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cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Esperanto" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Esperanto (disambiguation)">Esperanto (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Esperanto (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɛspəˈrɑːntoʊ/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-æntoʊ/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> is the world's most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed</a> <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a>. Created by <a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">L. L. Zamenhof</a> in 1887 to be 'the International Language' (la Lingvo Internacia), it is intended to be a universal <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> for international communication. He described the language in <a href="/wiki/Dr._Esperanto%27s_International_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Esperanto's International Language">Dr. Esperanto's International Language</a> (Unua Libro), which he published under the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Doctor_(title)" title="Doctor (title)">Doktoro</a> Esperanto. Early adopters of the language liked the name Esperanto and soon used it to describe his language. The word translates into English as 'one who hopes'.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: white; background-color: #114057;">Esperanto</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: white; background-color: #114057;">Lingvo Internacia<a href="#cite_note-Dua_Libro-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: white; background-color: #114057;">Esperanto<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Esperanto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Esperanto.svg/250px-Flag_of_Esperanto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Esperanto.svg/330px-Flag_of_Esperanto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto flag">Esperanto flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Esperanto" title="Help:IPA/Esperanto">[espeˈranto]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5d\/Eo-Esperanto.ogg\/Eo-Esperanto.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-Esperanto.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Eo-Esperanto.ogg/Eo-Esperanto.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-Esperanto.ogg" title="File:Eo-Esperanto.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">L. L. Zamenhof</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1887</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Setting and usage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">International: most parts of the world</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Users</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Native_Esperanto_speakers" title="Native Esperanto speakers">Native</a>: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1,000 (2011)<a href="#cite_note-hh-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: estimated 30,000 to 2 million <ul><li>Sidney Culbert: Around 2 million</li> <li>Amri Wandel: Above 2 million</li> <li>Svend Vendelbo: 30,000–180,000<a href="#cite_note-svend-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed language</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary language</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/A_posteriori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="A posteriori language">A posteriori language</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Esperanto</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Esperanto" title="Proto-Esperanto">Proto-Esperanto</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esperanto_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto alphabet">Esperanto alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_manual_alphabet" title="Esperanto manual alphabet">Signuno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Sources</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, with some influence of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Akademio_de_Esperanto" title="Akademio de Esperanto">Akademio de Esperanto</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=eo">eo</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>epo</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/epo" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:epo">epo</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/epo">epo</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/espe1235">espe1235</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAB-da">51-AAB-da</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Relative_number_of_Esperanto_association_members_by_country_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Relative_number_of_Esperanto_association_members_by_country_%282020%29.svg/220px-Relative_number_of_Esperanto_association_members_by_country_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Relative_number_of_Esperanto_association_members_by_country_%282020%29.svg/330px-Relative_number_of_Esperanto_association_members_by_country_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Relative_number_of_Esperanto_association_members_by_country_%282020%29.svg/440px-Relative_number_of_Esperanto_association_members_by_country_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="886"></a><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esperantujo" title="Esperantujo">Esperantujo</a>: Number of individual <a href="/wiki/Universal_Esperanto_Association" title="Universal Esperanto Association">UEA</a> members per million population in 2020. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> none</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> < 0.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 0.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 1</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 2–3</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 4–5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 6–9</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 10+</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"> Within the range of constructed languages, Esperanto occupies a middle ground between "naturalistic" (imitating existing natural languages) and <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language#A_priori_and_a_posteriori_languages" title="Constructed language">a priori</a> (where features are not based on existing languages). Esperanto's <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> derive predominantly from languages of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European group</a>. A substantial majority of its vocabulary (approximately 80%) derives from <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, but it also contains elements derived from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek languages">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-Koutny_2015_p._106-10">[10]</a> One of the language's most notable features is its <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">extensive system of derivation</a>, where prefixes and suffixes may be freely combined with roots to generate words, making it possible to communicate effectively with a smaller set of words. Esperanto is the most successful constructed international auxiliary language, and <a href="/wiki/Native_Esperanto_speakers" title="Native Esperanto speakers">the only such language</a> with a sizeable population of <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native speakers</a>, of which there are perhaps several thousand.<a href="#cite_note-hh-3">[3]</a> Usage estimates are difficult, but two estimates put the number of people who know how to speak Esperanto at around 100,000,<a href="#cite_note-svend-4">[4]</a> while the number of learners in the last decade certainly amount to several million due to its availability on <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Concentration of speakers is highest in Europe, East Asia, and South America. Although no country has adopted Esperanto officially, <a href="/wiki/Esperantujo" title="Esperantujo">Esperantujo</a> ('Esperanto land') is used as a name for the collection of places where it is spoken. The language has also gained a noticeable presence on the internet, as it is becoming increasingly accessible on platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Wikipedia" title="Esperanto Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amikumu" title="Amikumu">Amikumu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a> and Duolingo.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Esperanto speakers are often called Esperantists (Esperantistoj). A number of reforms, known as <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">Esperantidos</a>, have been proposed over the years. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Creation">1.1 Creation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#20th_century">1.2 20th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Official_repression">1.3 Official repression</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_history">1.4 Modern history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Official_use">2 Official use</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#International_organizations">2.1 International organizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Education">2.2 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Media">2.3 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Military_training">2.4 Military training</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Proposed_microstates_and_micronations">2.5 Proposed microstates and micronations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Internet">3 Internet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Linguistic_properties">4 Linguistic properties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Classification">4.1 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Phonology">4.2 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Consonants">4.2.1 Consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Vowels">4.2.2 Vowels</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Orthography">4.3 Orthography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Alphabet">4.3.1 Alphabet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Phonology_2">4.3.2 Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Diacritics_and_Substitutions">4.3.3 Diacritics and Substitutions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Vocabulary">4.4 Vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Grammar">4.5 Grammar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Simple_phrases">4.6 Simple phrases</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sample_texts">4.7 Sample texts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Education_2">5 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#The_Zagreb_method">5.1 The Zagreb method</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Third-language_acquisition">5.2 Third-language acquisition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Community">6 Community</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Geography_and_demography">6.1 Geography and demography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Number_of_speakers">6.1.1 Number of speakers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Native_speakers">6.1.2 Native speakers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Culture">6.2 Culture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Esperanto_heritage">7 Esperanto heritage</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Notable_authors_in_Esperanto">7.1 Notable authors in Esperanto</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Popular_culture">7.2 Popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Science">7.3 Science</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Commerce_and_trade">7.4 Commerce and trade</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Goals_of_the_movement">7.5 Goals of the movement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Symbols_and_flags">7.6 Symbols and flags</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Politics">7.7 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Religion">7.8 Religion</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Oomoto">7.8.1 Oomoto</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith">7.8.2 Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="#Spiritism">7.8.3 Spiritism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#Theosophy">7.8.4 Theosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#Bible_translations">7.8.5 Bible translations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-48"><a href="#Christianity">7.8.6 Christianity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#Islam">7.8.7 Islam</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#Modifications">8 Modifications</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Criticism_of_modification">8.1 Criticism of modification</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#Criticism">9 Criticism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Language-neutrality">9.1 Language-neutrality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Gender-neutrality">9.2 Gender-neutrality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Case_and_number_agreement">9.3 Case and number agreement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Alphabet_2">9.4 Alphabet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#Achievement_of_its_creator's_goals">9.5 Achievement of its creator's goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#Eponymous_entities">10 Eponymous entities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-62"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Esperanto" title="History of Esperanto">History of Esperanto</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unua_Libro_ru_1st_ed.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Unua_Libro_ru_1st_ed.pdf/page1-170px-Unua_Libro_ru_1st_ed.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1754"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 241px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Unua_Libro_ru_1st_ed.pdf/page1-170px-Unua_Libro_ru_1st_ed.pdf.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="241" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Unua_Libro_ru_1st_ed.pdf/page1-255px-Unua_Libro_ru_1st_ed.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Unua_Libro_ru_1st_ed.pdf/page1-340px-Unua_Libro_ru_1st_ed.pdf.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The first Esperanto book by L. L. Zamenhof, published in 1887 in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. The title translates to: International Language: Preface and Complete Tutorial.</figcaption></figure> Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by <a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">L. L. Zamenhof</a>, a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmologist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, but now part of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. According to Zamenhof, he created the language to reduce the "time and labor we spend in learning foreign tongues", and to foster harmony between people from different countries: "Were there but an international language, all translations would be made into it alone ... and all nations would be united in a common brotherhood."<a href="#cite_note-UnuaLibro-15">[15]</a> His feelings and the situation in Białystok may be gleaned from an extract from his letter to Nikolai Borovko:<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The place where I was born and spent my childhood gave direction to all my future struggles. In Białystok the inhabitants were divided into four distinct elements: Russians, Poles, Germans, and Jews; each of these spoke their own language and looked on all the others as enemies. In such a town a sensitive nature feels more acutely than elsewhere the misery caused by language division and sees at every step that the diversity of languages is the first, or at least the most influential, basis for the separation of the human family into groups of enemies. I was brought up as an idealist; I was taught that all people were brothers, while outside in the street at every step I felt that there were no people, only Russians, Poles, Germans, Jews, and so on. This was always a great torment to my infant mind, although many people may smile at such an 'anguish for the world' in a child. Since at that time I thought that 'grown-ups' were omnipotent, I often said to myself that when I grew up I would certainly destroy this evil.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>L. L. Zamenhof, in a letter to Nikolai Borovko, c. 1895</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was invented in 1887 and designed so that anyone could learn it in a few short months. Dr. Zamenhof lived on Dzika Street, No. 9, which was just around the corner from the street on which we lived. Brother Afrum was so impressed with that idea that he learned Esperanto in a very short time at home from a little book. He then bought many dozens of them and gave them out to relatives, friends, just anyone he could, to support that magnificent idea for he felt that this would be a common bond to promote relationships with fellow men in the world. A group of people had organized and sent letters to the government asking to change the name of the street where Dr. Zamenhof lived for many years when he invented Esperanto, from Dzika to Zamenhofa. They were told that a petition with a large number of signatures would be needed. That took time so they organized demonstrations carrying large posters encouraging people to learn the universal language and to sign the petitions... About the same time, in the middle of the block marched a huge demonstration of people holding posters reading "Learn Esperanto", "Support the Universal language", "Esperanto the language of hope and expectation", "Esperanto the bond for international communication" and so on, and many "Sign the petitions". I will never forget that rich-poor, sad-glad parade and among all these people stood two fiery red tramway cars waiting on their opposite lanes and also a few <a href="/wiki/Droshky" title="Droshky">dorożkas</a> with their horses squeezed in between. Such a sight it was. Later a few blocks were changed from Dzika Street to Dr. Zamenhofa Street and a nice monument was erected there with his name and his invention inscribed on it, to honor his memory. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Autobiography of Tema Kipnis, Jewish refugee from Poland</cite></div></blockquote> Zamenhof's goal was to create an easy and flexible language that would serve as a universal <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>, to foster <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a> and international understanding, and to build a "community of speakers".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> His original title for the language was simply "the international language" (la lingvo internacia), but early speakers grew fond of the name Esperanto, and began to use it as the name for the language just two years after its creation. The name quickly gained prominence, and has been used as an official name ever since.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1905, Zamenhof published the <a href="/wiki/Fundamento_de_Esperanto" title="Fundamento de Esperanto">Fundamento de Esperanto</a> as a definitive guide to the language. Later that year, French Esperantists organized with his participation the first <a href="/wiki/World_Esperanto_Congress" title="World Esperanto Congress">World Esperanto Congress</a>, an ongoing annual conference, in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>, France. Zamenhof also proposed to the first congress that an independent body of linguistic scholars should steward the future evolution of Esperanto, foreshadowing the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Akademio_de_Esperanto" title="Akademio de Esperanto">Akademio de Esperanto</a> (in part modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie française</a>), which was established soon thereafter. Since then, world congresses have been held in different countries every year, except during the two World Wars, and the 2020 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (when it was moved to an online-only event). Since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, they have been attended by an average of more than 2,000 people, and up to 6,000 people at the most. Zamenhof wrote that he wanted mankind to "learn and use ... en masse ... the proposed language as a living one".<a href="#cite_note-UnuaLibro-15">[15]</a> The goal for Esperanto to become a <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">global auxiliary language</a> was not Zamenhof's only goal; he also wanted to "enable the learner to make direct use of his knowledge with persons of any nationality, whether the language be universally accepted or not; in other words, the language is to be directly a means of international communication".<a href="#cite_note-UnuaLibro-15">[15]</a> After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into Esperanto, as well as writing original prose and verse, the <a href="/wiki/Unua_Libro" title="Unua Libro">first book of Esperanto grammar</a> was published in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> on July 26, 1887. The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades; at first, primarily in the Russian Empire and Central Europe, then in other parts of Europe, the Americas, China, and Japan. In the early years before the world congresses, speakers of Esperanto kept in contact primarily through correspondence and periodicals. Zamenhof's name for the language was simply Internacia Lingvo ("International Language").<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> December 15, Zamenhof's birthday, is now regarded as <a href="/wiki/Zamenhof_Day" title="Zamenhof Day">Zamenhof Day</a> or Esperanto Book Day.<a href="#cite_note-UEA-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1905-03-ge-frankf-mapo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1905-03-ge-frankf-mapo.jpg/250px-1905-03-ge-frankf-mapo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="521"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1905-03-ge-frankf-mapo.jpg/250px-1905-03-ge-frankf-mapo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1905-03-ge-frankf-mapo.jpg/330px-1905-03-ge-frankf-mapo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1905-03-ge-frankf-mapo.jpg/500px-1905-03-ge-frankf-mapo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of Esperanto groups in Europe in 1905</figcaption></figure> The autonomous territory of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet" title="Neutral Moresnet">Neutral Moresnet</a>, between what is today Belgium and Germany, had a sizable proportion of Esperanto-speaking citizens among its small, diverse population. There was a proposal to make Esperanto its official language. However, neither Belgium nor Germany had surrendered their claims to the region, with the latter having adopted a more aggressive stance towards pursuing its claim around the turn of the century, even being accused of sabotage and administrative obstruction to force the issue. The outbreak of World War I would bring about the end of neutrality, with Moresnet initially left as "an oasis in a desert of destruction" following the German invasion of Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The territory was formally annexed by Prussia in 1915, though without international recognition. After the war, a great opportunity for Esperanto seemingly presented itself, when the Iranian delegation to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> proposed that the language be adopted for use in international relations following a report by a Japanese delegate to the League named <a href="/wiki/Nitobe_Inaz%C5%8D" title="Nitobe Inazō">Nitobe Inazō</a>, in the context of the 13th World Congress of Esperanto, held in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Ten delegates accepted the proposal with only one voice against, the French delegate, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux" title="Gabriel Hanotaux">Gabriel Hanotaux</a>. Hanotaux opposed all recognition of Esperanto at the League, from the first resolution on December 18, 1920, and subsequently through all efforts during the next three years.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, two years later, the League recommended that its member states include Esperanto in their educational curricula. The French government retaliated by banning all instruction in Esperanto in France's schools and universities.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-impofthediverse.blogspot.com-25">[25]</a> The French Ministry of Public Instruction said that "French and English would perish and the literary standard of the world would be debased".<a href="#cite_note-impofthediverse.blogspot.com-25">[25]</a> Nonetheless, many people see the 1920s as the heyday of the Esperanto movement. During this time, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> as a political movement was very supportive of both <a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">anationalism</a> and the Esperanto language.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran_Novljan" title="Fran Novljan">Fran Novljan</a> was one of the chief promoters of Esperanto in the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>. He was among the founders of the Croatian Prosvjetni savez (Educational Alliance), of which he was the first secretary, and organized Esperanto institutions in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>. Novljan collaborated with Esperanto newspapers and magazines, and was the author of the Esperanto textbook Internacia lingvo esperanto i Esperanto en tridek lecionoj.<a href="#cite_note-%C5%A0ikli%C4%87-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1920s <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, socialist thinkers pushed for the use of Esperanto through a series of columns in <a href="/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dong-a Ilbo">The Dong-a Ilbo</a> as resistance to both <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese occupation</a> as well as a counter to the growing nationalist movement for Korean language standardization. This lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> in 1931, when changing colonial policy led to an outright ban on <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Korea" title="Esperanto in Korea">Esperanto education in Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_repression">Official repression</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Official repression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1911_Anvers_Congr%C3%A8s_Esperanto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1911_Anvers_Congr%C3%A8s_Esperanto.jpg/220px-1911_Anvers_Congr%C3%A8s_Esperanto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1911_Anvers_Congr%C3%A8s_Esperanto.jpg/220px-1911_Anvers_Congr%C3%A8s_Esperanto.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1911_Anvers_Congr%C3%A8s_Esperanto.jpg/330px-1911_Anvers_Congr%C3%A8s_Esperanto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1911_Anvers_Congr%C3%A8s_Esperanto.jpg/440px-1911_Anvers_Congr%C3%A8s_Esperanto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>7th Esperanto congress, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, August 1911</figcaption></figure> Esperanto attracted the suspicion of many states. Repression was especially pronounced in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> up until the 1950s, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_under_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union under Stalin">Soviet Union under Stalin</a>, from 1937 to 1956. In Nazi Germany, there was a motivation to ban Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish, and due to the internationalist nature of Esperanto, which was perceived as "Bolshevist". In his work <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> specifically mentions Esperanto as an example of a language that could be used by an international Jewish conspiracy once they achieved world domination.<a href="#cite_note-conciseencyclopedia_nazi2-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esperantist" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperantist">Esperantists</a> were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, with Zamenhof's family in particular singled out to be killed.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The efforts of a minority of German Esperantists to <a href="/wiki/Aryanization" title="Aryanization">expel their Jewish colleagues</a> and overtly align themselves with the Reich were futile, and Esperanto was legally forbidden in 1935. Esperantists in German concentration camps did, however, teach Esperanto to fellow prisoners, telling guards they were teaching Italian, the language of one of Germany's <a href="/wiki/Axis_allies" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis allies">Axis allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>, the left wing of the Japanese Esperanto movement was forbidden, but its leaders were careful enough not to give the impression to the government that the Esperantists were socialist revolutionaries, which proved a successful strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Esperanto_as_language_and_idea_in_China_and_Japan-33">[33]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917, Esperanto was given a measure of government support by the new communist states in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">former Russian Empire</a> and later by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> government, with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Esperantist_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Esperantist Union">Soviet Esperantist Union</a> being established as an organization that, temporarily, was officially recognized.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-34">[34]</a> In his biography on <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> mentions that Stalin had studied Esperanto.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However, in 1937, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, Stalin completely reversed the Soviet government's policies on Esperanto; many Esperanto speakers were executed, exiled or held in captivity in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> labour camps. Quite often the accusation was: "You are an active member of an international spy organization which hides itself under the name of 'Association of Soviet Esperantists' on the territory of the Soviet Union." Until the end of the Stalin era, it was dangerous to use Esperanto in the Soviet Union, even though it was never officially forbidden to speak Esperanto.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> allowed the use of Esperanto, finding its phonology similar to that of Italian and publishing some tourist material in the language.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> During and after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, Francoist Spain suppressed <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">anarchists</a>, socialists and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan nationalist">Catalan nationalists</a> for many years, among whom the use of Esperanto was extensive,<a href="#cite_note-Del_Barrio-39">[39]</a> but in the 1950s the Esperanto movement was again tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modern_evolution_of_Esperanto" title="Modern evolution of Esperanto">Modern evolution of Esperanto</a></div> In 1954, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> — through <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> — granted official support to Esperanto as an <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Resolution" title="Montevideo Resolution">Montevideo Resolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> However, Esperanto is not one of the six <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_UN" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of the UN">official languages of the UN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The development of Esperanto has continued unabated into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> has had a significant impact on the language, as learning it has become increasingly accessible on platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a>, and as speakers have increasingly networked on platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Amikumu" title="Amikumu">Amikumu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> With up to two million speakers, it is the most widely spoken constructed language in the world.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Although no country has adopted Esperanto officially, <a href="/wiki/Esperantujo" title="Esperantujo">Esperantujo</a> ("Esperanto-land") is the name given to the collection of places where it is spoken.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Official_use">Official use</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Official use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moresnet.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Moresnet.png/250px-Moresnet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="515"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 274px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Moresnet.png/250px-Moresnet.png" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="274" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Moresnet.png/330px-Moresnet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Moresnet.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Molly" title="Wilhelm Molly">Wilhelm Molly</a> proposed making <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet" title="Neutral Moresnet">Neutral Moresnet</a> the world's first Esperanto‑speaking state.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organizations">International organizations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Esperanto is the working language of several non-profit international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Sennacieca_Asocio_Tutmonda" title="Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda">Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda</a>, a left-wing cultural association which had 724 members in over 85 countries in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> There is also Education@Internet, which has developed from an Esperanto organization; most others are specifically Esperanto organizations. The largest of these, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Esperanto_Association" title="Universal Esperanto Association">Universal Esperanto Association</a>, has an official consultative relationship with the United Nations and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, which recognized Esperanto as a medium for international understanding in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-UEA-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The Universal Esperanto Association collaborated in 2017 with UNESCO to deliver an Esperanto translation<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> of its magazine <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Courier" title="UNESCO Courier">UNESCO Courier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esperanto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto language">Esperanto</a>: Unesko Kuriero en Esperanto). The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> offers an Esperanto version of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esperanto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto language">Esperanto</a>: pandemio KOVIM-19) <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational safety and health</a> education course.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> All personal documents sold by the <a href="/wiki/World_Service_Authority" title="World Service Authority">World Service Authority</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Passport" title="World Passport">World Passport</a>, are written in Esperanto, together with the official languages of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Esperanto has not been a secondary official language of any recognized country. However, it has entered the education systems of several countries, including Hungary<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and China.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Esperanto was also the first language of teaching and administration of the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Sciences_San_Marino" title="International Academy of Sciences San Marino">International Academy of Sciences San Marino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ais-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> made attempts to promote the teaching of Esperanto in its member countries, but the resolutions were defeated (mainly by French delegates, who did not feel there was a need for it).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Chinese government has used Esperanto since 2001 for an Esperanto version of its <a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Information_Center" title="China Internet Information Center">China Internet Information Center</a>. China also uses Esperanto in <a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">China Radio International</a>, and for the internet magazine El Popola Ĉinio.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> has an Esperanto version of its podcasts and its website.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In the summer of 1924, the <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a> adopted Esperanto as its official international auxiliary language,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and hoped that the language would be used by radio amateurs in international communications, but its actual use for radio communications was negligible.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_training">Military training</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military training" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> has published military phrase books in Esperanto,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> to be used from the 1950s until the 1970s in war games by mock <a href="/wiki/Opposing_force" title="Opposing force">enemy forces</a>. A field reference manual, FM 30-101-1 Feb. 1962,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> contained the grammar, English-Esperanto-English dictionary, and common phrases. In the 1970s Esperanto was used as the basis for Defense Language Aptitude Tests. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_microstates_and_micronations">Proposed microstates and micronations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Proposed microstates and micronations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isola_delle_Rose_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isola_delle_Rose_1968.jpg/250px-Isola_delle_Rose_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="740"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isola_delle_Rose_1968.jpg/250px-Isola_delle_Rose_1968.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isola_delle_Rose_1968.jpg/330px-Isola_delle_Rose_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isola_delle_Rose_1968.jpg/500px-Isola_delle_Rose_1968.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Rose_Island" title="Republic of Rose Island">Republic of Rose Island</a> used Esperanto as its official language in 1968</figcaption></figure> Beginning in 1908, there were efforts to establish the world's first Esperanto state in <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet" title="Neutral Moresnet">Neutral Moresnet</a>, which at the time was a <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a> in central-western Europe. Any such efforts came to an end with the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a>, voiding the treaty which established joint sovereignty over the territory. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> subsequently awarded the disputed territory to Belgium, effective January 10, 1920.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">micronation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Rose_Island" title="Republic of Rose Island">Rose Island</a>, on an artificial island near <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, used Esperanto as its official language in 1968. Another micronation, the extant <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Molossia" title="Republic of Molossia">Republic of Molossia</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Nevada" title="Dayton, Nevada">Dayton, Nevada</a>, uses Esperanto as an official language alongside English.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Internet">Internet</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> On May 28, 2015, the language learning platform <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> launched a free Esperanto course for English speakers.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> On March 25, 2016, when the first Duolingo Esperanto course completed its beta-testing phase, that course had 350,000 people registered to learn Esperanto through the medium of English. By July 2018, the number of learners had risen to 1.36 million. On July 20, 2018, Duolingo changed from recording users cumulatively to reporting only the number of "active learners" (i.e., those who are studying at the time and have not yet completed the course),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] which as of October 2022 stands at 299,000 learners.<a href="#cite_note-EN-to-EO-65">[65]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] On October 26, 2016, a second Duolingo Esperanto course, for which the language of instruction is Spanish, appeared on the same platform<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and which as of April 2021 had a further 176,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-ES-to-EO-67">[67]</a> A third Esperanto course, taught in Brazilian Portuguese, began its beta-testing phase on May 14, 2018, and was in use by 220,000 people in April 2021,<a href="#cite_note-PT-to-EO-68">[68]</a> and 155,000 people in May 2022.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A fourth Esperanto course, taught in French, began its beta-testing phase in July 2020,<a href="#cite_note-FR-incubator-70">[70]</a> and had 72,500 students in March 2021,<a href="#cite_note-FR-to-EO-71">[71]</a> and 101,000 students in May 2022.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> As of early 2023, Duolingo has removed these courses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As of October 2018, <a href="/wiki/Lernu!" title="Lernu!">Lernu!</a>, another online learning platform for Esperanto, had 320,000 registered users, and nearly 75,000 monthly visits.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> 50,000 users possess at least a basic understanding of Esperanto.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The language-learning platforms <a href="/wiki/Drops_(app)" title="Drops (app)">Drops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memrise" title="Memrise">Memrise</a> and LingQ also have materials for Esperanto.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On February 22, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a> added Esperanto as its 64th language.<a href="#cite_note-google_translate-75">[75]</a> On July 25, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Yandex_Translate" title="Yandex Translate">Yandex Translate</a> added Esperanto as a language.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-eo-200k.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Wikipedia-logo-v2-eo-200k.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Wikipedia-logo-v2-eo-200k.png" data-width="135" data-height="155" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Variant logo for the Esperanto Wikipedia's 200,000-article milestone</figcaption></figure> As of January 2025, <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Wikipedia" title="Esperanto Wikipedia">Esperanto Wikipedia</a> (Vikipedio) contains about 369,000 articles, making it the 37th-largest Wikipedia, as measured by the number of articles,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and is the largest Wikipedia in a constructed language.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> About 150,000 users consult the Vikipedio regularly, as attested by Wikipedia's automatically aggregated log-in data, which showed that in October 2019 the website has 117,366 unique individual visitors per month, plus 33,572 who view the site on a mobile device instead.<a href="#cite_note-bonvenon-80">[80]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Linguistic_properties">Linguistic properties</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Linguistic properties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Esperanto has been described as "a language <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexically</a> predominantly <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphologically</a> intensively <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinative</a>, and to a certain degree <a href="/wiki/Isolating_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolating languages">isolating</a> in character".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Approximately 80% of Esperanto's vocabulary is derived from Romance languages.<a href="#cite_note-Koutny_2015_p._106-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typologically</a>, Esperanto has <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">prepositions</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Information_flow" title="Information flow">pragmatic word order</a> that by default is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Subject–verb–object word order">subject–verb–object</a> (SVO). Adjectives can be freely placed before or after the nouns they modify, though placing them before the noun is more common. New words are formed through extensive use of affixes and <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koutny_2015_ch._Typology-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tonkin_2010-83">[83]</a> Esperanto's <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> are based on the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> spoken in Europe. Beside his native Yiddish and (Belo)Russian, Zamenhof studied German, Hebrew, Latin, English, Spanish, Lithuanian, Italian, French, Aramaic and <a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a>, knowing altogether something of 13 different languages, which had an influence on Esperanto's linguistic properties.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Esperantist and linguist <a href="/wiki/Ilona_Koutny" title="Ilona Koutny">Ilona Koutny</a> notes that Esperanto's vocabulary, phrase structure, agreement systems, and semantic typology are similar to those of Indo-European languages spoken in Europe. However, Koutny and Esperantist <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Tonkin" title="Humphrey Tonkin">Humphrey Tonkin</a> also note that Esperanto has features that are atypical of Indo-European languages spoken in Europe, such as its agglutinative morphology.<a href="#cite_note-Koutny_2015_ch._Typology-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tonkin_2010-83">[83]</a> Claude Piron argued that Esperanto word-formation has more in common with that of Chinese than with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">typical European languages</a>, and that the number of Esperanto features shared with Slavic languages warrants the identification of a Slavic-derived stratum of language structure that he calls the "Middle Plane".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto phonology</a></div> Esperanto typically has 22 to 24 consonants (depending on the phonemic analysis and individual speaker), five vowels, and two <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowels</a> that combine with the vowels to form six <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>. (The consonant /j/ and semivowel /i̯/ are both written ⟨j⟩, and the uncommon consonant /dz/ is written with the digraph ⟨dz⟩,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> which is the only consonant that does not have its own letter.) <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a> is not used to distinguish meanings of words. <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a> is always on the second-to-last vowel in proper Esperanto words, unless a final vowel o is <a href="/wiki/Elided" class="mw-redirect" title="Elided">elided</a>, a phenomenon mostly occurring in poetry. For example, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/familio#Esperanto" class="extiw" title="wikt:familio">familio</a> "family" is [fa.mi.ˈli.o], with the stress on the second i, but when the word is used without the final o (famili’), the stress remains on the second i: [fa.mi.ˈli]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The 23 consonants are: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> There is some degree of allophony: <ul><li>The sound /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ is usually rendered as an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>], but can also be a <a href="/wiki/Uvular_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular trill">uvular trill</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>],<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">uvular fricative</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>],<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar and postalveolar approximants">alveolar approximant</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Many other forms such as an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">alveolar tap</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] are done and accepted in practice.</li> <li>The /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ is normally pronounced like English v, but may be pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>] (between English v and w) or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>], depending on the language background of the speaker.</li> <li>A semivowel /u̯/ normally occurs only in <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> after the vowels /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/, not as a consonant /w/.</li> <li>Common, if debated, <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> includes the pronunciation of nk as [ŋk] and kz as [ɡz].</li></ul> A large number of consonant clusters can occur, up to three in initial position (as in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stranga#Esperanto" class="extiw" title="wikt:stranga">stranga</a>, "strange") and five in medial position (as in <a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ekssklavo" class="extiw" title="eo:ekssklavo">ekssklavo</a>, "former slave"). Final clusters are uncommon except in unassimilated names, poetic elision of final <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/o#Esperanto" class="extiw" title="wikt:o">o</a>, and a very few basic words such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cent#Esperanto" class="extiw" title="wikt:cent">cent</a> "hundred" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/post#Esperanto" class="extiw" title="wikt:post">post</a> "after". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Esperanto has the five vowels found in such languages as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>. <table style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Monophthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>ui̯ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td>ei̯, eu̯ </td> <td>oi̯ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2">ai̯, au̯ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Since there are only five vowels, a good deal of variation in pronunciation is tolerated. For instance, e commonly ranges from [e] (French é) to [ɛ] (French è). These details often depend on the speaker's native language. A <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> may occur between adjacent vowels in some people's speech, especially when the two vowels are the same, as in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heroo#Esperanto" class="extiw" title="wikt:heroo">heroo</a> "hero" ([he.ˈro.o] or [he.ˈro.ʔo]) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/praavo#Esperanto" class="extiw" title="wikt:praavo">praavo</a> "great-grandfather" ([pra.ˈa.vo] or [pra.ˈʔa.vo]). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography">Orthography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Orthography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Esperanto alphabet is based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, using a one-sound-one-letter principle, with the exception of [d͡z]. It includes six <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a> with <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a>: five with circumflexes (⟨ĉ⟩, ⟨ĝ⟩, ⟨ĥ⟩, ⟨ĵ⟩, and ⟨ŝ⟩), and one with a <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> (⟨ŭ⟩). The alphabet does not include the letters ⟨q⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨x⟩, or ⟨y⟩, which are only used in the writing of proper names and unassimilated borrowings. The 28-letter alphabet is: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; table-layout:fixed"> <caption>Esperanto alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15</th> <th>16</th> <th>17</th> <th>18</th> <th>19</th> <th>20</th> <th>21</th> <th>22</th> <th>23</th> <th>24</th> <th>25</th> <th>26</th> <th>27</th> <th>28 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">Upper case</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%88" title="Ĉ">Ĉ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%9C" title="Ĝ">Ĝ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%A4" title="Ĥ">Ĥ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B4" title="Ĵ">Ĵ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9C" title="Ŝ">Ŝ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%AC" title="Ŭ">Ŭ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Lower case</a> </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>ĉ</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>ĝ</td> <td>h</td> <td>ĥ</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>ĵ</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>ŝ</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>ŭ</td> <td>v</td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">i̯</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">u̯</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonology_2">Phonology</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> All letters lacking diacritics are pronounced approximately as their respective <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbols, with the exception of ⟨c⟩. The letters ⟨j⟩ and ⟨c⟩ are used in a way that is familiar to speakers of many Central and Eastern European languages, but may be unfamiliar to English speakers. ⟨j⟩ has the sound of English ⟨y⟩, as in yellow and boy (Esperanto jes has the same pronunciation as its English cognate yes), and ⟨c⟩ has a "ts" sound, as in hits or the ⟨zz⟩ in pizza. In addition, the ⟨g⟩ in Esperanto is always 'hard', as in gift. Esperanto makes use of the five-vowel system, essentially identical to the vowels of Spanish and Modern Greek. The accented letters are: <ul><li>⟨ĉ⟩ is pronounced like English ch in chatting</li> <li>⟨ĝ⟩ is pronounced like English g in gem</li> <li>⟨ĥ⟩ is pronounced like the ch in German Bach or Scottish English loch.</li> <li>⟨ĵ⟩ is pronounced like the s in English fusion or the j in French Jacques</li> <li>⟨ŝ⟩ is pronounced like English sh.</li> <li>⟨ŭ⟩ in ⟨aŭ⟩ is pronounced like English ow in cow.</li></ul> According to one of Zamenhof's entries in the Lingvaj respondoj, the letter ⟨n⟩ ought to be pronounced as [n] in all cases, but a rendering as [ŋ] is admissible before ⟨g⟩, ⟨k⟩, and ⟨ĥ⟩. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diacritics_and_Substitutions">Diacritics and Substitutions</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Diacritics and Substitutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Inputting_Esperanto_text_on_computers" title="Inputting Esperanto text on computers">Inputting Esperanto text on computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substitutions_of_the_Esperanto_alphabet" title="Substitutions of the Esperanto alphabet">Substitutions of the Esperanto alphabet</a></div> Even with the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, the letters with diacritics (found in the "<a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-A" title="Latin Extended-A">Latin-Extended A</a>" section of the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode Standard">Unicode Standard</a>) can cause problems with printing and computing, because they are not found on most physical keyboards and are left out of certain fonts. There are two principal workarounds to this problem, which substitute <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> for the accented letters. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, created an "h-convention", which replaces ⟨ĉ⟩, ⟨ĝ⟩, ⟨ĥ⟩, ⟨ĵ⟩, ⟨ŝ⟩, and ⟨ŭ⟩ with ⟨ch⟩, ⟨gh⟩, ⟨hh⟩, ⟨jh⟩, ⟨sh⟩, and ⟨u⟩, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The main issue with this convention is its ambiguity: If used in a database, a program could not easily determine whether to render, for example, ⟨ch⟩ as /c/ followed by /h/ or as /ĉ/. Such words do exist in Esperanto: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/senchava" class="extiw" title="wikt:senchava">senchava</a> could not be rendered unambiguously, unless its component parts were intentionally separated, as in senc·hava. A more recent "x-convention" has also gained prominence with the advent of computing, utilizing an otherwise absent ⟨x⟩ to produce the digraphs ⟨cx⟩, ⟨gx⟩, ⟨hx⟩, ⟨jx⟩, ⟨sx⟩, and ⟨ux⟩; this has the incidental advantage of alphabetizing correctly in most cases, since the only letter after ⟨x⟩ is ⟨z⟩. There are computer <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard layouts">keyboard layouts</a> that support the Esperanto alphabet, and some systems use software that automatically replaces x- or h-convention digraphs with the corresponding diacritic letters (for example, Amiketo<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, Esperanta Klavaro for <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gboard" title="Gboard">Gboard</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=AnySoftKeyboard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AnySoftKeyboard (page does not exist)">AnySoftKeyboard</a> for <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>). On Linux, the <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)" title="Cinnamon (desktop environment)">Cinnamon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5" title="KDE Plasma 5">KDE</a> desktop environments support the entry of characters with Esperanto diacritics.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_vocabulary" title="Esperanto vocabulary">Esperanto vocabulary</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Esperanto, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Esperanto_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Esperanto language">Esperanto language category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> The core vocabulary of Esperanto was defined by Lingvo internacia, published by Zamenhof in 1887. This book listed 917 roots; these could be expanded into tens of thousands of words using prefixes, suffixes, and compounding. In 1894, Zamenhof published the first Esperanto <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a>, Universala Vortaro, which had a larger set of roots. The rules of the language allowed speakers to borrow new roots as needed; it was recommended, however, that speakers use most international forms and then derive related meanings from these. Since then, many words have been borrowed, primarily (but not solely) from the European languages. Not all proposed borrowings become widespread, but many do, especially <a href="/wiki/Technical_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical terminology">technical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> terms. Terms for everyday use, on the other hand, are more likely to be derived from existing roots; komputilo "computer", for instance, is formed from the verb komputi "compute" and the suffix -ilo "tool". Words are also <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calqued</a>; that is, words acquire new meanings based on usage in other languages. For example, the word muso "mouse" has acquired the meaning of a <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">computer mouse</a> from its usage in many languages (English mouse, French souris, Dutch muis, Spanish ratón, etc.). Esperanto speakers often debate about whether a particular borrowing is justified or whether meaning can be expressed by deriving from or extending the meaning of existing words. Some compounds and formed words in Esperanto are not entirely straightforward; for example, eldoni, literally "give out", means "publish", paralleling the usage of certain European languages (such as German herausgeben, Dutch uitgeven, Russian издать izdat'). In addition, <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_words_with_the_ad_hoc_suffix_-um" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto words with the ad hoc suffix -um">the suffix -um-</a> has no defined meaning; words using the suffix must be learned separately (such as dekstren "to the right" and dekstrumen "clockwise"). There are not many idiomatic or slang words in Esperanto, as these forms of speech tend to make international communication difficult—working against Esperanto's main goal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The language contains several <a href="/wiki/Calques" class="mw-redirect" title="Calques">calques</a> of Polish expressions.<a href="#cite_note-polish-96">[96]</a> Instead of derivations of Esperanto roots, new roots are taken from European languages in the endeavor to create an international language.<a href="#cite_note-piron1989-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto grammar</a></div> Esperanto words are mostly <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">derived</a> by stringing together <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a>, grammatical endings, and at times <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>. This process is regular so that people can create new words as they speak and be understood. <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">Compound</a> words are formed with a modifier-first, <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head-final</a> order, as in English (compare "birdsong" and "songbird", and likewise, birdokanto and kantobirdo). Speakers may optionally insert an o between the words in a compound noun if placing them together directly without the o would make the resulting word hard to say or understand. The different <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">parts of speech</a> are marked by their own suffixes: all <a href="/wiki/Common_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Common noun">common nouns</a> are marked with the suffix -o, all <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> with -a, all derived adverbs with -e, and all <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> except the <a href="/wiki/Jussive_mood" title="Jussive mood">jussive</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> end in -s, specifically in one of six <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> suffixes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> -as; the jussive mood, which is tenseless, ends in -u. Nouns and adjectives have two cases: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> for grammatical subjects and in general, and <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> for direct objects and (after a preposition) to indicate direction of movement. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Singular</a> nouns used as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical subject">grammatical subjects</a> end in -o, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">plural</a> subject nouns in -oj (pronounced [oi̯] like English "oy"). Singular <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a> forms end in -on, and plural direct objects with the combination -ojn ([oi̯n]; rhymes with "coin"): -o indicates that the word is a noun, -j indicates the plural, and -n indicates the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> (direct object) case. Adjectives <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Adjectives_and_determiners" title="Grammatical number">agree</a> with their nouns; their endings are singular subject -a ([a]; rhymes with "ha!"), plural subject -aj ([ai̯], pronounced "eye"), singular object -an, and plural object -ajn ([ai̯n]; rhymes with "fine"). <table style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a> </th> <th>Subject </th> <th>Object </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <td>-o </td> <td>-on </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td>-oj </td> <td>-ojn </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a> </th> <th>Subject </th> <th>Object </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <td>-a </td> <td>-an </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td>-aj </td> <td>-ajn </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> The suffix -n, besides indicating the direct object, is used to indicate movement and a few other things as well. The six verb <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> consist of three tenses and three moods. They are <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> -as, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future tense</a> -os, <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> -is, <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> mood -i, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional mood</a> -us and <a href="/wiki/Jussive_mood" title="Jussive mood">jussive mood</a> -u (used for wishes and commands). Verbs are not marked for person or number. Thus, kanti means "to sing", mi kantas means "I sing", vi kantas means "you sing", and ili kantas means "they sing". <table style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verbal tense </th> <th>Suffix </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a> </th> <td>-as (kantas) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a> </th> <td>-is (kantis) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a> </th> <td>-os (kantos) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verbal mood </th> <th>Suffix </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a> </th> <td>-i (kanti) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jussive_mood" title="Jussive mood">Jussive</a> </th> <td>-u (kantu) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">Conditional</a> </th> <td>-us (kantus) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Word order is comparatively free. Adjectives may precede or follow nouns; subjects, verbs and objects may occur in any order. However, the <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a> la "the", <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a> such as tiu "that" and <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> (such as ĉe "at") must come before their related nouns. Similarly, the negative ne "not" and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunctions</a> such as kaj "and" and ke "that" must precede the <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a> that they introduce. In <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copular</a> (A = B) clauses, word order is just as important as in English: "people are animals" is distinguished from "animals are people". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_phrases">Simple phrases</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Simple phrases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Listed below are some useful Esperanto words and phrases along with <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> transcriptions: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Esperanto</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hello</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b8\/Eo-saluton.ogg\/Eo-saluton.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Saluton"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-saluton.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Eo-saluton.ogg/Eo-saluton.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Saluton</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-saluton.ogg" title="File:Eo-saluton.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[sa.ˈlu.ton] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/97\/Eo-jes.ogg\/Eo-jes.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Jes"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-jes.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Eo-jes.ogg/Eo-jes.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Jes</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-jes.ogg" title="File:Eo-jes.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈjes] </td></tr> <tr> <td>No</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f6\/Eo-ne.ogg\/Eo-ne.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Ne"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-ne.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Eo-ne.ogg/Eo-ne.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Ne</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-ne.ogg" title="File:Eo-ne.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈne] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good morning</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e3\/Eo-bonan_matenon.ogg\/Eo-bonan_matenon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Bonan matenon"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-bonan matenon.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Eo-bonan_matenon.ogg/Eo-bonan_matenon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Bonan matenon</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-bonan_matenon.ogg" title="File:Eo-bonan matenon.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈbo.nan ma.ˈte.non] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good day</td> <td>Bonan tagon</td> <td>[ˈbo.nan ˈta.gon] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good evening</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2b\/Eo-bonan_vesperon.ogg\/Eo-bonan_vesperon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Bonan vesperon"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-bonan vesperon.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Eo-bonan_vesperon.ogg/Eo-bonan_vesperon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Bonan vesperon</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-bonan_vesperon.ogg" title="File:Eo-bonan vesperon.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈbo.nan ves.ˈpe.ron] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good night</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6b\/Eo-bonan_nokton.ogg\/Eo-bonan_nokton.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Bonan nokton"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-bonan nokton.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Eo-bonan_nokton.ogg/Eo-bonan_nokton.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Bonan nokton</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-bonan_nokton.ogg" title="File:Eo-bonan nokton.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈbo.nan ˈnok.ton] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodbye</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6c\/Eo-%C4%9Dis_la_revido.ogg\/Eo-%C4%9Dis_la_revido.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u011cis (la revido)"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-\u011dis la revido.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Eo-%C4%9Dis_la_revido.ogg/Eo-%C4%9Dis_la_revido.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Ĝis (la revido)</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-%C4%9Dis_la_revido.ogg" title="File:Eo-ĝis la revido.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈd͡ʒis (la re.ˈvi.do)] </td></tr> <tr> <td>What is your name?</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f9\/Eo-kio_estas_via_nomo.ogg\/Eo-kio_estas_via_nomo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Kio estas via nomo?"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-kio estas via nomo.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Eo-kio_estas_via_nomo.ogg/Eo-kio_estas_via_nomo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Kio estas via nomo?</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-kio_estas_via_nomo.ogg" title="File:Eo-kio estas via nomo.ogg">ⓘ</a> / Kiel vi nomiĝas?</td> <td>[ˈki.o ˌes.tas ˌvi.a ˈno.mo] / [ˈki.el ˌvi no.ˈmi.d͡ʒas] </td></tr> <tr> <td>My name is Marco.</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a3\/Eo-mia_nomo_estas_marko.ogg\/Eo-mia_nomo_estas_marko.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Mia nomo estas Marko"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-mia nomo estas marko.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Eo-mia_nomo_estas_marko.ogg/Eo-mia_nomo_estas_marko.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Mia nomo estas Marko</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-mia_nomo_estas_marko.ogg" title="File:Eo-mia nomo estas marko.ogg">ⓘ</a> / Mi nomiĝas Marko</td> <td>[ˌmi.a ˈno.mo ˌes.tas ˈmar.ko] / [mi no.ˌmi.d͡ʒas ˈmar.ko] </td></tr> <tr> <td>How are you?</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ea\/Eo-kiel_vi_fartas.ogg\/Eo-kiel_vi_fartas.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Kiel vi fartas?"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-kiel vi fartas.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Eo-kiel_vi_fartas.ogg/Eo-kiel_vi_fartas.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Kiel vi fartas?</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-kiel_vi_fartas.ogg" title="File:Eo-kiel vi fartas.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈki.el vi ˈfar.tas] </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am well.</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/02\/Eo-mi_fartas_bone.ogg\/Eo-mi_fartas_bone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Mi fartas bone"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-mi fartas bone.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Eo-mi_fartas_bone.ogg/Eo-mi_fartas_bone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Mi fartas bone</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-mi_fartas_bone.ogg" title="File:Eo-mi fartas bone.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[mi ˈfar.tas ˈbo.ne] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do you speak Esperanto?</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bb\/Cu_vi_parolas_esperanton.ogg\/Cu_vi_parolas_esperanton.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u0108u vi parolas Esperanton?"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cu vi parolas esperanton.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Cu_vi_parolas_esperanton.ogg/Cu_vi_parolas_esperanton.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Ĉu vi parolas Esperanton?</a><a href="/wiki/File:Cu_vi_parolas_esperanton.ogg" title="File:Cu vi parolas esperanton.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈt͡ʃu vi pa.ˈro.las ˌes.pe.ˈran.ton] </td></tr> <tr> <td>I don't understand you</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1a\/Eo-mi_ne_komprenas_vin.ogg\/Eo-mi_ne_komprenas_vin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Mi ne komprenas vin"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-mi ne komprenas vin.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Eo-mi_ne_komprenas_vin.ogg/Eo-mi_ne_komprenas_vin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Mi ne komprenas vin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-mi_ne_komprenas_vin.ogg" title="File:Eo-mi ne komprenas vin.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[mi ˌne kom.ˈpre.nas vin] </td></tr> <tr> <td>All right</td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ca\/Eo-bone.ogg\/Eo-bone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Bone"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-bone.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Eo-bone.ogg/Eo-bone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Bone</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-bone.ogg" title="File:Eo-bone.ogg">ⓘ</a> / En ordo</td> <td rowspan="2">[ˈbo.ne] / [en ˈor.do] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Okay </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1a\/Eo-dankon.ogg\/Eo-dankon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Dankon"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-dankon.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Eo-dankon.ogg/Eo-dankon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Dankon</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-dankon.ogg" title="File:Eo-dankon.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈdan.kon] </td></tr> <tr> <td>You're welcome</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/76\/Eo-ne_dankinde.ogg\/Eo-ne_dankinde.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Ne dankinde"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-ne dankinde.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Eo-ne_dankinde.ogg/Eo-ne_dankinde.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Ne dankinde</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-ne_dankinde.ogg" title="File:Eo-ne dankinde.ogg">ⓘ</a> / Nedankinde</td> <td>[ˌne.dan.ˈkin.de] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/84\/Eo-bonvolu.ogg\/Eo-bonvolu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Bonvolu"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-bonvolu.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Eo-bonvolu.ogg/Eo-bonvolu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Bonvolu</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-bonvolu.ogg" title="File:Eo-bonvolu.ogg">ⓘ</a> / Mi petas</td> <td>[bon.ˈvo.lu] / [mi ˈpe.tas] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Forgive me/Excuse me</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c1\/Eo-pardonu_min.ogg\/Eo-pardonu_min.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Pardonu min"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-pardonu min.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Eo-pardonu_min.ogg/Eo-pardonu_min.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Pardonu min</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-pardonu_min.ogg" title="File:Eo-pardonu min.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[par.ˈdo.nu min] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bless you!</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c8\/Eo-sanon.ogg\/Eo-sanon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Sanon!"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-sanon.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Eo-sanon.ogg/Eo-sanon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Sanon!</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-sanon.ogg" title="File:Eo-sanon.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈsa.non] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Congratulations!</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/01\/Eo-gratulon.ogg\/Eo-gratulon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Gratulon!"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-gratulon.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Eo-gratulon.ogg/Eo-gratulon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Gratulon!</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-gratulon.ogg" title="File:Eo-gratulon.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ɡra.ˈtu.lon] </td></tr> <tr> <td>I love you</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/81\/Eo-mi_amas_vin.ogg\/Eo-mi_amas_vin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Mi amas vin"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-mi amas vin.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Eo-mi_amas_vin.ogg/Eo-mi_amas_vin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Mi amas vin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-mi_amas_vin.ogg" title="File:Eo-mi amas vin.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[mi ˈa.mas vin] </td></tr> <tr> <td>One beer, please</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-23" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/29\/Eo-unu_bieron_mi_petas.ogg\/Eo-unu_bieron_mi_petas.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Unu bieron, mi petas"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-unu bieron mi petas.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Eo-unu_bieron_mi_petas.ogg/Eo-unu_bieron_mi_petas.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Unu bieron, mi petas</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-unu_bieron_mi_petas.ogg" title="File:Eo-unu bieron mi petas.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈu.nu bi.ˈe.ron, mi ˈpe.tas] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where is the toilet?</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-24" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8a\/Eo-kie_estas_la_necesejo.ogg\/Eo-kie_estas_la_necesejo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Kie estas la necesejo?"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-kie estas la necesejo.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Eo-kie_estas_la_necesejo.ogg/Eo-kie_estas_la_necesejo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Kie estas la necesejo?</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-kie_estas_la_necesejo.ogg" title="File:Eo-kie estas la necesejo.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈki.e ˌes.tas la ˌne.t͡se.ˈse.jo] </td></tr> <tr> <td>What is that?</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-25" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/29\/Eo-kio_estas_tio.ogg\/Eo-kio_estas_tio.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Kio estas tio?"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-kio estas tio.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Eo-kio_estas_tio.ogg/Eo-kio_estas_tio.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Kio estas tio?</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-kio_estas_tio.ogg" title="File:Eo-kio estas tio.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈki.o ˌes.tas ˈti.o] </td></tr> <tr> <td>That is a dog</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-26" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a7\/Eo-tio_estas_hundo.ogg\/Eo-tio_estas_hundo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Tio estas hundo"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-tio estas hundo.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Eo-tio_estas_hundo.ogg/Eo-tio_estas_hundo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Tio estas hundo</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-tio_estas_hundo.ogg" title="File:Eo-tio estas hundo.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈti.o ˌes.tas ˈhun.do] </td></tr> <tr> <td>We will love!</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-27" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/Eo-ni_amos.ogg\/Eo-ni_amos.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Ni amos!"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-ni amos.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Eo-ni_amos.ogg/Eo-ni_amos.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Ni amos!</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-ni_amos.ogg" title="File:Eo-ni amos.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ni ˈa.mos] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peace!</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-28" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/Eo-pacon.ogg\/Eo-pacon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Pacon!"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-pacon.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Eo-pacon.ogg/Eo-pacon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Pacon!</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-pacon.ogg" title="File:Eo-pacon.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[ˈpa.t͡son] </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am a beginner in Esperanto.</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-29" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/04\/Eo-mi_estas_komencanto_de_esperanto.ogg\/Eo-mi_estas_komencanto_de_esperanto.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Mi estas komencanto de Esperanto"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eo-mi estas komencanto de esperanto.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Eo-mi_estas_komencanto_de_esperanto.ogg/Eo-mi_estas_komencanto_de_esperanto.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Mi estas komencanto de Esperanto</a><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-mi_estas_komencanto_de_esperanto.ogg" title="File:Eo-mi estas komencanto de esperanto.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>[mi ˌes.tas ˌko.men.ˈt͡san.to de ˌes.pe.ˈran.to] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sample texts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="border-width: 2px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> Ĉiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj laŭ digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu al alia en spirito de frateco. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; margin: 1em auto;"> All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </div></div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">The <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, Article I<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></cite></div> </div> The following short extract gives an idea of the character of Esperanto:<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <ul><li>Esperanto:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 50px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="50" data-height="50" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Eo-drako-re%C4%9Do.ogg" title="File:Eo-drako-reĝo.ogg">Listen to this excerpt</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="47" data-mwtitle="Eo-drako-reĝo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Eo-drako-re%C4%9Do.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="opus"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Eo-drako-re%C4%9Do.ogg/Eo-drako-re%C4%9Do.ogg.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Eo-drako-re%C4%9Do.ogg/Eo-drako-re%C4%9Do.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <dl><dd>«En multaj lokoj de Ĉinio estis temploj de la drako-reĝo. Dum trosekeco oni preĝis en la temploj, ke la drako-reĝo donu pluvon al la homa mondo. Tiam drako estis simbolo de la supernatura estaĵo. Kaj pli poste, ĝi fariĝis prapatro de la plej altaj regantoj kaj simbolis la absolutan aŭtoritaton de la feŭda imperiestro. La imperiestro pretendis, ke li estas la filo de la drako. Ĉiuj liaj vivbezonaĵoj portis la nomon drako kaj estis ornamitaj per diversaj drakofiguroj. Nun ĉie en Ĉinio videblas drako-ornamentaĵoj, kaj cirkulas legendoj pri drakoj.»</dd></dl> <ul><li>English translation:</li></ul> <dl><dd>In many places in China, there were temples of the dragon-king. During times of drought, people would pray in the temples that the dragon-king would give rain to the human world. At that time the dragon was a symbol of the supernatural creature. Later on, it became the ancestor of the highest rulers and symbolized the absolute authority of a feudal emperor. The emperor claimed to be the son of the dragon. All of his personal possessions carried the name "dragon" and were decorated with various dragon figures. Now dragon decorations can be seen everywhere in China, and legends about dragons circulate.</dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Education_2">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Esperanto speakers learn the language through <a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">self-directed study</a>, online tutorials, and correspondence courses taught by volunteers. More recently, free teaching websites like <a href="/wiki/Lernu!" title="Lernu!">lernu!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> have become available. Esperanto instruction is rarely available at schools, including four primary schools in a pilot project under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, and by one count at a few universities.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> However, outside China and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, these mostly involve informal arrangements, rather than dedicated departments or state sponsorship. <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">Eötvös Loránd University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> had a department of <a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a> and Esperanto from 1966 to 2004, after which time instruction moved to <a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">vocational colleges</a>; there are state examinations for Esperanto instructors.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University</a> in Poland offers a <a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">diploma</a> in Interlinguistics.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Senate of Brazil</a> passed a bill in 2009 that would make Esperanto an optional part of the curriculum in <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a>, although mandatory if there is demand for it. As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit">[update]</a>, the bill is still under consideration by the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In the United States, Esperanto is notably offered as a weekly evening course at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University's</a> Bechtel International Center. Conversational Esperanto, The International Language, is a free drop-in class that is open to Stanford students and the general public on campus during the academic year. With administrative permission, Stanford students can take the class for two credits a quarter through the Linguistics Department.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esperanto-USA" title="Esperanto-USA">Esperanto-USA</a> suggests that Esperanto can be learned in, at most, one quarter of the amount of time required for other languages.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Zagreb_method">The Zagreb method</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Zagreb method" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Zagreb method is an Esperanto teaching method that was developed in the city of <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> in the late 1970s to early 1980s as a response to the unsatisfactory learning outcomes of traditional natural-language teaching techniques when used for Esperanto. Its goal was to streamline the material in order to equip learners with practical knowledge that could be put to use in as short a time frame as possible. It is now implemented and available on some of the well-known learning websites in the community.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-language_acquisition">Third-language acquisition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Third-language acquisition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paderborn_method" title="Paderborn method">Paderborn method</a></div> From 2006 to 2011, four primary schools in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">Britain</a>, with 230 pupils, followed a course in "propaedeutic Esperanto"—that is, instruction in Esperanto to raise language awareness, and to accelerate subsequent learning of foreign languages—under the supervision of the University of Manchester. As they put it, <blockquote>Many schools used to teach children the <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a>, not to produce a nation of recorder players, but as a preparation for learning other instruments. [We teach] Esperanto, not to produce a nation of Esperanto-speakers, but as a preparation for learning other languages.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></blockquote> The results showed that the pupils achieved enhanced metalinguistic awareness, though the study did not indicate whether a course in a language other than Esperanto would have led to similar results.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Similar studies have been conducted in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> the United States,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> England,<a href="#cite_note-Williams_1965-115">[115]</a> and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Many of these experiments' findings were compromised by unclear objectives, brief or anecdotal reporting, and a lack of methodological rigor.<a href="#cite_note-springboardtolanguages-117">[117]</a> However, the results of these studies were consistently favorable, and suggested that studying Esperanto before another foreign language expedites the acquisition of the other, natural language. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Community" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esperantujo" title="Esperantujo">Esperantujo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography_and_demography">Geography and demography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Geography and demography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PS_mapo_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PS_mapo_2015.png/330px-PS_mapo_2015.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="579"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PS_mapo_2015.png/330px-PS_mapo_2015.png" data-width="330" data-height="187" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PS_mapo_2015.png/500px-PS_mapo_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PS_mapo_2015.png/960px-PS_mapo_2015.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Location map of hosts of <a href="/wiki/Pasporta_Servo" title="Pasporta Servo">Pasporta Servo</a>, the Esperanto <a href="/wiki/Homestay" title="Homestay">homestay</a> community, by 2015</figcaption></figure> Esperanto is by far the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Speakers are most numerous in Europe and East Asia, especially in urban areas, where they often form <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_club" title="Esperanto club">Esperanto clubs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sikosek_2003-119">[119]</a> Esperanto is particularly prevalent in the northern and central countries of Europe; in China, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> within Asia;<a href="#cite_note-Esperanto_as_language_and_idea_in_China_and_Japan-33">[33]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the Americas;<a href="#cite_note-e25-120">[120]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Countering a common criticism against Esperanto, the <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a> Svend Nielsen has found no significant correlation between the number of Esperanto speakers and the similarity of a given national native language to Esperanto. He concludes that Esperanto tends to be more popular in rich countries with widespread Internet access and a tendency to contribute more to science and culture. Linguistic diversity within a country was found to have no, or perhaps a slightly reductive, correlation with Esperanto popularity.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_of_speakers">Number of speakers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Number of speakers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An estimate of the number of Esperanto speakers was made by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_S._Culbert" title="Sidney S. Culbert">Sidney S. Culbert</a>, a retired <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> and a longtime <a href="/wiki/List_of_Esperanto_speakers" title="List of Esperanto speakers">Esperantist</a>, who tracked down and tested Esperanto speakers in sample areas in dozens of countries over a period of twenty years. Culbert concluded that between one and two million people speak Esperanto at <a href="/wiki/ILR_scale" title="ILR scale">Foreign Service Level 3</a>, "professionally proficient" (able to communicate moderately complex ideas without hesitation, and to follow speeches, radio broadcasts, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-Culbert-123">[123]</a> Culbert's estimate was not made for Esperanto alone, but formed part of his listing of estimates for all languages of more than one million speakers, published annually in the <a href="/wiki/World_Almanac" class="mw-redirect" title="World Almanac">World Almanac</a> and Book of Facts. Culbert's most detailed account of his methodology is found in a 1989 letter to David Wolff.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Since Culbert never published detailed intermediate results for particular countries and regions, it is difficult to independently gauge the accuracy of his results. In the Almanac, his estimates for numbers of language speakers were rounded to the nearest million, thus the number of Esperanto speakers is shown as two million. This latter figure appears in <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. Assuming that this figure is accurate, that means that about 0.03% of the world's population speaks the language. Although it does not meet Zamenhof's goal of a <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">universal language</a>, it still represents a level of popularity unmatched by any other constructed language. Marcus Sikosek (now <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziko_van_Dijk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziko van Dijk (page does not exist)">Ziko van Dijk</a>) has challenged this figure of 1.6 million as exaggerated. He estimated that even if Esperanto speakers were evenly distributed, assuming one million Esperanto speakers worldwide would lead one to expect about 180 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Cologne,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne, Germany">Cologne</a>. Van Dijk finds only 30 <a href="/wiki/Fluency" title="Fluency">fluent</a> speakers in that city, and similarly smaller-than-expected figures in several other places thought to have a larger-than-average concentration of Esperanto speakers. He also notes that there are a total of about 20,000 members of the various Esperanto organizations (other estimates are higher). Though there are undoubtedly many Esperanto speakers who are not members of any Esperanto organization, he thinks it unlikely that there are fifty times more speakers than organization members.<a href="#cite_note-Sikosek_2003-119">[119]</a> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jouko_Lindstedt" title="Jouko Lindstedt">Jouko Lindstedt</a>, an expert on native-born Esperanto speakers, presented the following scheme<a href="#cite_note-Lindstedt_1996-125">[125]</a> to show the overall proportions of language capabilities within the Esperanto community: <ul><li>1,000 have Esperanto as their native family language.</li> <li>10,000 speak it fluently.</li> <li>100,000 can use it actively.</li> <li>One million understand a large amount passively.</li> <li>Ten million have studied it to some extent at some time.</li></ul> In 2017, doctoral student Svend Nielsen estimated around 63,000 Esperanto speakers worldwide, taking into account association memberships, user-generated data from Esperanto websites and census statistics. This number, however, was disputed by statistician Sten Johansson, who questioned the reliability of the source data and highlighted a wide margin of error, the latter point with which Nielsen agrees. Both have stated, however, that this new number is likely more realistic than some earlier projections.<a href="#cite_note-svend-4">[4]</a> In the absence of Culbert's detailed sampling data, or any other census data, it is impossible to state the number of speakers with certainty. According to the website of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Esperanto_Association" title="Universal Esperanto Association">Universal Esperanto Association</a>: <blockquote>Numbers of <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbooks</a> sold and membership of local societies put "the number of people with some knowledge of the language in the hundreds of thousands and possibly millions".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_speakers">Native speakers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Native speakers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Native_Esperanto_speakers" title="Native Esperanto speakers">Native Esperanto speakers</a></div> Native Esperanto speakers, eo: denaskuloj, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'person from/since birth', have learned the language from birth from Esperanto-speaking parents.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-127">[127]</a> This usually happens when Esperanto is the chief or only common language in an international family, but sometimes occurs in a family of Esperanto speakers who often use the language.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> As of 1996, according to Corsetti, there were approximately 350 attested cases of families with native Esperanto speakers (which means there were around 700 Esperanto speaking natives in these families, not accounting for older native speakers).<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The 2022 edition of <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> gives 1,000 L1 users citing Corsetti et al 2004.<a href="#cite_note-e25-120">[120]</a> However, native speakers do not occupy an authoritative position in the Esperanto community, as they would in other language communities. This presents a challenge to linguists, whose usual source of grammaticality and meanings are native speakers.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uk_2008_libroservo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Uk_2008_libroservo.JPG/250px-Uk_2008_libroservo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="1913"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Uk_2008_libroservo.JPG/250px-Uk_2008_libroservo.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Uk_2008_libroservo.JPG/330px-Uk_2008_libroservo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Uk_2008_libroservo.JPG/500px-Uk_2008_libroservo.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Esperanto books at the <a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="World Congress of Esperanto">World Esperanto Congress</a>, Rotterdam 2008</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_culture" title="Esperanto culture">Esperanto culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_literature" title="Esperanto literature">Esperanto literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto film">Esperanto film</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_music" title="Esperanto music">Esperanto music</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Esperantists" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperantists">Esperantists</a> participate in an international culture, including a large body of original as well as translated <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_literature" title="Esperanto literature">literature</a>. There are more than 25,000 Esperanto books, both originals and translations, as well as several regularly distributed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Esperanto_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Esperanto magazines">Esperanto magazines</a>. In 2013, a museum about Esperanto opened in China.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Esperantists use the language for free accommodations with Esperantists in 92 countries using the <a href="/wiki/Pasporta_Servo" title="Pasporta Servo">Pasporta Servo</a> or to develop <a href="/wiki/Pen_pal" title="Pen pal">pen pals</a> through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto_Koresponda_Servo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esperanto Koresponda Servo (page does not exist)">Esperanto Koresponda Servo</a> [<a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_Koresponda_Servo" class="extiw" title="eo:Esperanto Koresponda Servo">eo</a>].<a href="#cite_note-Ellemberg2014-133">[133]</a> Every year, Esperantists meet for the <a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="World Congress of Esperanto">World Congress of Esperanto</a> (Universala Kongreso de Esperanto).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Historically, much music has been written in the language such as Kaj Tiel Plu.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> There is also a variety of classical and semi-classical choral music, both original and translated, as well as large ensemble music that includes voices singing Esperanto texts. <a href="/wiki/Lou_Harrison" title="Lou Harrison">Lou Harrison</a>, who incorporated styles and instruments from many world cultures in his music, used Esperanto titles and/or texts in several of his works, most notably La Koro-Sutro (1973). <a href="/wiki/David_Gaines_(composer)" title="David Gaines (composer)">David Gaines</a> used Esperanto poems as well as an excerpt from a speech by Zamenhof for his Symphony No. One (Esperanto) for mezzo-soprano and orchestra (1994–98). He wrote original Esperanto text for his Povas plori mi ne plu (I Can Cry No Longer) for unaccompanied <a href="/wiki/SATB" title="SATB">SATB</a> choir (1994). There are also shared traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Zamenhof_Day" title="Zamenhof Day">Zamenhof Day</a>, celebrated on December 15. Esperantists speak primarily in Esperanto at special conventions, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Esperanto_Congress" title="World Esperanto Congress">World Esperanto Congress</a> but also more local conventions, held for instance where three or more national languages meet. Proponents of Esperanto, such as <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Tonkin" title="Humphrey Tonkin">Humphrey Tonkin</a>, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hartford" title="University of Hartford">University of Hartford</a>, argue that Esperanto is "culturally neutral by design, as it was intended to be a facilitator between cultures, not to be the carrier of any one national culture". The late Scottish Esperanto author <a href="/wiki/William_Auld" title="William Auld">William Auld</a> wrote extensively on the subject, arguing that Esperanto is "the expression of a <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_as_an_international_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto as an international language">common human culture</a>, unencumbered by national frontiers. Thus it is considered a culture on its own."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Critics have argued that the language is <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">eurocentric</a>, as it draws much of its vocabulary from European languages.<a href="#cite_note-JBR-138">[138]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Esperanto_heritage">Esperanto heritage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Esperanto heritage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Several Esperanto associations also advance Esperanto education, and aim to preserve its culture and heritage.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Poland added Esperanto to its list of <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_authors_in_Esperanto">Notable authors in Esperanto</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notable authors in Esperanto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto authors">Esperanto authors</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 13em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muztar_Abbasi" title="Muztar Abbasi">Muztar Abbasi</a> (translated the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> into Esperanto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Auld" title="William Auld">William Auld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Baghy" title="Julio Baghy">Julio Baghy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bein" title="Kazimierz Bein">Kazimierz Bein</a> (Kabe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Boulton" title="Marjorie Boulton">Marjorie Boulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Camacho_(writer)" title="Jorge Camacho (writer)">Jorge Camacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Diego" title="Fernando de Diego">Fernando de Diego</a> (mainly translations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Eroshenko" title="Vasili Eroshenko">Vasili Eroshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Forge" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Forge">Jean Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Grabowski" title="Antoni Grabowski">Antoni Grabowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Kalocsay" title="Kálmán Kalocsay">Kálmán Kalocsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_L%C3%B6wenstein" title="Anna Löwenstein">Anna Löwenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenji_Miyazawa" title="Kenji Miyazawa">Kenji Miyazawa</a> (translated his pre-existing works into Esperanto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vladimirovich_Nekrasov" title="Nikolai Vladimirovich Nekrasov">Nikolai Nekrasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemere_Istv%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemere István">István Nemere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Piron" title="Claude Piron">Claude Piron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Privat" title="Edmond Privat">Edmond Privat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Pujul%C3%A0_i_Vall%C3%A8s" title="Frederic Pujulà i Vallès">Frederic Pujulà i Vallès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_Ragnarsson" title="Baldur Ragnarsson">Baldur Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reto_Rossetti" title="Reto Rossetti">Reto Rossetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Schwartz" title="Raymond Schwartz">Raymond Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Sekelj" title="Tibor Sekelj">Tibor Sekelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Soros" title="Tivadar Soros">Tivadar Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spomenka_%C5%A0timec" title="Spomenka Štimec">Spomenka Štimec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89va_T%C3%B3falvy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Éva Tófalvy (page does not exist)">Éva Tófalvy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Varankin" title="Vladimir Varankin">Vladimir Varankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Waringhien" title="Gaston Waringhien">Gaston Waringhien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">L. L. Zamenhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3rbergur_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" title="Þórbergur Þórðarson">Þórbergur Þórðarson</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_popular_culture" title="Esperanto in popular culture">Esperanto in popular culture</a></div> In the futuristic novel <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_World" title="Lord of the World">Lord of the World</a> by Robert Hugh Benson, Esperanto is presented as the predominant language of the world, much as Latin is the language of the Church.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> A reference to Esperanto appears in the science-fiction story <a href="/wiki/War_with_the_Newts" title="War with the Newts">War with the Newts</a> by <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>, published in 1936. As part of a passage on what language the salamander-looking creatures with human cognitive ability should learn, it is noted that "...in the Reform schools, Esperanto was taught as the medium of communication." (p. 206).<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Esperanto has been used in many films and novels. Typically, this is done either to add the exotic flavour of a foreign language without representing any particular ethnicity, or to avoid going to the trouble of inventing a new language.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> film <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Dictator" title="The Great Dictator">The Great Dictator</a> (1940) showed <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw ghetto">Jewish ghetto</a> shop signs in Esperanto. Two full-length feature films have been produced with <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> entirely in Esperanto: <a href="/wiki/Angoroj" title="Angoroj">Angoroj</a>, in 1964, and <a href="/wiki/Incubus_(1965_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incubus (1965 film)">Incubus</a>, a 1965 <a href="/wiki/B-movie" class="mw-redirect" title="B-movie">B-movie</a> horror film which is also notable for starring <a href="/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a> shortly before he began working on <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Captain_Fantastic_(film)" title="Captain Fantastic (film)">Captain Fantastic</a> (2016) there is a dialogue in Esperanto. The 1994 film <a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_(1994_film)" title="Street Fighter (1994 film)">Street Fighter</a> contains Esperanto dialogue spoken by the character Sagat. Finally, Mexican film director <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> has publicly shown his fascination for Esperanto,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> going as far as naming his film production company <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Filmoj" title="Esperanto Filmoj">Esperanto Filmoj</a> ("Esperanto Films"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Science" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertalan_Farkas_(Author_-_Rudolf_Csiba).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bertalan_Farkas_%28Author_-_Rudolf_Csiba%29.jpg/250px-Bertalan_Farkas_%28Author_-_Rudolf_Csiba%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1998"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bertalan_Farkas_%28Author_-_Rudolf_Csiba%29.jpg/250px-Bertalan_Farkas_%28Author_-_Rudolf_Csiba%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bertalan_Farkas_%28Author_-_Rudolf_Csiba%29.jpg/330px-Bertalan_Farkas_%28Author_-_Rudolf_Csiba%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bertalan_Farkas_%28Author_-_Rudolf_Csiba%29.jpg/500px-Bertalan_Farkas_%28Author_-_Rudolf_Csiba%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hungarian Cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Bertalan_Farkas" title="Bertalan Farkas">Bertalan Farkas</a>, the first Esperantist in space</figcaption></figure> In 1921 the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> recommended using Esperanto for international scientific communication.<a href="#cite_note-EspMov181-144">[144]</a> A few scientists and mathematicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ren%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9chet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice René Fréchet">Maurice Fréchet</a> (mathematics), <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a> (linguistics), <a href="/wiki/Helmar_Frank" title="Helmar Frank">Helmar Frank</a> (pedagogy and cybernetics), and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a> (economics) have published part of their work in Esperanto. Frank and Selten were among the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Akademio_Internacia_de_la_Sciencoj_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino">International Academy of Sciences</a> in San Marino, sometimes called the "Esperanto University", where Esperanto is the primary language of teaching and administration.<a href="#cite_note-rande_de_pereo-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-AIS--146">[146]</a> A message in Esperanto was recorded and <a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">included</a> in <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Golden Record</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce_and_trade">Commerce and trade</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Commerce and trade" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Esperanto business groups have been active for many years. Research conducted in the 1920s by the French Chamber of Commerce and reported in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> suggested that Esperanto seemed to be the best business language.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The privacy-oriented <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> <a href="/wiki/Monero" title="Monero">Monero</a> takes its name from the Esperanto word for coin.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goals_of_the_movement">Goals of the movement</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Goals of the movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Zamenhof had three goals, as he wrote already in 1887: to create an easy language, to create a language ready to use "whether the language be universally accepted or not" and to find some means to get many people to learn the language.<a href="#cite_note-UnuaLibro-15">[15]</a> So Zamenhof's intention was not only to create an easy-to-learn language to foster peace and international understanding as a general language, but also to create a language for immediate use by a (small) language community. Esperanto was to serve as an international auxiliary language, that is, as a universal second language, not to replace ethnic languages. This goal was shared by Zamenhof among Esperanto speakers at the beginning of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Later, Esperanto speakers began to see the language and the culture that had grown up around it as ends in themselves, even if Esperanto is never adopted by the United Nations or other international organizations.<a href="#cite_note-EspMov181-144">[144]</a> Esperanto speakers who want to see Esperanto adopted officially or on a large scale worldwide are commonly called <a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Finvenkismo">finvenkistoj</a>, from fina venko, meaning "final victory".<a href="#cite_note-Feeney1999-150">[150]</a> There are two kinds of finvenkismo: desubismo aims to spread Esperanto between ordinary people (desube, from below) to form a steadily growing community of Esperanto speakers, while desuprismo aims to act from above (desupre), beginning with politicians. Zamenhof considered the first way more plausible, as "for such affairs as ours, governments come with their approval and help usually only when everything is completely ready".<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Those who focus on the intrinsic value of the language are commonly called <a href="/wiki/Raumism" title="Raumism">raŭmistoj</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a>, Finland, where a declaration on the short-term improbability of the fina venko and the value of Esperanto culture was made at the International Youth Congress in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Silfer1999-152">[152]</a> However the "Manifesto de Raŭmo" clearly mentions the intention to further spread the language: "We want to spread Esperanto to put into effect its positive values more and more, step by step".<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In 1996 the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Manifesto_(Esperanto)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Manifesto (Esperanto)">Prague Manifesto</a> was adopted at the annual congress of the Universal Esperanto Association (UEA); it was subscribed by individual participants and later by other Esperanto speakers. More recently, language-learning apps like <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amikumu" title="Amikumu">Amikumu</a> have helped to increase the amount of fluent speakers of Esperanto, and find others in their area to speak the language with. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols_and_flags">Symbols and flags</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Symbols and flags" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_symbols" title="Esperanto symbols">Esperanto symbols</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Esperanto symbols</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Esperanto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Esperanto.svg/250px-Flag_of_Esperanto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Esperanto.svg/250px-Flag_of_Esperanto.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="100" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Esperanto.svg/330px-Flag_of_Esperanto.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The flag of Esperanto</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Esperanto_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Esperanto_star.svg/250px-Esperanto_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="238"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Esperanto_star.svg/250px-Esperanto_star.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="143" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Esperanto_star.svg/300px-Esperanto_star.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The verda stelo</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jubilea_simbolo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jubilea_simbolo.svg/250px-Jubilea_simbolo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="155"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 91px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jubilea_simbolo.svg/250px-Jubilea_simbolo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="91" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jubilea_simbolo.svg/300px-Jubilea_simbolo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_jubilee_symbol" title="Esperanto jubilee symbol">jubilea simbolo</a></div></div></div></div></div> The earliest flag, and the one most commonly used today, features a green five-pointed star against a white <a href="/wiki/Canton_(flag)" title="Canton (flag)">canton</a>, upon a field of green. It was proposed to Zamenhof by <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Geoghegan" title="Richard H. Geoghegan">Richard Geoghegan</a>, author of the first Esperanto textbook for English speakers, in 1887. The flag was approved in 1905 by delegates to the first conference of Esperantists at Boulogne-sur-Mer. The green star on white (la verda stelo) is also used by itself as a round (buttonhole, etc.) emblem by many esperantists, among other reasons to enhance their visibility outside the Esperanto world. A version with an E superimposed over the green star is sometimes seen. Other variants include that for Christian Esperantists, with a white <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a> superimposed upon the green star, and that for Leftists, with <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">the color of the field changed from green to red</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In 1987, a second flag design was chosen in a contest organized by the UEA celebrating the first centennial of the language. It featured a white background with two stylised curved "E"s facing each other. Dubbed the jubilea simbolo (<a href="/wiki/Esperanto_jubilee_symbol" title="Esperanto jubilee symbol">jubilee symbol</a>),<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> it attracted criticism from some Esperantists, who dubbed it the melono (melon) for its elliptical shape. It is still in use, though to a lesser degree than the traditional symbol, known as the verda stelo (green star).<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Esperanto has been placed in many proposed political situations. The most popular of these is the <a href="/wiki/Europe%E2%80%93Democracy%E2%80%93Esperanto" title="Europe–Democracy–Esperanto">Europe–Democracy–Esperanto</a>, which aims to establish Esperanto as the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Grin's Report, published in 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Grin" title="François Grin">François Grin</a>, found that the use of English as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> within the European Union costs billions annually and significantly benefits English-speaking countries financially.<a href="#cite_note-Grin_Report-157">[157]</a> The report considered a scenario where Esperanto would be the lingua franca, and found that it would have many advantages, particularly economically speaking, as well as ideologically. <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a> currents exist in the wider Esperanto world, mostly organized through the <a href="/wiki/Sennacieca_Asocio_Tutmonda" title="Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda">Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda</a> founded by French theorist <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Lanti" title="Eugène Lanti">Eugène Lanti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Other notable Esperanto socialists include <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vladimirovich_Nekrasov" title="Nikolai Vladimirovich Nekrasov">Nikolai Nekrasov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Varankin" title="Vladimir Varankin">Vladimir Varankin</a>, both of whom were put to death in October 1938 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Stalinist repressions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Nekrasov was accused of being "an organizer and leader of a fascist, espionage, terrorist organization of Esperantists." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oomoto">Oomoto</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Oomoto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a> religion encourages the use of Esperanto among its followers and includes Zamenhof as one of its deified spirits.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> encourages the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_auxiliary_language" title="Baháʼí Faith and auxiliary language">use of an auxiliary international language</a>. <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a> praised the ideal of Esperanto, and there was an affinity between Esperantists and Baháʼís during the late 19th century and early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-BahaiEnc368-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-B_Ency-163">[163]</a> On February 12, 1913, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá gave a talk to the Paris Esperanto Society, stating: <blockquote>Now, praise be to God that Dr. Zamenhof has invented the Esperanto language. It has all the potential qualities of becoming the international means of communication. All of us must be grateful and thankful to him for this noble effort; for in this way he has served his fellowmen well. With untiring effort and self-sacrifice on the part of its devotees Esperanto will become universal. Therefore every one of us must study this language and spread it as far as possible so that day by day it may receive a broader recognition, be accepted by all nations and governments of the world, and become a part of the curriculum in all the public schools. I hope that Esperanto will be adopted as the language of all the future international conferences and congresses, so that all people need acquire only two languages—one their own tongue and the other the international language. Then perfect union will be established between all the people of the world. Consider how difficult it is today to communicate with various nations. If one studies fifty languages one may yet travel through a country and not know the language. Therefore I hope that you will make the utmost effort, so that this language of Esperanto may be widely spread.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Lidia_Zamenhof" title="Lidia Zamenhof">Lidia Zamenhof</a>, daughter of L. L. Zamenhof, became a Baháʼí around 1925.<a href="#cite_note-B_Ency-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Ferdinand_Morton_Jr." title="James Ferdinand Morton Jr.">James Ferdinand Morton Jr.</a>, an early member of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Greater_Boston" title="Baháʼí Faith in Greater Boston">Baháʼí Faith in Greater Boston</a>, was vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_League_for_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto League for North America">Esperanto League for North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a>, the founding editor of <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>, notes how as a child in Iran he learned Esperanto and that when his mother was visiting Haifa on a <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_pilgrimage" title="Baháʼí pilgrimage">Baháʼí pilgrimage</a> he wrote her a letter in Persian as well as Esperanto.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> At the request of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Baldwin_Alexander" title="Agnes Baldwin Alexander">Agnes Baldwin Alexander</a> became an early advocate of Esperanto and used it to spread the Baháʼí teachings at meetings and conferences in Japan. Today there exists an active sub-community of Baháʼí Esperantists and various volumes of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature" title="Baháʼí literature">Baháʼí literature</a> have been translated into Esperanto. In 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Esperanto-League" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Esperanto-League">Baháʼí Esperanto-League</a> for active Baháʼí supporters of Esperanto was founded.<a href="#cite_note-B_Ency-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spiritism">Spiritism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Spiritism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritist</a> Camilo Chaigneau wrote an article named "Spiritism and Esperanto" in the periodic La Vie d'Outre-Tombe recommending the use of Esperanto in a "central magazine" for all spiritists and Esperantists. Esperanto then became actively promoted by spiritists, at least in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, initially by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ismael_Gomes_Braga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismael Gomes Braga (page does not exist)">Ismael Gomes Braga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Lorenz" title="František Lorenz">František Lorenz</a>; the latter is known in Brazil as Francisco Valdomiro Lorenz, and was a pioneer of both spiritist and Esperantist movements in this country.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The Brazilian Spiritist Federation publishes Esperanto coursebooks, translations of <a href="/wiki/Spiritist_Codification" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritist Codification">Spiritism's basic books</a>, and encourages Spiritists to become Esperantists.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._T._Stead" title="W. T. Stead">William T. Stead</a>, a famous spiritualist and occultist in the United Kingdom, co-founded the first Esperanto club in the U.K.<a href="#cite_note-Garvia-169">[169]</a>: 113 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theosophy">Theosophy</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Theosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>.</div> The Teozofia Esperanta Ligo (Theosophical Esperantist League) was formed in 1911, and the organization's journal, Espero Teozofia, was published from 1913 to 1928.<a href="#cite_note-Garvia-169">[169]</a>: 113 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bible_translations">Bible translations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Bible translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Esperanto" title="Bible translations into Esperanto">Bible translations into Esperanto</a></div> The first translation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> into Esperanto was a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (or Old Testament) done by <a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">L. L. Zamenhof</a>. The translation was reviewed and compared with other languages' translations by a group of British clergy and scholars before its publication at the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society" title="British and Foreign Bible Society">British and Foreign Bible Society</a> in 1910. In 1926 this was published along with a New Testament translation, in an edition commonly called the "Londona Biblio". In the 1960s, the Internacia Asocio de Bibliistoj kaj Orientalistoj tried to organize a new, ecumenical Esperanto Bible version.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Since then, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Remonstrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Remonstrant">Remonstrant</a> pastor Gerrit Berveling has translated the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">Deuterocanonical</a> or apocryphal books, in addition to new translations of the Gospels, some of the New Testament epistles, and some books of the Tanakh. These have been published in various separate booklets, or serialized in Dia Regno, but the Deuterocanonical books have appeared in recent editions of the Londona Biblio. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Christianity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esperanto-meso_La_Habana_2010_(Peter_Knauer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Esperanto-meso_La_Habana_2010_%28Peter_Knauer%29.jpg/250px-Esperanto-meso_La_Habana_2010_%28Peter_Knauer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Esperanto-meso_La_Habana_2010_%28Peter_Knauer%29.jpg/250px-Esperanto-meso_La_Habana_2010_%28Peter_Knauer%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Esperanto-meso_La_Habana_2010_%28Peter_Knauer%29.jpg/330px-Esperanto-meso_La_Habana_2010_%28Peter_Knauer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Esperanto-meso_La_Habana_2010_%28Peter_Knauer%29.jpg/500px-Esperanto-meso_La_Habana_2010_%28Peter_Knauer%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mass in Esperanto during the 95th World Congress of Esperanto in Havana, 2010</figcaption></figure> Christian Esperanto organizations and publications include: <ul><li>After a failed attempt to start a Catholic Esperanto organization, Emile Peltier, a parish priest near <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, France, published the first issue of Espero Katolika (Catholic Hope) in 1902. A year after Peltier's death, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Catholic_Esperantists" title="International Union of Catholic Esperantists">International Union of Catholic Esperantists</a> (Internacia Katolika Unuiĝo Esperantista, IKUE) was formed in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Garvia-169">[169]</a> Father <a href="/wiki/Max_Josef_Metzger" title="Max Josef Metzger">Max Metzger</a> founded the World Peace League of the White Cross in 1916 and the <a href="/wiki/German_Catholics%27_Peace_Association" title="German Catholics' Peace Association">German Catholics' Peace Association</a> in 1919, both of which used Esperanto as their working language.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Two Roman Catholic popes, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a>, have regularly used Esperanto in their multilingual <a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_orbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbi et orbi">urbi et orbi</a> blessings at Easter and Christmas each year since Easter 1994.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li>In 1911, The <a href="/wiki/International_League_of_Christian_Esperantists" title="International League of Christian Esperantists">International League of Christian Esperantists</a> (Kristana Esperantista Ligo Internacia, KELI) was founded during the Universal Congress of Esperanto in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. The founder, Paul Hübner (1881-1970), was an early supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> movement, a fact which disenfranchised liberal and Jewish members, thus severely limiting the growth of the KELI during the first half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Garvia-169">[169]</a> KELI's bimonthly interdenominational magazine, Dia Regno, continues to be published and is reportedly made available to readers in 48 countries.<a href="#cite_note-keli-174">[174]</a> They have also published several Esperanto hymnals including the 1971 Adoru Kantante (Worship by Singing) and Tero kaj Ĉielo Kantu (Earth and Heaven Sing).<a href="#cite_note-keli-174">[174]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> Esperanto Society (Kvakera Esperanto-Societo, KES) was established in 1921<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> and described in multiple issues of "<a href="/wiki/The_Friend_(Quaker_magazine)" title="The Friend (Quaker magazine)">The Friend</a>"<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Advices_and_Queries" class="mw-redirect" title="Advices and Queries">Advices and Queries</a> (Konsiloj kaj Demandoj) and several other Quaker texts have been translated.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Well-known Esperantists who were also Quakers include authors and historians, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Privat" title="Edmond Privat">Edmond Privat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montagu_C._Butler" title="Montagu C. Butler">Montagu Christie Butler</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>The first <a href="/wiki/Christadelphian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christadelphian">Christadelphian</a> publications in Esperanto were published in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Chick Publications">Chick Publications</a>, a publisher of <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist Christianity">Protestant fundamentalist</a>-themed evangelistic tracts, has published a number of comic book–style tracts by <a href="/wiki/Jack_T._Chick" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack T. Chick">Jack T. Chick</a> translated into Esperanto, including "This Was Your Life!" ("Jen Via Tuta Vivo!")<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> has been partially translated into Esperanto, although the translation has not been officially endorsed by <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> There exists a group of Latter-day Saint Esperantists who distribute church literature in the language.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li>There are instances of <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologists</a> and teachers using Esperanto as a medium. Nigerian pastor Bayo Afolaranmi's "Spirita nutraĵo"<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> ("spiritual food") Yahoo mailing list, for example, has hosted weekly messages since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Islam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> of Iran called on Muslims to learn Esperanto and praised its use as a medium for better understanding among peoples of different religious backgrounds. After he suggested that Esperanto replace English as an international <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, it began to be used in the seminaries of <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>. An Esperanto translation of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> was published by the state shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-webcom-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Modifications">Modifications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Modifications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">Esperantido</a></div> Though Esperanto itself has changed little since the publication of <a href="/wiki/Fundamento_de_Esperanto" title="Fundamento de Esperanto">Fundamento de Esperanto</a> (Foundation of Esperanto),<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> a number of reform projects have been proposed over the years, starting with <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Esperanto">Zamenhof's proposals in 1894</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ido_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido (language)">Ido</a> in 1907. Several later constructed languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Universal_(Esperantido)" title="Universal (Esperantido)">Universal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esperantido#Saussure" title="Esperantido">Saussure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1ni%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Romániço">Romániço</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esperantido#Comparison_of_Esperanto,_Internasia,_Ido,_Esperant',_and_Arcaicam_Esperantom" title="Esperantido">Internasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esperantido#Esperanto_sen_Fleksio" title="Esperantido">Esperanto sen Fleksio</a>, and <a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundolingvo" class="extiw" title="eo:Mundolingvo">Mundolingvo</a>, were all based on Esperanto. In modern times, conscious attempts have been made to eliminate perceived sexism in the language, such as <a href="/wiki/Riism" class="mw-redirect" title="Riism">Riism</a>. Many words with ĥ now have alternative spellings with k and occasionally h, so that arĥitekto may also be spelled arkitekto; see <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology#Loss_of_phonemic_%C4%A5" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto phonology</a> for further details of ĥ replacement. Reforms aimed at altering country names have also resulted in a number of different options, either due to disputes over suffixes or Eurocentrism in naming various countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_modification">Criticism of modification</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Criticism of modification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> wrote in support of the language in a 1932 British Esperantist article, but criticised those who <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">sought to adapt</a> or "tinker" with the language, which, in his opinion, harmed unanimity and the goal of achieving wide acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This section has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Esperanto" title="Special:EditPage/Esperanto">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Esperanto" title="Talk:Esperanto">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Esperanto" title="Special:EditPage/Esperanto">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Weasel plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Weasel" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">weasel words</a>: vague phrasing that often accompanies <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">biased</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverifiable</a> information. Such statements should be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">clarified or removed</a>. (May 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There have been numerous objections to Esperanto over the years. For example, there has been criticism that Esperanto is not neutral enough, but also that it should convey a specific culture, which would make it less neutral; that Esperanto does not draw on a wide enough selection of the world's languages, but also that it should be more narrowly European.<a href="#cite_note-JBR-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-MIR-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language-neutrality">Language-neutrality</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Language-neutrality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Esperantists often argue for Esperanto as a culturally neutral means of communication. However, it is often accused of being <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JBR-138">[138]</a> This is most often noted in regard to the <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>. The vocabulary, for example, draws about three-quarters from <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, and the remainder primarily from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-Koutny_2015_p._106-10">[10]</a> Speakers have argued that the agglutinative grammar and verb regularity of Esperanto have more in common with Asian languages than with European ones.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> A 2010 <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">linguistic typological</a> study concluded that "Esperanto is indeed somewhat European in character, but considerably less so than the European languages themselves."<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender-neutrality">Gender-neutrality</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Gender-neutrality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gender_reform_in_Esperanto" title="Gender reform in Esperanto">Gender reform in Esperanto</a></div> Esperanto is sometimes accused of being inherently <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexist</a>, because the default form of some nouns is used for descriptions of men while a derived form is used for the women. This is said to retain traces of the male-dominated society of late 19th-century Europe of which Esperanto is a product.<a href="#cite_note-Bertilo-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-critiche-195">[195]</a> These nouns are primarily titles, such as baron/baroness, and kinship terms, such as sinjoro "Mr, sir" vs. sinjorino "Ms, lady" and patro "father" vs. patrino "mother". Before the movement toward equal rights for women, this also applied to professional roles assumed to be predominantly male, such as doktoro, a holder of a doctorate (male or unspecified), versus doktorino, a female doctorate-holder. This paralleled the contemporary situation with the English suffix -ess, as in the words waiter/waitress, actor/actress, etc. On the other hand, the pronoun ĝi ("it") may be used generically to mean he/she/they; the pronoun li ("he") is always masculine and ŝi ("she") is always female, despite some authors' arguments.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> A gender-neutral singular pronoun ri has gradually become more widely used in recent years, although it is minority usage.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The plural pronoun ili ("they") is always neutral, while nouns with the prefix ge– specifically includes both sexes, for example gesinjoroj (equivalent, depending on context, to either sinjoro kaj sinjorino "Mr. and Ms." or sinjoroj kaj sinjorinoj "Ladies and Gentlemen"), gepatroj "parents" (equivalent to patro kaj patrino "mother and father"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_and_number_agreement">Case and number agreement</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Case and number agreement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Speakers of languages without <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adjectival_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectival agreement">adjectival agreement</a> frequently criticise these aspects of Esperanto. In addition, in the past some people found the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Classical Greek</a> forms of the plural (nouns in -oj, adjectives in -aj) to be awkward, proposing instead that Italian -i be used for nouns, and that no plural be used for adjectives. These suggestions were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Ido_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido (language)">Ido</a> reform.<a href="#cite_note-JBR-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-MIR-190">[190]</a> A reply to that criticism is that the presence of an accusative case allows much freedom in word order, e.g. for emphasis ("Johano batis Petron", John hit Peter; "Petron batis Johano", it is Peter whom John hit), that its absence in the "predicate of the object" avoids ambiguity ("Mi vidis la blankan domon", I saw the white house; "Mi vidis la domon blanka", the house seemed white to me) and that adjective agreement allows, among others, the use of <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaton" title="Hyperbaton">hyperbaton</a> in poetry (as in Latin, cf. Virgil's <a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogue</a> 1:1 Tityre, tu patulæ recubans sub tegmine fagi... where "patulæ" (spread out) is epithet to "fagi" (beech) and their agreement in the genitive feminine binds them notwithstanding their distance in the verse). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet_2">Alphabet</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Esperanto alphabet uses two diacritics: the <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>. The alphabet was designed with a French typewriter in mind, and although modern computers support Unicode, entering the letters with diacritic marks can be more or less problematic with certain operating systems or hardware. One of the first reform proposals (for <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_1894" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto 1894">Esperanto 1894</a>) sought to do away with these marks and the language <a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a> went back to the basic Latin alphabet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achievement_of_its_creator's_goals">Achievement of its creator's goals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Achievement of its creator's goals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One common criticism is that Esperanto has failed to live up to the hopes of its creator, who dreamed of it becoming a universal second language.<a href="#cite_note-Saul_Levin_1993-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Christian_Century_1930-199">[199]</a> Because people were reluctant to learn a new language which hardly anyone spoke, Zamenhof asked people to sign a promise to start learning Esperanto once ten million people made the same promise. He "was disappointed to receive only a thousand responses".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> However, Zamenhof had the goal to "enable the learner to make direct use of his knowledge with persons of any nationality, whether the language be universally accepted or not",<a href="#cite_note-UnuaLibro-15">[15]</a> as he wrote in 1887. The language is currently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] spoken by people living in more than 100 countries; there are about 2,000 native Esperanto speakers and probably up to 100,000 people who use the language regularly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In this regard, Zamenhof was well aware that it might take much time for Esperanto to achieve his desired goals. In his speech at the 1907 <a href="/wiki/World_Esperanto_Congress" title="World Esperanto Congress">World Esperanto Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> he said, "we hope that earlier or later, maybe after many centuries, on a neutral language foundation, understanding one another, the nations will build ... a big family circle."<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a> expressed doubt that Esperanto could "produce works of lasting value", saying it is "an artificial language without variety or dialects".<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Esperantists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have replied that "lasting value" is a statement of opinion, and that Esperanto grew "naturally" by the actions of its speakers on Zamenhof's intentionally elementary Fundamento.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Eponymous_entities">Eponymous entities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Eponymous entities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zamenhof-Esperanto_object" title="Zamenhof-Esperanto object">Zamenhof-Esperanto object</a></div> There are some geographical and astronomical features named after Esperanto, or after its creator L. L. Zamenhof. These include <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Island" title="Esperanto Island">Esperanto Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> and the asteroids <a href="/wiki/1421_Esperanto" title="1421 Esperanto">1421 Esperanto</a> and <a href="/wiki/1462_Zamenhof" title="1462 Zamenhof">1462 Zamenhof</a> discovered by Finnish astronomer and Esperantist <a href="/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6_V%C3%A4is%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Yrjö Väisälä">Yrjö Väisälä</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style 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href="/wiki/File:Design_conlang.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/28px-Design_conlang.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/28px-Design_conlang.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/42px-Design_conlang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/56px-Design_conlang.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Constructed languages portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Esperanto" title="Outline of Esperanto">Outline of Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperantujo" title="Esperantujo">Esperantujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akademio_de_Esperanto" title="Akademio de Esperanto">Akademio de Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Esperanto_Association" title="Universal Esperanto Association">Universal Esperanto Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Esperanto_Youth_Organization" title="World Esperanto Youth Organization">World Esperanto Youth Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasporta_Servo" title="Pasporta Servo">Pasporta Servo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lernu!" title="Lernu!">lernu!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperantology" title="Esperantology">Esperantology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperantic_Studies_Foundation" title="Esperantic Studies Foundation">Esperantic Studies Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_library" title="Esperanto library">Esperanto library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedias_in_Esperanto" title="Encyclopedias in Esperanto">Encyclopedias in Esperanto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Wikipedia" title="Esperanto Wikipedia">Esperanto Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_movement" title="Esperanto movement">Esperanto movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_language_system" title="Global language system">Global language system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_language" title="Economics of language">Economics of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Ido" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Ido">Comparison with Esperanto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua">Comparison with Esperanto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Novial">Comparison with Esperanto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcaicam_Esperantom" title="Arcaicam Esperantom">Arcaicam Esperantom</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dua_Libro-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Dua_Libro_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZamenhof1888" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zamenhof, Lazaro Ludoviko (1888). "Aldono al la Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20006/20006-h/20006-h.htm">Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia</a> (in Esperanto) (2006 ed.). Project Gutenberg. Retrieved March 15, 2022. <q>Rakontinte mallonge la tutan konstruon de l' "Lingvo internacia" kaj ĝian gramatikon,[...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aldono+al+la+Dua+Libro+de+l%27+Lingvo+Internacia&rft.btitle=Dua+Libro+de+l%27+Lingvo+Internacia&rft.edition=2006&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Zamenhof&rft.aufirst=Lazaro+Ludoviko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F20006%2F20006-h%2F20006-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vortaro.net/#Esperanto_kdu">"Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto 2020"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plena+Ilustrita+Vortaro+de+Esperanto+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvortaro.net%2F%23Esperanto_kdu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hh-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hh_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hh_3-1">b</a> Harald Haarmann, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230135/http://fischer-zim.ch/esperanto/lingvaj-temoj/haarmann--leksikono-eo.htm">Eta leksikono pri lingvoj</a>, 2011, archive date March 4, 2016: Esperanto. ... estas lernata ankaŭ de pluraj miloj da homoj en la mondo kiel gepatra lingvo. ("Esperanto has also been learned by several thousand people in the world as a mother tongue.") </li> <li id="cite_note-svend-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-svend_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-svend_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-svend_4-2">c</a> 63,000 −50%/+200%: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberafolio.org/2017/02/13/nova-takso-60-000-parolas-esperanton/">"Nova takso: 60.000 parolas Esperanton"</a> [New estimate: 60,000 speak Esperanto] (in Esperanto). Libera Folio. February 13, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213143515/http://www.liberafolio.org/2017/02/13/nova-takso-60-000-parolas-esperanton/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nova+takso%3A+60.000+parolas+Esperanton&rft.pub=Libera+Folio&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberafolio.org%2F2017%2F02%2F13%2Fnova-takso-60-000-parolas-esperanton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWandel2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wandel, Amri (2014). "HOW MANY PEOPLE SPEAK ESPERANTO? OR: ESPERANTO ON THE WEB". Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems. <q>A simple calculation accompanied by reasonable refinements leads to a number of approximately two million Esperanto users within the internet community alone, probably significantly more worldwide</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Description+of+Complex+Systems&rft.atitle=HOW+MANY+PEOPLE+SPEAK+ESPERANTO%3F+OR%3A+ESPERANTO+ON+THE+WEB&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wandel&rft.aufirst=Amri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uea-6"><a href="#cite_ref-uea_6-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uea.org/info/en/kio_estas_uea">What is UEA?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626010020/http://uea.org/info/en/kio_estas_uea">Archived</a> June 26, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Universal Esperanto Association, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2"><bdi>3-12-539683-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-12-539683-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.britannica.com/biography/L-L-Zamenhof">"Doktoro Esperanto, Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof"</a>. Global Britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529085951/https://global.britannica.com/biography/L-L-Zamenhof">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Doktoro+Esperanto%2C+Ludwik+Lejzer+Zamenhof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FL-L-Zamenhof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koutny_2015_p._106-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koutny_2015_p._106_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koutny_2015_p._106_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koutny_2015_p._106_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuškar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Puškar, Krunoslav (2015). Koutny, Ilona (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418104515/http://jki.amu.edu.pl/files/JKI%20-%20tom%2010%20-%202015.pdf">"Common criticism of Esperanto: facts and fallacies"</a> (PDF). Język. Komunikacja. Iinformacja (10). Poznań: 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-63664-96-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-63664-96-1"><bdi>978-83-63664-96-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1896-9585">1896-9585</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jki.amu.edu.pl/files/JKI%20-%20tom%2010%20-%202015.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J%C4%99zyk.+Komunikacja.+Iinformacja&rft.atitle=Common+criticism+of+Esperanto%3A+facts+and+fallacies&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=106&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1896-9585&rft.isbn=978-83-63664-96-1&rft.aulast=Pu%C5%A1kar&rft.aufirst=Krunoslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjki.amu.edu.pl%2Ffiles%2FJKI%2520-%2520tom%252010%2520-%25202015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241203093341/https://www.duolingo.com/courses/all">https://web.archive.org/web/20241203093341/https://www.duolingo.com/courses/all</a> Number of students on Duolingo </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241203093341/https://www.duolingo.com/courses/all">https://web.archive.org/web/20241203093341/https://www.duolingo.com/courses/all</a> more than half a million in the Spanish, Portuguese and French versions and millions as accumulated learners </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury,_Josh2017" class="citation web cs1">Salisbury, Josh (December 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/dec/06/saluton-the-surprise-return-of-esperanto">"'Saluton!': the surprise return of Esperanto"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228193216/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/dec/06/saluton-the-surprise-return-of-esperanto">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Saluton%21%27%3A+the+surprise+return+of+Esperanto&rft.date=2017-12-06&rft.au=Salisbury%2C+Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2017%2Fdec%2F06%2Fsaluton-the-surprise-return-of-esperanto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2015" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Sam (May 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2015/5/29/8672371/learn-esperanto-language-duolingo-app-origin-history">"How an artificial language from 1887 is finding new life online"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021356/https://www.theverge.com/2015/5/29/8672371/learn-esperanto-language-duolingo-app-origin-history">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=How+an+artificial+language+from+1887+is+finding+new+life+online&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2015%2F5%2F29%2F8672371%2Flearn-esperanto-language-duolingo-app-origin-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnuaLibro-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UnuaLibro_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnuaLibro_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnuaLibro_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnuaLibro_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnuaLibro_15-4">e</a> L.L.Zamenhof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genekeyes.com/Dr_Esperanto.html">International Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222105540/http://www.genekeyes.com/Dr_Esperanto.html">Archived</a> December 22, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Warsaw. 1887 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The letter is quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-matthias.de/latino/latin_en.htm">Esperanto: The New Latin for the Church and Ecumenism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917221244/http://www.u-matthias.de/latino/latin_en.htm">Archived</a> September 17, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Ulrich Matthias. Translation from Esperanto by Mike Leon and Maire Mullarney </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaffe2017" class="citation web cs1">Yaffe, Deborah (January 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paw.princeton.edu/article/language-idealists">"A Language for Idealists"</a>. Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved March 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+Alumni+Weekly&rft.atitle=A+Language+for+Idealists&rft.date=2017-01-11&rft.aulast=Yaffe&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaw.princeton.edu%2Farticle%2Flanguage-idealists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchor2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Esther_Schor" title="Esther Schor">Schor, Esther</a> (October 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_u5BwAAQBAJ">Bridge of Words: Esperanto and the Dream of a Universal Language</a>. Henry Holt and Company. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4341-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4341-3"><bdi>978-1-4299-4341-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+of+Words%3A+Esperanto+and+the+Dream+of+a+Universal+Language&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-4341-3&rft.aulast=Schor&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_u5BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-buch?apm=0&aid=100059&teil=0101&seite=00000001&zoom=2">"Dr. Esperanto' International Language"</a>. L. Samenhof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809114923/http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-buch?apm=0&aid=100059&teil=0101&seite=00000001&zoom=2">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Esperanto%27+International+Language&rft.pub=L.+Samenhof&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno-buch%3Fapm%3D0%26aid%3D100059%26teil%3D0101%26seite%3D00000001%26zoom%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> Facsimile of the title page of the First Book in English, 1889. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622054642/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~hana/esr/">"Esperanto"</a>. Ling.ohio-state.edu. January 25, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~hana/esr/">the original</a> on June 22, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esperanto&rft.pub=Ling.ohio-state.edu&rft.date=2003-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.ohio-state.edu%2F~hana%2Fesr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UEA-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UEA_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UEA_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller" class="citation web cs1">Keller, Stefano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistic-rights.org/zamenhof-tago/2017/Zamenhof_Day_Esperanto_Book_Day_15_December_2017_EN.html">"Zamenhof-Day / Esperanto Book Day, 15 December"</a>. Translated by Moon, Brian. Universal Esperanto Association. Retrieved 14 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zamenhof-Day+%2F+Esperanto+Book+Day%2C+15+December&rft.pub=Universal+Esperanto+Association&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistic-rights.org%2Fzamenhof-tago%2F2017%2FZamenhof_Day_Esperanto_Book_Day_15_December_2017_EN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Musgrave, George Clarke. Under Four Flags for France, 1918, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002210/http://www.esperanto.ie/en/zaft/zaft_2.html">"New EAI pages"</a>. esperanto.ie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esperanto.ie/en/zaft/zaft_2.html">the original</a> on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=esperanto.ie&rft.atitle=New+EAI+pages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esperanto.ie%2Fen%2Fzaft%2Fzaft_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumas2014" class="citation web cs1">Dumas, John (December 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://impofthediverse.blogspot.com/2014/12/a-dark-day-for-esperanto.html">"Imp of the Diverse: A Dark Day for Esperanto"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529090329/http://impofthediverse.blogspot.com/2014/12/a-dark-day-for-esperanto.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imp+of+the+Diverse%3A+A+Dark+Day+for+Esperanto&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimpofthediverse.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F12%2Fa-dark-day-for-esperanto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumas2014" class="citation web cs1">Dumas, John (July 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://impofthediverse.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-french-say-non-to-esperanto.html">"Imp of the Diverse: The French Say "Non" to Esperanto"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529094456/http://impofthediverse.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-french-say-non-to-esperanto.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imp+of+the+Diverse%3A+The+French+Say+%22Non%22+to+Esperanto&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimpofthediverse.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F07%2Fthe-french-say-non-to-esperanto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-impofthediverse.blogspot.com-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-impofthediverse.blogspot.com_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-impofthediverse.blogspot.com_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumas2014" class="citation web cs1">Dumas, John (September 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://impofthediverse.blogspot.com/2014/09/the-danger-of-esperanto.html">"Imp of the Diverse: The Danger of Esperanto"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529074440/http://impofthediverse.blogspot.com/2014/09/the-danger-of-esperanto.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imp+of+the+Diverse%3A+The+Danger+of+Esperanto&rft.date=2014-09-10&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimpofthediverse.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F09%2Fthe-danger-of-esperanto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodo50.org/esperanto/anarkiismo.htm">"Esperanto kaj anarkiismo"</a>. www.nodo50.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423014718/https://www.nodo50.org/esperanto/anarkiismo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2020. <q>Anarkiistoj estis inter la pioniroj de la disvastigo de Esperanto. En 1905 fondiĝis en Stokholmo la unua anarkiisma Esperanto-grupo. Sekvis multaj aliaj: en Bulgario, Ĉinio kaj aliaj landoj. Anarkiistoj kaj anarki-sindikatistoj, kiuj antaŭ la Unua Mondmilito apartenis al la nombre plej granda grupo inter la proletaj esperantistoj, fondis en 1906 la internacian ligon Paco-Libereco, kiu eldonis la Internacian Socian Revuon. Paco-libereco unuiĝis en 1910 kun alia progresema asocio, Esperantista Laboristaro. La komuna organizaĵo nomiĝis Liberiga Stelo. Ĝis 1914 tiu organizaĵo eldonis multe da revolucia literaturo en Esperanto, interalie ankaŭ anarkiisma. Tial povis evolui en la jaroj antaŭ la Unua Mondmilito ekzemple vigla korespondado inter eŭropaj kaj japanaj anarkiistoj. En 1907 la Internacia Anarkiisma Kongreso en Amsterdamo faris rezolucion pri la afero de internacia lingvo, kaj venis dum la postaj jaroj similaj kongresaj rezolucioj. Esperantistoj, kiuj partoprenis tiujn kongresojn, okupiĝis precipe pri la internaciaj rilatoj de la anarkiistoj.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nodo50.org&rft.atitle=Esperanto+kaj+anarkiismo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodo50.org%2Fesperanto%2Fanarkiismo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Šiklić-27"><a href="#cite_ref-%C5%A0ikli%C4%87_27-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://istra.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=1917">Istarska enciklopedija</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210003219/http://istra.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=1917">Archived</a> February 10, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Josip Šiklić: Novljan, Fran (pristupljeno 23. ožujka 2020.) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Pleadin, Josip. Biografia leksikono de kroatiaj esperantistoj. Đurđevac: Grafokom 2002, p. 108-109, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-96975-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/953-96975-0-6">953-96975-0-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Jinsuk (February 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-015-9396-5">"A historical analysis of language policy and language ideology in the early twentieth Asia: a case of Joseon, 1910–1945"</a>. Language Policy. 16 (1): 59–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10993-015-9396-5">10.1007/s10993-015-9396-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-4555">1568-4555</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146666430">146666430</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207055648/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10993-015-9396-5">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Policy&rft.atitle=A+historical+analysis+of+language+policy+and+language+ideology+in+the+early+twentieth+Asia%3A+a+case+of+Joseon%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146666430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1568-4555&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10993-015-9396-5&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jinsuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10993-015-9396-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-conciseencyclopedia_nazi2-30"><a href="#cite_ref-conciseencyclopedia_nazi2_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2008" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Geoffrey (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z_8CG9g2jIC&pg=PA161">Concise Encyclopedia of the Original Literature of Esperanto, 1887–2007</a>. Mondial. pp. 161–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59569-090-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59569-090-6"><bdi>978-1-59569-090-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722235450/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z_8CG9g2jIC&pg=PA161">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016. <q>Hitler specifically attacked Esperanto as a threat in a speech in Munich (1922) and in Mein Kampf itself (1925). The Nazi Minister for Education banned the teaching of Esperanto on May 17, 1935. [...] all Esperantists were essentially enemies of the state – serving, through their language, Jewish-internationalist aims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+Original+Literature+of+Esperanto%2C+1887%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.pub=Mondial&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59569-090-6&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Z_8CG9g2jIC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125045310/http://esperantodc.org/esw6.html">"About ESW and the Holocaust Museum"</a>. Esperantodc.org. December 5, 1995. 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Gerlingen: Bleicher. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88350-023-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-88350-023-2"><bdi>3-88350-023-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+gef%C3%A4hrliche+Sprache&rft.place=Gerlingen&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Bleicher&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=3-88350-023-2&rft.aulast=Lins&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esperanto_as_language_and_idea_in_China_and_Japan-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esperanto_as_language_and_idea_in_China_and_Japan_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esperanto_as_language_and_idea_in_China_and_Japan_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLins2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lins, Ulrich (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222105549/http://benjamins.com/series/lplp/32-1/art/05lin.pdf">"Esperanto as language and idea in China and Japan"</a> (PDF). Language Problems and Language Planning. 32 (1). John Benjamins: 47–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Flplp.32.1.05lin">10.1075/lplp.32.1.05lin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-2690">0272-2690</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://benjamins.com/series/lplp/32-1/art/05lin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 22, 2012. 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Marxists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114015403/https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1940/xx/stalin/ch04.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+IV%3A+The+period+of+reaction%3A+Leon+Trotsky%3A+Stalin+%E2%80%93+An+appraisal+of+the+man+and+his+influence+%281940%29&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft.au=Leon+Trotsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1940%2Fxx%2Fstalin%2Fch04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Ulrich Lins: Die gefährliche Sprache. Die Verfolgung der Esperantisten unter Hitler und Stalin. Bleicher: Gerlingen, 1988, p. 220 and elsewhere <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3883500232" title="Special:BookSources/978-3883500232">978-3883500232</a>; (English version: Dangerous Language — Esperanto under Hitler and Stalin. 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Quaestus. 6 (11): 142–153. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2285-424X">2285-424X</a> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaestus&rft.atitle=Esperanto+and+tourism&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=2017-06&rft.issn=2285-424X&rft.aulast=Divjak&rft.aufirst=Alenka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaestus.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F03%2FAlenka-DIVJAK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Del_Barrio-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Del_Barrio_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nodo50.org/esperanto/artik68es.htm">"La utilización del esperanto durante la Guerra Civil Española"</a>. 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How is it faring today?"</a>. cApStAn. 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Akademie-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0138-550X">0138-550X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sammlung+Akademie-Verlag&rft.atitle=Internationale+Plansprachen.+Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0138-550X&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=Detlev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koutny_2015_ch._Typology-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koutny_2015_ch._Typology_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koutny_2015_ch._Typology_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlona_Koutny2015" class="citation book cs1">Ilona Koutny (2015). "A typological description of Esperanto as a natural language". In Ilona Koutny (ed.). 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Retrieved December 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Esperanto+four+times+easier+to+learn%3F&rft.pub=Esperanto-USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesperanto-usa.org%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springboard2languages.org">"Springboard to Languages"</a>. Springboard2languages.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109022411/https://www.springboard2languages.org/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Springboard+to+Languages&rft.pub=Springboard2languages.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springboard2languages.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Roehr" class="citation web cs1">Karen Roehr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.essex.ac.uk/5991/1/Repository_Roehr_2012b_EAB.pdf">"The Springboard to Languages evaluation project: a summary report"</a> (PDF). University of Essex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626135228/http://repository.essex.ac.uk/5991/1/Repository_Roehr_2012b_EAB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Springboard+to+Languages+evaluation+project%3A+a+summary+report&rft.pub=University+of+Essex&rft.au=Karen+Roehr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.essex.ac.uk%2F5991%2F1%2FRepository_Roehr_2012b_EAB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Report: Article in Enciklopedio de Esperanto, volume I, p.436, on the pedagogic value of Esperanto. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Report: Edward Thorndike, Language Learning. Bureau of Publications of Teachers College, 1933. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interlingua.org/">Interlingua.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820025141/http://www.interlingua.org/">Archived</a> August 20, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Helen S. Eaton, "The Educational Value of an Artificial Language." The Modern Language Journal, No. 12, pp. 87–94 (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/mlj/newsearchres.asp?contenttype=AA&topic=Artificial%20Language&searchtype=adv">Blackwellpublishing.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703210156/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/mlj/newsearchres.asp?contenttype=AA&topic=Artificial%20Language&searchtype=adv">Archived</a> July 3, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_1965-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_1965_115-0">^</a> Williams, N. (1965) 'A language teaching experiment', Canadian Modern Language Review 22.1: 26–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Protocols of the annual November meetings in Paderborn "Laborkonferencoj: Interlingvistiko en Scienco kaj Klerigo" (Working conference: Interlinguistics in Science and Education), which can be obtained from the Institute of Pedagogic Cybernetics in Paderborn. Also in the works by Frank, Lobin, Geisler, and Meder. </li> <li id="cite_note-springboardtolanguages-117"><a href="#cite_ref-springboardtolanguages_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTellier2013" class="citation book cs1">Tellier, Angela (2013). Esperanto as a starter language for child second-language learners in the primary school (second ed.). Great Britain: Esperanto UK. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902756-35-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902756-35-9"><bdi>978-0-902756-35-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esperanto+as+a+starter+language+for+child+second-language+learners+in+the+primary+school&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Esperanto+UK&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-902756-35-9&rft.aulast=Tellier&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByram2001" class="citation book cs1">Byram, Michael (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning. Routledge. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33286-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33286-9"><bdi>0-415-33286-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Language+Teaching+and+Learning&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-33286-9&rft.aulast=Byram&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sikosek_2003-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sikosek_2003_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sikosek_2003_119-1">b</a> Sikosek, Ziko M. Esperanto Sen Mitoj ("Esperanto without Myths"). Second edition. Antwerp: Flandra Esperanto-Ligo, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-e25-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_120-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/epo">Esperanto</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed., 2022) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><noscript><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" data-alt="Closed access icon" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109212420/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/eric.coffinet/Afrika_Agado.html">"Afrika Agado"</a> (in Esperanto). Pagesperso-orange.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pagesperso-orange.fr/eric.coffinet/Afrika_Agado.html">the original</a> on January 9, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afrika+Agado&rft.pub=Pagesperso-orange.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpagesperso-orange.fr%2Feric.coffinet%2FAfrika_Agado.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvend_Vendelbo_Nielsen2017" class="citation web cs1">Svend Vendelbo Nielsen (September 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svendvnielsen.wordpress.com/2017/09/24/explaining-the-density-of-esperanto-speakers-with-language-and-politics/">"Explaining the density of Esperanto speakers with language and politics"</a>. Kalkulinda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007173441/https://svendvnielsen.wordpress.com/2017/09/24/explaining-the-density-of-esperanto-speakers-with-language-and-politics/">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explaining+the+density+of+Esperanto+speakers+with+language+and+politics&rft.pub=Kalkulinda&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft.au=Svend+Vendelbo+Nielsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvendvnielsen.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F09%2F24%2Fexplaining-the-density-of-esperanto-speakers-with-language-and-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culbert-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Culbert_123-0">^</a> Culbert, Sidney S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panix.com/~dwolff/docs/">Three letters about his method for estimating the number of Esperanto speakers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514105444/http://www.panix.com/~dwolff/docs/">Archived</a> May 14, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, scanned and HTMLized by David Wolff </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panix.com/~dwolff/docs/culbert-methods.html">"Number of Esperantists (methods)"</a>. Panix.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120200544/http://www.panix.com/~dwolff/docs/culbert-methods.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+Esperantists+%28methods%29&rft.pub=Panix.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panix.com%2F~dwolff%2Fdocs%2Fculbert-methods.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindstedt_1996-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindstedt_1996_125-0">^</a> Lindstedt, Jouko. "Re: Kiom?" (posting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~jslindst/denask-l.html">DENASK-L@helsinki.fi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507110433/http://www.helsinki.fi/%7Ejslindst/denask-l.html">Archived</a> May 7, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, April 22, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uea.org/info/en/ghisdate_pri_esperanto">"An Update on Esperanto"</a>. New York: Universala Esperanto‑Asocio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161209111559/http://uea.org/info/en/ghisdate_pri_esperanto">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2016. <q>Based on the number of textbooks sold and membership ..., the number of people with some knowledge of Esperanto is in the hundreds of thousands and possibly millions. ... In 1954 ... UNESCO ... recognised that the achievements of Esperanto match UNESCO's aims and ideals, and official relations were established between UNESCO and UEA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Update+on+Esperanto&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Universala+Esperanto%E2%80%91Asocio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuea.org%2Finfo%2Fen%2Fghisdate_pri_esperanto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-127"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=epo">"Ethnologue report for language code:epo"</a>. Ethnologue.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822095633/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=epo">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+language+code%3Aepo&rft.pub=Ethnologue.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Depo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouko_Lindstedt2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jouko Lindstedt (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/sky/julkaisut/SKY2006_1/1FK60.1.5.LINDSTEDT.pdf">"Native Esperanto as a Test Case for Natural Language, as part of "A man of measure: Festschrift in honour of Fred Karlsson on his 60th birthday""</a> (PDF). SKY Journal of Linguistics. 19. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a>—Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716154438/http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/sky/julkaisut/SKY2006_1/1FK60.1.5.LINDSTEDT.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SKY+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Native+Esperanto+as+a+Test+Case+for+Natural+Language%2C+as+part+of+%22A+man+of+measure%3A+Festschrift+in+honour+of+Fred+Karlsson+on+his+60th+birthday%22&rft.volume=19&rft.date=2006-01&rft.au=Jouko+Lindstedt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.helsinki.fi%2Fsky%2Fjulkaisut%2FSKY2006_1%2F1FK60.1.5.LINDSTEDT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Corsetti, Renato (1996). A mother tongue spoken mainly by fathers. Language Problems and Language Planning 20: 3, 263–73 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiner2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miner, Ken (February 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/inkoj/article/view/838">"The impossibility of an Esperanto linguistics / La neebleco de priesperanta lingvoscienco"</a>. InKoj. Interlingvistikaj Kajeroj (in Italian). 2 (1): 26–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13130%2F2037-4550%2F838">10.13130/2037-4550/838</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2037-4550">2037-4550</a>. <q>The task of linguistics is to reveal the principles which relate sentences to meanings. One cannot work out these principles if one does not know (1) the grammatical sentences of the language and (2) their meanings. Due to absence of native speakers (the usual source of grammaticality and of meanings), sentence-meanings and grammaticality in Esperanto are radically imprecise in comparison with those of ethnic languages. Due to this imprecision it is not possible to construct linguistic arguments regarding Esperanto: esperantology [sic] is possible, but not a linguistics of Esperanto.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InKoj.+Interlingvistikaj+Kajeroj&rft.atitle=The+impossibility+of+an+Esperanto+linguistics+%2F+La+neebleco+de+priesperanta+lingvoscienco&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2011-02-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13130%2F2037-4550%2F838&rft.issn=2037-4550&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friviste.unimi.it%2Findex.php%2Finkoj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiner2015" class="citation web cs1">Miner, Ken (August 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hiphilangsci.net/2015/08/05/esperanto-some-observations-of-a-speaker-linguist/">"Esperanto: some observations of a speaker-linguist"</a>. History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences. Retrieved February 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+and+Philosophy+of+the+Language+Sciences&rft.atitle=Esperanto%3A+some+observations+of+a+speaker-linguist&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhiphilangsci.net%2F2015%2F08%2F05%2Fesperanto-some-observations-of-a-speaker-linguist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208002954/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/culture/2013-11/18/c_132897910.htm">"China's first Esperanto museum opens"</a>. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/culture/2013-11/18/c_132897910.htm">the original</a> on December 8, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+first+Esperanto+museum+opens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fculture%2F2013-11%2F18%2Fc_132897910.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellemberg2014-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellemberg2014_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllemberg2014" class="citation web cs1">Ellemberg, Enrique (June 8, 2014) [1st pub. 1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esperantofre.com/eks/">"Esperanto Koresponda Servo"</a>. Fremont, California: Esperanto Fremont. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111223117/http://esperantofre.com/eks/">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esperanto+Koresponda+Servo&rft.place=Fremont%2C+California&rft.pub=Esperanto+Fremont&rft.date=2014-06-08&rft.aulast=Ellemberg&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesperantofre.com%2Feks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Ziko van Dijk. Sed homoj kun homoj: Universalaj Kongresoj de Esperanto 1905–2005. Rotterdam: UEA, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzilvási_László" class="citation web cs1">Szilvási László. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eventoj.hu/">"International Esperanto meetings"</a>. Eventoj.hu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010203174500/http://www.eventoj.hu/">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2001. 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Retrieved January 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=musicexpress.com.br&rft.pub=Musicexpress.com.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicexpress.com.br%2Fartisto.asp%3FArtista%3D135%23musica%3DAdiaux%2520Birdeto%2520Mia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Auld, William. La Fenomeno Esperanto ("The Esperanto Phenomenon"). Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-JBR-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JBR_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBR_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBR_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBR_138-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbr.me.uk/ranto/">"Ranto (JBR Anti-Zamenhofism)"</a>. jbr.me.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222074330/http://jbr.me.uk/ranto/">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jbr.me.uk&rft.atitle=Ranto+%28JBR+Anti-Zamenhofism%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbr.me.uk%2Franto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Update 79, oct. 2017, p. 2, Esperanto Association of Britain (EAB) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niematerialne.nid.pl/Aktualnosci/archiwum/folder%20krajowa%20lista%20niematerialne%20EN.pdf">Polish Intangible Cultural Heritage List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105618/http://niematerialne.nid.pl/Aktualnosci/archiwum/folder%20krajowa%20lista%20niematerialne%20EN.pdf">Archived</a> March 3, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa (Polish national heritage institute), pp. 14-15, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensen1907" class="citation book cs1">Bensen, Robert Hugh (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lordoftheworld00bensrich#page/125/mode/2up">Lord of the World</a> (1917 ed.). New York, USA: Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 125. Retrieved August 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=125&rft.edition=1917&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Bensen&rft.aufirst=Robert+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flordoftheworld00bensrich%23page%2F125%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> War with the Newts. Karel Čapek. 1936. The Penguin Group. Edition published in 2010 by Penguin Classics. Translated by M. & R. Weatherall. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esperantodocumentary.com/blog/an-interview-with-director-alfonso-cuaron.html">"The Universal Language | An Interview with Director Alfonso Cuarón"</a>. esperantodocumentary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221100221/http://esperantodocumentary.com/blog/an-interview-with-director-alfonso-cuaron.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=esperantodocumentary.com&rft.atitle=The+Universal+Language+%26%23124%3B+An+Interview+with+Director+Alfonso+Cuar%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesperantodocumentary.com%2Fblog%2Fan-interview-with-director-alfonso-cuaron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EspMov181-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EspMov181_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EspMov181_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Glover_Forster1982" class="citation book cs1">Peter Glover Forster (1982). The Esperanto Movement. Walter de Gruyter. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3399-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3399-7"><bdi>978-90-279-3399-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Esperanto+Movement&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-90-279-3399-7&rft.au=Peter+Glover+Forster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rande_de_pereo-145"><a href="#cite_ref-rande_de_pereo_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberafolio.org/2011/akademio-internacia-de-la-sciencoj-rande-de-pereo">"Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj rande de pereo"</a>. Libera Folio (in Esperanto). September 5, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101071109/http://www.liberafolio.org/2011/akademio-internacia-de-la-sciencoj-rande-de-pereo">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Libera+Folio&rft.atitle=Akademio+Internacia+de+la+Sciencoj+rande+de+pereo&rft.date=2011-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberafolio.org%2F2011%2Fakademio-internacia-de-la-sciencoj-rande-de-pereo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIS--146"><a href="#cite_ref-AIS-_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankFössmeier,_Reinhard2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helmar_Frank" title="Helmar Frank">Frank, Helmar</a>; Fössmeier, Reinhard (2000). 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Retrieved October 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=PARIS+BUSINESS+MEN+WOULD+USE+ESPERANTO%3B+Chamber+of+Commerce+Committee+Finds+It+Useful+as+a+Code+in+International+Trade.&rft.date=1921-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF70817F8395810738DDDAF0994DA405B818EF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/monero">"Definition of Monero"</a>. PCMAG. June 20, 1996. Retrieved December 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCMAG&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Monero&rft.date=1996-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fterm%2Fmonero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135352/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul26/unua-libro-en-esperanto-first-book-esperanto/">"1887: Unua Libro en Esperanto (First Book in Esperanto, see introduction)"</a>. NationalGeographic.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul26/unua-libro-en-esperanto-first-book-esperanto/">the original</a> on October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NationalGeographic.org&rft.atitle=1887%3A+Unua+Libro+en+Esperanto+%28First+Book+in+Esperanto%2C+see+introduction%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fthisday%2Fjul26%2Funua-libro-en-esperanto-first-book-esperanto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feeney1999-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Feeney1999_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeney1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Feeney" title="Mark Feeney">Feeney, Mark</a> (May 12, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/405278671">"Esperanto: A surprising 2 million speakers worldwide get their words' worth; from the 'planned language' created in the 19th century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. p. F01. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0743-1791">0743-1791</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/405278671">405278671</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623090654/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/405278671.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017. <q>Esperantists speak of the fina venko, or 'final victory'. The concept is that eventually every moderately educated person ... will know Esperanto enough to ... order a cup of coffee ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Esperanto%3A+A+surprising+2+million+speakers+worldwide+get+their+words%27+worth%3B+from+the+%27planned+language%27+created+in+the+19th+century&rft.pages=F01&rft.date=1999-05-12&rft.issn=0743-1791&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F405278671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steloj.de/esperanto/paroloj/kongr6a.html">Parolado antaŭ la Sesa Kongreso Esperantista en Washington en la 15a de aŭgusto 1910</a> (Speech before the Sixth Esperantist Congress in Washington, 15 August 1910): "La celo, por kiu ni laboras, povas esti atingita per du vojoj: aŭ per laborado de homoj privataj, t.e. de la popolaj amasoj, aŭ per dekreto de la registaroj. Plej kredeble nia afero estos atingita per la vojo unua, ĉar al tia afero, kiel nia, la registaroj venas kun sia sankcio kaj helpo ordinare nur tiam, kiam ĉio estas jam tute preta." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226205843/http://www.steloj.de/esperanto/paroloj/kongr6a.html">Archived</a> February 26, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silfer1999-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Silfer1999_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilfer1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silfer, Giorgio (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esperanto-ondo.ru/H-silf55.htm">"Kion signifas Raŭmismo"</a>. La Ondo de Esperanto (in Esperanto). 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Retrieved September 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=satesperanto.org&rft.atitle=%5BSAT+-+Sennacieca+Asocio+Tutmonda%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsatesperanto.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hamodia.com/columns/hopeful-anniversary/">"Hopeful Anniversary | Hamodia Jewish and Israel News"</a>. Hamodia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121143854/https://hamodia.com/columns/hopeful-anniversary/">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hamodia&rft.atitle=Hopeful+Anniversary+%7C+Hamodia+Jewish+and+Israel+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhamodia.com%2Fcolumns%2Fhopeful-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4309814.Vladimir_Varankin">"Vladimir Varankin"</a>. www.goodreads.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414043919/https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4309814.Vladimir_Varankin">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goodreads.com&rft.atitle=Vladimir+Varankin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fauthor%2Fshow%2F4309814.Vladimir_Varankin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oomoto.or.jp/Esperanto/index-es.html">"The Oomoto Esperanto portal"</a>. Oomoto.or.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000817221252/http://www.oomoto.or.jp/Esperanto/index-es.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2000. 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A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. 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Retrieved June 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translation+Directory&rft.atitle=Esperanto%3A+european+or+asiatic+language%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.translationdirectory.com%2Farticle715.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://claudepiron.free.fr/articlesenanglais/westernlanguage.htm">"Esperanto, a western language?"</a>. Claude Piron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304123541/http://claudepiron.free.fr/articlesenanglais/westernlanguage.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Claude+Piron&rft.atitle=Esperanto%2C+a+western+language%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclaudepiron.free.fr%2Farticlesenanglais%2Fwesternlanguage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkvall2010" class="citation journal cs1">Parkvall, Mikael (April 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/lplp.34.1.04par">"How European is Esperanto?: A typological study*"</a>. Language Problems and Language Planning. 34 (1): 63–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Flplp.34.1.04par">10.1075/lplp.34.1.04par</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-2690">0272-2690</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106190107/https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/lplp.34.1.04par">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Problems+and+Language+Planning&rft.atitle=How+European+is+Esperanto%3F%3A+A+typological+study%2A&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Flplp.34.1.04par&rft.issn=0272-2690&rft.aulast=Parkvall&rft.aufirst=Mikael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbe-platform.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1075%2Flplp.34.1.04par&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertilo-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Bertilo_194-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bertilow.com/pmeg/gramatiko/o-vortoj/seksa_signifo.html">Bertilo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160056/http://bertilow.com/pmeg/gramatiko/o-vortoj/seksa_signifo.html">Archived</a> October 19, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Esperanto) </li> <li id="cite_note-critiche-195"><a href="#cite_ref-critiche_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parracomumangi.altervista.org/domande.htm">"Critiche all'esperanto ed alle altre lingue internazionali"</a>. Parra Comu Mangi (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716064219/http://parracomumangi.altervista.org/Domande.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parra+Comu+Mangi&rft.atitle=Critiche+all%27esperanto+ed+alle+altre+lingue+internazionali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparracomumangi.altervista.org%2Fdomande.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalocsayWaringhien1985" class="citation book cs1">Kalocsay, Kálmán; Waringhien, Gaston (1985). Plena analiza gramatiko de Esperanto. Universala Esperanto-Asocio. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789290170327" title="Special:BookSources/9789290170327"><bdi>9789290170327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plena+analiza+gramatiko+de+Esperanto&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Universala+Esperanto-Asocio&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9789290170327&rft.aulast=Kalocsay&rft.aufirst=K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n&rft.au=Waringhien%2C+Gaston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kramer, Markos (May 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingvakritiko.com/2020/05/12/la-efektiva-uzado-de-seksneutralaj-pronomoj-lau-empiria-esplorstudo/">"La efektiva uzado de seksneŭtralaj pronomoj laŭ empiria esplorstudo"</a> [The actual use of gender-neutral pronouns according to an empirical research study]. Lingva Kritiko (in Esperanto). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130170049/https://lingvakritiko.com/2020/05/12/la-efektiva-uzado-de-seksneutralaj-pronomoj-lau-empiria-esplorstudo/">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lingva+Kritiko&rft.atitle=La+efektiva+uzado+de+seksne%C5%ADtralaj+pronomoj+la%C5%AD+empiria+esplorstudo&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Markos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingvakritiko.com%2F2020%2F05%2F12%2Fla-efektiva-uzado-de-seksneutralaj-pronomoj-lau-empiria-esplorstudo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saul_Levin_1993-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Saul_Levin_1993_198-0">^</a> Saul Levin, 1993. "Can an Artificial Language Be More than a Hobby? The Linguistic and Sociological Obstacles". In Ian Richmond (ed.) Aspects of internationalism: language & culture. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Christian_Century_1930-199"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Christian_Century_1930_199-0">^</a> The Christian Century, 1930, 47:846 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_Acocella2016" class="citation journal cs1">Joan Acocella (October 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/31/a-language-to-unite-humankind">"A Language to Unite Humankind"</a>. New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529082013/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/31/a-language-to-unite-humankind">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker&rft.atitle=A+Language+to+Unite+Humankind&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft.au=Joan+Acocella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2016%2F10%2F31%2Fa-language-to-unite-humankind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> (...) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steloj.de/esperanto/paroloj/kongr3a.html">ni esperas, ke pli aŭ malpli frue, eble post multaj jarcentoj</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Espero" title="La Espero">Sur neŭtrala lingva fundamento, Komprenante unu la alian, La popoloj faros en konsento Unu grandan rondon familian.</a> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>L. L. Zamenhof. Kongresaj paroladoj. Jekaterinburg (Ruslanda Esperantisto). 1995, pp. 23–24</cite></div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Szymborska, Wisława (August 19, 2021) "No One Thinks in Esperanto". The New York Review of Books 68 (13): 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=136818">"Esperanto Island"</a>. Data.aad.gov.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524002424/http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=136818">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esperanto+Island&rft.pub=Data.aad.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.aad.gov.au%2Faadc%2Fgaz%2Fscar%2Fdisplay_name.cfm%3Fgaz_id%3D136818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Fians, Guilherme, "Esperanto Revolutionaries and Geeks - Language Politics, Digital Media and the Making of an International Community", 2021, Palgrave Macmillan,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-84230-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-84230-7">978-3-030-84230-7</a> (e-book) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-84229-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-84229-1">978-3-030-84229-1</a> (hardcover).</li> <li>Auld, William. La Fenomeno Esperanto ("The Esperanto Phenomenon"). Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1988.</li> <li>Butler, Montagu C. Step by Step in Esperanto. ELNA 1965/1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939785-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-939785-01-3">0-939785-01-3</a>.</li> <li>DeSoto, Clinton (1936). 200 Meters and Down. West Hartford, Connecticut, US: <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>, p. 92.</li> <li>Crystal, David, article "Esperanto" in The New Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, 2002.</li> <li>Crystal, David, How Language Works (pages 424–5), Penguin Books, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101552-1">978-0-14-101552-1</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto">Esperanto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724233935/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto">Archived</a> July 24, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/esperanto.pdf">"The Alphabets of Europe: Esperanto"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041108091454/http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/esperanto.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2004. Retrieved January 21, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Alphabets+of+Europe%3A+Esperanto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Falphabets%2Fesperanto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"> (25.4 KB). Evertype, 2001.</li> <li>Garvia, Roberto. Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812291271" title="Special:BookSources/0812291271">0812291271</a>.</li> <li>Gledhill, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719135041/http://stl.recherche.univ-lille3.fr/sitespersonnels/gledhill/Esperanto_a_corpus-based_description_GLEDHILL.pdf">The Grammar of Esperanto: A Corpus-Based Description.</a> Second edition. Lincom Europa, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-961-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-961-9">3-89586-961-9</a>.</li> <li>Harlow, Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/eaccess/eaccess.book.html">The Esperanto Book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217102439/http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/eaccess/eaccess.book.html">Archived</a> February 17, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Self-published on the web (1995–96).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn101.org/esperanto.php">Esperanto Lessons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321030025/http://www.learn101.org/esperanto.php">Archived</a> March 21, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. LEARN101.ORG. Including the alphabet, adjectives, nouns, plural, gender, numbers, phrases, grammar, vocabulary, verbs, exam, audio, and translation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalogo.uea.org/index.php?inf=4006">Ludovikologia dokumentaro I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222105548/http://katalogo.uea.org/index.php?inf=4006">Archived</a> December 22, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tokyo: Ludovikito, 1991. Facsimile reprints of the Unua Libro in Russian, Polish, French, German, English and Swedish, with the earliest Esperanto dictionaries for those languages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley2012" class="citation web cs1">Morley, Tim (August 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gSAkUOElsg">"Learn Esperanto first: Why Elementary Schools Should Teach Esperanto"</a> (TEDxGranta TED Talk Video with Closed Captions). <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/8gSAkUOElsg">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Learn+Esperanto+first%3A+Why+Elementary+Schools+Should+Teach+Esperanto&rft.date=2012-08-13&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8gSAkUOElsg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Okrent, Arika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inthelandofinventedlanguages.com/">In the Land of Invented Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602080529/http://inthelandofinventedlanguages.com/">Archived</a> June 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattersonHuff1999" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Robert; Huff, Stanley M. (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61387">"The Decline and Fall of Esperanto"</a>. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 6 (6): 444–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjamia.1999.0060444">10.1136/jamia.1999.0060444</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61387">61387</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10579602">10579602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Informatics+Association&rft.atitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+Esperanto&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E444-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC61387%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10579602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjamia.1999.0060444&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Huff%2C+Stanley+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC61387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsperanto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Perlin, Ross <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/esperanto-language-of-hope-esther-schors-bridge-of-words/">"Nostalgia for World Culture: A New History of Esperanto", review of "Bridge of Words" by Esther Schor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225171436/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/esperanto-language-of-hope-esther-schors-bridge-of-words/">Archived</a> February 25, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>van Someren, Emily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103135225/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/student-theses/2006-0324-075222/UUindex.html">Republication of the thesis 'The EU Language Regime, Lingual and Translational Problems'.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John</a>. Lingvistikaj aspektoj de Esperanto ("<a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Aspects_of_Esperanto" title="Linguistic Aspects of Esperanto">Linguistic Aspects of Esperanto</a>"). Second edition. Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1989.</li> <li>Zamenhof, Ludovic Lazarus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genekeyes.com/Dr_Esperanto.html">Dr. Esperanto's International Language: Introduction & Complete Grammar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109224933/http://www.genekeyes.com/Dr_Esperanto.html">Archived</a> January 9, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The original 1887 <a href="/wiki/Unua_Libro" title="Unua Libro">Unua Libro</a>, English translation by Richard H. Geoghegan; HTML online version 2006. Print edition (2007) also available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esperanto-usa.org/">ELNA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020154611/http://esperanto-usa.org/">Archived</a> October 20, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uea.org/">UEA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100319010006/http://www.uea.org/">Archived</a> March 19, 2010, at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>.</li> <li>Zamenhof, Ludovic Lazarus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akademio-de-esperanto.org/fundamento/index.html">Fundamento de Esperanto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100730032953/http://www.akademio-de-esperanto.org/fundamento/index.html">Archived</a> July 30, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. HTML reprint of 1905 Fundamento, from the Academy of Esperanto.</li></ul> </div> <ul><li>FM 30-101-1 (1962) Esperanto The Aggressor Language <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FM_30-101-1_(1962)_Esperanto_The_Aggressor_Language.pdf">File:FM 30-101-1 (1962) Esperanto The Aggressor Language.pdf - Wikimedia Commons</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, 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.spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 7 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="4035" data-mwtitle="Esperanto_spoken_article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Esperanto_spoken_article.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Esperanto_spoken_article.ogg/Esperanto_spoken_article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><noscript><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" data-width="45" data-height="34" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Esperanto_spoken_article.ogg" title="File:Esperanto spoken article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 18 August 2010 (2010-8-18), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uea.org/">UEA.org</a> – Website of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Esperanto_Association" title="Universal Esperanto Association">Universal Esperanto Association</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/bookshelf/34" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:bookshelf/34">Esperanto Bookshelf</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lernu.net/en/vortaro">Dictionary – lernu.net</a>, a bilingual Esperanto dictionary by <a href="/wiki/Lernu!" title="Lernu!">lernu!</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vortaro.net/">Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto 2020</a>, an online version of the 2020 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Plena_Ilustrita_Vortaro_de_Esperanto" title="Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto">Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto</a> (PIV), a monolingual Esperanto dictionary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180110-the-invented-language-that-found-a-second-life-online">The invented language that found a second life online</a>, a BBC Future article by Jose Luis Penarredonda, 10 January 2018</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eventaservo.org/">Eventa Servo</a>, an overview of worldwide Esperanto events (in Esperanto).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esperanto.china.org.cn/">China Interreta Informa Centro</a> – Esperanto website of the <a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Information_Center" title="China Internet Information Center">China Internet Information Center</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Esperanto at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Esperanto_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Esperanto language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esperanto" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Esperanto">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Esperanto" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Esperanto">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Esperanto" class="extiw" title="q:Esperanto">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Esperanto" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Esperanto">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Esperanto" class="extiw" title="b:Esperanto">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="17" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Esperanto" class="extiw" title="v:Topic:Esperanto">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="eo:">Esperanto edition</a> of Wikipedia</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&oldid=1283266044">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&oldid=1283266044</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 31 March 2025, at 12:33 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Ӏэспэранто – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ӏэспэранто" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%94%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B6" title="ኤስፔራንቶ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤስፔራንቶ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="एस्पेरान्तो – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="एस्पेरान्तो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Есперанто – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Есперанто" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="إسبرانتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسبرانتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88speranto" title="Èsperanto – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èsperanto" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantu" title="Esperantu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esperantu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispirantu_aru" title="Ispirantu aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ispirantu aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ایسپرانتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسپرانتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B" title="এসপেরান্তো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এসপেরান্তো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Эсперанта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эсперанта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Эспэранта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эспэранта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Есперанто – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Есперанто" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanteg" title="Esperanteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Esperanteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88" title="إسپيرانطو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إسپيرانطو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantogiella" title="Esperantogiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Esperantogiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Εσπεράντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσπεράντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esper%C3%A0nt" title="Esperànt – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Esperànt" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="اسپرانتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپرانتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A9ranto" title="Espéranto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Espéranto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍄𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍄𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Эсперантин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Эсперантин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%9E%80%ED%86%A0" title="에스페란토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에스페란토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Ekepel%C4%81nako" title="ʻŌlelo Ekepelānako – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Ekepelānako" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Էսպերանտո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էսպերանտո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="एस्पेरांतो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एस्पेरांतो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Esperanto" title="Bahasa Esperanto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isipirantu_uqautchiq" title="Isipirantu uqautchiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Isipirantu uqautchiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiEsperanto" title="IsiEsperanto – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiEsperanto" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi-Esperanto" title="Isi-Esperanto – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isi-Esperanto" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95" title="אספרנטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אספרנטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_%C3%89sp%C3%A9ranto" title="Basa Éspéranto – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Éspéranto" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C9%A9perant%C9%94_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Esɩperantɔ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Esɩperantɔ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A" title="ಎಸ್ಪೆರಾಂಟೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಸ್ಪೆರಾಂಟೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ესპერანტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესპერანტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantek" title="Esperantek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Esperantek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyesiperanto" title="Icyesiperanto – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyesiperanto" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiseperanto" title="Kiseperanto – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Kiseperanto" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiesperanto" title="Kiesperanto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiesperanto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Эсперанто (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эсперанто (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantoava" title="Esperantoava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Esperantoava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_esperanto" title="Zimanê esperanto – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê esperanto" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Esperantica" title="Lingua Esperantica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Esperantica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esper%C3%A0nto" title="Esperànto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Esperànto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisipelanto" title="Lisipelanto – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisipelanto" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/esperantos" title="esperantos – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="esperantos" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_esperanto" title="Lengua esperanto – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua esperanto" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eszperant%C3%B3_nyelv" title="Eszperantó nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eszperantó nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Есперанто – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Есперанто" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_esperant%C3%B4" title="Fiteny esperantô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny esperantô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B" title="എസ്പെരാന്തോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്പെരാന്തോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="एस्पेरांतो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एस्पेरांतो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ესპერანტო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ესპერანტო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="اسبرانتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسبرانتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="اسپرانتو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسپرانتو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Esperanto" title="Bahasa Esperanto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯔꯥꯟꯇꯣ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯔꯥꯟꯇꯣ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Esperanto" title="Bahaso Esperanto – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A9-g%C3%A1i-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Sié-gái-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sié-gái-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speranto" title="Speranto – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Speranto" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эсперанто кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эсперанто кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အက်စပါရန်တိုဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်စပါရန်တိုဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="एस्पेरान्तो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एस्पेरान्तो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="एस्परान्तो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एस्परान्तो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="エスペラント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エスペラント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A9raunto" title="Espéraunto – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Espéraunto" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B" title="ਐੱਸਪੇਰਾਂਤੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐੱਸਪੇਰਾਂਤੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="اسپرانتو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسپرانتو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اېسپرانتو ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېسپرانتو ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89sp%C3%A9ranto" title="Éspéranto – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Éspéranto" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_esperanto" title="Lenga esperanto – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga esperanto" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_tili" title="Esperanto tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Esperanto tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_tili" title="Esperanto tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Esperanto tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispirantu_simi" title="Ispirantu simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ispirantu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Есперанто – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Есперанто" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="एस्पेरान्तो – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एस्पेरान्तो" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱨᱟᱱᱛᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱨᱟᱱᱛᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_esperanto" title="Gjuha esperanto – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha esperanto" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_esperantu" title="Lingua esperantu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua esperantu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9C" title="එස්පෙරාන්තො – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එස්පෙරාන්තො" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD-Speranto" title="Sí-Speranto – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Sí-Speranto" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Єспєранто – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єспєранто" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esberanto" title="Esberanto – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Esberanto" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%86" title="ئێسپێرانتۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێسپێرانتۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Есперанто – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Есперанто" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_%C3%89sp%C3%A9ranto" title="Basa Éspéranto – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Éspéranto" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="எஸ்பெராண்டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எஸ்பெராண்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B" title="ఎస్పరాంటో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎస్పరాంటో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาเอสเปรันโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเอสเปรันโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Забони эсперанто – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Эсперанто" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Есперанто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Есперанто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="اسپرانتو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسپرانتو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ئېسپېرانتو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېسپېرانتو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperant" title="Sperant – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sperant" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_kiil" title="Esperanto kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Esperanto kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="世界語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="世界語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inesperanto" title="Inesperanto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inesperanto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="世界语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="世界语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90" title="עספעראנטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עספעראנטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Esperanto" title="Èdè Esperanto – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="世界語 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="世界語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="世界语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="世界语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sep%C3%A8ranto" title="Basa Sepèranto – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Sepèranto" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Esperanto" title="Basa Esperanto – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Esperanto" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> 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