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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-نومونه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#نومونه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>نومونه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-نومونه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>سرچينې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">هان چینايان</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۱۰۲ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۰۲ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Chinese" title="Han-Chinese – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Han-Chinese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="هان (مجموعة إثنية) – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هان (مجموعة إثنية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnia_han" title="Etnia han – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Etnia han" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Китаял – اواري" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Китаял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="اواري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(xalq)" title="Han (xalq) – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Han (xalq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هان ائلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هان ائلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1)" title="Хань (халыҡ) – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хань (халыҡ)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Кітайцы – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Кітайцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кітайцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Хан (народ) – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хан (народ)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="হান চীনা – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হান চীনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2" title="རྒྱ་མི – تبتي" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་མི" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="تبتي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinezi" title="Kinezi – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kinezi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хитадууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хитадууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88tnia_han" title="Ètnia han – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ètnia han" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng-c%C5%ADk" title="Háng-cŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng-cŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanov%C3%A9" title="Chanové – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chanové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieineaid_Han" title="Tsieineaid Han – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsieineaid Han" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankinesere" title="Hankinesere – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hankinesere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Ethnie)" title="Han (Ethnie) – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Han (Ethnie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2" title="རྒྱ་མི – ژونگکه" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="རྒྱ་མི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="ژونگکه" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Κινέζοι Χαν – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινέζοι Χαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Han Chinese" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoj" title="Hanoj – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnia_han" title="Etnia han – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etnia han" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiinlased" title="Hiinlased – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiinlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(etnia)" title="Han (etnia) – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Han (etnia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مردم هان – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم هان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-kiinalaiset" title="Han-kiinalaiset – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Han-kiinalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(ethnie)" title="Han (ethnie) – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Han (ethnie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="漢人 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漢人" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_han" title="Pobo han – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo han" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese – هوسا" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Han Chinese" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="هوسا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Hon-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9F_(%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="האן (קבוצה אתנית) – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האן (קבוצה אתנית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="हान चीनी – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हान चीनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Kinezi" title="Han Kinezi – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Han Kinezi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_k%C3%ADnaiak" title="Han kínaiak – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Han kínaiak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Հան (ազգություն) – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հան (ազգություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(ethnia)" title="Han (ethnia) – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Han (ethnia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Han" title="Orang Han – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Han" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han" title="Han – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Han" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="漢民族 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="漢民族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Han" title="Wong Han – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Han" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჩინელები – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Han" title="Jolma Han – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Han" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қытайлар – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытайлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B" title="ជនជាតិចិនហាន់ – خمر" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជនជាតិចិនហាន់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="خمر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಾನ್ ಚೈನೀಸ್ – کناډا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾನ್ ಚೈನೀಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="کناډا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%A1%B1" title="한족 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(netewe)" title="Han (netewe) – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Han (netewe)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinae_(gens)" title="Sinae (gens) – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sinae (gens)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haniai" title="Haniai – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Haniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%86i" title="Haņi – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Haņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_(vahoaka)" title="Hana (vahoaka) – ملغاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hana (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملغاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Cino_Han" title="Urang Cino Han – مينيگاباو" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Cino Han" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="مينيگاباو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Хан (народ) – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хан (народ)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хятадууд – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятадууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="हान चिनी – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हान चिनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Han" title="Bangsa Han – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bangsa Han" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ဟန်တရုတ်လူမျိုး – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟန်တရုတ်လူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="हान चिनियाँ – نېپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हान चिनियाँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نېپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Chinezen" title="Han-Chinezen – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Han-Chinezen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-kinesarar" title="Han-kinesarar – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Han-kinesarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-kinesere" title="Han-kinesere – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Han-kinesere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(etnia)" title="Han (etnia) – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Han (etnia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC)" title="Хань (адæм) – اوسيټک" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хань (адæм)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="اوسيټک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84czycy_Han" title="Chińczycy Han – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chińczycy Han" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ہان چینی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہان چینی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(etnia)" title="Han (etnia) – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Han (etnia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_runa" title="Han runa – کېچوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Han runa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="کېچوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinezi_Han" title="Chinezi Han – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chinezi Han" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Хань (народ) – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хань (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кытайдар – سخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытайдар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="سخا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han" title="Han – سیلیسي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Han" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سیلیسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Cheenese" title="Han Cheenese – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Han Cheenese" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinezi" title="Kinezi – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kinezi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Han Chinese" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanovia" title="Chanovia – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chanovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajci_Han" title="Kitajci Han – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajci Han" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Хан Кинези – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хан Кинези" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankineser" title="Hankineser – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hankineser" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahan" title="Wahan – سواهېلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wahan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواهېلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulam" title="Hulam – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Hulam" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹான் சீனர் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹான் சீனர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="హాన్ చైనీస్ – تېليګو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హాన్ చైనీస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تېليګو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ชาวฮั่น – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวฮั่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinong_Han" title="Tsinong Han – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tsinong Han" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_%C3%87inlisi" title="Han Çinlisi – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Han Çinlisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кытайлар – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кытайлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%87_%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="خەنزۇ مىللىتى – اويغوري" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خەنزۇ مىللىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="اويغوري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96" title="Китайці – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ہان چینی – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہان چینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_H%C3%A1n" title="Người Hán – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Hán" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F" title="汉族 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩინარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouxgun" title="Bouxgun – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bouxgun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F" title="汉族 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="漢人 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢人" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Hàn-cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%97%8F" title="漢族 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="漢族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42740#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> 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[k]" accesskey="k"><span>اړونده بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ps" title="دوتنې پورته کول [u]" accesskey="u"><span>انځور/رسنۍ پورته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ټولو ځانگړو پاڼو لړليک [q]" accesskey="q"><span>ځانگړي مخونه</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86&oldid=303729" title="د دې مخ د همدې بڼې تلپاتې تړنه"><span>تلپاتې تړنه</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86&action=info" title="د دې مخ اړونده نور مالومات"><span>د مخ مالومات</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9&page=%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86&id=303729&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="دې مخ ته د اخځ مالومات"><span>د دې مخ اخځ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586"><span>لنډ URL ترلاسه کړئ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86&action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86&printable=yes" title="د دې مخ چاپي بڼه [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چاپي بڼه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> په نورو پروژو کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Han_Chinese_people" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42740" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکي‌ډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>هان چينايان يا هان وګړي د چين اصلي اوسېدونکي د ختيځې اسيا يوه توکميزه ډله ده. دوی د نړۍ تر ټولو ستره توکمزه ډله ده، چې د نړۍ د ټول نفوس شا اوخوا 18٪ برخه جوړوي. هان چينايان په بېلا بېلو فرعي ډلو وېشل شوي دي، چې په جلاجلا چينايي ژبو خبرې کوي. </p><p>هان چینايان د چين (د چين د مرکزي سيمو، هانګ کانګ او مکاو په ګډون) اغلبه توکميزه ډله ده، چې شمېر يې 1.4 ميليارده وګړو ته رسېږي، په داسې حال کې چې دوی د ټول نفوس 92٪ برخه جوړوي، ځکه چې دوی په دې هېواد کې تر ټولو ستر ه توکميزه ډله ده، د چينايي نفوس اکثريت او د چينايي تمدن په جوړولو او وده کې تر ټولو زیات اغېزناک دي. په تايوان کې، دوی د نفوس شا اوخوا 97٪ وګړي دي. د چيناي هان د زوزات وګړي همدا راز د سينګاپور د ټول نفوس 75٪ برخه تشکيلوي. د هان ټکی يوازې يوې توکميزې ډلې ته اشاره نه کوي، بلکې د يو ځانګړي کلتوري او تاریخي شاليد لرونکو ځانګړو خلکو سره اړيکه لرونکو د پېژندګلو لور ته هم اشاره کوي، چا چې د چينايي تمدن د جوړولو او پرمختګ برخه کې هم مهمه ونډه درلودلې ده.<sup id="cite_ref-中華民國國情簡介2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中華民國國情簡介2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yearbook2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yearbook2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hack_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hack-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د هان وګړو اصل په شمالي چېن کې دی، د دوی د نيکونو اصل تر «واشا» پورې رسېږي، کوم چې د کرنيزو قبايلو يو کنفدراسيون (اتحاد) دی، چې د ژړ سيند په څنډو کې اوسېدلي دي. دوی په شمالي چين کې د ژړ سيند د منځنۍ او وروستۍ برخې په شا اوخوا په مرکزي بيدياوو کې مېشت شوي دي. د دې قبايلو دا کنفدراسيون د اوسنيو هان چينايي وګړو نيکونه، او تر څنګ يې د چينايي تمدن سرلاري وو. د جنګېدونکو ايالتونو د پړاو په اوږدو کې، د «ژو» پړاو چينايان راڅرګند شول چې خپل ځانونه د «واشا» (چې تحت اللفظي معنا يې ده، ښکلی عظمت) په توګه تشريح کوي، له دې سره په نښتو او نږدې سيمو کې چې د «ژو» پاچاييو سره پولې لري، او د دوی په شا اوخوا کې له هان چينايانو پرته نور وګړي ميشت و، د هغوی په خلاف چې د بربري (نامهذب/بدوي) په توګه بلل کېږي، هان چينايانو يو متمدن کلتور درلود. د غير هان چينايي توکمه خلکو په ګډون، په ډېرو بهرميشتو چينايي ټولنو کې، د «هوا» وګړي (华人; 華人) يا «هوازو» (华族; 華族) ټکی د هان توکميزو چينايانو لپاره کارېږي، په داسې حال کې چې دوی له «چونګو رين» (中国人; 中國人) سره توپير لري، په کومو ټکو کې د چین تابعيت لرونکې معنا او ضماير پټ دي.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto12_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په شمالي چین کې د «واشا» قبيلې، په تېرو دوه زريزو کې په پرله پسې ډول د پوځي فتوحاتو او نېواک له لارې سويلی چين ته خپرې شوې. «واشا» کلتور د ژړ سمندر په حوزه کې د خپل اصلي مرکز څخه د سويل په لور خپور شو، چې بېلا بېل غېر هان نسلي ډلې يي په ځان کې جذب کړې، کومې چې د پېړيو په تېرېدو سره د چينايي تاریخ په بېلا بېلو سيمو کې چينايي کړای شوې.<sup id="cite_ref-PandeyGeschiere2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PandeyGeschiere2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brindley2015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brindley2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chang_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sheng_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheng-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hack2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hack2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto22_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د «هان وګړي» ټکی په لومړي ځل په شمالي او سويلي واکمنو کورنيو کې راڅرګند شو، چې د هان واکمنې کورنۍ څخه يې اغېز اخيستی و، کومه واکمنه کورنۍ چې د چين په تاريخ کې لومړی زرين پړاو بلل کېږي. د يوې متحدې او اړوندې سترواکۍ په توګه، د هان چين د هغه مهال د ختيځې اسيا د جيوپولتيکي اغېز د مرکز په توګه سر راپورته کړ، چې په خپل ختيځ اسيايي ګاونډيو يې ډېره لاسبري درلوده، او د وګړو د شمېر، جغرافيايي او کلتوري رسيدګۍ له پلوه له رومي سترواکۍ سره د پرتلې وړ وه. د هان واکمنې کورنۍ برم او شهرت د لرغوني «واشا» په ډېرو خلکو اغېز وکړ، تر دې چې هغوی هم خپل ځانونه د هان خلکو په توګه معرفي کړل. تر نن ورځې، هان چينايانو خپل توکميز نوم له دې واکمنې کورنۍ څخه اخيستی دی، او چينايي رسم الخط ته هان ټکي ويل کېږي.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto52_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto52-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto23_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto23-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto32_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto32-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto8_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto6_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto62_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto62-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto92_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto92-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="نومونه"><span id=".D9.86.D9.88.D9.85.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>نومونه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: نومونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د هان نوم دې ته د ورته واکمنې کورنۍ له نوم اخيستل شوی دی، کومه چې د لنډ مهالې «شينګ» واکمنې کورنۍ ځای ناستې وه، او د ختيځې اسیا په ډېره برخه د خپل واک او اغېز له امله دا واکمنه کورنۍ له تاريخي پلوه د شاهي چينايي پړاو لومړی زرين عصر بلل کېږي. د بين النسلي او د نوي نړيوال اغېز څخه مخکې د دې واکمنې کورنۍ د اهميت په پايله کې، چينايانو د «هان خلکو» (汉人; 漢人) په توګه د خپلو ځانونو په معرفي کولو پيل وکړ، دا هغه نوم دی چې تر اوسه دوی ته ويل کېږي. په ورته توګه، له هغه وخته چينايي ژبې (汉语; 漢語) ته هم د هان ژبې نوم ورکړل شو. د اکسفرډ په قاموسونو کې، هان په دې ډول تعريف شوي دي چې، "په چین کې اغلبه توکميزه ډله". د اسيا او اقيانوسيه د خلکو په دايرة المعارف کې، هان په چين، همدا راز په تايوان او سینګاپور کې اغلب نفوس بلل شوی دی. د ميريم-ويبسټر قاموس تر مخې، هان "چينايي وګړي دي، په ځانګړي ډول په دې نفوس کې د غير چينايي (لکه مغول) عناصرو څخه توپير ورکول کېږي".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto72_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto72-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto82_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto82-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د هان واکمنې کورنۍ بنسټګر سترواک، «ليو بينګ» د «شين» واکمنې کورنۍ له سقوط وروسته د «هانزهونګ» د سيمې پاچا وټاکل شو، دا هغه لقب و چې د «چو-هان» د شخړې پر مهال «د هان پاچا» (汉王; 漢王) په ټکو کې رالنډ کړای شو. له بلې خوا د «هانزونګ» نوم، د هان له سيند څخه اخيستل شوی دی، کوم چې د دې سيمې د بيدياوو څخه بهېږي.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د هان واکمنې کورنۍ څخه مخکې، لرغونو چينايي پوهانو، په سم ډول د چين د تشریح کولو لپاره په خپلو متنونو کې د «واشا» (华夏; 華夏) اصطلاح کارولې وه، په داسې حال کې چې چينايي وګړي يا خو د "مختلف هوا" (诸华; 諸華) په توګه تشريح کېدل، يا د «مختلف ژويا» (诸夏; 諸夏) په توګه. دې يوه اصطلاح منځ ته راوړه، کومه چې اوسمهال بهر ميشتو چينايانو له خوا د چينايي اوسېدونکو لپاره د توکميزې پېژندګلو په توګه استعمالېږي – «هوارين» (توکميز چینايي خلک)، «هواکايو» (چينايي کډوال يعنې بهر ميشتي چينايان)، او همدا راز د چين تحت اللفظي نوم – چونګهوا (مرکزي چين). چونګهوا تر ډېره بريده د چينايي خلکو کلتور ته اشاره کوي، که څه هم دا د «چونګهوا مينزو» سره مساوي هم بلل کېږي. ځينې بهر مېشتې چينايي ټولنې د «چونګورين» (中国人; 中國人) پر ځای د «هوارين» او «هواکايو» ټکي استعمالوي، کوم چې د دوی لپاره، د دولت په اړه د دوی د سياسي اندونو له امله، د چین د خلکو جمهوریت د استوګنو معنا لري.<sup id="cite_ref-sheng2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheng2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chang2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hack3_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hack3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-中華民國國情簡介2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-中華民國國情簡介2016_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218124716/http://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=7C222A52A60660EC&s=FFD5D521BBC119F8"><bdi lang="zh">中華民國國情簡介</bdi></a> [ROC Vital Information]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Executive Yuan (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Executive Yuan</a></i> (په Chinese (Taiwan)). 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=7C222A52A60660EC&s=FFD5D521BBC119F8">the original</a> on 18 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2016</span>. <q><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-1d349496">Script error: The function "Lang" does not exist.</span></strong></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Executive+Yuan&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%83%85%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ey.gov.tw%2Fstate%2FNews_Content3.aspx%3Fn%3D7C222A52A60660EC%26s%3DFFD5D521BBC119F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yearbook2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook2014_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFExecutive_Yuan2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Executive Yuan (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Executive Yuan</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf"><i>The Republic of China Yearbook 2014</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government Information Office. p. 36. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-986-04-2302-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-986-04-2302-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-986-04-2302-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820161048/http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+China+Yearbook+2014&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Government+Information+Office&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-986-04-2302-0&rft.au=Executive+Yuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ey.gov.tw%2FUpload%2FUserFiles%2FYB%25202014%2520all%2520100dpi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110141/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf">"Home"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nptd.gov.sg%2FPortals%2F0%2FHomepage%2FHighlights%2Fpopulation-in-brief-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFEbrey2023" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Buckley Ebrey (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley</a> (2023), "Rethinking Han Chinese Identity", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Review_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Review International (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">China Review</a></i>, <b>23</b> (2): 58–59, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjdh%2Fepw042">10.1093/jdh/epw042</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Review&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Han+Chinese+Identity&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=58-59&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjdh%2Fepw042&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hack-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hack_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_HackKevin_Blackburn2012" class="citation book cs1">Karl Hack; Kevin Blackburn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yO_wBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96"><i>War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore</i></a>. NUS Press. p. 96. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-9971-69-599-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-9971-69-599-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-9971-69-599-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308010409/https://books.google.de/books?id=yO_wBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Memory+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-599-6&rft.au=Karl+Hack&rft.au=Kevin+Blackburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyO_wBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2004" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Xingwu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofme0000unse_l4p4/page/703">"Han"</a>. In Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology</i>. Springer US. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofme0000unse_l4p4/page/703">703–17</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-29905-X_73">10.1007/0-387-29905-X_73</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-306-47754-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-306-47754-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-306-47754-6</bdi></a>. <q>The name "Han" was derived from the Han River, an upper tributary of the Yangtze River. It was further strengthened by the famous Han Empire (206 BC–220 AD) which lasted for several hundred years when the people began active interactions with the outside world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Han&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Medical+Anthropology&rft.pages=703-17&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F0-387-29905-X_73&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47754-6&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xingwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofme0000unse_l4p4%2Fpage%2F703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFCioffi-RevillaLai1995" class="citation journal cs1">Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio; Lai, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/174577">"War and Politics in Ancient China, 2700 B.C. to 722 B.C.: Measurement and Comparative Analysis"</a>. <i>The Journal of Conflict Resolution</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 467–494. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002795039003004">10.1177/0022002795039003004</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د تمديد نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0027">0022-0027</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جی سټور (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/174577">174577</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156043981">156043981</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519030536/https://www.jstor.org/stable/174577">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=War+and+Politics+in+Ancient+China%2C+2700+B.C.+to+722+B.C.%3A+Measurement+and+Comparative+Analysis&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=467-494&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0022-0027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156043981%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F174577%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002795039003004&rft.aulast=Cioffi-Revilla&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft.au=Lai%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F174577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2015" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (2015). <i>Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–90. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-61069-017-1" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-61069-017-1 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-61069-017-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+North%2C+East%2C+and+Central+Asia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-017-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSchliesinger2016" class="citation book cs1">Schliesinger, Joachim (2016). <i>Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region</i>. Booksmango. pp. 13–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Man+in+Southeast+Asia+2%3A+Early+Dominant+Peoples+of+the+Mainland+Region&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Schliesinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2017" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Hong (2017). <i>Chinese Business: Landscapes and Strategies</i>. Routledge. p. 34. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-138-91825-2" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-138-91825-2 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-138-91825-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Business%3A+Landscapes+and+Strategies&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-91825-2&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Hong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2015). <i>Chinese History: A New Manual</i>. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 709. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-674-08846-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-674-08846-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-674-08846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual&rft.pages=709&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08846-7&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion+Porter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFYuan2006" class="citation book cs1">Yuan, Haiwang (2006). <i>The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinesen</i>. Libraries Unlimited. p. 6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-59158-294-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-59158-294-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-59158-294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+Lotus+Lantern+and+Other+Tales+from+the+Han+Chinesen&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59158-294-6&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Haiwang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto12_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSchliesinger2016" class="citation book cs1">Schliesinger, Joachim (2016). <i>Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region</i>. Booksmango. pp. 13–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Man+in+Southeast+Asia+2%3A+Early+Dominant+Peoples+of+the+Mainland+Region&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Schliesinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDuara2003" class="citation book cs1">Duara, Prasenjit (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50755038"><i>Sovereignty and authenticity : Manchukuo and the East Asian modern</i></a>. Lanham. p. 7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-7425-2577-5" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/0-7425-2577-5 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>0-7425-2577-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="او سي اېل سي (پېژند) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50755038">50755038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+and+authenticity+%3A+Manchukuo+and+the+East+Asian+modern&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50755038&rft.isbn=0-7425-2577-5&rft.aulast=Duara&rft.aufirst=Prasenjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50755038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PandeyGeschiere2003-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PandeyGeschiere2003_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFGyanendra_PandeyPeter_Geschiere2003" class="citation book cs1">Gyanendra Pandey; Peter Geschiere (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CT6FAAAAMAAJ&q=dynasty+hua+ren"><i>The Forging of Nationhood</i></a>. Manohar. p. 102. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-81-7304-425-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-81-7304-425-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-81-7304-425-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214010927/https://books.google.com/books?id=CT6FAAAAMAAJ&q=dynasty+hua+ren">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+Nationhood&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-425-0&rft.au=Gyanendra+Pandey&rft.au=Peter+Geschiere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCT6FAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddynasty%2Bhua%2Bren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brindley2015-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brindley2015_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFErica_Fox_Brindley2015" class="citation book cs1">Erica Fox Brindley (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B59rCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c. 400 BCE–50 CE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-316-35228-1" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-316-35228-1 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-316-35228-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414100953/https://books.google.com/books?id=B59rCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+China+and+the+Yue%3A+Perceptions+and+Identities+on+the+Southern+Frontier%2C+c.+400+BCE%E2%80%9350+CE&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-316-35228-1&rft.au=Erica+Fox+Brindley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB59rCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chang-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chang_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFChangHolt2014" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Hui-Ching; Holt, Richard (20 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vouLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162"><i>Language, Politics and Identity in Taiwan: Naming China</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 162–64. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-135-04635-4" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-135-04635-4 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-135-04635-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063612/https://books.google.de/books?id=vouLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Politics+and+Identity+in+Taiwan%3A+Naming+China&rft.pages=162-64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-135-04635-4&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Hui-Ching&rft.au=Holt%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvouLBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheng-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sheng_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSheng_Lijun2002" class="citation book cs1">Sheng Lijun (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZZABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53"><i>China and Taiwan: Cross-strait Relations Under Chen Shui-bian</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 53. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-981-230-110-9" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-981-230-110-9 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-981-230-110-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308023908/https://books.google.ae/books?id=zZZABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Taiwan%3A+Cross-strait+Relations+Under+Chen+Shui-bian&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-981-230-110-9&rft.au=Sheng+Lijun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZZABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hack2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hack2_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_HackKevin_Blackburn2012" class="citation book cs1">Karl Hack; Kevin Blackburn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yO_wBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96"><i>War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore</i></a>. NUS Press. p. 96. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-9971-69-599-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-9971-69-599-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-9971-69-599-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308010409/https://books.google.de/books?id=yO_wBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Memory+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-599-6&rft.au=Karl+Hack&rft.au=Kevin+Blackburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyO_wBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFHolcombe2017" class="citation book cs1">Holcombe, Charles (2017). <i>A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 49. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-10754489-5" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-10754489-5 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-10754489-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+East+Asia%3A+From+the+Origins+of+Civilization+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=49&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-10754489-5&rft.aulast=Holcombe&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1998" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Dorothy (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00perk_0/page/202"><i>Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture</i></a>. Checkmark Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00perk_0/page/202">202</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-8160-2693-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-8160-2693-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-8160-2693-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+China%3A+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-2693-7&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch00perk_0%2Fpage%2F202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto22-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto22_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2015). <i>Chinese History: A New Manual</i>. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 709. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-674-08846-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-674-08846-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-674-08846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual&rft.pages=709&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08846-7&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion+Porter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSchliesinger2016" class="citation book cs1">Schliesinger, Joachim (2016). <i>Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region</i>. Booksmango. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Man+in+Southeast+Asia+2%3A+Early+Dominant+Peoples+of+the+Mainland+Region&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Schliesinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto4_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSchliesinger2016" class="citation book cs1">Schliesinger, Joachim (2016). <i>Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region</i>. Booksmango. pp. 10–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Man+in+Southeast+Asia+2%3A+Early+Dominant+Peoples+of+the+Mainland+Region&rft.pages=10-17&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Schliesinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto5_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDingming2014" class="citation book cs1">Dingming, Wu (2014). <i>A Panoramic View of Chinese Culture</i>. Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Panoramic+View+of+Chinese+Culture&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Dingming&rft.aufirst=Wu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2015" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (2015). <i>Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 91. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-61069-017-1" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-61069-017-1 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-61069-017-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+North%2C+East%2C+and+Central+Asia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-017-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto52-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto52_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDingming2014" class="citation book cs1">Dingming, Wu (2014). <i>A Panoramic View of Chinese Culture</i>. Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Panoramic+View+of+Chinese+Culture&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Dingming&rft.aufirst=Wu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto23-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto23_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2015). <i>Chinese History: A New Manual</i>. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 709. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-674-08846-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-674-08846-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-674-08846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual&rft.pages=709&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08846-7&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion+Porter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto32-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto32_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1998" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Dorothy (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00perk_0/page/202"><i>Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture</i></a>. Checkmark Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00perk_0/page/202">202</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-8160-2693-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-8160-2693-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-8160-2693-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+China%3A+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-2693-7&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch00perk_0%2Fpage%2F202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto7_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2010" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Harold Miles (2010). <i>China: A History: From the Great Qing Empire through the People's Republic of China, 1644–2009</i>. Hackett Pub Co. p. 83. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-60384-204-4" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-60384-204-4 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-60384-204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History%3A+From+the+Great+Qing+Empire+through+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China%2C+1644%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Hackett+Pub+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60384-204-4&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Harold+Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto8_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFUeda2017" class="citation book cs1">Ueda, Reed (2017). <i>America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places</i>. Greenwood. p. 403. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-4408-2864-5" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-4408-2864-5 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-4408-2864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Changing+Neighborhoods%3A+An+Exploration+of+Diversity+through+Places&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-2864-5&rft.aulast=Ueda&rft.aufirst=Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto9-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto9_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFEno" class="citation book cs1">Eno, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711015633/http://www.indiana.edu/~e232/09-Han.pdf"><i>The Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – A.D. 220)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Indiana University Press. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~e232/09-Han.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Han+Dynasty+%28206+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+220%29&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.aulast=Eno&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~e232%2F09-Han.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLi2012" class="citation book cs1">Li, Xiaobing (2012). <i>China at War: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia</i>. Pentagon Press (خپور شوی 30 June 2012). p. 155. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-81-8274-611-4" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-81-8274-611-4 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-81-8274-611-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+at+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Pentagon+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-8274-611-4&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiaobing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto6_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2015" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (2015). <i>Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 92. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-61069-017-1" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-61069-017-1 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-61069-017-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+North%2C+East%2C+and+Central+Asia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-017-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Warren I. (2000). <i>East Asia At The Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement With The World</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia+At+The+Center%3A+Four+Thousand+Years+of+Engagement+With+The+World&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Warren+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto62-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto62_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2015" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (2015). <i>Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 92. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-61069-017-1" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-61069-017-1 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-61069-017-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+North%2C+East%2C+and+Central+Asia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-017-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2012" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). <i>East Asia: A New History</i>. AuthorHouse. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Dyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKang2012" class="citation book cs1">Kang, David C. (2012). <i>East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. 33–34. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-231-15319-5" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-231-15319-5 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-231-15319-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia+Before+the+West%3A+Five+Centuries+of+Trade+and+Tribute&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15319-5&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto92-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto92_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFEno" class="citation book cs1">Eno, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711015633/http://www.indiana.edu/~e232/09-Han.pdf"><i>The Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – A.D. 220)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Indiana University Press. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~e232/09-Han.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Han+Dynasty+%28206+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+220%29&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.aulast=Eno&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~e232%2F09-Han.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2008" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Richard T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STR1AwAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society</i></a>. Sage Publications. p. 279. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-4522-6586-5" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-4522-6586-5 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-4522-6586-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629123725/https://books.google.com/books?id=STR1AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>Although the term han has its roots in the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), which began around the Yellow River and then spread out, the concept really became nationalized early in this century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6586-5&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSTR1AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto72-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto72_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2010" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Harold Miles (2010). <i>China: A History: From the Great Qing Empire through the People's Republic of China, 1644–2009</i>. Hackett Pub Co. p. 83. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-60384-204-4" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-60384-204-4 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-60384-204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History%3A+From+the+Great+Qing+Empire+through+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China%2C+1644%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Hackett+Pub+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60384-204-4&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Harold+Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto82-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto82_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFUeda2017" class="citation book cs1">Ueda, Reed (2017). <i>America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places</i>. Greenwood. p. 403. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-4408-2864-5" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-4408-2864-5 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-4408-2864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Changing+Neighborhoods%3A+An+Exploration+of+Diversity+through+Places&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-2864-5&rft.aulast=Ueda&rft.aufirst=Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFHsuLagerwey2012" class="citation book cs1">Hsu, Cho-yun; Lagerwey, John (2012). Y.S. Cheng, Joseph (ed.). <i>China: A Religious State</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+Religious+State&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Cho-yun&rft.au=Lagerwey%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630093743/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/de/definition/englisch/han?q=Han">"Definition of Han by Oxford"</a>. <i>Oxforddictionaries.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/de/definition/englisch/han?q=Han">the original</a> on 30 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Han+by+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fde%2Fdefinition%2Fenglisch%2Fhan%3Fq%3DHan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Han">"Definition of Han by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <i>Merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010343/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Han">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Han+by+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FHan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWest2010" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</i>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-4381-1913-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-4381-1913-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-4381-1913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2004" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Xingwu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofme0000unse_l4p4/page/703">"Han"</a>. In Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology</i>. Springer US. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofme0000unse_l4p4/page/703">703–17</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-29905-X_73">10.1007/0-387-29905-X_73</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-306-47754-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-306-47754-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-306-47754-6</bdi></a>. <q>The name "Han" was derived from the Han River, an upper tributary of the Yangtze River. It was further strengthened by the famous Han Empire (206 BC–220 AD) which lasted for several hundred years when the people began active interactions with the outside world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Han&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Medical+Anthropology&rft.pages=703-17&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F0-387-29905-X_73&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47754-6&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xingwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofme0000unse_l4p4%2Fpage%2F703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheng2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sheng2_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSheng_Lijun2002" class="citation book cs1">Sheng Lijun (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZZABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53"><i>China and Taiwan: Cross-strait Relations Under Chen Shui-bian</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 53. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-981-230-110-9" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-981-230-110-9 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-981-230-110-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308023908/https://books.google.ae/books?id=zZZABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Taiwan%3A+Cross-strait+Relations+Under+Chen+Shui-bian&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-981-230-110-9&rft.au=Sheng+Lijun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZZABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chang2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chang2_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFChangHolt2014" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Hui-Ching; Holt, Richard (20 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vouLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162"><i>Language, Politics and Identity in Taiwan: Naming China</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 162–64. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-135-04635-4" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-135-04635-4 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-135-04635-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063612/https://books.google.de/books?id=vouLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Politics+and+Identity+in+Taiwan%3A+Naming+China&rft.pages=162-64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-135-04635-4&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Hui-Ching&rft.au=Holt%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvouLBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2004" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Xingwu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofme0000unse_l4p4/page/703">"Han"</a>. In Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology</i>. Springer US. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofme0000unse_l4p4/page/703">703–17</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-29905-X_73">10.1007/0-387-29905-X_73</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-306-47754-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-306-47754-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-306-47754-6</bdi></a>. <q>The name "Han" was derived from the Han River, an upper tributary of the Yangtze River. It was further strengthened by the famous Han Empire (206 BC–220 AD) which lasted for several hundred years when the people began active interactions with the outside world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Han&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Medical+Anthropology&rft.pages=703-17&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F0-387-29905-X_73&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47754-6&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xingwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofme0000unse_l4p4%2Fpage%2F703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hack3-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hack3_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_HackKevin_Blackburn2012" class="citation book cs1">Karl Hack; Kevin Blackburn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yO_wBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96"><i>War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore</i></a>. NUS Press. p. 96. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-9971-69-599-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-9971-69-599-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-9971-69-599-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308010409/https://books.google.de/books?id=yO_wBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Memory+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-599-6&rft.au=Karl+Hack&rft.au=Kevin+Blackburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyO_wBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLeungWu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Leung, Genevieve Y.; Wu, Min-Hsuan (2012). "Linguistic landscape and heritage language literacy education". <i>Written Language & Literacy</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 114–140. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fwll.15.1.06leu">10.1075/wll.15.1.06leu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Written+Language+%26+Literacy&rft.atitle=Linguistic+landscape+and+heritage+language+literacy+education&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114-140&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fwll.15.1.06leu&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=Genevieve+Y.&rft.au=Wu%2C+Min-Hsuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    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