. April 28, 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+President%27s+News+Conference&rft.pub=George+H.+W.+Bush+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.date=1989-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbush41library.tamu.edu%2Farchives%2Fpublic-papers%2F371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler" class="citation news cs1">Sandler, Norman D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/03/12/Former-Japanese-Prime-Minister-Meets-Bush/7513637218000/">"Former Japanese Prime Minister Meets Bush"</a>. UPI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+Japanese+Prime+Minister+Meets+Bush&rft.aulast=Sandler&rft.aufirst=Norman+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1990%2F03%2F12%2FFormer-Japanese-Prime-Minister-Meets-Bush%2F7513637218000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/28/business/us-drops-japan-from-target-list.html">"U.S. Drops Japan From Target List"</a>. The New York Times. April 28, 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Drops+Japan+From+Target+List&rft.date=1990-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F04%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fus-drops-japan-from-target-list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201874-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201874_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd1991" class="citation news cs1">Dowd, Maureen (April 5, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/05/world/bush-and-japanese-call-end-to-bashing.html">"Bush and Japanese Call End to 'Bashing'"</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+and+Japanese+Call+End+to+%27Bashing%27&rft.date=1991-04-05&rft.aulast=Dowd&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F04%2F05%2Fworld%2Fbush-and-japanese-call-end-to-bashing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/11/14/Prime-minister-shares-Bushs-desire-to-defuse-friction/3752690094800/">"Prime minister shares Bush's desire to defuse friction"</a>. UPI. November 14, 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prime+minister+shares+Bush%27s+desire+to+defuse+friction&rft.date=1991-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1991%2F11%2F14%2FPrime-minister-shares-Bushs-desire-to-defuse-friction%2F3752690094800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerraro1991" class="citation news cs1">Ferraro, Thomas (December 7, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/12/07/Bush-says-US-appreciates-remorse-of-Japan/6434692082000/">"Bush says U.S. appreciates 'remorse' of Japan"</a>. UPI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bush+says+U.S.+appreciates+%27remorse%27+of+Japan&rft.date=1991-12-07&rft.aulast=Ferraro&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1991%2F12%2F07%2FBush-says-US-appreciates-remorse-of-Japan%2F6434692082000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-143"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PPP-1992-book1/html/PPP-1992-book1-doc-pg52.htm">"1992 Public Papers 52- Text of Remarks at the State Dinner Hosted by Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa of Japan in Tokyo"</a>. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 8 January 1992. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.atitle=1992+Public+Papers+52-+Text+of+Remarks+at+the+State+Dinner+Hosted+by+Prime+Minister+Kiichi+Miyazawa+of+Japan+in+Tokyo&rft.date=1992-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FPPP-1992-book1%2Fhtml%2FPPP-1992-book1-doc-pg52.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Chang Ya-chun, "Beijing's Maritime Rivalry with the United States and Japan: The Search for Institutionalized Mechanisms of Competition." Issues & Studies (June 1998) 34#6 pp 56-79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey2021-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey2021_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey2021_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey2021_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey2021_145-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey2021_145-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey2021_145-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey2021_145-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey2021_145-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey2021_145-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey2021_145-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey2021_145-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoey2021">Hoey 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Jagdish Bhagwati, "Samurais no more." Foreign Affairs (1994): 7-12 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8R501NH/download">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Warren Christopher, In the stream of history (1998) pp 139–151, by the US Secretary of State. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikanagi" class="citation web cs1">Mikanagi, Yumiko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/irap/article-abstract/4/1/97/730845">"Okinawa: women, bases and US–Japan relations"</a>. Oxford Academic. Retrieved 4 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Academic&rft.atitle=Okinawa%3A+women%2C+bases+and+US%E2%80%93Japan+relations&rft.aulast=Mikanagi&rft.aufirst=Yumiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Firap%2Farticle-abstract%2F4%2F1%2F97%2F730845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2018152-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2018152_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2018">Miller 2018</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-NBCNews-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBCNews_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBCNews_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13613148">"Bush & Koizumi Have Unique Relationship"</a>. NBC News. June 29, 2006. Retrieved October 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Bush+%26+Koizumi+Have+Unique+Relationship&rft.date=2006-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna13613148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Pessin2009" class="citation web cs1">Al Pessin (20 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2009/10/mil-091020-voa01.htm">"Gates: 'No Alternatives' to US-Japan Security Accord"</a>. GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobalSecurity.org&rft.atitle=Gates%3A+%27No+Alternatives%27+to+US-Japan+Security+Accord&rft.date=2009-10-20&rft.au=Al+Pessin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Flibrary%2Fnews%2F2009%2F10%2Fmil-091020-voa01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pomfret2009" class="citation news cs1">John Pomfret (29 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/28/AR2009122802271.html?hpid%3Dtopnews&sub=AR">"U.S. concerned about new Japanese premier Hatoyama"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+concerned+about+new+Japanese+premier+Hatoyama&rft.date=2009-12-29&rft.au=John+Pomfret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F12%2F28%2FAR2009122802271.html%3Fhpid%253Dtopnews%26sub%3DAR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/04/28/president-obama-thanks-japanese-leader-for-karaoke-emojis/?outputType=amp">"President Obama thanks Japanese leader for karaoke, emoji"</a>. The Washington Post. 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=President+Obama+thanks+Japanese+leader+for+karaoke%2C+emoji&rft.date=2015-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2015%2F04%2F28%2Fpresident-obama-thanks-japanese-leader-for-karaoke-emojis%2F%3FoutputType%3Damp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2018140-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2018140_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2018">Miller 2018</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-155"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich2018" class="citation news cs1">Rich, Motoko (2018-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/23/world/asia/japan-trump-tariffs-trade-.html">"Misreading Trump: Ally Japan Is Spurned on Tariff Exemptions"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2021-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Misreading+Trump%3A+Ally+Japan+Is+Spurned+on+Tariff+Exemptions&rft.date=2018-03-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Motoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F23%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fjapan-trump-tariffs-trade-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-156"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleem2017" class="citation web cs1">Aleem, Zeeshan (2017-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/world/2017/11/6/16611986/trump-japan-samurai-north-korea-trade-deficit">"Trump swipes at Japan over trade and North Korea — from Japan"</a>. Vox. Retrieved 2021-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Trump+swipes+at+Japan+over+trade+and+North+Korea+%E2%80%94+from+Japan&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft.aulast=Aleem&rft.aufirst=Zeeshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2F11%2F6%2F16611986%2Ftrump-japan-samurai-north-korea-trade-deficit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Diamond2017" class="citation web cs1">Jeremy Diamond (6 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/05/politics/trump-us-japanese-trade/index.html">"Trump knocks US-Japanese trade relationship"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 2021-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Trump+knocks+US-Japanese+trade+relationship&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft.au=Jeremy+Diamond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F11%2F05%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-us-japanese-trade%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-158"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2019" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, Tucker (2019-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/26/trump-questions-whether-postwar-defense-agreement-with-japan-is-fair.html">"Trump questions Japan defense pact, says if US is attacked, 'they can watch on a Sony television'"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved 2021-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Trump+questions+Japan+defense+pact%2C+says+if+US+is+attacked%2C+%27they+can+watch+on+a+Sony+television%27&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F06%2F26%2Ftrump-questions-whether-postwar-defense-agreement-with-japan-is-fair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKageyama2019" class="citation web cs1">Kageyama, Yuri (December 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/asia-pacific-donald-trump-us-news-global-trade-japan-b70651046273429c9eaa7afc1a88fc9b">"Trump's US-Japan Trade Deal Wins Japan Parliament Approval"</a>. AP News. Retrieved October 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+US-Japan+Trade+Deal+Wins+Japan+Parliament+Approval&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft.aulast=Kageyama&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fasia-pacific-donald-trump-us-news-global-trade-japan-b70651046273429c9eaa7afc1a88fc9b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/will-auto-trade-be-casualty-us-japan-trade-talks">"Will Auto Trade Be a Casualty of US-Japan Trade Talks?"</a>. PIIE. 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2021-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PIIE&rft.atitle=Will+Auto+Trade+Be+a+Casualty+of+US-Japan+Trade+Talks%3F&rft.date=2019-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.piie.com%2Fblogs%2Ftrade-and-investment-policy-watch%2Fwill-auto-trade-be-casualty-us-japan-trade-talks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14488532">"EDITORIAL: Japan must pin U.S. down on pledge to scrap auto tariffs | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis"</a>. The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2021-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=EDITORIAL%3A+Japan+must+pin+U.S.+down+on+pledge+to+scrap+auto+tariffs+%7C+The+Asahi+Shimbun%3A+Breaking+News%2C+Japan+News+and+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fajw%2Farticles%2F14488532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/japan-us-set-plans-talks-resolving-tariffs-dispute-81221638">"Japan, US set framework for talks on trade, broader ties"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 2021-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Japan%2C+US+set+framework+for+talks+on+trade%2C+broader+ties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2FwireStory%2Fjapan-us-set-plans-talks-resolving-tariffs-dispute-81221638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Sacks, David. Research Report:Enhancing U.S.-Japan Coordination for a Taiwan Conflict. Council on Foreign Relations, 2022, p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep38830">JSTOR</a> Retrieved 9 February 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNEWS" class="citation web cs1">NEWS, KYODO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2025/02/6a11586ad795-ishiba-trump-to-affirm-solid-japan-us-alliance-economic-ties.html">"Ishiba, Trump vow to pursue "new golden age" of Japan-U.S. ties"</a>. Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2025-02-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyodo+News%2B&rft.atitle=Ishiba%2C+Trump+vow+to+pursue+%26quot%3Bnew+golden+age%26quot%3B+of+Japan-U.S.+ties&rft.aulast=NEWS&rft.aufirst=KYODO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.kyodonews.net%2Fnews%2F2025%2F02%2F6a11586ad795-ishiba-trump-to-affirm-solid-japan-us-alliance-economic-ties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283_165-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283_165-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283_165-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283_165-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283_165-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283_165-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283_165-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.media.mit.edu/profile/country/jpn/">"OEC: Japan"</a>. OEC. Retrieved 26 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OEC&rft.atitle=OEC%3A+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlas.media.mit.edu%2Fprofile%2Fcountry%2Fjpn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283–284-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992283–284_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, pp. 283–284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992284-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992284_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992284_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992284_168-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992393-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992393_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger1988" class="citation news cs1">Sanger, David E. (1988-08-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/04/business/japan-protests-trade-sanctions-in-the-bill.html">"Japan Protests Trade Sanctions in the Bill"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 29 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+Protests+Trade+Sanctions+in+the+Bill&rft.date=1988-08-04&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F08%2F04%2Fbusiness%2Fjapan-protests-trade-sanctions-in-the-bill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285_171-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285_171-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285_171-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285_171-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992285_171-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Roger Buckley, U. S.-Japan Alliance Diplomacy, 1945-1990 (1995) p 144 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Dick K. Nanto, ed. Japan's 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: Economic Effects and Implications for the United States (DIANE Publishing, 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Wei Zongyou, and Zhang Yunhan, "The Biden Administration's Indo-Pacific Strategy and China-US Strategic Competition." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies (2022): 1-22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454_175-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454_175-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454_175-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454_175-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 454. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454–455-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992454–455_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, pp. 454–455. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455_177-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455_177-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455_177-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolanWorden1992455_177-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolanWorden1992">Dolan & Worden 1992</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-JapanDrones-178"><a href="#cite_ref-JapanDrones_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531162651/http://www.thejapannews.net/index.php/sid/222467199/scat/c4f2dd8ca8c78044/ht/Advanced-US-drones-deployed-in-Japan-to-keep-watch-on-China-North-Korea">"Advanced US drones deployed in Japan to keep watch on China, North Korea"</a>. The Japan News.Net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejapannews.net/index.php/sid/222467199/scat/c4f2dd8ca8c78044/ht/Advanced-US-drones-deployed-in-Japan-to-keep-watch-on-China-North-Korea">the original</a> on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Advanced+US+drones+deployed+in+Japan+to+keep+watch+on+China%2C+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejapannews.net%2Findex.php%2Fsid%2F222467199%2Fscat%2Fc4f2dd8ca8c78044%2Fht%2FAdvanced-US-drones-deployed-in-Japan-to-keep-watch-on-China-North-Korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014083818/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20181014/k10011671211000.html">"日米共同で離島防衛訓練演習場以外で初鹿児島 | Nhkニュース"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20181014/k10011671211000.html">the original</a> on 2018-10-14. Retrieved 2018-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E3%81%A7%E9%9B%A2%E5%B3%B6%E9%98%B2%E8%A1%9B%E8%A8%93%E7%B7%B4+%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92%E5%A0%B4%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%96%E3%81%A7%E5%88%9D+%E9%B9%BF%E5%85%90%E5%B3%B6+%26%23124%3B+Nhk%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnews%2Fhtml%2F20181014%2Fk10011671211000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/2024/08/japan-adds-amraam-to-missile-co-production-pact-with-us/">"Japan adds AMRAAM to missile co-production pact with US"</a>. 2 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan+adds+AMRAAM+to+missile+co-production+pact+with+US&rft.date=2024-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianmilitaryreview.com%2F2024%2F08%2Fjapan-adds-amraam-to-missile-co-production-pact-with-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiroko_Tabuchi" title="Hiroko Tabuchi">Hiroko Tabuchi</a> and Thom Shanker, "Deal to Move Okinawa Base Wins Approval," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/27/world/asia/deal-to-move-okinawa-base-wins-approval.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20131227&_r=0">New York Times Dec. 27, 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2024" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Jesse (9 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/10/09/japan/politics/nakatani-austin-us-japan-defense/">"U.S. and Japan defense chiefs agree to beef up Nansei Islands presence"</a>. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+Japan+defense+chiefs+agree+to+beef+up+Nansei+Islands+presence&rft.date=2024-10-09&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2024%2F10%2F09%2Fjapan%2Fpolitics%2Fnakatani-austin-us-japan-defense%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshihiro_Makinioa2013" class="citation news cs1">Yoshihiro Makinioa (19 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212043251/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/AJ201307190076">"Japan dropped plan for eavesdropping network, still relies on U.S."</a> The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/AJ201307190076">the original</a> on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Japan+dropped+plan+for+eavesdropping+network%2C+still+relies+on+U.S.&rft.date=2013-07-19&rft.au=Yoshihiro+Makinioa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajw.asahi.com%2Farticle%2Fbehind_news%2FAJ201307190076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcsportsboston.com/mlb/boston-red-sox/when-did-baseball-start-in-japan-and-how-did-it-become-so-popular/290301/">"When did baseball start in Japan and how did it become so popular?"</a>. NBC Sports Boston. 2023-03-23. Retrieved 2024-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+Sports+Boston&rft.atitle=When+did+baseball+start+in+Japan+and+how+did+it+become+so+popular%3F&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcsportsboston.com%2Fmlb%2Fboston-red-sox%2Fwhen-did-baseball-start-in-japan-and-how-did-it-become-so-popular%2F290301%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/03/us/japan-baseball-manzanar-internment.html">"In an Internment Camp, All They Had Was Baseball. A New Generation Is Back to Play"</a>. The New York TImes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+TImes&rft.atitle=In+an+Internment+Camp%2C+All+They+Had+Was+Baseball.+A+New+Generation+Is+Back+to+Play.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F11%2F03%2Fus%2Fjapan-baseball-manzanar-internment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gallup1-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gallup1_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup1_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/1624/perceptions-foreign-countries.aspx">"Country Ratings"</a>. Gallup.com. Gallup, Inc. 2007-02-21. Retrieved 22 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup.com&rft.atitle=Country+Ratings&rft.date=2007-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F1624%2Fperceptions-foreign-countries.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2015/04/07/americans-japanese-mutual-respect-70-years-after-the-end-of-wwii/">"Americans, Japanese: Mutual Respect 70 Years After the End of WWII"</a>. Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. Pew. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Global+Attitudes+Project&rft.atitle=Americans%2C+Japanese%3A+Mutual+Respect+70+Years+After+the+End+of+WWII&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2015%2F04%2F07%2Famericans-japanese-mutual-respect-70-years-after-the-end-of-wwii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/233/">"Global Indicators Database"</a>. Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Global+Attitudes+Project&rft.atitle=Global+Indicators+Database&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2Fdatabase%2Findicator%2F1%2Fcountry%2F233%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Saho Matusumoto, "Diplomatic History" in Kelly Boyd, ed., The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing (1999) pp 314–165 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> T.G. Fraser and Peter Lowe, eds. Conflict and Amity in East Asia: Essays in Honour of Ian Nish (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780333545393">excerpt</a> pp 77-91. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Natsuki Aruga, "Viewing American History from Japan" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas_Barreyre2014" class="citation book cs1">Nicolas Barreyre; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17MwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194">Historians Across Borders: Writing American History in a Global Age</a>. U of California Press. pp. 189–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520279292" title="Special:BookSources/9780520279292"><bdi>9780520279292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historians+Across+Borders%3A+Writing+American+History+in+a+Global+Age&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=U+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780520279292&rft.au=Nicolas+Barreyre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17MwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Japan–United States relations <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Japan%E2%80%93United+States+relations">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Japan%E2%80%93United+States+relations&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Surveys">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Auslin, Michael R. Pacific Cosmopolitans: A Cultural History of U.S.-Japan Relations (2011)</li> <li>Calder, Kent E. Pacific Alliance: Reviving US-Japan Relations (Yale University Press, 2009).</li> <li>Dian, Matteo. The Evolution of the US–Japan Alliance The Eagle and the Chrysanthemum (Elsevier, 2015).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolanWorden1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dolan, Ronald E.; Worden, Robert L., eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/91029874/">Japan: A Country Study</a> (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0731-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0731-3"><bdi>0-8444-0731-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24247433">24247433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24247433&rft.isbn=0-8444-0731-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F91029874%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. Brief history of U.S.-Japan relations, pp. 384–393</li> <li>Emmerson, John K. and Harrison M. Holland, eds. The eagle and the rising sun : America and Japan in the twentieth century (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eaglerising00emme">Online free to borrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green_(political_expert)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Green (political expert)">Green, Michael J.</a> By more than providence: Grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (Columbia UP, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/by-more-than-providence/9780231180429">online</a>; 725pp; comprehensive scholarly survey.</li> <li>Iokibe Makoto and Tosh Minohara (Eng. translation), eds. The History of US-Japan Relations: From Perry to the Present (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9789811031830">online</a></li> <li>Jackson, Carl T. "The Influence of Asia upon American Thought: A Bibliographical Essay." American Studies International 22#1 (1984), pp. 3–31, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41280625">online</a> covers China, India & Japan</li> <li>Jentleson, Bruce W. and Thomas G. Paterson, eds. Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations (4 vol 1997) 2: 446–458, brief overview.</li> <li>Kosaka Masataka. The Remarkable History of Japan-US Relations (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jpicinternational.com/books/history/4d12ad3d19ff42978c25ac54ba3a5fa057e3d7d8.html">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFeber1997" class="citation book cs1">LaFeber, Walter (1997). The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash%3A+A+History+of+U.S.-Japan+Relations&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=LaFeber&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashhistoryofus00lafe">online</a>; also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/11765/reviews/11804/davidann-lafeber-clash-us-japanese-relations-throughout-history">online review by Jon Davidann</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatray2002" class="citation book cs1">Matray, James I., ed. (2002). East Asia and the United States: An Encyclopedia of Relations since 1784. Greenwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia+and+the+United+States%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Relations+since+1784&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/East-Asia-United-States-Encyclopedia/dp/0313324476/">excerpt v.2</a></li> <li>Mauch, Peter, and Yoneyuki Sugita. Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan Relations (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-States-Japan-Relations-Dictionaries/dp/0810856085/">Excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Miller, John H. American Political and Cultural Perspectives on Japan: From Perry to Obama (Lexington Books, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/American-Political-Cultural-Perspectives-Japan-ebook/dp/B00JM5W0SE/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNester2006" class="citation book cs1">Nester, William R. (2006). Power across the Pacific: A Diplomatic History of American Relations with Japan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+across+the+Pacific%3A+A+Diplomatic+History+of+American+Relations+with+Japan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Nester&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poweracrosspacif0000nest">online</a></li> <li>Neu, Charles E. The Troubled Encounter: The United States and Japan (Krieger, 1979).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/troubledencounte0000neuc">online</a></li> <li>Neumann, William L. America encounters Japan; from Perry to MacArthur (1961) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaencounter0000neum">online</a></li> <li>Reischauer, Edwin O. The United States and Japan (1957) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesjapa00reis">online</a></li> <li>Sant, Van John, Peter Mauch, and Yoneyuki Sugita. The A to Z of United States-Japan Relations (Scarecrow Press, 2010).</li> <li>Shimamoto, Mayako, Koji Ito, and Yoneyuki Sugita. Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre_1945">Pre 1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Pre 1945">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans#Further_reading" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Asada, Sadao. From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States (Naval Institute Press, 2013).</li> <li>Austin, Ian Patrick. Ulysses S. Grant and Meiji Japan, 1869-1885: Diplomacy, Strategic Thought and the Economic Context of US-Japan Relations (Routledge, 2019).</li> <li>Barnhart, Michael A. Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919–1941 (Cornell University Press, 1987).</li> <li>Barnhart, Michael A. "Japan's economic security and the origins of the Pacific war." Journal of Strategic Studies (1981) 4#2 pp: 105–124.</li> <li>Beasley, William G. Japan Encounters the Barbarian: Japanese Travellers in America and Europe (Yale University Press, 1995).</li> <li>Borg, Dorothy, and Shumpei Okamoto, eds. Pearl Harbor as History: Japanese-American Relations, 1931-1941 (Columbia University Press, 1973), essays by scholars</li> <li>Buell, Raymond Leslie. "The Development of the Anti-Japanese Agitation in the United States," Political Science Quarterly (1922) 37#4 pp 605–638, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142459">part 1 in JSTOR</a>; and "The Development of Anti-Japanese Agitation in the United States II," Political Science Quarterly (1923) pp 38.1 57–81; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142539">part 2 in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Burns, Richard Dean, and Edward Moore Bennett, eds. Diplomats in crisis: United States-Chinese-Japanese relations, 1919-1941 (1974) short articles by scholars from all three countries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomatsincrisi00atsj/page/n7">online </a></li> <li>Cullen, L. M. A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds (Cambridge University Press, 2003).</li> <li>Davidann, Jon. "A World of Crisis and Progress: The American YMCA in Japan, 1890-1930" (Lehigh University Press, 1998).</li> <li>Davidann, Jon. Cultural Diplomacy in U.S.-Japanese Relations, 1919-1941 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).</li> <li>Dennett, Tyler. Americans in Eastern Asia: A Critical Study of the Policy of the United States with Reference to China, Japan, and Korea in the 19th Century (1922) 725 pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansineast00denngoog/page/n9">Online </a></li></ul> <ul><li>Dower, John. War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (W. W. Norton, 1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warwithoutmercyr00dowe">online</a>.</li> <li>Dulles, Foster Rhea. Yankees and Samurai: America's Role in the Emergence of Modern Japan, 1791-1900 (Harper and Row, 1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yankeessamurai0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Foster, John. American Diplomacy in the Orient (1903) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americandiploma02fostgoog/page/n7">Online</a> 525 pp.</li> <li>Gallicchio, Marc S. The African American Encounter with Japan and China: Black Internationalism in Asia, 1895-1945 (University of North Carolina Press, 2000).</li></ul> <ul><li>Gripentrog, John. Prelude to Pearl Harbor: Ideology and Culture in US-Japan Relations, 1919-1941 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59718">online scholarly review of this book</a></li> <li>Griswold, A. Whitney. The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (1938) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.12294">online</a></li> <li>Gruhl, Werner. Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931-1945 (Routledge, 2007).</li> <li>Henning, Joseph M. Outposts of Civilization: Race, Religion, and the Formative Years of American-Japanese Relations (New York University Press, 2000).</li> <li>Hosoya, Chihiro. "Miscalculations in deterrent policy: Japanese-US relations, 1938-1941." Journal of Peace Research (1968) 5#2 pp: 97–115. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8242/1/HJlaw0060000290.pdf?origin=publication_detail">online</a></li> <li>Iriye, Akira and Robert A. Wampler, eds. Partnership: The United States and Japan 1951–2001. (Kodansha International, 2001)</li> <li>Kawamura Noriko. Turbulence in the Pacific: Japanese-U.S. Relations During World War I (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Turbulence-Pacific-Japanese-U-S-Relations-International/dp/0275968537">excerpt</a></li> <li>Kawamura, Noriko. "Wilsonian idealism and Japanese claims at the Paris Peace Conference," Pacific Historical Review (1997) 66$4 pp 503–526.</li> <li>Koichiro, Matsuda. Japan and the Pacific, 1540–1920: Threat and Opportunity (Routledge, 2017).</li> <li>Leong, Andrew Way. "Early Japanese American Literature, 1815–1900." in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/60434116/acrefore-9780190201098-e-83820190829-79592-1bdwdae.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Miller, Edward S. Bankrupting the Enemy: The US Financial Siege of Japan before Pearl Harbor (Naval Institute Press, 2007).</li> <li>Miller, Edward S. War Plan Orange: The US Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897-1945 (Naval Institute Press, 2007).</li> <li>Miyoshi, Masao. As We Saw Them: The First Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860) (University of California Press, 1979)</li> <li>Morley, James William, ed. Japan's Foreign Policy, 1868-1941: A Research Guide (Columbia University Press, 1974), toward the United States, pp 407–62.</li> <li>Neu, Charles E. An Uncertain Friendship: Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 1906–1909 (1967).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uncertainfriends00neuc">online</a></li> <li>Nimmo, William F. Stars and Stripes across the Pacific: The United States, Japan, and Asia/Pacific Region, 1895-1945 (Praeger, 2001)</li> <li>Nish, Ian. Japanese Foreign Policy 1869–1942: Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977)</li> <li>Rapkin, David P. "The Emergence and Intensification of U.S.-Japan Rivalry in the Early Twentieth Century," pp 337–370 in William R. Thompson, ed. Great Power Rivalries (University of South Carolina Press, 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qAZ4I-8tQIsC">online</a></li> <li>Rosenstone, Robert A. Mirror in the Shrine: American Encounters with Meiji Japan (Harvard University Press, 1988).</li> <li>Spector, Ronald H. Eagle against the Sun: The American War with Japan (Vintage, 2012).</li> <li>Thorne, Christopher G. The Limits of Foreign Policy: The West, the League and the Far Eastern crisis of 1931-1933 (1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitsofforeignp00thor">online</a></li> <li>Treat, Paxson .Japan and the United States, 1853-1921 (1921) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanunitedstate00treauoft">Online</a></li> <li>Utley, Jonathan G. Going to War With Japan, 1937-1941 (Fordham UP, 1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goingtowarwithja00jona">online</a></li> <li>Van Sant, John E. Pacific Pioneers: Japanese Journeys to America and Hawaii, 1850-80 (University of Illinois Press, 2000).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1945">Since 1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Since 1945">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Berger, Thomas U., Mike Mochizuki, and Jitsuo Tsuchiyama, eds. Japan in International Politics: The Foreign Policies of an Adaptive State (Lynne Rienner, 2007)</li> <li>Bridoux, Jeff. American Foreign Policy and Postwar Reconstruction: Comparing Japan and Iraq (2010)</li> <li>Calder, Kent E. "The Outlier Alliance: US-Japan Security Ties in Comparative Perspective," The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis (2003) 15#2 pp 31–56.</li> <li>Cha, Victor D. "Powerplay: Origins of the US Alliance System in Asia." International Security (2010) 34#3 pp 158–196.</li> <li>De Melo, Jaime, and David Tarr. "VERs under imperfect competition and foreign direct investment: A case study of the US-Japan auto VER." Japan and the World Economy 8.1 (1996): 11–33.</li> <li>Dower, John. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (W. W. Norton, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japaninwarpeaces0000dowe">online</a></li> <li>Eldridge, Robert D. The Origins of the Bilateral Okinawa Problem: Okinawa in Postwar US-Japan Relations, 1945-1952 (Routledge, 2013).</li> <li>Forsberg, Aaron. America and the Japanese Miracle: The Cold War Context of Japan's Postwar Economic Revival, 1950-1960 (2000).</li> <li>Gluck, Carol. "Entangling Illusions: Japanese and American Views of the Occupation," in New Frontiers in American-East Asian Relations, edited by Warren Cohen. (Columbia University Press, 1983).</li> <li>Gourevitch, Peter et al. eds. United States-Japan Relations and International Institutions after the Cold War 1995).</li> <li>Hamada, Tomoko. American Enterprise in Japan: Other Ways of Loving and Knowing (SUNY Press, 1991).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoey2021" class="citation web cs1">Hoey, Fintan (April 26, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/clinton-miyazawa-and-hosokawa-us-japanese-relations-lost-decade">"Clinton, Miyazawa, and Hosokawa: US-Japanese Relations in the "Lost Decade""</a>. Sources and Methods: A Blog of the History and Public Policy Program. Wilson Center. Retrieved October 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sources+and+Methods%3A+A+Blog+of+the+History+and+Public+Policy+Program&rft.atitle=Clinton%2C+Miyazawa%2C+and+Hosokawa%3A+US-Japanese+Relations+in+the+%22Lost+Decade%22&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft.aulast=Hoey&rft.aufirst=Fintan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fblog-post%2Fclinton-miyazawa-and-hosokawa-us-japanese-relations-lost-decade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hook, Glenn D., et al. Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security (3rd ed. Routledge, 2011), comprehensive textbook</li> <li>Ikeda, Yoshiko. "Changing Images of Japanese Women in American Films: From the Teahouse of the August Moon (1956) to Memoirs of a Geisha (2005)." Regioninės studijos 3 (2009): 47–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vdu.lt/cris/bitstream/20.500.12259/32522/1/ISSN2029-2074_2009_V_3.PG_47_62.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century (2003)</li> <li>Johnson, Sheila. The Japanese through American Eyes (1988).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2018" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Nick (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ">Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674988484" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674988484"><bdi>978-0674988484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+at+the+Crossroads%3A+Conflict+and+Compromise+after+Anpo&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0674988484&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRe5hDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/2020/18/Kapur.html">excerpt</a></li> <li>Kelskey, Karen. Women on the Verge: Japanese Women, Western Dreams (2001)</li> <li>Kitamura, Hiroshi. Screening Enlightenment: Hollywood and the Cultural Reconstruction of Defeated Japan (Cornell University Press, 2010).</li> <li>Koikari, Mire. Pedagogy of Democracy: Feminism and the Cold War in the U.S. Occupation of Japan (2008)</li> <li>Kuliabin A. Semin S. Russia — a counterbalancing agent to the Asia. Zavtra Rossii, #28, 17 July 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20121221162053/http://simon31.narod.ru/article-eng.htm">[2]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2018" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Jennifer M. (2018). "Let's Not be Laughed at Anymore: Donald Trump and Japan from the 1980s to the Present". Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 25 (2): 138–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18765610-02502004">10.1163/18765610-02502004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158386751">158386751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American-East+Asian+Relations&rft.atitle=Let%27s+Not+be+Laughed+at+Anymore%3A+Donald+Trump+and+Japan+from+the+1980s+to+the+Present&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18765610-02502004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158386751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nakasone Peace Institute, Kitaoka Shinichi, and Kubo Fumiaki, eds. The Japan-US Alliance of Hope: Asia-Pacific Maritime Security (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jpicinternational.com/books/politicalscience/4eb431dc2cdf8a6bf5036cd691c22514fa5a8739.html">[3]</a></li> <li>Oros, Andrew L. Normalizing Japan: Politics, Identity, and the Evolution of Security Practice (2008)</li> <li>O'Shea, Paul, and Sebastian Maslow. " 'Making the Alliance Even Greater': (Mis-)managing US-Japan Relations in the Age of Trump." Asian Security 17.2 (2021): 195–215. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14799855.2020.1838486">online</a></li> <li>Roosa, Robert V. The United States and Japan in the International Monetary System, 1946-1985 (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesjapa1986roos">online</a></li> <li>Rozman, Gilbert, ed. Asia's Alliance Triangle: US-Japan-South Korea Relations at a Tumultuous Time (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)</li> <li>Scalapino, Robert A., ed. The foreign policy of modern Japan (U of California Press, 1977).</li> <li>Schaller, Michael. Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smile.amazon.com/gp/product/0195069161/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Smitka, Michael. "Foreign Policy and the US Automotive Industry: By Virtue of Necessity?" Business and Economic History 28.2 (1999): 277–285, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23703338">online</a></li> <li>Sugita, Yoneyuki. "The Yoshida Doctrine as a Myth." Japanese Journal of American Studies 27 (2016): 123-143 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaas.gr.jp/jjas/pdf/2016/06_SUGIYAMA.pdf">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_2">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aruga, Natsuki, "Viewing American History from Japan" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas_Barreyre2014" class="citation book cs1">Nicolas Barreyre; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17MwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194">Historians Across Borders: Writing American History in a Global Age</a>. U of California Press. pp. 189–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520279292" title="Special:BookSources/9780520279292"><bdi>9780520279292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historians+Across+Borders%3A+Writing+American+History+in+a+Global+Age&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=U+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780520279292&rft.au=Nicolas+Barreyre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17MwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapan%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Deptula, Nancy Monteith and Michael M. Hess. The Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies: A Twenty-Year Chronicle. (Reischauer Institute, Harvard., 1996).</li> <li>Dower, John. 'Occupied Japan as History and Occupation History as Politics," Journal of Asian Studies (1975) 34#2 485–504.</li> <li>May, Ernest R. and James V. Thomson, Jr., eds. American-East Asian Relations: A Survey (Harvard UP, 1972).</li> <li>Molasky, Michael. The American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa: Literature and Memory (1999).</li> <li>Pederson, William D. ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 612–35, FDR and Japan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Borton, Hugh. Spanning Japan's modern century: the memoirs of Hugh Borton (Lexington Books, 2002_. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Borton" title="Hugh Borton">Hugh Borton</a> was an American historian of Japan.</li> <li>Grew, Joseph C. Ten years in Japan, contemporary record drawn from the diaries and private and official papers of Joseph C. Grew, United States ambassador to Japan 1932–1942 (1944) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176309">online</a></li> <li>Miyazawa, Kiichi. Secret Talks between Tokyo and Washington: The Memoirs of Miyazawa Kiichi, 1949-1954 (Lexington Books, 2007).</li> <li>Miyoshi, Masao. As We Saw Them: The First Embassy to the United States (New York, 1994)</li> <li>Morris, Roland S. "The Memoirs of Viscount Ishii." Foreign Affairs 10#4 (1932), pp. 677–87 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/20030469">online</a></li> <li>Mura, David. Turning Japanese: Memoirs of a Sansei (Grove Press, 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DsXbfLBBxcsC&dq=us+japan+relations+memoirs&pg=PA6">online</a>.</li> <li>Reischauer, Edwin. My Life Between Japan and America (1986). <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O._Reischauer" title="Edwin O. Reischauer">Edwin O. Reischauer</a> was an American historian of Japan.</li> <li>Tsuchida, Nobuya, ed. Reflections: Memoirs of Japanese American Women in Minnesota (Pacific Asia Press, 1994).</li> <li>U.S. Congress, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with Japan 1931 - 1941 (1943) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=header&id=FRUS.FRUS193141v01">vol 1 online</a> 431pp <ul><li>U.S. Congress, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with Japan 1931 - 1941 (1943) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=header&id=FRUS.FRUS193141v02">vol 2 online</a> 816 pp</li></ul></li> <li>Yoshida, Shigeru. The Yoshida Memoirs. The Story of Japan in Crisis (1962)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-japan/">U.S. Relations With Japan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/countries/japan">History of Japan - U.S. relations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/">The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: Japan – U.S. Relations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014175036/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552697">Japanese-US Economic Relations</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/english/html/index.html">Embassy of Japan in the United States of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527200942/http://japanese.japan.usembassy.gov/index.html">Embassy of the United States of America Tokyo, Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Japan–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States479" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Japan–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Japan–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Japan–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States479" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Japan,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Japan, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Japan, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Japan_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Japan to the United States">Ambassadors of Japan to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tokyo" title="Embassy of the United States, Tokyo">Embassy of the United States, Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Japan" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Japan">Ambassadors of the United States to Japan</a></li> <li>Japanese Consulate-Generals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Japan,_Atlanta" title="Consulate General of Japan, Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Japan,_Detroit" title="Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Japan,_Honolulu" title="Consulate General of Japan, Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Japan,_Houston" title="Consulate General of Japan, Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Japan,_Nashville" title="Consulate-General of Japan, Nashville">Nashville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States" title="Japanese Embassy to the United States">Japanese Embassy to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_of_Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States" title="Sesquicentennial of Japanese Embassy to the United States">Sesquicentennial of Japanese Embassy to the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs" title="Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs">Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(United_States%E2%80%93Japan)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Monroe_Doctrine_for_Asia" title="Japanese Monroe Doctrine for Asia">Japanese Monroe Doctrine for Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root%E2%80%93Takahira_Agreement" title="Root–Takahira Agreement">Root–Takahira Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93Ishii_Agreement" title="Lansing–Ishii Agreement">Lansing–Ishii Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Agreement" title="Ladies' Agreement">Ladies' Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._and_Japan_Mutual_Defense_Assistance_Agreement" title="U.S. and Japan Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement">U.S. and Japan Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Security Treaty between the United States and Japan">Security Treaty between the United States and Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement">U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoda_Conference" title="Shimoda Conference">Shimoda Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Okinawa_Reversion_Agreement" title="1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement">1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Japan_Advisory_Commission" title="United States–Japan Advisory Commission">United States–Japan Advisory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market-oriented_sector_selective_talks_(US%E2%80%93Japan)" title="Market-oriented sector selective talks (US–Japan)">Market-oriented sector selective talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nye_Initiative" title="Nye Initiative">Nye Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Action_Committee_on_Okinawa" title="Special Action Committee on Okinawa">Special Action Committee on Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States-Japan_Joint_Nuclear_Energy_Action_Plan" title="United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan">United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Caucus" title="U.S.–Japan Caucus">U.S.–Japan Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Japanese%E2%80%93Korean_trilateral_pact" title="American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact">American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS Panay incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Export_Control_Act" title="Export Control Act">Export Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">United States declaration of war on Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABCD_line" title="ABCD line">ABCD line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_army_and_diplomatic_codes" title="Japanese army and diplomatic codes">Japanese army and diplomatic codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_naval_codes" title="Japanese naval codes">Japanese naval codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Committee_on_Trade_and_Information" title="Japanese Committee on Trade and Information">Japanese Committee on Trade and Information</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Rose" title="Tokyo Rose">Tokyo Rose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daigo_Fukury%C5%AB_Maru" title="Daigo Fukuryū Maru">Daigo Fukuryū Maru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands">United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._governors_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="List of U.S. governors of the Ryukyu Islands">U.S. governors of the Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Rape during the occupation of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(United_States)" title="Victory Day (United States)">Victory Day (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day" title="Victory over Japan Day">Victory over Japan Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Course" title="Reverse Course">Reverse Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_and_Amusement_Association" title="Recreation and Amusement Association">Recreation and Amusement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cover-up_of_Japanese_war_crimes" title="American cover-up of Japanese war crimes">American cover-up of Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_in_Japan_involving_U.S._military_and_government_aircraft_post-World_War_II" title="Aviation accidents in Japan involving U.S. military and government aircraft post-World War II">Aviation accidents in Japan involving U.S. military and government aircraft post-World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_incident" title="Morrison incident">Morrison incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_Incident" title="Kobe Incident">Kobe Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishimura_Ekiu_v._United_States" title="Nishimura Ekiu v. United States">Nishimura Ekiu v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._One_Package_of_Japanese_Pessaries" title="United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries">United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Katsuyama_killing_incident" title="1945 Katsuyama killing incident">1945 Katsuyama killing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino" title="Iva Toguri D'Aquino">Iva Toguri D'Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_May_Day" title="Bloody May Day">Bloody May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawakita_v._United_States" title="Kawakita v. United States">Kawakita v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunagawa_Struggle" title="Sunagawa Struggle">Sunagawa Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_v._Yamaguchi" title="Sweden v. Yamaguchi">Sweden v. Yamaguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumiko-chan_incident" title="Yumiko-chan incident">Yumiko-chan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girard_incident" title="Girard incident">Girard incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Okinawa_F-100_crash" title="1959 Okinawa F-100 crash">1959 Okinawa F-100 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_112" title="Project 112">Project 112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Machida_F-8_crash" title="1964 Machida F-8 crash">1964 Machida F-8 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_Sea_A-4_incident" title="1965 Philippine Sea A-4 incident">1965 Philippine Sea A-4 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_bribery_scandals" title="Lockheed bribery scandals">Lockheed bribery scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Yokohama_F-4_crash" title="1977 Yokohama F-4 crash">1977 Yokohama F-4 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_George_Washington_(SSBN-598)" title="USS George Washington (SSBN-598)">USS George Washington (SSBN-598)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_export_restraint" title="Voluntary export restraint">Voluntary export restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba%E2%80%93Kongsberg_scandal" title="Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal">Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_vomiting_incident" title="George H. W. Bush vomiting incident">George H. W. Bush vomiting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yoshihiro_Hattori" title="Killing of Yoshihiro Hattori">Killing of Yoshihiro Hattori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Okinawa_rape_incident" title="1995 Okinawa rape incident">1995 Okinawa rape incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Padilla_car_crash" title="1996 Padilla car crash">1996 Padilla car crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sound_Recording_Trade_Disputes" title="Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes">Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Eskridge_car_crash" title="1998 Eskridge car crash">1998 Eskridge car crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehime_Maru_and_USS_Greeneville_collision" title="Ehime Maru and USS Greeneville collision">Ehime Maru and USS Greeneville collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_Okinawa_assault_incident" title="Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident">Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_Japan" title="United States beef imports in Japan">United States beef imports in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Newport_News_(SSN-750)" title="USS Newport News (SSN-750)">USS Newport News (SSN-750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_House_Resolution_121" title="United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121">United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawashima_v._Holder" title="Kawashima v. Holder">Kawashima v. Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Fitzgerald_and_MV_ACX_Crystal_collision" title="USS Fitzgerald and MV ACX Crystal collision">USS Fitzgerald and MV ACX Crystal collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_Alkonis" title="Ridge Alkonis">Ridge Alkonis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan Alliance">Military relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANNUALEX" title="ANNUALEX">ANNUALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Strike_Group_5" title="Carrier Strike Group 5">Carrier Strike Group 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Japan" title="CIA activities in Japan">CIA activities in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cope_North" title="Cope North">Cope North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force" title="Fifth Air Force">Fifth Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_(naval_exercise)" title="Malabar (naval exercise)">Malabar (naval exercise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command%E2%80%93Rear" title="United Nations Command–Rear">United Nations Command–Rear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army,_Japan" title="United States Army, Japan">United States Army, Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan" title="United States Forces Japan">United States Forces Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omoiyari_Yosan" title="Omoiyari Yosan">Omoiyari Yosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Hat" title="Operation Red Hat">Operation Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pacer_IVY" title="Operation Pacer IVY">Operation Pacer IVY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tomodachi" title="Operation Tomodachi">Operation Tomodachi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._nuclear_weapons_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. nuclear weapons in Japan">U.S. nuclear weapons in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Plan_Orange" title="War Plan Orange">War Plan Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jap" title="Jap">Jap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nip" title="Nip">Nip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Ships" title="Black Ships">Black Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_dolls" title="Friendship dolls">Friendship dolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuji_Dam" title="Fukuji Dam">Fukuji Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_women%27s_soccer_rivalry" title="Japan–United States women's soccer rivalry">Japan–United States women's soccer rivalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final" title="2011 FIFA Women's World Cup final">2011 FIFA Women's World Cup final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final" title="2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final">2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-I" title="H-I">H-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-I_(rocket)" title="N-I (rocket)">N-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-II_(rocket)" title="N-II (rocket)">N-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_J" title="Nike J">Nike J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOM_soybeans" title="IOM soybeans">IOM soybeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_friendship_dolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese friendship dolls">Japanese friendship dolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_education_in_the_United_States" title="Japanese language education in the United States">Japanese language education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Television_Cartel" title="Japanese Television Cartel">Japanese Television Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinkanpo_Atsugi_Incinerator" title="Jinkanpo Atsugi Incinerator">Jinkanpo Atsugi Incinerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divie_Bethune_McCartee" title="Divie Bethune McCartee">Divie Bethune McCartee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heusken" title="Henry Heusken">Henry Heusken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninomiya_Sontoku" title="Ninomiya Sontoku">Ninomiya Sontoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadashi_Yamamoto" title="Tadashi Yamamoto">Tadashi Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Okamoto" title="Yukio Okamoto">Yukio Okamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ryukyu Kingdom–United States relations">Ryukyu Kingdom–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_in_Japan" title="American School in Japan">American School in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Joint_Committee_for_Assisting_Japanese-American_Orphans" title="American Joint Committee for Assisting Japanese-American Orphans">American Joint Committee for Assisting Japanese-American Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_America_Society_of_Greater_Philadelphia" title="Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia">Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Center_for_International_Exchange" title="Japan Center for International Exchange">Japan Center for International Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Center_for_Michigan_Universities" title="Japan Center for Michigan Universities">Japan Center for Michigan Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Society_(Manhattan)" title="Japan Society (Manhattan)">Japan Society (Manhattan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_America_Society_of_Houston" title="Japan America Society of Houston">Japan America Society of Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Japan%E2%80%93America_Societies" title="National Association of Japan–America Societies">National Association of Japan–America Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cherry_Blossom_Festival" title="National Cherry Blossom Festival">National Cherry Blossom Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Club_(Manhattan)" title="Nippon Club (Manhattan)">Nippon Club (Manhattan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_U.S.-Japan_Conference_on_Cultural_and_Educational_Interchange_(CULCON)" title="The U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange (CULCON)">The U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange (CULCON)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_Council" title="U.S.-Japan Council">U.S.-Japan Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Monument_of_Glendale" title="Peace Monument of Glendale">Peace Monument of Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_of_Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States" title="Sesquicentennial of Japanese Embassy to the United States">Sesquicentennial of Japanese Embassy to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_A_Cipher_Machine" title="Type A Cipher Machine">Type A Cipher Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_Cipher_Machine" title="Type B Cipher Machine">Type B Cipher Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan-US_(cable_system)" title="Japan-US (cable system)">Japan-US (cable system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPC_(cable_system)" title="NPC (cable system)">NPC (cable system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-1" title="PC-1">PC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPC-5CN" title="TPC-5CN">TPC-5CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPE_(cable_system)" title="TPE (cable system)">TPE (cable system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(cable_system)" title="Unity (cable system)">Unity (cable system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSNL_Transpacific" title="VSNL Transpacific">VSNL Transpacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reckoning_(Halberstam_book)" title="The Reckoning (Halberstam book)">The Reckoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coming_War_with_Japan" title="The Coming War with Japan">The Coming War with Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gung_Ho_(film)" title="Gung Ho (film)">Gung Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANPO:_Art_X_War" title="ANPO: Art X War">ANPO: Art X War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Overtures" title="Pacific Overtures">Pacific Overtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Timeline of Japan–United States relations">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Japan–United States relations">Category:Japan–United States relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Foreign_relations_of_Japan138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Template:Foreign relations of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Foreign_relations_of_Japan138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Algeria–Japan relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Angola–Japan relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Botswana–Japan relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Djibouti–Japan relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Egypt–Japan relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Ethiopia–Japan relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Japan–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Japan–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Japan–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Japan–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Japan–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Japan–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Argentina–Japan relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Barbados–Japan relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Bolivia–Japan relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Brazil–Japan relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Canada–Japan relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Chile–Japan relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Colombia–Japan relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Cuba–Japan relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Ecuador–Japan relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Honduras–Japan relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Japan–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="Japan–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Japan–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Japan–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Japan–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Japan–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Afghanistan–Japan relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Armenia–Japan relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Japan relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Bahrain–Japan relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Bangladesh–Japan relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Bhutan–Japan relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Brunei–Japan relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Cambodia–Japan relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Japan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor–Japan relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Georgia–Japan relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="India–Japan relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Indonesia–Japan relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Iran–Japan relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Israel–Japan relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="Japan–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Japan–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="Japan–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Japan–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="Japan–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Japan–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Japan–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Japan–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Japan–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Japan–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Japan–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Japan–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Japan–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Japan–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Japan–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Japan–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Japan–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Japan–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Japan–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Japan–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Albania–Japan relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Austria–Japan relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Belgium–Japan relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Croatia–Japan relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Czech Republic–Japan relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Denmark–Japan relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Finland–Japan relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="France–Japan relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Germany–Japan relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Greece–Japan relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Hungary–Japan relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Holy See–Japan relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Iceland–Japan relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Ireland–Japan relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Italy–Japan relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Japan–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Liechtenstein_relations" title="Japan–Liechtenstein relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Japan–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="Japan–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Japan–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Japan–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Japan–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Japan–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Japan–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Japan–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Japan–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Japan–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Japan–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Japan–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Australia–Japan relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Fiji–Japan relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Japan–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Palau_relations" title="Japan–Palau relations">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Japan–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan%E2%80%93Russian_Empire_relations" title="Empire of Japan–Russian Empire relations">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Japan–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Japan–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/60px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/90px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_foreign_policy_on_Africa" title="Japanese foreign policy on Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Arab_League_relations" title="Japan–Arab League relations">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Japan–Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Oceania_relations" title="Japan–Oceania relations">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_foreign_policy_on_Southeast_Asia" title="Japanese foreign policy on Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Japan–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Japan and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Diplomatic_history138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomatic history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_missions_to_Imperial_China" title="Japanese missions to Imperial China">Missions to Imperial China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_seal_ships" title="Red seal ships">Red seal ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_missions_to_Japan" title="Joseon missions to Japan">Joseon missions to Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_missions_to_Joseon" title="Japanese missions to Joseon">Japanese missions to Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_missions_to_Edo" title="Dutch missions to Edo">Dutch missions to Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_missions_to_Edo" title="Ryukyuan missions to Edo">Ryukyuan missions to Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations of Meiji Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan%E2%80%93Korea_relations" title="History of Japan–Korea relations">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="History of China–Japan relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Japanese_ODA_scandal" title="Marcos Japanese ODA scandal">Marcos scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Territorial_disputes138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territorial disputes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Joint_Development_Zone" title="Japan–Korea Joint Development Zone">Japan–Korea Joint Development Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute" title="Kuril Islands dispute">Kuril Islands dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks_dispute" title="Liancourt Rocks dispute">Liancourt Rocks dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkaku_Islands" title="Senkaku Islands">Senkaku Islands dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Related_topics138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Japan" title="List of diplomatic missions of Japan">Diplomatic missions of Japan</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Japan" title="List of diplomatic missions in Japan">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economic_cooperation_policy_of_Japan" title="International economic cooperation policy of Japan">Development assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Japan International Cooperation Agency">JICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Overseas_Cooperation_Volunteers" title="Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers">JOCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_relations_of_Japan" title="Economic relations of Japan">Economic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_External_Trade_Organization" title="Japan External Trade Organization">JETRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Philippines_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement">JPEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance_Leaders_Meeting" title="Pacific Alliance Leaders Meeting">Pacific Alliance Leaders Meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States164" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Angola–United States relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cameroon–United States relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Central African Republic–United States relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chad–United States relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–United States relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Gabon–United States relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="São Tomé and Príncipe–United States relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burundi–United States relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Comoros–United States relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Djibouti–United States relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eritrea–United States relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ethiopia–United States relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kenya–United States relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Madagascar–United States relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malawi–United States relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritius–United States relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mozambique–United States relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Rwanda–United States relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Seychelles–United States relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somalia–United States relations">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somaliland–United States relations">Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Sudan–United States relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tanzania–United States relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Uganda–United States relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="United States–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="United States–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Algeria–United States relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Libya–United States relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Morocco–United States relations">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–United States relations">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sudan–United States relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tunisia–United States relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Botswana–United States relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eswatini–United States relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lesotho–United States relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Namibia–United States relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Benin–United States relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burkina Faso–United States relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cape Verde–United States relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ivory Coast–United States relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="The Gambia–United States relations">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ghana–United States relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea–United States relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–United States relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liberia–United States relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mali–United States relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritania–United States relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Niger–United States relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nigeria–United States relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Senegal–United States relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sierra Leone–United States relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Togo–United States relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–United States relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–United States relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Barbados–United States relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominica–United States relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominican Republic–United States relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grenada–United States relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Haiti–United States relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jamaica–United States relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Lucia–United States relations">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United States relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belize–United States relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Costa Rica–United States relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="El Salvador–United States relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guatemala–United States relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Honduras–United States relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nicaragua–United States relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Panama–United States relations">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Argentina–United States relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bolivia–United States relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brazil–United States relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chile–United States relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ecuador–United States relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guyana–United States relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Paraguay–United States relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Peru–United States relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Suriname–United States relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="United States–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="United States–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kazakhstan–United States relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–United States relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tajikistan–United States relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkmenistan–United States relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="United States–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hong Kong–United States relations">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Macau–United States relations">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mongolia–United States relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Afghanistan–United States relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bangladesh–United States relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bhutan–United States relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Maldives–United States relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nepal–United States relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Pakistan–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sri Lanka–United States relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brunei–United States relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cambodia–United States relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Indonesia–United States relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Laos–United States relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malaysia–United States relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Myanmar–United States relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Singapore–United States relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Thailand–United States relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Timor-Leste–United States relations">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Armenia–United States relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Azerbaijan–United States relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bahrain–United States relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Georgia–United States relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jordan–United States relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kuwait–United States relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lebanon–United States relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Oman–United States relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palestine–United States relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Qatar–United States relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Syria–United States relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Arab Emirates–United States relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="United States–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belarus–United States relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bulgaria–United States relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czech Republic–United States relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hungary–United States relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Moldova–United States relations">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Transnistria–United States relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Romania–United States relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovakia–United States relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Denmark–United States relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Estonia–United States relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Finland–United States relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iceland–United States relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ireland–United States relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latvia–United States relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lithuania–United States relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Norway–United States relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sweden–United States relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bermuda–United States relations">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cayman Islands–United States relations">Cayman Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Albania–United States relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Andorra–United States relations">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Croatia–United States relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cyprus–United States relations">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–United States relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greece–United States relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Italy–United States relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kosovo–United States relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malta–United States relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Montenegro–United States relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Macedonia–United States relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Portugal–United States relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="San Marino–United States relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Serbia–United States relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovenia–United States relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Austria–United States relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belgium–United States relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liechtenstein–United States relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Luxembourg–United States relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Monaco–United States relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Netherlands–United States relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Switzerland–United States relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Fiji–United States relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–United States relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Solomon Islands–United States relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="United States–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Micronesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kiribati–United States relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Marshall Islands–United States relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federated States of Micronesia–United States relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nauru–United States relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palau–United States relations">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cook Islands–United States relations">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Samoa–United States relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tonga–United States relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tuvalu–United States relations">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Artsakh–United States relations">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Baden–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Bavaria–United States relations">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg–United States relations">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federal Republic of Central America–United States relations">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greater Republic of Central America–United States relations">Greater Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Congo Free State–United States relations">Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–United States relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Genoa–United States relations">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="German Empire–United States relations">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations">Kingdom of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Republics%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hanseatic Republics–United States relations">Hanseatic Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hawaiian Kingdom–United States relations">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Nassau–United States relations">Duchy of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North German Confederation–United States relations">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Orange Free State–United States relations">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papal States–United States relations">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Parma–United States relations">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Prussia–United States relations">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ryukyu Kingdom–United States relations">Ryukyu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Sardinia–United States relations">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe–United States relations">Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Texas–United States relations">Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies–United States relations">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Württemberg–United States relations">Kingdom of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="United States–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Africa–United States relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93American_relations" title="Arab–American relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Asia–United States relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Asia–United States relations">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5%2B1" title="C5+1">C5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Border_Initiative" title="Third Border Initiative">Third Border Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_the_United_States" title="International organization membership of the United States">International organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Doctrines,_policies,_concepts164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Doctrines, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">policies</a>, concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Presidential doctrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Corollary" title="Lodge Corollary">Lodge Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine" title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinberger_Doctrine" title="Weinberger Doctrine">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Doctrine" title="Powell Doctrine">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_Doctrine" title="Rumsfeld Doctrine">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine" title="Wolfowitz Doctrine">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_realism" title="Progressive realism">Progressive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan–United_States_relations&oldid=1274576657">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan–United_States_relations&oldid=1274576657</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Japan–United States relations">Japan–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bilateral_relations_of_Japan" title="Category:Bilateral relations of Japan">Bilateral relations of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bilateral_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Bilateral relations of the United States">Bilateral relations of the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Graph_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Graph extension">Pages using the Graph extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_disabled_graphs" title="Category:Pages with disabled graphs">Pages with disabled graphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2023">Articles with dead external links from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_February_2025" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from February 2025">Articles to be expanded from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_September_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2021">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2025">Articles with dead external links from January 2025</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 February 2025, at 03:33 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Japan–United States relations</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 20 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-ftphz","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.012","walltime":"2.278","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19860,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":464171,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26611,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":367905,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1842.466 1 -total"," 25.41% 468.186 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.59% 452.981 165 Template:Sfn"," 14.55% 267.992 38 Template:Cite_web"," 9.61% 177.098 9 Template:Navbox"," 8.12% 149.550 13 Template:Fix"," 7.23% 133.252 1 Template:Japan–United_States_relations"," 6.16% 113.408 2 Template:Short_description"," 5.79% 106.667 4 Template:Page_needed"," 4.33% 79.852 4 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.116","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9449474,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAl_Pessin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAleem2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolanWorden1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowd1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerraro1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoey2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInc2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Diamond2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Pomfret2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKageyama2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapur2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzQuealy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtenbach1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaFeber1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatray2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikanagi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNEWS\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNester2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolas_Barreyre2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPackard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachel_Cooper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRich2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanger1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilver2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreat1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinraub1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshihiro_Makinioa2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 38,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Japan-United States Relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 7,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign relations of Japan\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign relations of the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"Graph:Chart\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox bilateral relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Japan–United States relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"PD-notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 165,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","24.6"],["?","260","20.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","9.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.7"],["type","80","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","6.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.6"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.1"],["[others]","140","10.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-nrdnv","timestamp":"20250214171725","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Japan\u2013United States relations","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1227243","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1227243","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-25T00:40:04Z","dateModified":"2025-02-08T03:33:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a5\/Japan_USA_Locator_2.svg","headline":"bilateral relations between Japan and the United States"}</script> </body> </html>