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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Flight directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_key_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_key_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Other key personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_key_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Preparations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Preparations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Insignia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Call_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Call_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Call signs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mementos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mementos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mementos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mementos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Site_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Site selection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First-step_decision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-step_decision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 First-step decision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-step_decision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Pre-launch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mission </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mission subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_and_flight_to_lunar_orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_flight_to_lunar_orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Launch and flight to lunar orbit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_flight_to_lunar_orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Lunar descent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Landing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_surface_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_surface_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Lunar surface operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_surface_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_ascent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_ascent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Lunar ascent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_ascent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbia_in_lunar_orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbia_in_lunar_orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Columbia in lunar orbit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbia_in_lunar_orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Return </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Splashdown_and_quarantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Splashdown_and_quarantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Splashdown and quarantine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Splashdown_and_quarantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Celebrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cultural significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Spacecraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moon_rocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moon_rocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Moon rocks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moon_rocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experiment_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiment_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Experiment results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experiment_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moonwalk_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moonwalk_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Moonwalk camera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moonwalk_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_Module_Eagle_memorabilia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_Module_Eagle_memorabilia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Lunar Module Eagle memorabilia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_Module_Eagle_memorabilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anniversary_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anniversary_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Anniversary events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anniversary_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-40th_anniversary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#40th_anniversary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.1 40th anniversary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-40th_anniversary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-50th_anniversary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#50th_anniversary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.2 50th anniversary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-50th_anniversary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films_and_documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Films and documentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multimedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Multimedia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Apollo 11</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8E_%E1%8D%B2%E1%8D%A9" title="አፖሎ ፲፩ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አፖሎ ፲፩" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_11" title="أبولو 11 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبولو 11" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AA%27%E0%A6%B2%27_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A7" title="এপ'ল' ১১ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এপ'ল' ১১" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_11" title="Apollon 11 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Apollon 11" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_11" title="آپولو 11 – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آپولو 11" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A7" title="অ্যাপোলো ১১ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাপোলো ১১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-11" title="Апалон-11 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апалон-11" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD-11" title="Апалён-11 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Апалён-11" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_11" title="Аполо 11 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аполо 11" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-11" title="Аполлон-11 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аполлон-11" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_XI" title="Apollo XI – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Apollo XI" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD_11" title="Απόλλων 11 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απόλλων 11" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo_11" title="Apolo 11 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apolo 11" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DB%B1%DB%B1" title="آپولو ۱۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپولو ۱۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AB%A7%E0%AB%A7" title="એપોલો ૧૧ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એપોલો ૧૧" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C_11%ED%98%B8" title="아폴로 11호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아폴로 11호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6_11" title="Ապոլոն 11 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապոլոն 11" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7" title="अपोलो ११ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपोलो ११" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungllendingin_(1969)" title="Tungllendingin (1969) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tungllendingin (1969)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95_11" title="אפולו 11 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפולו 11" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%A7" title="ಅಪೋಲೊ ೧೧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಪೋಲೊ ೧೧" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_11" title="აპოლო 11 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპოლო 11" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DB%B1%DB%B1" title="اپولو ۱۱ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اپولو ۱۱" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_11" title="Аполлон 11 – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аполлон 11" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_XI" title="Apollo XI – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Apollo XI" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%9311" title="Apollo–11 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apollo–11" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_11" title="Аполо 11 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аполо 11" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B_11" title="അപ്പോളോ 11 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്പോളോ 11" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7" title="अपोलो ११ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अपोलो ११" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%81%81%E1%81%81" title="အပိုလို ၁၁ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပိုလို ၁၁" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AD11%E5%8F%B7" title="アポロ11号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アポロ11号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%A7" title="ଆପୋଲୋ ୧୧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆପୋଲୋ ୧୧" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_11" title="اپولو 11 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اپولو 11" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DB%B1%DB%B1" title="اپولو ۱۱ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اپولو ۱۱" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-11" title="Аполлон-11 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аполлон-11" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_11" title="Аполлон 11 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аполлон 11" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D_11" title="ඇපලෝ 11 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇපලෝ 11" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86_%D9%A1%D9%A1" title="ئەپۆلۆ ١١ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەپۆلۆ ١١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_11" title="Аполо 11 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аполо 11" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B_11" title="அப்பல்லோ 11 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அப்பல்லோ 11" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5_11" title="อะพอลโล 11 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะพอลโล 11" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apollo 11" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-11" title="Аполлон-11 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аполлон-11" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90_11" title="אפאלא 11 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפאלא 11" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8511%E8%99%9F" title="阿波羅11號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿波羅11號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%9711%E5%8F%B7" title="阿波罗11号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿波罗11号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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For earlier uncrewed Moon landings, see <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1969 crewed lunar mission. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Apollo 11 (disambiguation)">Apollo 11 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Apollo 11</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/260px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/390px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/520px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3912" data-file-height="3936" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> in a photograph taken by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, who can be seen in the visor reflection along with Earth,<a href="#cite_note-Byrne._2019-1">[1]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module Eagle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">U.S. flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Crewed lunar landing (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions#Alphabetical_mission_types" title="List of Apollo missions">G</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>CSM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A">1969-059A</a></li><li>LM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C">1969-059C</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>CSM: 4039<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li>LM: 4041<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo CSM</a>-107</li><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo LM</a>-5</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>CSM: <a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Rockwell">North American Rockwell</a><a href="#cite_note-mfr-4">[4]</a></li><li>LM: <a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a><a href="#cite_note-mfr-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">109,646 pounds (49,735 kg)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing mass</th><td class="infobox-data">10,873 pounds (4,932 kg)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Crew</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew size</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil A. Armstrong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Edwin E. Aldrin Jr.</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Callsign</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>CSM: <a href="/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Module Columbia">Columbia</a></li><li>LM: <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a></li><li>On surface: <a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 (July 16, 1969, 13:32:00) <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> (9:32 am <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> SA-506</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC‑39A</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recovered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-12)" title="USS Hornet (CV-12)">USS Hornet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 24, 1969, 16:50:35 (1969-07-24UTC16:50:36Z) UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>North Pacific Ocean</li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11&params=13_19_N_169_9_W_type:event&title=Apollo+11+splashdown">13°19′N 169°9′W / 13.317°N 169.150°W / 13.317; -169.150 (Apollo 11 splashdown)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">Selenocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periselene altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100.9 kilometers (54.5 nmi)<a href="#cite_note-orbit-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Aposelene altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">122.4 kilometers (66.1 nmi)<a href="#cite_note-orbit-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.25 degrees<a href="#cite_note-orbit-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 hours<a href="#cite_note-orbit-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">July 19, 1969, 21:44 UTC<a href="#cite_note-orbit-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and service module</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">July 19, 1969, 17:21:50 UTC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital departure</th><td class="infobox-data">July 22, 1969, 04:55:42 UTC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbits</th><td class="infobox-data">30</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> lander</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 20, 1969, 20:17:40 UTC<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Return launch</th><td class="infobox-data">July 21, 1969, 17:54:00 UTC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200097-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a>,</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Mare Tranquillitatis</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11&params=0.67416_N_23.47314_E_globe:moon">0°40′27″N 23°28′23″E / 0.67416°N 23.47314°E / 0.67416; 23.47314</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sample mass</th><td class="infobox-data">21.55 kilograms (47.51 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface EVAs</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">EVA duration</th><td class="infobox-data">2 hours, 31 minutes, 40 seconds</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Docking with LM</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docking date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 16, 1969, 16:56:03 UTC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Undocking date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 20, 1969, 17:44:00 UTC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13">[13]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Docking with LM ascent stage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docking date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 21, 1969, 21:35:00 UTC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Undocking date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 21, 1969, 23:41:31 UTC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Circular insignia: eagle with wings outstretched holds olive branch on Moon with Earth in background, in blue and gold border." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apollo_11_insignia.png/180px-Apollo_11_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apollo_11_insignia.png/270px-Apollo_11_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apollo_11_insignia.png/360px-Apollo_11_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="5380" data-file-height="5432" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Apollo 11 crew" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Apollo_11_Crew.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Apollo_11_Crew.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Apollo_11_Crew.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="3300" /></a> Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Apollo 11 was a <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> conducted from July 16 to July 24, 1969 by the United States and launched by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. It marked the first time that humans <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">landed</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. Commander <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> and Lunar Module Pilot <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> landed the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a> on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>, and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later, and they spent about two and a quarter hours together exploring the site they had named <a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a> upon landing. Armstrong and Aldrin collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth as pilot <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> flew the <a href="/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Module Columbia">Command Module Columbia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a>, and were on the Moon's surface for 21 hours, 36 minutes, before lifting off to rejoin Columbia. Apollo 11 was launched by a <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> on <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Island,_Florida" title="Merritt Island, Florida">Merritt Island, Florida</a>, on July 16 at 13:32 UTC, and it was the fifth crewed mission of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>. The Apollo <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a> had three parts: a <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module#Command_module_(CM)" title="Apollo command and service module">command module (CM)</a> with a cabin for the three astronauts, the only part that returned to Earth; a <a href="/wiki/Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">service module (SM)</a>, which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">lunar module (LM)</a> that had two stages—a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. After being <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">sent to the Moon</a> by the Saturn V's third stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a> and landed in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Tranquility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea of Tranquility">Sea of Tranquility</a> on July 20. The astronauts used Eagle's ascent stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that propelled Columbia out of the last of its 30 lunar orbits onto a trajectory back to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9">[9]</a> They returned to Earth and <a href="/wiki/Splashdown" title="Splashdown">splashed down</a> in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 after more than eight days in space. Armstrong's first step onto the lunar surface was broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live TV</a> to a worldwide audience. He described the event as "one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."<a href="#cite_note-transcript-15">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_4-16">[15]</a> Apollo 11 effectively proved U.S. victory in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> to demonstrate spaceflight superiority, by fulfilling a national goal proposed in 1961 by President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> In the late <a href="/wiki/1950s" title="1950s">1950s</a> and early <a href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</a>, the United States was engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, a geopolitical rivalry with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976134-18">[17]</a> On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">artificial satellite</a>. This surprise success fired fears and imaginations around the world. It demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, and challenged American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon197613–15-19">[18]</a> This precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a>, and triggered the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> to prove which superpower would achieve superior spaceflight capability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson19791-20">[19]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> responded to the Sputnik challenge by creating the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA), and initiating <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966101–106-21">[20]</a> which aimed to launch a man into <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966134-22">[21]</a> But on April 12, 1961, Soviet <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> became the first person in space, and the first to orbit the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966332–333-23">[22]</a> Nearly a month later, on May 5, 1961, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> became the first American in space, completing a 15-minute suborbital journey. After being recovered from the Atlantic Ocean, he received a congratulatory telephone call from Eisenhower's successor, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976121-24">[23]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had higher lift capacity <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a>, Kennedy chose, from among options presented by NASA, a challenge beyond the capacity of the existing generation of rocketry, so that the US and Soviet Union would be starting from a position of equality. A crewed mission to the Moon would serve this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976112–117-25">[24]</a> On May 25, 1961, Kennedy addressed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> on "Urgent National Needs" and declared: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade [1960s] is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. We propose to accelerate the development of the appropriate lunar space craft. We propose to develop alternate liquid and solid fuel boosters, much larger than any now being developed, until certain which is superior. We propose additional funds for other engine development and for unmanned explorations—explorations which are particularly important for one purpose which this nation will never overlook: the survival of the man who first makes this daring flight. But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the Moon—if we make this judgment affirmatively, it will be an entire nation. For all of us must work to put him there. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kennedy's speech to Congress<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></cite></div></blockquote> On September 12, 1962, Kennedy <a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">delivered another speech</a> before a crowd of about 40,000 people in the <a href="/wiki/Rice_Stadium_(Rice_University)" title="Rice Stadium (Rice University)">Rice University football stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> A widely quoted refrain from the middle portion of the speech reads as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again. But why, some say, the Moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask, why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis" title="Spirit of St. Louis">fly the Atlantic</a>? Why does <a href="/wiki/Rice%E2%80%93Texas_football_rivalry" title="Rice–Texas football rivalry">Rice play Texas</a>? We choose to go to the Moon! We choose to go to the Moon ... We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win, and the others, too.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kennedy, in a blue suit and tie, speaks at a wooden podium bearing the seal of the President of the United States. Vice President Lyndon Johnson and other dignitaries stand behind him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg/170px-John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg/255px-John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg/340px-John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="2954" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> <a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">speaking at Rice University</a> on September 12, 1962</figcaption></figure> In spite of that, the proposed program faced the opposition of many Americans and was dubbed a "<a href="/wiki/Boondoggle" title="Boondoggle">moondoggle</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a>, a mathematician at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The effort to land a man on the Moon already had a name: <a href="/wiki/Project_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Apollo">Project Apollo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197915-32">[31]</a> When Kennedy met with <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier of the Soviet Union</a> in June 1961, he proposed making the Moon landing a joint project, but Khrushchev did not take up the offer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon201132-33">[32]</a> Kennedy again proposed a joint expedition to the Moon in a speech to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> on September 20, 1963.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The idea of a joint Moon mission was abandoned after Kennedy's death.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> An early and crucial decision was choosing <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">lunar orbit rendezvous</a> over both <a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">direct ascent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_orbit_rendezvous" title="Earth orbit rendezvous">Earth orbit rendezvous</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">space rendezvous</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">orbital maneuver</a> in which two spacecraft navigate through space and meet up. In July 1962 NASA head <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James Webb</a> announced that lunar orbit rendezvous would be used<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196685–86-37">[36]</a> and that the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a> would have three major parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages—a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197972–77-38">[37]</a> This design meant the spacecraft could be launched by a single <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket that was then under development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197948–49-39">[38]</a> Technologies and techniques required for Apollo were developed by <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979181–182,_205–208-40">[39]</a> The Apollo project was enabled by NASA's adoption of new advances in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">semiconductor device</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor_field-effect_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor">metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors</a> (MOSFETs) in the <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_Monitoring_Platform" title="Interplanetary Monitoring Platform">Interplanetary Monitoring Platform</a> (IMP)<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> (IC) chips in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a> (AGC).<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Project Apollo was abruptly halted by the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> fire on January 27, 1967, in which astronauts <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee">Roger B. Chaffee</a> died, and the subsequent investigation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979214–218-44">[43]</a> In October 1968, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a> evaluated the command module in Earth orbit,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979265–272-45">[44]</a> and in December <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> tested it in lunar orbit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979274–284-46">[45]</a> In March 1969, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a> put the lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979292–300-47">[46]</a> and in May <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a> conducted a "dress rehearsal" in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979303–312-48">[47]</a> The Soviet Union appeared to be winning the Space Race by beating the US to firsts, but its early lead was overtaken by the US <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini program</a> and Soviet failure to develop the <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1 launcher</a>, which would have been comparable to the Saturn V.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The Soviets tried to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of <a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft" title="Uncrewed spacecraft">uncrewed probes</a>. On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, the Soviet Union launched <a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">Luna 15</a>, which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11. During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in <a href="/wiki/Mare_Crisium" title="Mare Crisium">Mare Crisium</a> about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon's surface to begin their voyage home. The <a href="/wiki/Nuffield_Radio_Astronomy_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories">Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories</a> radio telescope in England recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and these were released in July 2009 for the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apollo_11_insignia.png/180px-Apollo_11_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apollo_11_insignia.png/270px-Apollo_11_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apollo_11_insignia.png/360px-Apollo_11_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="5380" data-file-height="5432" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 11</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li>Crew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> · <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Spacecraft <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">CM-107 Columbia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module Eagle</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Landing site <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Recovery vessels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_66" title="Helicopter 66">Helicopter 66</a> · <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-12)" title="USS Hornet (CV-12)">USS Hornet</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Commemoration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Anniversaries</a> · <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins" title="Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins">50th Anniversary commemorative coins</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_dollar" title="Eisenhower dollar">Eisenhower dollar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Anthony dollar</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_television_Apollo_11_coverage" title="British television Apollo 11 coverage">British TV coverage</a> · <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Goodwill messages</a> · <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular culture">In popular culture</a> · <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Lunar sample display</a> · <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Missing tapes</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apollo11series" title="Template:Apollo11series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Apollo11series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Apollo11series (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo11series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo11series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_crew">Prime crew</h3></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil A. Armstrong</a> Second and last spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Command Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> Second and last spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lunar Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Edwin "Buzz" E. Aldrin Jr.</a> Second and last spaceflight </td></tr> </tbody></table> The initial crew assignment of Commander <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, Command Module Pilot (CMP) <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a>, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> on the backup crew for Apollo 9 was officially announced on November 20, 1967.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979374-51">[50]</a> Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of <a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">Gemini 12</a>. Due to design and manufacturing delays in the LM, Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup for Apollo 8. Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005312–313-52">[51]</a> There would be one change. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a>, the CMP on the Apollo 8 crew, began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001288–289-53">[52]</a> Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and when Collins recovered he joined Armstrong's crew as CMP. In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> filled in as backup LMP, and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2010109-54">[53]</a> Apollo 11 was the second American mission where all the crew members had prior spaceflight experience,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200090-55">[54]</a> the first being Apollo 10.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200072-56">[55]</a> The next was <a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200090-55">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a> gave Armstrong the option to replace Aldrin with Lovell, since some thought Aldrin was difficult to work with. Armstrong had no issues working with Aldrin but thought it over for a day before declining. He thought Lovell deserved to command his own mission (eventually <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005338–339-57">[56]</a> The Apollo 11 prime crew had none of the close cheerful camaraderie characterized by that of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>. Instead, they forged an amiable working relationship. Armstrong in particular was notoriously aloof, but Collins, who considered himself a loner, confessed to rebuffing Aldrin's attempts to create a more personal relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001434–435-58">[57]</a> Aldrin and Collins described the crew as "amiable strangers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005359-59">[58]</a> Armstrong did not agree with the assessment, and said "... all the crews I was on worked very well together."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005359-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backup_crew">Backup crew</h3></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">James A. Lovell Jr.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Command Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William A. Anders</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lunar Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred W. Haise Jr.</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander, <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200090-55">[54]</a> In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Aeronautics and Space Council</a> effective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time. <a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a> was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlaytonCassutt1994237-60">[59]</a> By the normal crew rotation in place during Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>, but the three of them were bumped to <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>: there was a crew issue for Apollo 13 as none of them except <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a> flew in space again. <a href="/wiki/George_Mueller_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mueller (NASA)">George Mueller</a> rejected the crew and this was the first time an Apollo crew was rejected. To give <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> more training time, Lovell's crew were bumped to Apollo 13. Mattingly would later be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a> as CMP on Apollo 13.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlaytonCassutt1994237-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_crew">Support crew</h3></div> During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts was added, known as the support crew. The support crew maintained the flight plan, checklists and mission ground rules, and ensured the prime and backup crews were apprised of changes. They developed procedures, especially those for emergency situations, so these were ready for when the prime and backup crews came to train in the simulators, allowing them to concentrate on practicing and mastering them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979261-61">[60]</a> For Apollo 11, the support crew consisted of Ken Mattingly, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_R._Pogue" class="mw-redirect" title="William R. Pogue">Bill Pogue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979375-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capsule_communicators">Capsule communicators</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke,_Lovell_and_Haise_at_the_Apollo_11_Capcom,_Johnson_Space_Center,_Houston,_Texas_-_19690720.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke%2C_Lovell_and_Haise_at_the_Apollo_11_Capcom%2C_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas_-_19690720.jpg/220px-Duke%2C_Lovell_and_Haise_at_the_Apollo_11_Capcom%2C_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas_-_19690720.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke%2C_Lovell_and_Haise_at_the_Apollo_11_Capcom%2C_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas_-_19690720.jpg/330px-Duke%2C_Lovell_and_Haise_at_the_Apollo_11_Capcom%2C_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas_-_19690720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke%2C_Lovell_and_Haise_at_the_Apollo_11_Capcom%2C_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas_-_19690720.jpg/440px-Duke%2C_Lovell_and_Haise_at_the_Apollo_11_Capcom%2C_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas_-_19690720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4132" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>CAPCOM <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a> (left), with backup crewmen <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> listening in during Apollo 11's descent</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Capsule_communicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule communicator">capsule communicator</a> (CAPCOM) was an astronaut at the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz200027-63">[62]</a> For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a>, Ronald Evans, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II" title="Bruce McCandless II">Bruce McCandless II</a>, James Lovell, William Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, <a href="/wiki/Don_L._Lind" class="mw-redirect" title="Don L. Lind">Don L. Lind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_K._Garriott" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen K. Garriott">Owen K. Garriott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979375-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_directors">Flight directors</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller#FLIGHT" title="Flight controller">flight directors</a> for this mission were:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000272-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz2000230,_236,_273,_320-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-SP4223-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray-Cox-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-A11FJ-4-4-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-A11FJ-3-1-69">[68]</a> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Apollo 11 flight directors </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Shift </th> <th scope="col">Team </th> <th scope="col">Activities </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_E._Charlesworth" title="Clifford E. Charlesworth">Clifford E. Charlesworth</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td>Green</td> <td>Launch and extravehicular activity (EVA) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_D._Griffin" title="Gerald D. Griffin">Gerald D. Griffin</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td>Gold</td> <td>Backup for shift 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kranz" title="Gene Kranz">Gene Kranz</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td>White</td> <td>Lunar landing </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Glynn_Lunney" title="Glynn Lunney">Glynn Lunney</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td>Black</td> <td>Lunar ascent </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Windler" title="Milton Windler">Milton Windler</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td>Maroon</td> <td>Planning </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_key_personnel">Other key personnel</h3></div> Other key personnel who played important roles in the Apollo 11 mission include the following.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Other personnel </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Activities </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Farouk_El-Baz" title="Farouk El-Baz">Farouk El-Baz</a> </th> <td>Geologist, studied <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">geology of the Moon</a>, identified landing locations, trained pilots </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Debus" title="Kurt Debus">Kurt Debus</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Rocket_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket scientist">Rocket scientist</a>, supervised construction of launch pads and infrastructure </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Jamye Flowers </th> <td>Secretary for astronauts </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Foraker" title="Eleanor Foraker">Eleanor Foraker</a> </th> <td>Tailor who designed <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suits</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Garman" title="Jack Garman">Jack Garman</a> </th> <td>Computer engineer and technician </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Goldschmidt" title="Millicent Goldschmidt">Millicent Goldschmidt</a> </th> <td>Microbiologist who designed aseptic lunar material collection techniques and trained astronauts </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Eldon_C._Hall" title="Eldon C. Hall">Eldon C. Hall</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a> hardware designer </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)" title="Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)">Margaret Hamilton</a> </th> <td>Onboard flight computer software engineer </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/John_Houbolt" title="John Houbolt">John Houbolt</a> </th> <td>Route planner </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene Shoemaker">Gene Shoemaker</a> </th> <td>Geologist who trained astronauts in field geology </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Tindall" title="Bill Tindall">Bill Tindall</a> </th> <td>Coordinated mission techniques </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insignia">Insignia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apollo_11_insignia.png/220px-Apollo_11_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apollo_11_insignia.png/330px-Apollo_11_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apollo_11_insignia.png/440px-Apollo_11_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="5380" data-file-height="5432" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 11 insignia</figcaption></figure> The Apollo 11 <a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">mission emblem</a> was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="National bird">national bird</a> of the United States, as the symbol. Tom Wilson, a simulator instructor, suggested an <a href="/wiki/Olive_branch" title="Olive branch">olive branch</a> in its beak to represent their peaceful mission. Collins added a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left. Aldrin, Armstrong and Collins decided the Eagle and the Moon would be in their natural colors, and decided on a blue and gold border. Armstrong was concerned that "eleven" would not be understood by non-English speakers, so they went with "Apollo 11",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001332–334-71">[70]</a> and they decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would "be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001332-72">[71]</a> An illustrator at the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Spacecraft_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned Spacecraft Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> (MSC) did the artwork, which was then sent off to NASA officials for approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001332–334-71">[70]</a> The design was rejected. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Gilruth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Gilruth">Bob Gilruth</a>, the director of the MSC felt the talons of the eagle looked "too warlike".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001333-73">[72]</a> After some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the talons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001333-73">[72]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_dollar" title="Eisenhower dollar">Eisenhower dollar coin</a> was released in 1971, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The design was also used for the smaller <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a> unveiled in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Call_signs">Call signs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg/220px-NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg/330px-NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg/440px-NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="9000" /></a><figcaption>Original cockpit of the command module (CM) with three seats, photographed from above. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>, the very high resolution image was produced in 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and Snoopy, assistant manager for public affairs <a href="/wiki/Julian_Scheer" title="Julian Scheer">Julian Scheer</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a>, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office at the MSC, to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. The name Snowcone was used for the CM and Haystack was used for the LM in both internal and external communications during early mission planning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Space_Flight_Center19698-76">[75]</a> The LM was named <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a> after the motif which was featured prominently on the mission insignia. At Scheer's suggestion, the CM was named <a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Columbia</a> after <a href="/wiki/Columbiad#In_fiction" title="Columbiad">Columbiad</a>, the giant cannon that launched a spacecraft (also from Florida) in <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s 1865 novel <a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon" title="From the Earth to the Moon">From the Earth to the Moon</a>. It also referred to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia (name)">Columbia</a>, a historical name of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001334–335-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979331-78">[77]</a> In Collins' 1976 book, he said Columbia was in reference to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994116-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mementos">Mementos</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_(SN-416).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Apollo_11_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-416%29.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-416%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Apollo_11_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-416%29.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-416%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Apollo_11_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-416%29.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-416%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3654" data-file-height="1851" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 11 space-flown silver <a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Robbins medallion</a></figcaption></figure> The astronauts had <a href="/wiki/Personal_preference_kit" title="Personal preference kit">personal preference kits</a> (PPKs), small bags containing personal items of significance they wanted to take with them on the mission.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Five 0.5-pound (0.23 kg) PPKs were carried on Apollo 11: three (one for each astronaut) were stowed on Columbia before launch, and two on Eagle.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Neil Armstrong's LM PPK contained a piece of wood from the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>' 1903 <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a>'s left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005527-82">[81]</a> along with a diamond-studded <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_pin" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut pin">astronaut pin</a> originally given to Slayton by the widows of the Apollo 1 crew. This pin had been intended to be flown on that mission and given to Slayton afterwards, but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton. Armstrong took it with him on Apollo 11.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlaytonCassutt1994191–192-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Site_selection">Site selection</h3></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> <div style="position:relative; background-color:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_site_selection_globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Moon showing prospective sites for Apollo 11. Site 2 was chosen."><img alt="Map of Moon showing prospective sites for Apollo 11. Site 2 was chosen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lunar_site_selection_globe.jpg/220px-Lunar_site_selection_globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lunar_site_selection_globe.jpg/330px-Lunar_site_selection_globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lunar_site_selection_globe.jpg/440px-Lunar_site_selection_globe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="406" /></a><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 80px; left: 167px;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><a href="/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/8px-1_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/12px-1_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/16px-1_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="250" /></a></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: -6.5em; text-align: right;"></div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 84px; left: 151px;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><a href="/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/8px-2_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/12px-2_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/16px-2_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="250" /></a></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"></div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 85px; left: 110px;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Medii" title="Sinus Medii"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/3_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/8px-3_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/3_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/12px-3_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/3_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/16px-3_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="250" /></a></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"></div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 93px; left: 52px;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/4_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/8px-4_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/4_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/12px-4_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/4_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/16px-4_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="250" /></a></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"></div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 85px; left: 43px;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/5_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/8px-5_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/5_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/12px-5_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/5_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg/16px-5_white%2C_blue_rounded_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="250" /></a></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of Moon showing prospective sites for Apollo 11. Site 2 was chosen.</div> </div> </div> NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board announced five potential landing sites on February 8, 1968. These were the result of two years' worth of studies based on high-resolution photography of the lunar surface by the five uncrewed probes of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter program</a> and information about surface conditions provided by the <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Site_Selection-84">[83]</a> The best Earth-bound telescopes could not resolve features with the resolution Project Apollo required.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright197579-85">[84]</a> The landing site had to be close to the lunar equator to minimize the amount of propellant required, clear of obstacles to minimize maneuvering, and flat to simplify the task of the landing radar. Scientific value was not a consideration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland199919-86">[85]</a> Areas that appeared promising on photographs taken on Earth were often found to be totally unacceptable. The original requirement that the site be free of craters had to be relaxed, as no such site was found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright197598–99-87">[86]</a> Five sites were considered: Sites 1 and 2 were in the Sea of Tranquility (<a href="/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Mare Tranquillitatis</a>); Site 3 was in the Central Bay (<a href="/wiki/Sinus_Medii" title="Sinus Medii">Sinus Medii</a>); and Sites 4 and 5 were in the Ocean of Storms (<a href="/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Oceanus Procellarum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Site_Selection-84">[83]</a> The final site selection was based on seven criteria: <ul><li>The site needed to be smooth, with relatively few craters;</li> <li>with approach paths free of large hills, tall cliffs or deep craters that might confuse the landing radar and cause it to issue incorrect readings;</li> <li>reachable with a minimum amount of propellant;</li> <li>allowing for delays in the launch countdown;</li> <li>providing the Apollo spacecraft with a free-return trajectory, one that would allow it to coast around the Moon and safely return to Earth without requiring any engine firings should a problem arise on the way to the Moon;</li> <li>with good visibility during the landing approach, meaning the Sun would be between 7 and 20 degrees behind the LM; and</li> <li>a general slope of less than two degrees in the landing area.<a href="#cite_note-Site_Selection-84">[83]</a></li></ul> The requirement for the Sun angle was particularly restrictive, limiting the launch date to one day per month.<a href="#cite_note-Site_Selection-84">[83]</a> A landing just after dawn was chosen to limit the temperature extremes the astronauts would experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins19947-88">[87]</a> The Apollo Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10's lunar module flew to within 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) of Site 2, and reported it was acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECappellari1972976-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First-step_decision">First-step decision</h3></div> During the first press conference after the Apollo 11 crew was announced, the first question was, "Which one of you gentlemen will be the first man to step onto the lunar surface?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994148-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005360-92">[91]</a> Slayton told the reporter it had not been decided, and Armstrong added that it was "not based on individual desire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994148-91">[90]</a> One of the first versions of the egress checklist had the lunar module pilot exit the spacecraft before the commander, which matched what had been done on Gemini missions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001347-93">[92]</a> where the commander had never performed the spacewalk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrinAbraham201657–58-94">[93]</a> Reporters wrote in early 1969 that Aldrin would be the first man to walk on the Moon, and Associate Administrator <a href="/wiki/George_Mueller_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mueller (NASA)">George Mueller</a> told reporters he would be first as well. Aldrin heard that Armstrong would be the first because Armstrong was a civilian, which made Aldrin livid. Aldrin attempted to persuade other lunar module pilots he should be first, but they responded cynically about what they perceived as a lobbying campaign. Attempting to stem interdepartmental conflict, Slayton told Aldrin that Armstrong would be first since he was the commander. The decision was announced in a press conference on April 14, 1969.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005363–365-95">[94]</a> For decades, Aldrin believed the final decision was largely driven by the lunar module's hatch location. Because the astronauts had their spacesuits on and the spacecraft was so small, maneuvering to exit the spacecraft was difficult. The crew tried a simulation in which Aldrin left the spacecraft first, but he damaged the simulator while attempting to egress. While this was enough for mission planners to make their decision, Aldrin and Armstrong were left in the dark on the decision until late spring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994149-96">[95]</a> Slayton told Armstrong the plan was to have him leave the spacecraft first, if he agreed. Armstrong said, "Yes, that's the way to do it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994150-97">[96]</a> The media accused Armstrong of exercising his commander's prerogative to exit the spacecraft first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999281-98">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Kraft">Chris Kraft</a> revealed in his 2001 autobiography that a meeting occurred between Gilruth, Slayton, Low, and himself to make sure Aldrin would not be the first to walk on the Moon. They argued that the first person to walk on the Moon should be like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>, a calm and quiet person. They made the decision to change the flight plan so the commander was the first to egress from the spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005371–372-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-launch">Pre-launch</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Saturn_V_SN_SA506_(69-HC-620).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Apollo_11_Saturn_V_SN_SA506_%2869-HC-620%29.jpg/290px-Apollo_11_Saturn_V_SN_SA506_%2869-HC-620%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Apollo_11_Saturn_V_SN_SA506_%2869-HC-620%29.jpg/435px-Apollo_11_Saturn_V_SN_SA506_%2869-HC-620%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Apollo_11_Saturn_V_SN_SA506_%2869-HC-620%29.jpg/580px-Apollo_11_Saturn_V_SN_SA506_%2869-HC-620%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Saturn V SA-506, the rocket carrying the Apollo 11 spacecraft, moves out of the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Launch_Complex_39" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a>.</figcaption></figure> The ascent stage of <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">LM-5 Eagle</a> arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and <a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">CSM-107 Columbia</a> on January 23.<a href="#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6">[6]</a> There were several differences between Eagle and Apollo 10's LM-4 Snoopy; Eagle had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar surface; a lighter ascent engine; more thermal protection on the landing gear; and a package of scientific experiments known as the <a href="/wiki/Early_Apollo_Scientific_Experiments_Package" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package">Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package</a> (EASEP). The only change in the configuration of the command module was the removal of some insulation from the forward hatch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978472-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The CSM was mated on January 29, and moved from the <a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> on April 14.<a href="#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> third stage of Saturn V AS-506 had arrived on January 18, followed by the <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> second stage on February 6, <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a> first stage on February 20, and the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Instrument_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Instrument Unit">Saturn V Instrument Unit</a> on February 27. At 12:30 on May 20, the 5,443-tonne (5,357-long-ton; 6,000-short-ton) assembly departed the Vehicle Assembly Building atop the <a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">crawler-transporter</a>, bound for Launch Pad 39A, part of <a href="/wiki/Launch_Complex_39" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a>, while Apollo 10 was still on its way to the Moon. A countdown test commenced on June 26, and concluded on July 2. The launch complex was floodlit on the night of July 15, when the crawler-transporter carried the <a href="/wiki/Service_structure" title="Service structure">mobile service structure</a> back to its parking area.<a href="#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6">[6]</a> In the early hours of the morning, the fuel tanks of the S-II and S-IVB stages were filled with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-102">[101]</a> Fueling was completed by three hours before launch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978475-103">[102]</a> Launch operations were partly automated, with 43 programs written in the <a href="/wiki/ATOLL_(programming_language)" title="ATOLL (programming language)">ATOLL programming language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978355–356-104">[103]</a> Slayton roused the crew shortly after 04:00, and they showered, shaved, and had the traditional pre-flight breakfast of steak and eggs with Slayton and the backup crew. They then donned their space suits and began breathing pure oxygen. At 06:30, they headed out to Launch Complex 39.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001355–357-105">[104]</a> Haise entered Columbia about three hours and ten minutes before launch time. Along with a technician, he helped Armstrong into the left-hand couch at 06:54. Five minutes later, Collins joined him, taking up his position on the right-hand couch. Finally, Aldrin entered, taking the center couch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978475-103">[102]</a> Haise left around two hours and ten minutes before launch.<a href="#cite_note-AP11FJ-106">[105]</a> The closeout crew sealed the hatch, and the cabin was purged and pressurized. The closeout crew then left the launch complex about an hour before launch time. The countdown became automated at three minutes and twenty seconds before launch time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978475-103">[102]</a> Over 450 personnel were at the consoles in the <a href="/wiki/Firing_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing room">firing room</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_flight_to_lunar_orbit">Launch and flight to lunar orbit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Apollo 11 Saturn V space vehicle lifts off with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. at 9:32 am. EDT July 16, 1969, from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A.</figcaption></figure> An estimated one million spectators watched the launch of Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches in the vicinity of the launch site. Dignitaries included the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">cabinet members</a>, 19 <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">state governors</a>, 40 <a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">mayors</a>, 60 ambassadors and 200 <a href="/wiki/Congressmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressmen">congressmen</a>. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> viewed the launch with former president <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein1980369–370-107">[106]</a> Around 3,500 media representatives were present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979338-108">[107]</a> About two-thirds were from the United States; the rest came from 55 other countries. The launch was televised live in 33 countries, with an estimated 25 million viewers in the United States alone. Millions more around the world listened to radio broadcasts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein1980369–370-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-102">[101]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> viewed the launch from his office in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> with his NASA liaison officer, Apollo astronaut <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Lodging near Cape Canaveral was reported as being booked months ahead in advance for the launch by a Florida newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Saturn V AS-506 launched Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> (9:32:00 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6">[6]</a> At 13.2 seconds into the flight, the launch vehicle began to <a href="/wiki/Roll_program" title="Roll program">roll</a> into its <a href="/wiki/Flight_azimuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight azimuth">flight azimuth</a> of 72.058°. Full shutdown of the first-stage engines occurred about 2 minutes and 42 seconds into the mission, followed by separation of the S-IC and ignition of the S-II engines. The second stage engines then cut off and separated at about 9 minutes and 8 seconds, allowing the first ignition of the S-IVB engine a few seconds later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8">[8]</a> Apollo 11 entered a <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">near-circular Earth orbit</a> at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles (185.9 km) by 98.9 nautical miles (183.2 km), twelve minutes into its flight. After one and a half orbits, a second ignition of the S-IVB engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">trans-lunar injection</a> (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later, with Collins in the left seat and at the controls, the <a href="/wiki/Transposition,_docking,_and_extraction" title="Transposition, docking, and extraction">transposition, docking, and extraction</a> maneuver was performed. This involved separating Columbia from the spent S-IVB stage, turning around, and docking with Eagle still attached to the stage. After the LM was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001374–375-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8">[8]</a> This was done to avoid the third stage colliding with the spacecraft, the Earth, or the Moon. A <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">slingshot effect</a> from passing around the Moon threw it into an <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">orbit around the Sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Space_Flight_Center19697-112">[111]</a> On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the crater <a href="/wiki/Collins_(crater)" title="Collins (crater)">Sabine D</a>. The site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated <a href="/wiki/Ranger_8" title="Ranger 8">Ranger 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">Surveyor 5</a> landers and the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft, and because it was unlikely to present major landing or EVA challenges.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> It lay about 25 kilometers (16 mi) southeast of the Surveyor 5 landing site, and 68 kilometers (42 mi) southwest of Ranger 8's crash site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969130-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_descent">Lunar descent</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_CSM_photographed_from_Lunar_Module_(AS11-37-5445).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The top of the silvery command module is seen over a grey, cratered lunar surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Apollo_11_CSM_photographed_from_Lunar_Module_%28AS11-37-5445%29.jpg/260px-Apollo_11_CSM_photographed_from_Lunar_Module_%28AS11-37-5445%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Apollo_11_CSM_photographed_from_Lunar_Module_%28AS11-37-5445%29.jpg/390px-Apollo_11_CSM_photographed_from_Lunar_Module_%28AS11-37-5445%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Apollo_11_CSM_photographed_from_Lunar_Module_%28AS11-37-5445%29.jpg/520px-Apollo_11_CSM_photographed_from_Lunar_Module_%28AS11-37-5445%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="4112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Columbia</a> in lunar orbit, photographed from <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a></figcaption></figure> At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a>, and began the final preparations for lunar descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8">[8]</a> At 17:44:00 Eagle separated from Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13">[13]</a> Collins, alone aboard Columbia, inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged, and that the landing gear was correctly deployed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team19699-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975209-117">[116]</a> Armstrong exclaimed: "The Eagle has wings!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975209-117">[116]</a> As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found themselves passing landmarks on the surface two or three seconds early, and reported that they were "long"; they would land miles west of their target point. Eagle was traveling too fast. The problem could have been <a href="/wiki/Mass_concentration_(astronomy)" title="Mass concentration (astronomy)">mascons</a>—concentrations of high mass in a region or regions of the Moon's crust that contains a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_anomaly" title="Gravity anomaly">gravitational anomaly</a>, potentially altering Eagle's trajectory. Flight Director Gene Kranz speculated that it could have resulted from extra air pressure in the docking tunnel, or a result of Eagle's pirouette maneuver.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindell2008220–221-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196982-119">[118]</a> Five minutes into the descent burn, and 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surface of the Moon, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">LM guidance computer</a> (LGC) distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected 1201 and 1202 program alarms. Inside Mission Control Center, computer engineer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Garman" title="Jack Garman">Jack Garman</a> told <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller#GUIDO" title="Flight controller">Guidance Officer</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bales" title="Steve Bales">Steve Bales</a> it was safe to continue the descent, and this was relayed to the crew. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all its tasks in real-time and had to postpone some of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975210–212-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHackler200834–43-121">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)" title="Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)">Margaret Hamilton</a>, the Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming at the <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stark Draper Laboratory">Charles Stark Draper Laboratory</a> later recalled: <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg/280px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg/420px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg/560px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="2229" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a> photographed from <a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Columbia</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To blame the computer for the Apollo 11 problems is like blaming the person who spots a fire and calls the fire department. Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. The software's action, in this case, was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones. The computer, rather than almost forcing an abort, prevented an abort. If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful Moon landing it was.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></blockquote> During the mission, the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position, causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969190–192-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Software engineer <a href="/wiki/Don_Eyles" title="Don Eyles">Don Eyles</a> concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first uncrewed LM in <a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a>. Having the rendezvous radar on (so it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious <a href="/wiki/Cycle_stealing" title="Cycle stealing">cycle stealing</a>, as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the computer alarms.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing">Landing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/220px--AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="270" data-mwtitle="AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Armstrong pilots Eagle to its landing on the Moon, July 20, 1969.</figcaption></figure> When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing target was in a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a 300-foot-diameter (91 m) crater (later determined to be <a href="/wiki/West_(lunar_crater)" title="West (lunar crater)">West crater</a>), so he took semi-automatic control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994196-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindell2008195–197-127">[126]</a> Armstrong considered landing short of the boulder field so they could collect geological samples from it, but could not since their horizontal velocity was too high. Throughout the descent, Aldrin called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting Eagle. Now 107 feet (33 m) above the surface, Armstrong knew their propellant supply was dwindling and was determined to land at the first possible landing site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994197-128">[127]</a> Armstrong found a clear patch of ground and maneuvered the spacecraft towards it. As he got closer, now 250 feet (76 m) above the surface, he discovered his new landing site had a crater in it. He cleared the crater and found another patch of level ground. They were now 100 feet (30 m) from the surface, with only 90 seconds of propellant remaining. Lunar dust kicked up by the LM's engine began to impair his ability to determine the spacecraft's motion. Some large rocks jutted out of the dust cloud, and Armstrong focused on them during his descent so he could determine the spacecraft's speed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994198–199-129">[128]</a> A light informed Aldrin that at least one of the 67-inch (170 cm) probes hanging from Eagle's footpads had touched the surface a few moments before the landing and he said: "Contact light!" Armstrong was supposed to immediately shut the engine down, as the engineers suspected the pressure caused by the engine's own exhaust reflecting off the lunar surface could make it explode, but he forgot. Three seconds later, Eagle landed and Armstrong shut the engine down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994199-130">[129]</a> Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop. ACA—out of <a href="/wiki/Detent" title="Detent">detent</a>." Armstrong acknowledged: "Out of detent. Auto." Aldrin continued: "Mode control—both auto. Descent engine command override off. Engine arm—off. 413 is in."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindell2008226-131">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Landing_Site_%26_West_Crater.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Apollo_11_Landing_Site_%26_West_Crater.png/220px-Apollo_11_Landing_Site_%26_West_Crater.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Apollo_11_Landing_Site_%26_West_Crater.png/330px-Apollo_11_Landing_Site_%26_West_Crater.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Apollo_11_Landing_Site_%26_West_Crater.png/440px-Apollo_11_Landing_Site_%26_West_Crater.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Landing site relative to <a href="/wiki/West_(lunar_crater)" title="West (lunar crater)">West crater</a></figcaption></figure> ACA was the <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">Attitude Control Assembly</a>—the LM's control stick. Output went to the LGC to command the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> (RCS) jets to fire. "Out of Detent" meant the stick had moved away from its centered position; it was spring-centered like the turn indicator in a car. Address 413 of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Abort_Guidance_System" title="Apollo Abort Guidance System">Abort Guidance System</a> (AGS) contained the variable that indicated the LM had landed.<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10">[10]</a> Eagle landed at 20:17:40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with 216 pounds (98 kg) of usable fuel remaining. Information available to the crew and mission controllers during the landing showed the LM had enough fuel for another 25 seconds of powered flight before an abort without touchdown would have become unsafe,<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000295-132">[131]</a> but post-mission analysis showed that the real figure was probably closer to 50 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-Horizons2013-133">[132]</a> Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than most subsequent missions, and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning. This was later found to be the result of the propellant <a href="/wiki/Slosh_dynamics" title="Slosh dynamics">sloshing</a> more than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor. On subsequent missions, extra anti-slosh baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this.<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10">[10]</a> Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post-landing checklist with "Engine arm is off", before responding to the CAPCOM, Charles Duke, with the words, "Houston, <a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a> here. The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a> has landed." Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Duke expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan—Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv/220px--A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="73" data-mwtitle="A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv/A_New_Look_at_the_Apollo_11_Landing_Site.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">3-D</a> view from the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (LRO) of Apollo 11 landing site</figcaption></figure> Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin radioed to Earth: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></blockquote> He then took <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">communion</a> privately. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist <a href="/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair" title="Madalyn Murray O'Hair">Madalyn Murray O'Hair</a> (who had objected to the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis</a>) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space. For this reason, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon. Aldrin was an elder at the <a href="/wiki/Webster,_Texas" title="Webster, Texas">Webster</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian Church</a>, and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, Dean Woodruff. Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994204,_623-137">[136]</a> The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period, but they chose to begin preparations for the EVA early, thinking they would be unable to sleep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196921–22-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_surface_operations">Lunar surface operations</h3></div> Preparations for <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> to walk on the Moon began at 23:43 UTC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13">[13]</a> These took longer than expected; three and a half hours instead of two.<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_3-139">[138]</a> During training on Earth, everything required had been neatly laid out in advance, but on the Moon the cabin contained a large number of other items as well, such as checklists, food packets, and tools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196922-140">[139]</a> Six hours and thirty-nine minutes after landing, Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, and Eagle was depressurized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright1975215-141">[140]</a> Eagle's hatch was opened at 02:39:33.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13">[13]</a> Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his <a href="/wiki/Primary_life_support_system" title="Primary life support system">portable life support system</a> (PLSS).<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_3-139">[138]</a> Some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonDietleinBerry1975115–120-142">[141]</a> At 02:51 Armstrong began his descent to the lunar surface. The remote control unit on his chest kept him from seeing his feet. Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the modular equipment stowage assembly (MESA) folded against Eagle's side and activate the TV camera.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_4-16">[15]</a> Apollo 11 used <a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_television" title="Slow-scan television">slow-scan television</a> (TV) incompatible with broadcast TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor (thus, a broadcast of a broadcast), significantly reducing the quality of the picture.<a href="#cite_note-Blunder_5-144">[143]</a> The signal was received at <a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a> in the United States, but with better fidelity by <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle_Creek_Tracking_Station" title="Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station">Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station</a> near <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> in Australia. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive <a href="/wiki/Parkes_Observatory" title="Parkes Observatory">Parkes radio telescope</a> in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkissian2001287-145">[144]</a> Despite some technical and weather difficulties, black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkissian2001287-145">[144]</a> Copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, but <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface</a> were likely destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA.<a href="#cite_note-Blunder_5-144">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/220px--Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Video of Neil Armstrong and the first step on the Moon</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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.listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg" title="File:Frase de Neil Armstrong.ogg">That's one small step ...</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Phrase_de_Neil_Armstrong.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Phrase_de_Neil_Armstrong.oga/Phrase_de_Neil_Armstrong.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Phrase_de_Neil_Armstrong.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APhrase_de_Neil_Armstrong.oga&lang=apc&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="apc" label="شامي ‪(apc)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track 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See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost like a powder",<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_4-16">[15]</a> at 02:56:15,<a href="#cite_note-AT-20190723-146">[145]</a> six and a half hours after landing, Armstrong stepped off Eagle's landing pad and declared: "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."<a href="#cite_note-transcript-15">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000108-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Armstrong intended to say "That's one small step for a man", but the word "a" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said "for a man", and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the "a" in square brackets. One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words "for a" together; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth, partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory. A more recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the "a" may have been spoken but obscured by static. Other analysis points to the claims of static and slurring as "face-saving fabrication", and that Armstrong himself later admitted to misspeaking the line.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Twelve minutes after the sample was collected,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000108-147">[146]</a> he removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod.<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_3-139">[138]</a> The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA. Still photography was accomplished with a <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a> camera that could be operated hand-held or mounted on Armstrong's <a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_A7L" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo/Skylab A7L">Apollo space suit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196923-153">[152]</a> Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface. He described the view with the simple phrase: "Magnificent desolation."<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_4-16">[15]</a> Armstrong said moving in the <a href="/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon" title="Gravitation of the Moon">lunar gravity</a>, one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around."<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_4-16">[15]</a> Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle's shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, but the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_4-16">[15]</a> The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust, which soiled the outer part of their suits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196923-153">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/220px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/330px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/440px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3929" data-file-height="3967" /></a><figcaption>Aldrin salutes the deployed United States flag on the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar surface">lunar surface</a>.</figcaption></figure> The astronauts planted the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly" title="Lunar Flag Assembly">Lunar Flag Assembly</a> containing a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">flag of the United States</a> on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Aldrin remembered, "Of all the jobs I had to do on the Moon the one I wanted to go the smoothest was the flag raising."<a href="#cite_note-theattic-154">[153]</a> But the astronauts struggled with the telescoping rod and could only insert the pole about 2 inches (5 cm) into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers, but gave "a crisp West Point salute".<a href="#cite_note-theattic-154">[153]</a> Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission, which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House."<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormanSerling1988237–238-156">[155]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Nixon: Hello, Neil and Buzz. I'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made from the White House. I just can't tell you how proud we all are of what you have done. For every American, this has to be the proudest day of our lives. And for people all over the world, I am sure that they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is. Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man's world. And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility, it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to Earth. For one priceless moment in the whole history of man, all the people on this Earth are truly one: one in their pride in what you have done, and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Armstrong: Thank you, Mr. President. It's a great honor and privilege for us to be here, representing not only the United States, but men of peace of all nations, and with interest and a curiosity, and men with a vision for the future. It's an honor for us to be able to participate here today. Nixon: Thank you very much, and I look forward, all of us look forward, to seeing you on the Hornet on Thursday.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzz_Aldrin%27s_bootprint_on_the_Moon,_AS11-40-5877_(21472308758).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buzz_Aldrin%27s_bootprint_on_the_Moon%2C_AS11-40-5877_%2821472308758%29.jpg/220px-Buzz_Aldrin%27s_bootprint_on_the_Moon%2C_AS11-40-5877_%2821472308758%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buzz_Aldrin%27s_bootprint_on_the_Moon%2C_AS11-40-5877_%2821472308758%29.jpg/330px-Buzz_Aldrin%27s_bootprint_on_the_Moon%2C_AS11-40-5877_%2821472308758%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buzz_Aldrin%27s_bootprint_on_the_Moon%2C_AS11-40-5877_%2821472308758%29.jpg/440px-Buzz_Aldrin%27s_bootprint_on_the_Moon%2C_AS11-40-5877_%2821472308758%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3924" data-file-height="3949" /></a><figcaption>Aldrin's bootprint; part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a></figcaption></figure> They deployed the <a href="/wiki/Early_Apollo_Scientific_Experiments_Package" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package">EASEP</a>, which included a <a href="/wiki/Passive_Seismic_Experiment_Package" title="Passive Seismic Experiment Package">Passive Seismic Experiment Package</a> used to measure <a href="/wiki/Moonquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonquake">moonquakes</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Laser_Ranging_Retroflector" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser Ranging Retroflector">retroreflector</a> array used for the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_laser_ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar laser ranging experiment">lunar laser ranging experiment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EASEP_Deployment_and_Closeout-159">[158]</a> Then Armstrong walked 196 feet (60 m) from the LM to take photographs at the rim of <a href="/wiki/Little_West_(lunar_crater)" title="Little West (lunar crater)">Little West Crater</a> while Aldrin collected two <a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">core samples</a>. He used the <a href="/wiki/Geologist%27s_hammer" title="Geologist's hammer">geologist's hammer</a> to pound in the tubes—the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11—but was unable to penetrate more than 6 inches (15 cm) deep. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles. Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes. Aldrin shoveled 6 kilograms (13 lb) of soil into the box of rocks to pack them in tightly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland199928–29-160">[159]</a> Two types of rocks were found in the geological samples: <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts: <a href="/wiki/Armalcolite" title="Armalcolite">armalcolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tranquillityite" title="Tranquillityite">tranquillityite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxferroite" title="Pyroxferroite">pyroxferroite</a>. Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. All have subsequently been found on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_plaque_closeup_on_Moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Apollo_11_plaque_closeup_on_Moon.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_plaque_closeup_on_Moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Apollo_11_plaque_closeup_on_Moon.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_plaque_closeup_on_Moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Apollo_11_plaque_closeup_on_Moon.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_plaque_closeup_on_Moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">The plaque</a> left on the ladder of Eagle</figcaption></figure> While on the surface, Armstrong uncovered a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">plaque</a> mounted on the LM ladder, bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon. The inscription read: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A. D. We came in peace for all mankind.<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_4-16">[15]</a></blockquote> At the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon administration">Nixon administration</a> to add a reference to God, NASA included the vague date as a reason to include A.D., which stands for <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> ("in the year of our Lord").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner2017143-163">[162]</a> Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong his metabolic rates were high, and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. As metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.<a href="#cite_note-EASEP_Deployment_and_Closeout-159">[158]</a> In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_ascent">Lunar ascent</h3></div> Aldrin entered Eagle first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms (47.5 lb) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor (LEC). This proved to be an inefficient tool, and later missions preferred to carry equipment and samples up to the LM by hand.<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_3-139">[138]</a> Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his sleeve pocket, and Aldrin tossed the bag down. Armstrong then jumped onto the ladder's third rung, and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM <a href="/wiki/Life_support" title="Life support">life support</a>, the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, an empty Hasselblad camera, and other equipment. The hatch was closed again at 05:11:13. They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep.<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_6-165">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg/310px-Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg/465px-Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg/620px-Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="3904" /></a><figcaption>Aldrin next to the Passive Seismic Experiment Package with the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> Eagle in the background</figcaption></figure> Presidential speech writer <a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">William Safire</a> had prepared an In Event of Moon Disaster announcement for Nixon to read in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The remarks were in a memo from Safire to Nixon's <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a>, in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-safire-168">[167]</a> According to the plan, Mission Control would "close down communications" with the LM, and a clergyman would "commend their souls to the deepest of the deep" in a public ritual likened to <a href="/wiki/Burial_at_sea" title="Burial at sea">burial at sea</a>. The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Brooke" title="Rupert Brooke">Rupert Brooke</a>'s World War I poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Soldier_(poem)" title="The Soldier (poem)">The Soldier</a>".<a href="#cite_note-safire-168">[167]</a> The script for the speech does not make reference to Collins; as he remained onboard <a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Columbia</a> in orbit around the Moon, it was expected that he would be able to return the module to Earth in the event of a mission failure.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin accidentally damaged the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">circuit breaker</a> that would arm the main engine for liftoff from the Moon. There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine, stranding them on the Moon. The nonconductive tip of a Duro <a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">felt-tip pen</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> was sufficient to activate the switch.<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_6-165">[164]</a> After more than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>21+1⁄2 hours on the lunar surface, in addition to the scientific instruments, the astronauts left behind: an <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> mission patch in memory of astronauts <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee">Roger Chaffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Edward White</a>, who died when their command module caught fire during a test in January 1967; two memorial medals of Soviet cosmonauts <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov" title="Vladimir Komarov">Vladimir Komarov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, who died in 1967 and 1968 respectively; a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace; and a silicon message disk carrying the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">goodwill statements</a> by presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon along with messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The disk also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and then-current top management.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_photo_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apollo_11_photo_map.svg/290px-Apollo_11_photo_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apollo_11_photo_map.svg/435px-Apollo_11_photo_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apollo_11_photo_map.svg/580px-Apollo_11_photo_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Map showing landing site and photos taken</figcaption></figure> After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight. At that time, unknown to them, some hundred kilometers away from them the Soviet probe <a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">Luna 15</a> was about to descend and impact. Despite having been known to be orbiting the Moon at the same time, through a ground-breaking precautious goodwill exchange of data, the mission control of Luna 15 unexpectedly hastened its robotic <a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">sample-return mission</a>, initiating descent, in an attempt to return before Apollo 11.<a href="#cite_note-audio-173">[172]</a> Just two hours before Apollo 11's launch Luna 15 crashed at 15:50 UTC, with British astronomers monitoring Luna 15 and recording the situation one commented: "I say, this has really been drama of the highest order",<a href="#cite_note-a357-174">[173]</a> bringing the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> to a culmination.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Roughly two hours later, at 17:54:00 UTC, the Apollo 11 crew on the surface safely lifted off in Eagle's ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard Columbia in lunar orbit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000108-147">[146]</a> Film taken from the LM ascent stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some 25 feet (8 m) from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine. Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple: "The ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the <a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">attitude indicator</a>, but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975219-176">[175]</a> Subsequent Apollo missions planted their flags farther from the LM.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbia_in_lunar_orbit">Columbia in lunar orbit</h3></div> During his day flying solo around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. Although it has been said "not since <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> has any human known such solitude",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001402-178">[177]</a> Collins felt very much a part of the mission. In his autobiography he wrote: "this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001402-178">[177]</a> In the 48 minutes of each orbit when he was out of radio contact with the Earth while Columbia passed round the far side of the Moon, the feeling he reported was not fear or loneliness, but rather "awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001402-178">[177]</a> One of Collins' first tasks was to identify the lunar module on the ground. To give Collins an idea where to look, Mission Control radioed that they believed the lunar module landed about 4 miles (6.4 km) off target. Each time he passed over the suspected lunar landing site, he tried in vain to find the module. On his first orbits on the back side of the Moon, Collins performed maintenance activities such as dumping excess water produced by the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> and preparing the cabin for Armstrong and Aldrin to return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001401–407-179">[178]</a> Just before he reached the dark side on the third orbit, Mission Control informed Collins there was a problem with the temperature of the coolant. If it became too cold, parts of Columbia might freeze. Mission Control advised him to assume manual control and implement Environmental Control System Malfunction Procedure 17. Instead, Collins flicked the switch on the system from automatic to manual and back to automatic again, and carried on with normal housekeeping chores, while keeping an eye on the temperature. When Columbia came back around to the near side of the Moon again, he was able to report that the problem had been resolved. For the next couple of orbits, he described his time on the back side of the Moon as "relaxing". After Aldrin and Armstrong completed their EVA, Collins slept so he could be rested for the rendezvous. While the flight plan called for Eagle to meet up with Columbia, Collins was prepared for a contingency in which he would fly Columbia down to meet Eagle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001406–408,_410-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return">Return</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth,_Moon_and_Lunar_Module,_AS11-44-6643_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Earth%2C_Moon_and_Lunar_Module%2C_AS11-44-6643_c.jpg/220px-Earth%2C_Moon_and_Lunar_Module%2C_AS11-44-6643_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Earth%2C_Moon_and_Lunar_Module%2C_AS11-44-6643_c.jpg/330px-Earth%2C_Moon_and_Lunar_Module%2C_AS11-44-6643_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Earth%2C_Moon_and_Lunar_Module%2C_AS11-44-6643_c.jpg/440px-Earth%2C_Moon_and_Lunar_Module%2C_AS11-44-6643_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4161" data-file-height="3980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a>'s ascent stage approaching <a href="/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Module Columbia">Columbia</a></figcaption></figure> Eagle rendezvoused with Columbia at 21:24 UTC on July 21, and the two docked at 21:35. Eagle's ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit at 23:41.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9">[9]</a> Just before the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> flight, it was noted that Eagle was still likely to be orbiting the Moon. Later NASA reports mentioned that Eagle's orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> In 2021, however, some calculations show that the lander may still be in orbit.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> ... The Saturn V rocket which put us in orbit is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery, every piece of which worked flawlessly ... We have always had confidence that this equipment will work properly. All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of a number of people ... All you see is the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others, and to all of those, I would like to say, "Thank you very much."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975222-183">[182]</a></blockquote> Aldrin added: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon; more, still, than the efforts of a government and industry team; more, even, than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ... Personally, in reflecting on the events of the past several days, a verse from <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> comes to mind. <a href="/wiki/Psalm_8" title="Psalm 8">"When I consider the heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the Moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained; What is man that Thou art mindful of him?"</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975222-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></blockquote> Armstrong concluded: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort; next with the American people, who have, through their will, indicated their desire; next with four administrations and their Congresses, for implementing that will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft, the Saturn, the Columbia, the Eagle, and the little <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">EMU</a>, the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface. We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft; who did the construction, design, the tests, and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft. To those people tonight, we give a special thank you, and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight, God bless you. Good night from Apollo 11.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975222-183">[182]</a> </blockquote> On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return. A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year-old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease. Greg was later thanked by Armstrong.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Splashdown_and_quarantine">Splashdown and quarantine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Splashdown_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Splashdown_3.jpg/220px-Splashdown_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Splashdown_3.jpg/330px-Splashdown_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Splashdown_3.jpg/440px-Splashdown_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Columbia floats on the ocean as Navy divers assist in retrieving the astronauts.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-12)" title="USS Hornet (CV-12)">USS Hornet</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Seiberlich" title="Carl J. Seiberlich">Carl J. Seiberlich</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael20103-186">[185]</a> was selected as the primary recovery ship (PRS) for Apollo 11 on June 5, replacing its sister ship, the <a href="/wiki/Landing_platform_helicopter" title="Landing platform helicopter">LPH</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_(CV-37)" title="USS Princeton (CV-37)">USS Princeton</a>, which had recovered Apollo 10 on May 26. Hornet was then at her home port of <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael201021-187">[186]</a> On reaching <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> on July 5, Hornet <a href="/wiki/Embarkation" title="Embarkation">embarked</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King" title="Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King">Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King</a> helicopters of <a href="/wiki/HSC-4" title="HSC-4">HS-4</a>, a unit which specialized in recovery of Apollo spacecraft, specialized divers of <a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">UDT</a> Detachment Apollo, a 35-man NASA recovery team, and about 120 media representatives. To make room, most of Hornet's air wing was left behind in Long Beach. Special recovery equipment was also loaded, including a <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)" title="Boilerplate (spaceflight)">boilerplate</a> command module used for training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael201038–43,_71–72-188">[187]</a> On July 12, with Apollo 11 still on the launch pad, Hornet departed Pearl Harbor for the recovery area in the central Pacific,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael201085-189">[188]</a> in the vicinity of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11&params=10_36_N_172_24_E_">10°36′N 172°24′E / 10.600°N 172.400°E / 10.600; 172.400</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> A presidential party consisting of Nixon, Borman, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> flew to <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> on <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a>, then to the <a href="/wiki/Command_ship" title="Command ship">command ship</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Saipan_(CVL-48)" title="USS Saipan (CVL-48)">USS Arlington</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</a>. After a night on board, they would fly to Hornet in Marine One for a few hours of ceremonies. On arrival aboard Hornet, the party was greeted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command" title="United States Indo-Pacific Command">Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/John_S._McCain_Jr." title="John S. McCain Jr.">John S. McCain Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">NASA Administrator</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a>, who flew to Hornet from <a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a> in one of Hornet's <a href="/wiki/Carrier_onboard_delivery" title="Carrier onboard delivery">carrier onboard delivery</a> aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010107–108,_145–146-191">[190]</a> Weather satellites were not yet common, but US Air Force <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a> Hank Brandli had access to top-secret <a href="/wiki/CORONA_(satellite)" title="CORONA (satellite)">spy satellite</a> images. He realized that a storm front was headed for the Apollo recovery area. Poor visibility which could make locating the capsule difficult, and strong upper-level winds which "would have ripped their parachutes to shreds" according to Brandli, posed a serious threat to the safety of the mission.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Brandli alerted Navy Captain Willard S. Houston Jr., the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center" title="Joint Typhoon Warning Center">Fleet Weather Center</a> at Pearl Harbor, who had the required security clearance. On their recommendation, <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Davis" title="Donald C. Davis">Donald C. Davis</a>, commander of Manned Spaceflight Recovery Forces, Pacific, advised NASA to change the recovery area, each man risking his career. A new location was selected 215 nautical miles (398 km) northeast.<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_Re-entry-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010136–137,_144–145-194">[193]</a> This altered the flight plan. A different sequence of computer programs was used, one never before attempted. In a conventional entry, trajectory event P64 was followed by P67. For a skip-out re-entry, P65 and P66 were employed to handle the exit and entry parts of the skip. In this case, because they were extending the re-entry but not actually skipping out, P66 was not invoked and instead, P65 led directly to P67. The crew were also warned they would not be in a full-lift (heads-down) attitude when they entered P67.<a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_Re-entry-193">[192]</a> The first program's acceleration subjected the astronauts to 6.5 standard gravities (64 m/s2); the second, to 6.0 standard gravities (59 m/s2).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196928-195">[194]</a> Before dawn on July 24, Hornet launched four Sea King helicopters and three <a href="/wiki/Grumman_E-1_Tracer" title="Grumman E-1 Tracer">Grumman E-1 Tracers</a>. Two of the E-1s were designated as "air boss" while the third acted as a communications relay aircraft. Two of the Sea Kings carried divers and recovery equipment. The third carried photographic equipment, and the fourth carried the decontamination swimmer and the flight surgeon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969169–170-196">[195]</a> At 16:44 UTC (05:44 local time) Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">drogue parachutes</a> were deployed. This was observed by the helicopters. Seven minutes later Columbia struck the water forcefully 2,660 km (1,440 nmi) east of <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, 380 km (210 nmi) south of Johnston Atoll, and 24 km (13 nmi) from Hornet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-ALSJ_Re-entry-193">[192]</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11&params=13_19_N_169_9_W_">13°19′N 169°9′W / 13.317°N 169.150°W / 13.317; -169.150</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969170-197">[196]</a> 82 °F (28 °C) with 6 feet (1.8 m) seas and winds at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) from the east were reported under broken clouds at 1,500 feet (460 m) with visibility of 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) at the recovery site.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Reconnaissance aircraft flying to the original splashdown location reported the conditions Brandli and Houston had predicted.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Splashdown" title="Splashdown">splashdown</a>, Columbia landed upside down but was righted within ten minutes by flotation bags activated by the astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969164–167-200">[199]</a> A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a <a href="/wiki/Sea_anchor" title="Sea anchor">sea anchor</a> to prevent it from drifting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010184–185-201">[200]</a> More divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and positioned rafts for astronaut extraction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010186–188-202">[201]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg/173px-President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg/260px-President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg/346px-President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6862" data-file-height="6862" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crew of Apollo 11 in <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> after returning to Earth, visited by Richard Nixon</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Mobile_Quarantine_Facility_at_the_Steven_F_Udvar-Hazy_Center_in_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Apollo_11_Mobile_Quarantine_Facility_at_the_Steven_F_Udvar-Hazy_Center_in_2009.jpg/231px-Apollo_11_Mobile_Quarantine_Facility_at_the_Steven_F_Udvar-Hazy_Center_in_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Apollo_11_Mobile_Quarantine_Facility_at_the_Steven_F_Udvar-Hazy_Center_in_2009.jpg/347px-Apollo_11_Mobile_Quarantine_Facility_at_the_Steven_F_Udvar-Hazy_Center_in_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Apollo_11_Mobile_Quarantine_Facility_at_the_Steven_F_Udvar-Hazy_Center_in_2009.jpg/462px-Apollo_11_Mobile_Quarantine_Facility_at_the_Steven_F_Udvar-Hazy_Center_in_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="2302" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Apollo 11 Mobile Quarantine Facility on display at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> in 2009</div></div></div></div></div> The divers then passed biological isolation garments (BIGs) to the astronauts, and assisted them into the life raft. The possibility of bringing back <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> from the lunar surface was considered remote, but NASA took precautions at the recovery site. The astronauts were rubbed down with a <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> solution and Columbia wiped with <a href="/wiki/Povidone-iodine" title="Povidone-iodine">Povidone-iodine</a> to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The astronauts were winched on board the recovery helicopter. BIGs were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board Hornet. The raft containing decontamination materials was intentionally sunk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969164–167-200">[199]</a> After touchdown on Hornet at 17:53 UTC, the helicopter was lowered by the elevator into the hangar bay, where the astronauts walked the 30 feet (9.1 m) to the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_quarantine_facility" title="Mobile quarantine facility">Mobile quarantine facility</a> (MQF), where they would begin the Earth-based portion of their 21 days of quarantine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010199–200-203">[202]</a> This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>, before the Moon was proven to be barren of life, and the quarantine process dropped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonDietleinBerry1975406–424-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Nixon welcomed the astronauts back to Earth. He told them: "[A]s a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before."<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> After Nixon departed, Hornet was brought alongside the 5-short-ton (4.5 t) Columbia, which was lifted aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(trailer)" title="Dolly (trailer)">dolly</a> and moved next to the MQF. It was then attached to the MQF with a flexible tunnel, allowing the lunar samples, film, data tapes and other items to be removed. Hornet returned to Pearl Harbor, where the MQF was loaded onto a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-141_Starlifter" title="Lockheed C-141 Starlifter">Lockheed C-141 Starlifter</a> and airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center. The astronauts arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Receiving_Laboratory" title="Lunar Receiving Laboratory">Lunar Receiving Laboratory</a> at 10:00 UTC on July 28. Columbia was taken to <a href="/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island</a> for deactivation, and its pyrotechnics made safe. It was then taken to <a href="/wiki/Hickham_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Hickham Air Force Base">Hickham Air Force Base</a>, from whence it was flown to Houston in a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-133_Cargomaster" title="Douglas C-133 Cargomaster">Douglas C-133 Cargomaster</a>, reaching the Lunar Receiving Laboratory on July 30.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969166,_171–173-207">[206]</a> In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Extra-Terrestrial_Exposure_Law" title="Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law">Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law</a>, a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol,<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> the astronauts continued in quarantine. After three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo spacecraft, then in their trailer on Hornet, and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> On August 10, 1969, the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts, on those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physician <a href="/wiki/William_Carpentier" title="William Carpentier">William Carpentier</a> and MQF project engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Hirasaki" title="John Hirasaki">John Hirasaki</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010118-210">[209]</a> and on Columbia itself. Loose equipment from the spacecraft remained in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtelNewkirkBrooks1978312-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrations">Celebrations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_ticker_tape_parade_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Apollo_11_ticker_tape_parade_1.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_ticker_tape_parade_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Apollo_11_ticker_tape_parade_1.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_ticker_tape_parade_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Apollo_11_ticker_tape_parade_1.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_ticker_tape_parade_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>Ticker tape parade in New York City</figcaption></figure> On August 13, the three astronauts rode in <a href="/wiki/Ticker-tape_parade" title="Ticker-tape parade">ticker-tape parades</a> in their honor in New York and Chicago, with an estimated six million attendees.<a href="#cite_note-LADinner-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official <a href="/wiki/State_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="State dinner">state dinner</a> to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> and his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, and ambassadors from 83 nations at the <a href="/wiki/Century_Plaza_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Century Plaza Hotel">Century Plaza Hotel</a>. Nixon and Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LADinner-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> The three astronauts spoke before a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint session of Congress</a> on September 16, 1969. They presented two US flags, one to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> and the other to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>, that they had carried with them to the surface of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_American_Samoa" title="Flag of American Samoa">flag of American Samoa</a> on Apollo 11 is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Jean_P._Haydon_Museum" title="Jean P. Haydon Museum">Jean P. Haydon Museum</a> in Pago Pago, the capital of American Samoa.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> This celebration began a 38-day world tour that brought the astronauts to 22 countries and included visits with many world leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Apollo_11_Crew_Starts_World_Tour-217">[216]</a> The crew toured from September 29 to November 5.<a href="#cite_note-Apollo_11_Crew_Starts_World_Tour-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> The world tour started in Mexico City and ended in Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Stops on the tour in order were: <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogota</a>, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, Madrid, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Brussels, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Berlin, London, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Belgrade, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, Tokyo and <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Many nations honored the first human <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a> with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular culture">Apollo 11 in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land_on_the_Moon_7_21_1969-repair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Land_on_the_Moon_7_21_1969-repair.jpg/220px-Land_on_the_Moon_7_21_1969-repair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Land_on_the_Moon_7_21_1969-repair.jpg/330px-Land_on_the_Moon_7_21_1969-repair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Land_on_the_Moon_7_21_1969-repair.jpg/440px-Land_on_the_Moon_7_21_1969-repair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2356" data-file-height="2795" /></a><figcaption>A girl holding <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> newspaper stating "'The Eagle Has Landed' – Two Men Walk on the Moon"</figcaption></figure> Humans walking on the Moon and returning safely to Earth accomplished Kennedy's goal set eight years earlier. In Mission Control during the Apollo 11 landing, Kennedy's speech flashed on the screen, followed by the words "TASK ACCOMPLISHED, July 1969".<a href="#cite_note-Launius-223">[222]</a> The success of Apollo 11 demonstrated the United States' technological superiority;<a href="#cite_note-Launius-223">[222]</a> and with the success of Apollo 11, America had won the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200757-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999288-225">[224]</a> New phrases permeated into the English language. "If they can send a man to the Moon, why can't they ...?" became a common saying following Apollo 11.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Armstrong's words on the lunar surface also spun off various parodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200757-224">[223]</a> While most people celebrated the accomplishment, disenfranchised Americans saw it as a symbol of the divide in America, evidenced by protesters led by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> outside of Kennedy Space Center the day before Apollo 11 launched.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999283-227">[226]</a> NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas Paine</a> met with Abernathy at the occasion, both hoping that the space program can spur progress also in other regards, such as poverty in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Niiler_2019-228">[227]</a> Paine was then asked, and agreed, to host protesters as spectators at the launch,<a href="#cite_note-Niiler_2019-228">[227]</a> and Abernathy, awestruck by the spectacle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979338-108">[107]</a> prayed for the astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-Niiler_2019-228">[227]</a> Racial and financial inequalities frustrated citizens who wondered why money spent on the Apollo program was not spent taking care of humans on Earth. A poem by <a href="/wiki/Gil_Scott-Heron" title="Gil Scott-Heron">Gil Scott-Heron</a> called "<a href="/wiki/Whitey_on_the_Moon" title="Whitey on the Moon">Whitey on the Moon</a>" (1970) illustrated the <a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">racial inequality in the United States</a> that was highlighted by the Space Race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200757-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-whitey-230">[229]</a> The poem starts with: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> A rat done bit my sister Nell. (with Whitey on the moon) Her face and arms began to swell. (and Whitey's on the moon) I can't pay no doctor bill. (but Whitey's on the moon) Ten years from now I'll be paying still. (while Whitey's on the moon) [...]<a href="#cite_note-whitey-230">[229]</a> </div></blockquote> Twenty percent of the world's population watched humans walk on the Moon for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> While Apollo 11 sparked the interest of the world, the follow-on Apollo missions did not hold the interest of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-Launius-223">[222]</a> One possible explanation was the shift in complexity. Landing someone on the Moon was an easy goal to understand; lunar geology was too abstract for the average person. Another is that Kennedy's goal of landing humans on the Moon had already been accomplished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200758-232">[231]</a> A well-defined objective helped Project Apollo accomplish its goal, but after it was completed it was hard to justify continuing the lunar missions.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> While most Americans were proud of their nation's achievements in space exploration, only once during the late 1960s did the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a> indicate that a majority of Americans favored "doing more" in space as opposed to "doing less". By 1973, 59 percent of those polled favored cutting spending on space exploration. The Space Race had been won, and Cold War tensions were easing as the US and Soviet Union entered the era of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a>. This was also a time when inflation was rising, which put pressure on the government to reduce spending. What saved the space program was that it was one of the few government programs that had achieved something great. Drastic cuts, warned <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a>, the deputy director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>, might send a signal that "our best years are behind us".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCurdy1997106–107-235">[234]</a> After the Apollo 11 mission, officials from the Soviet Union said landing humans on the Moon was dangerous and unnecessary. At the time the Soviet Union was attempting to retrieve lunar samples robotically. The Soviets publicly denied there was a race to the Moon, and indicated they were not making an attempt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994631-236">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Keldysh" title="Mstislav Keldysh">Mstislav Keldysh</a> said in July 1969, "We are concentrating wholly on the creation of large satellite systems." It was revealed in 1989 that the Soviets had tried to send people to the Moon, but were unable due to technological difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> The public's reaction in the Soviet Union was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about the lunar landing, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it any attention, and another portion was angered by it.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> The Apollo 11 landing is referenced in the songs "Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins" by <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">the Byrds</a> on the 1969 album <a href="/wiki/Ballad_of_Easy_Rider_(album)" title="Ballad of Easy Rider (album)">Ballad of Easy Rider</a>, "Coon on the Moon" by <a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a> on the 1973 album <a href="/wiki/The_Back_Door_Wolf" title="The Back Door Wolf">The Back Door Wolf</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Universal_Migrator_Part_1:_The_Dream_Sequencer#One_Small_Step" title="Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer">One Small Step</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Ayreon" title="Ayreon">Ayreon</a> on the 2000 album <a href="/wiki/Universal_Migrator_Part_1:_The_Dream_Sequencer" title="Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer">Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Kommandomodul_%22Columbia%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Apollo_11_Kommandomodul_%22Columbia%22.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Kommandomodul_%22Columbia%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Apollo_11_Kommandomodul_%22Columbia%22.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Kommandomodul_%22Columbia%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Apollo_11_Kommandomodul_%22Columbia%22.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Kommandomodul_%22Columbia%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Module Columbia">Columbia</a> on display in the Milestones of Flight exhibition hall at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Module Columbia">command module Columbia</a> went on a tour of the United States, visiting 49 state capitals, the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> In 1971, it was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, and was displayed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> (NASM) in Washington, DC.<a href="#cite_note-SIColumbia-240">[239]</a> It was in the central Milestones of Flight exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance, sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis" title="Spirit of St. Louis">Spirit of St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">Bell X-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friendship_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship 7">Friendship 7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> Columbia was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> in Chantilly, Virginia, to be readied for a four-city tour titled Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission. This included <a href="/wiki/Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a> from October 14, 2017, to March 18, 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Science_Center" title="Saint Louis Science Center">Saint Louis Science Center</a> from April 14 to September 3, 2018, the Senator John <a href="/wiki/Heinz_History_Center" title="Heinz History Center">Heinz History Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> from September 29, 2018, to February 18, 2019, and its last location at <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Flight" title="Museum of Flight">Museum of Flight</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> from March 16 to September 2, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-SIColumbia-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> Continued renovations at the Smithsonian allowed time for an additional stop for the capsule, and it was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Museum_Center" title="Cincinnati Museum Center">Cincinnati Museum Center</a>. The ribbon cutting ceremony was on September 29, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> For 40 years Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits were displayed in the museum's Apollo to the Moon exhibit,<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> until it permanently closed on December 3, 2018, to be replaced by a new gallery which was scheduled to open in 2022. A special display of Armstrong's suit was unveiled for the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 in July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> The quarantine trailer, the flotation collar and the flotation bags are in the Smithsonian's <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> annex near <a href="/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Dulles International Airport">Washington Dulles International Airport</a> in Chantilly, Virginia, where they are on display along with a test lunar module.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArmstrongSuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ArmstrongSuit.jpg/220px-ArmstrongSuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ArmstrongSuit.jpg/330px-ArmstrongSuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ArmstrongSuit.jpg/440px-ArmstrongSuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Armstrong's space suit on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> in its new exhibit</figcaption></figure> The descent stage of the LM Eagle remains on the Moon. In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (LRO) imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon, for the first time with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules, scientific instruments, and foot trails made by the astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> The remains of the ascent stage are assumed to lie at an unknown location on the lunar surface. The ascent stage, Eagle, was not tracked after it was jettisoned. The lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make low Moon orbits unstable after a short time, leading the orbiting object to impact the surface.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> However, using a program developed by NASA, and high-resolution lunar gravity data, a paper was published, in 2021, indicating that Eagle might still be in orbit as late as 2020. Using the orbital elements published by NASA, a <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method" title="Monte Carlo method">Monte Carlo method</a> was used to generate parameter sets that bracket the uncertainties in these elements. All simulations, of the orbit, predicted that Eagle would never impact the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-Impact-252">[251]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:F-1_Injector_Plate_(Front)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Front%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/168px-F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Front%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Front%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/252px-F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Front%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Front%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/336px-F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Front%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="871" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:F-1_Injector_Plate_(Rear)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Rear%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/166px-F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Rear%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Rear%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/249px-F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Rear%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Rear%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/332px-F-1_Injector_Plate_%28Rear%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="762" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">F-1 Engine Injector Plate on temporary display at the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Museum_Center" title="Cincinnati Museum Center">Cincinnati Museum Center</a> in 2019</div></div></div></div> In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> located the <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1 engines</a> from the S-IC stage that launched Apollo 11 into space. They were found on the Atlantic seabed using advanced sonar scanning.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> His team brought parts of two of the five engines to the surface. In July 2013, a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic, which NASA confirmed was from Apollo 11.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> The S-IVB third stage which performed Apollo 11's trans-lunar injection remains in a solar orbit near to that of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:430-L1-S1_640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/430-L1-S1_640.jpg/220px-430-L1-S1_640.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/430-L1-S1_640.jpg/330px-430-L1-S1_640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/430-L1-S1_640.jpg/440px-430-L1-S1_640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2746" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>Pieces of fabric and wood from the first airplane, the 1903 <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a>, traveled to the Moon in Apollo 11's <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module Eagle</a> and are displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_National_Memorial" title="Wright Brothers National Memorial">Wright Brothers National Memorial</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moon_rocks">Moon rocks</h3></div> The main repository for the Apollo Moon rocks is the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility</a> at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas. For safekeeping, there is also a smaller collection stored at <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Test_Facility" title="White Sands Test Facility">White Sands Test Facility</a> near <a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico" title="Las Cruces, New Mexico">Las Cruces, New Mexico</a>. Most of the rocks are stored in nitrogen to keep them free of moisture. They are handled only indirectly, using special tools. Over 100 research laboratories worldwide conduct studies of the samples; approximately 500 samples are prepared and sent to investigators every year.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> In November 1969, Nixon asked NASA to make up about 250 presentation <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Apollo 11 lunar sample displays</a> for 135 nations, the fifty states of the United States and its possessions, and the United Nations. Each display included Moon dust from Apollo 11 and flags, including one of the Soviet Union, taken along by Apollo 11. The rice-sized particles were four small pieces of Moon soil weighing about 50 mg and were enveloped in a clear acrylic button about as big as a <a href="/wiki/Half_dollar_(United_States_coin)" title="Half dollar (United States coin)">United States half-dollar coin</a>. This acrylic button magnified the grains of lunar dust. Nixon gave the Apollo 11 lunar sample displays as goodwill gifts in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experiment_results">Experiment results</h3></div> The Passive Seismic Experiment ran until the command uplink failed on August 25, 1969. The downlink failed on December 14, 1969.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatesLauderdaleKernaghan19792-3_&_4-32-261">[260]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_11&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laser_Ranging_Retroflector" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser Ranging Retroflector">Lunar Laser Ranging experiment</a> remains operational.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moonwalk_camera">Moonwalk camera</h3></div> The Hasselblad camera used during the moonwalk was thought to be lost or left on the Moon surface.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_Module_Eagle_memorabilia">Lunar Module Eagle memorabilia</h3></div> In 2015, after Armstrong died in 2012, his widow contacted the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> to inform them she had found a white cloth bag in one of Armstrong's closets. The bag contained various items, which should have been left behind in the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module Eagle</a>, including the 16mm Data Acquisition Camera that had been used to capture images of the first Moon landing.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> The camera is currently on display at the National Air and Space Museum.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anniversary_events">Anniversary events</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="40th_anniversary">40th anniversary</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Command_Module_in_Hangar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Apollo_11_Command_Module_in_Hangar.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Command_Module_in_Hangar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Apollo_11_Command_Module_in_Hangar.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Command_Module_in_Hangar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Apollo_11_Command_Module_in_Hangar.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Command_Module_in_Hangar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5259" data-file-height="3544" /></a><figcaption>Columbia at the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar</figcaption></figure> On July 15, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life.com</a> released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by Life photographer <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morse" title="Ralph Morse">Ralph Morse</a> prior to the Apollo 11 launch.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> From July 16 to 24, 2009, NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> It is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> In July 2010, air-to-ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronized and released for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> set up an <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> On July 20, 2009, Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins met with President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> at the White House.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> "We expect that there is, as we speak, another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin", Obama said. "We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey."<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> On August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>, the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Nelson (politician)">Bill Nelson</a> and Florida Representative <a href="/wiki/Alan_Grayson" title="Alan Grayson">Alan Grayson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of today ... The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come close [to] the excitement that was generated by those astronauts—Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="50th_anniversary">50th anniversary</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins" title="Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins">Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins</a></div> On June 10, 2015, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Bill_Posey" title="Bill Posey">Bill Posey</a> introduced resolution H.R. 2726 to the 114th session of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> directing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> to design and sell commemorative coins in gold, silver and clad for the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission. On January 24, 2019, the Mint released the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_Fiftieth_Anniversary_commemorative_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo 11 Fiftieth Anniversary commemorative coins">Apollo 11 Fiftieth Anniversary commemorative coins</a> to the public on its website.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> A documentary film, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_(2019_film)" title="Apollo 11 (2019 film)">Apollo 11</a>, with restored footage of the 1969 event, premiered in <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> on March 1, 2019, and broadly in theaters on March 8.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> The Smithsonian Institute's <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> sponsored the "Apollo 50 Festival" on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in Washington DC. The three-day (July 18 to 20, 2019) outdoor festival featured hands-on exhibits and activities, live performances, and speakers such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Savage" title="Adam Savage">Adam Savage</a> and NASA scientists.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_projected_on_the_washington_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Apollo_11_projected_on_the_washington_monument.jpg/170px-Apollo_11_projected_on_the_washington_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Apollo_11_projected_on_the_washington_monument.jpg/255px-Apollo_11_projected_on_the_washington_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Apollo_11_projected_on_the_washington_monument.jpg/340px-Apollo_11_projected_on_the_washington_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="5298" /></a><figcaption>Saturn V rocket projected onto the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> during the Apollo 11 50th anniversary show</figcaption></figure> As part of the festival, a projection of the 363-foot (111 m) tall <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket was displayed on the east face of the 555-foot (169 m) tall <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> from July 16 through the 20th from 9:30 pm until 11:30 pm (EDT). The program also included a 17-minute show that combined full-motion video projected on the Washington Monument to recreate the assembly and launch of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket. The projection was joined by a 40-foot (12 m) wide recreation of the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> countdown clock and two large video screens showing archival footage to recreate the time leading up to the moon landing. There were three shows per night on July 19–20, with the last show on Saturday, delayed slightly so the portion where Armstrong first set foot on the Moon would happen exactly 50 years to the second after the actual event.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> On July 19, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> paid tribute to the Apollo 11 Moon Landing, complete with a link to an animated YouTube video with voiceover by astronaut <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> Aldrin, Collins, and Armstrong's sons were hosted by President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the Oval Office.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films_and_documentaries">Films and documentaries</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footprints_on_the_Moon_(1969_film)" title="Footprints on the Moon (1969 film)">Footprints on the Moon</a>, a 1969 documentary film by Bill Gibson and Barry Coe, about the Apollo 11 mission<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_One" title="Moonwalk One">Moonwalk One</a>, a 1971 documentary film by <a href="/wiki/Theo_Kamecke" title="Theo Kamecke">Theo Kamecke</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a></li> <li>Apollo 11: As It Happened, a 1994 six-hour documentary on ABC News' coverage of the event<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Man_(film)" title="First Man (film)">First Man</a>, 2018 film by <a href="/wiki/Damien_Chazelle" title="Damien Chazelle">Damien Chazelle</a> based on the 2005 <a href="/wiki/James_R._Hansen" title="James R. Hansen">James R. Hansen</a> book <a href="/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong" title="First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong">First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_(2019_film)" title="Apollo 11 (2019 film)">Apollo 11</a>, a 2019 documentary film by Todd Douglas Miller with restored footage of the 1969 event<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_Moon_(2019_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasing the Moon (2019 film)">Chasing the Moon</a>, a July 2019 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> three-night six-hour documentary, directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stone_(director)" title="Robert Stone (director)">Robert Stone</a>, examined the events leading up to the Apollo 11 mission. An accompanying book of the same name was also released.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a></li> <li>8 Days: To the Moon and Back, a <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Studios" title="BBC Studios">BBC Studios</a> 2019 documentary film by Anthony Philipson re-enacting major portions of the Apollo 11 mission using mission audio recordings, new studio footage, NASA and news archives, and computer-generated imagery.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_in_Real_Time" title="Apollo in Real Time">Apollo in Real Time</a> – Interactive website of Apollo 11, 13, and 17</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a> – Missions to the Moon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">List of photographs considered the most important</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-transcript-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_15-1">b</a> Eric Jones of the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal explains that the indefinite article "a" was intended, whether or not it was said; the intention was to contrast a man (an individual's action) and mankind (as a species).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> In some of the following sources, times are shown in the format hours:minutes:seconds (e.g. 109:24:15), referring to the mission's Ground Elapsed Time (GET),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000iv-294">[293]</a> based on the official launch time of July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> (000:00:00 GET).<a href="#cite_note-AP11FJ-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6">[6]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Byrne._2019-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Byrne._2019_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFByrne.2019" class="citation web cs1">Byrne., Dave (July 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37">"Apollo 11 Image Library"</a>. hq.nasa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200224163200/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2020. 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Swanson, ed. (August 5, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4223/ch9.htm">SP-4223: Before This Decade is Out—Personal Reflections on the Apollo Program—Chapter 9—Glynn S. Lunney</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050139-5"><bdi>978-0-16-050139-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227181902/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4223/ch9.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2019. <q>Apollo 11 flight directors pose for a group photo in the Mission Control Center. Pictured left to right, and the shifts that they served during the mission, are (in front and sitting) Clifford E. Charlesworth (Shift 1), Gerald D. Griffin (Shift 1), Eugene F. 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Retrieved July 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=%278+Days%3A+To+the+Moon+and+Back%27+Shows+Apollo+11+Milestones&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fpbs-8-days-moon-back-apollo-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000iv-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000iv_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrloff2000">Orloff 2000</a>, p. iv. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrinAbraham2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Aldrin, Buzz</a>; Abraham, Ken (2016). 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New York: Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1028-7"><bdi>978-0-8154-1028-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001017080">2001017080</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45755963">45755963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carrying+the+Fire%3A+An+Astronaut%27s+Journeys&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45755963&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001017080&rft.isbn=978-0-8154-1028-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarryingfire00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Collins, Michael</a> (1994) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flyingtomoonastr00coll">Flying to the Moon: An Astronauts Story</a>. New York: Square Fish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-42356-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-42356-8"><bdi>978-0-374-42356-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29388756">29388756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+to+the+Moon%3A+An+Astronauts+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Square+Fish&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29388756&rft.isbn=978-0-374-42356-8&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflyingtomoonastr00coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortright1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cortright" title="Edgar Cortright">Cortright, Edgar M</a> (1975). "Scouting the Moon". In <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cortright" title="Edgar Cortright">Cortright, Edgar M</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-350/cover.html">Apollo Expeditions to the Moon</a>. Washington, D.C.: NASA. pp. 79–102. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1623434">1623434</a>. SP-350. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219204538/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-9-5.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scouting+the+Moon&rft.btitle=Apollo+Expeditions+to+the+Moon&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1623434&rft.aulast=Cortright&rft.aufirst=Edgar+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FSP-350%2Fcover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Cunningham, Walter</a> (2010) [1977]. The All-American Boys. ipicturebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876963-24-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876963-24-8"><bdi>978-1-876963-24-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/713908039">713908039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+All-American+Boys&rft.pub=ipicturebooks&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F713908039&rft.isbn=978-1-876963-24-8&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErtelNewkirkBrooks1978" class="citation book cs1">Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W.; Brooks, Courtney G. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4009/v4p3e.htm">The Apollo Spacecraft—A Chronology. Vol. IV. Part 3 (1969 3rd quarter)</a>. Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-4009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224233710/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4009/v4p3e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2021. 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London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-31458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-31458-9"><bdi>978-1-351-31458-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Fall%3A+An+Inside+View+of+the+Pre-Watergate+White+House&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-31458-9&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonHackler2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)" title="Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)">Hamilton, Margaret H.</a>; Hackler, William R. (December 2008). "Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo". Computer. 41 (12): 34–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.2008.541">10.1109/MC.2008.541</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9162">0018-9162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15870726">15870726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer&rft.atitle=Universal+Systems+Language%3A+Lessons+Learned+from+Apollo&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15870726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-9162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMC.2008.541&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Margaret+H.&rft.au=Hackler%2C+William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Hansen" title="James R. 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New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5631-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5631-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-5631-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005049992">2005049992</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937302502">937302502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Man%3A+The+Life+of+Neil+A.+Armstrong&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937302502&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2005049992&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5631-5&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarland1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Harland" title="David M. Harland">Harland, David</a> (1999). Exploring the Moon: The Apollo Expeditions. London; New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-099-6"><bdi>978-1-85233-099-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982158259">982158259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Moon%3A+The+Apollo+Expeditions&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982158259&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-099-6&rft.aulast=Harland&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonDietleinBerry1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Johnston, Richard S.; Dietlein, Lawrence F.; Berry, Charles A., eds. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760005580.pdf">Biomedical Results of Apollo</a> (PDF). Vol. NASA-SP-368. Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-368. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102181246/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760005580.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biomedical+Results+of+Apollo&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19760005580.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKranz2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kranz" title="Gene Kranz">Kranz, Gene</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743200790">Failure Is Not An Option</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-0079-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829406416">829406416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+Is+Not+An+Option&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F829406416&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0079-0&rft.aulast=Kranz&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780743200790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogsdon1976" class="citation book cs1">Logsdon, John M. (1976). The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/849992795">849992795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decision+to+Go+to+the+Moon%3A+Project+Apollo+and+the+National+Interest&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F849992795&rft.aulast=Logsdon&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogsdon2011" class="citation book cs1">Logsdon, John M. (2011). John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11010-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11010-6"><bdi>978-0-230-11010-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707157323">707157323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Race+to+the+Moon&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707157323&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11010-6&rft.aulast=Logsdon&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMission_Evaluation_Team1969" class="citation book cs1">Mission Evaluation Team (November 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/alsj/a11/a11MIssionReport_1971015566.pdf">Apollo 11 Mission Report</a> (PDF). Houston, Texas: NASA <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10970862">10970862</a>. SP-238. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904062754/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11MIssionReport_1971015566.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+11+Mission+Report&rft.place=Houston%2C+Texas&rft.pub=NASA+Manned+Spacecraft+Center&rft.date=1969-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10970862&rft.au=Mission+Evaluation+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fstatic%2Fhistory%2Falsj%2Fa11%2Fa11MIssionReport_1971015566.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Space_Flight_Center1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> (June 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700011707.pdf">Technical Information Summary, Apollo-11 (AS-506) Apollo Saturn V Space Vehicle</a> (PDF). Huntsville, Alabama: NASA. Document ID: 19700011707; Accession Number: 70N21012; Report Number: NASA-TM-X-62812; S&E-ASTR-S-101-69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529192940/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700011707.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Information+Summary%2C+Apollo-11+%28AS-506%29+Apollo+Saturn+V+Space+Vehicle&rft.place=Huntsville%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1969-06&rft.au=Marshall+Space+Flight+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19700011707.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurdy1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_E._McCurdy" title="Howard E. McCurdy">McCurdy, Howard E.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spaceamericanima0000mccu">Space and the American Imagination</a>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-764-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-764-2"><bdi>978-1-56098-764-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36186250">36186250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+and+the+American+Imagination&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36186250&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-764-2&rft.aulast=McCurdy&rft.aufirst=Howard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspaceamericanima0000mccu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMindell2008" class="citation book cs1">Mindell, David A. (2008). Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13497-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13497-2"><bdi>978-0-262-13497-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007032255">2007032255</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/751829782">751829782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Apollo%3A+Human+and+Machine+in+Spaceflight&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751829782&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007032255&rft.isbn=978-0-262-13497-2&rft.aulast=Mindell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrloff2000" class="citation book cs1">Orloff, Richard W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm">Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference</a>. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4"><bdi>978-0-16-050631-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00061677">00061677</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829406439">829406439</a>. SP-2000-4029. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823124845/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+by+the+Numbers%3A+A+Statistical+Reference&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=NASA+History+Series&rft.pub=NASA+History+Division%2C+Office+of+Policy+and+Plans&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F829406439&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00061677&rft.isbn=978-0-16-050631-4&rft.aulast=Orloff&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4029%2FSP-4029.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkissian2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkissian, John M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/tv_broadcasts.html">"On Eagle's Wings: The Parkes Observatory's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission"</a>. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 18 (3): 287–310. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PASA...18..287S">2001PASA...18..287S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FAS01038">10.1071/AS01038</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323225519/https://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/tv_broadcasts.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+Australia&rft.atitle=On+Eagle%27s+Wings%3A+The+Parkes+Observatory%27s+Support+of+the+Apollo+11+Mission&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FAS01038&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PASA...18..287S&rft.aulast=Sarkissian&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parkes.atnf.csiro.au%2Fnews_events%2Fapollo11%2Ftv_broadcasts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchefter1999" class="citation book cs1">Schefter, James (July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceuncensored00sche">The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon</a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49253-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49253-9"><bdi>978-0-385-49253-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race%3A+The+Uncensored+Story+of+How+America+Beat+Russia+to+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1999-07&rft.isbn=978-0-385-49253-9&rft.aulast=Schefter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceuncensored00sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlaytonCassutt1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Slayton, Donald K. "Deke"</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cassutt" title="Michael Cassutt">Cassutt, Michael</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay">Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle</a>. New York: Forge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-85503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-85503-1"><bdi>978-0-312-85503-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94002463">94002463</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29845663">29845663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deke%21+U.S.+Manned+Space%3A+From+Mercury+to+the+Shuttle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Forge&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29845663&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94002463&rft.isbn=978-0-312-85503-1&rft.aulast=Slayton&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.+%22Deke%22&rft.au=Cassutt%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdekeusmannedspac00slay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966" class="citation book cs1">Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/cover.htm">This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury</a>. The NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/569889">569889</a>. SP-4201. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617075825/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/cover.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 28, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+New+Ocean%3A+A+History+of+Project+Mercury&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=The+NASA+History+Series&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F569889&rft.aulast=Swenson&rft.aufirst=Loyd+S.+Jr.&rft.au=Grimwood%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Charles+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FSP-4201%2Fcover.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Apollo_11" class="extiw" title="q:Apollo 11">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/In_Event_of_Moon_Disaster" class="extiw" title="wikisource:In Event of Moon Disaster">In Event of Moon Disaster</a></div></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 29 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="5327" data-mwtitle="En-Apollo_11-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/En-Apollo_11-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/En-Apollo_11-article.ogg/En-Apollo_11-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Apollo_11-article.ogg" title="File:En-Apollo 11-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 13 July 2020 (2020-07-13), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apollo11.spacelog.org/">"Apollo 11 transcripts"</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201070617/http://spacelog.org/">Spacelog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apolloinrealtime.org/11/">Apollo 11 in real time</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texasarchive.org/2018_02104">Apollo 11 Press Conference filmed by KPRC-TV</a> at Texas Archive of the Moving Image</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/790">Apollo 11 and 13 Checklists</a> at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LPST/ap_11_12_14/">Apollo 11, 12, and 14 Traverses</a>, at the Lunar and Planetary Institute</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multimedia">Multimedia</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Garner, Robert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/hd/apollo11_hdpage.html">"Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos (Downloads)"</a>. NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apollo+11+Partial+Restoration+HD+Videos+%28Downloads%29&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmultimedia%2Fhd%2Fapollo11_hdpage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+11" class="Z3988"> Remastered videos of the original landing.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/featured_sites/view_site/59?linkId=65507096">Dynamic timeline of lunar excursion</a>. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.1257628">Moonwalk One</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYElQpV_Uwg">The Eagle Has Landed: The Flight of Apollo 11 (1969)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/social-media/transcripts/transcript-eagle-has-landed-1969-45017.pdf">transcript</a>) from <a href="/wiki/National_archives_and_records_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National archives and records administration">US National Archives</a> (via YouTube)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/14275570">Apollo 11 Restored EVA Part 1</a> (1 hour of restored footage)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/07/18/science/apollo-11-moon-landing-photos-ul.html">Apollo 11: As They Photographed It (Augmented Reality)</a>—<a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, Interactive, July 18, 2019</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiotapes.com/specialpostings.html#Apollo11">"Coverage of the Flight of Apollo 11"</a> provided by Todd Kosovich for RadioTapes.com. Radio station recordings (airchecks) covering the flight of Apollo 11.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apollo_program" title="Template:Apollo program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apollo_program" title="Template talk:Apollo program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apollo_program491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_34" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34">Launch Complex 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 37">Launch Complex 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_program.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Apollo program"><img alt="Emblem of the Apollo program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/70px-Apollo_program.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/105px-Apollo_program.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/140px-Apollo_program.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="619" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center#Gemini_and_Apollo_(1965-1975)" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft and rover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-101" title="AS-101">AS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-102" title="AS-102">AS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-201" title="AS-201">AS-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-202" title="AS-202">AS-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-1" title="Saturn I SA-1">Saturn-Apollo 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-2" title="Saturn I SA-2">SA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-3" title="Saturn I SA-3">SA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-4" title="Saturn I SA-4">SA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-5" title="Saturn I SA-5">SA-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-203" title="AS-203">AS-203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_abort_modes" title="Apollo abort modes">Abort tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II_Qualification_Test_Vehicle" title="Little Joe II Qualification Test Vehicle">QTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_1" title="Pad Abort Test 1">Pad Abort Test-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-001" title="A-001">A-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-002" title="A-002">A-002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-003" title="A-003">A-003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_2" title="Pad Abort Test 2">Pad Abort Test-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-004" title="A-004">A-004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(satellite)" title="Pegasus (satellite)">Pegasus</a> flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-103" title="AS-103">AS-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-104" title="AS-104">AS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-105" title="AS-105">AS-105</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 8 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Genesis reading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 11 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Command Module Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_(lunar_crater)" title="Double (lunar crater)">Double crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_West_(lunar_crater)" title="Little West (lunar crater)">Little West crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Lunar sample displays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Missing tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Anniversaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins" title="Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins">50th Anniversary commemorative coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 12 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Cognitum#Statio_Cognitum" title="Mare Cognitum">Statio Cognitum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_(crater)" title="Surveyor (crater)">Surveyor crater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_Crater_meteorite" title="Bench Crater meteorite">Bench Crater meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J002E3" title="J002E3">J002E3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reports_of_Streptococcus_mitis_on_the_Moon" title="Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon">Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 13 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_we_have_a_problem" title="Houston, we have a problem">"Houston, we've had a problem"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 14 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bertha_(lunar_sample)" title="Big Bertha (lunar sample)">Big Bertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 15 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Apollo_15_to_the_Moon" title="Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon">Journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_operations_on_the_Lunar_surface" title="Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface">Lunar operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_operations_of_Apollo_15" title="Solo operations of Apollo 15">Solo operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Apollo_15_to_Earth" title="Return of Apollo 15 to Earth">Return to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine" title="Hadley–Apennine">Hadley–Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scott_(lunar_sample)" title="Great Scott (lunar sample)">Great Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Rille_meteorite" title="Hadley Rille meteorite">Hadley Rille meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seatbelt_basalt" title="Seatbelt basalt">Seatbelt basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Postal covers incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 16 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Muley" title="Big Muley">Big Muley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 17 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy%27s_Rock" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen-Apollo_(crater)" title="Nansen-Apollo (crater)">Nansen-Apollo crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorty_(crater)" title="Shorty (crater)">Shorty crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Lunar sample display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite_76535" title="Troctolite 76535">Troctolite 76535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALSE" title="ALSE">Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Post-Apollo</a> capsule use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_3" title="Skylab 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">Lunar orbit rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Symbol † indicates failure or partial failure</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lunar_landing_missions71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lunar_landers" title="Template:Lunar landers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lunar_landers" title="Template talk:Lunar landers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar_landers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar landers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lunar_landing_missions71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">Lunar landing</a> missions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">none</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1">Blue Ghost Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EagleCam" class="mw-redirect" title="EagleCam">EagleCam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">IV</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">V</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">VI</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VII">VII</a> (2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">7</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">8</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#Blue_Ghost_lunar_lander" title="Firefly Aerospace">Blue Ghost M2</a> (2026)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-3" title="IM-3">IM-3</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">KLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_lunar_lander" title="Korean lunar lander">Korean lunar lander</a> (2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">28</a> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/SpaceIL" title="SpaceIL">SpaceIL</a>, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">Hakuto-R M3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace</a>, 2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="CLPS4" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">CLPS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redwire#Deep_Space_Systems" title="Redwire">Redwire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#Genesis_lunar_lander" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">Masten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Express" title="Moon Express">MoonEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond#Z-01" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Spacecraft missions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">South Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">Korean Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS#ARTEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1">Blue Ghost Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">TENACIOUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">Explorer 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_49" title="Explorer 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_11" title="Luna 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_12" title="Luna 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_19" title="Luna 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_22" title="Luna 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2" title="Lunar Orbiter 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3" title="Lunar Orbiter 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15#Lunar_subsatellite" title="Apollo 15">PFS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16#Lunar_subsatellite_PFS-2" title="Apollo 16">PFS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_that_impacted_the_Moon" title="Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon">Impactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_6" title="Ranger 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_8" title="Ranger 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_9" title="Ranger 9">9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> ×6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EagleCam" class="mw-redirect" title="EagleCam">EagleCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Jinchan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample return</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Failed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lunar_flybys" title="Category:Lunar flybys">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission" title="Manfred Memorial Moon Mission">4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_4" title="Luna 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_6" title="Luna 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3" title="Zond 3">Zond 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_8" title="Zond 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAS-22" title="PAS-22">PAS-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">II</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">III</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">IV</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">V</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">26</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">27</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">28</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 29 (page does not exist)">29</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 30 (page does not exist)">30</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 31 (page does not exist)">31</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">8</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">4</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">5 (LUPEX)</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">KLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_lunar_lander" title="Korean lunar lander">Korean lunar lander</a> (2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace M3</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Pathfinder">Lunar Pathfinder</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cislunar_Explorers" title="Cislunar Explorers">Cislunar Explorers</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Escape_Explorer" title="Earth Escape Explorer">CU-E3</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers" title="Astrobotic Technology">MoonRanger</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut M1</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Transportation_Systems" title="Planetary Transportation Systems">ALINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Artemis-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOLAS_(spacecraft)" title="BOLAS (spacecraft)">BOLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garat%C3%A9a-L" title="Garatéa-L">Garatéa-L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunaNet" title="LunaNet">LunaNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope" title="Lunar Crater Radio Telescope">Lunar Crater Radio Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSE-Alpha" title="DSE-Alpha">DSE-Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled / concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">#dearMoon project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Lunar_Explorer" title="European Lunar Explorer">European Lunar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Network" title="International Lunar Network">International Lunar Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEO_(spacecraft)" title="LEO (spacecraft)">LEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Mission_One" title="Lunar Mission One">Lunar Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Lunar Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod 3">Lunokhod 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonLITE" title="MoonLITE">MoonLITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrselena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrselena">Ukrselena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">XL-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1968Orbital_launches_in_19691970_→535" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1969" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1969"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1969" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1969"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1969" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1969"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1968Orbital_launches_in_19691970_→535" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1968_in_spaceflight" title="1968 in spaceflight">← 1968</a></div><a href="/wiki/1969_in_spaceflight" title="1969 in spaceflight">Orbital launches in 1969</a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1970_in_spaceflight" title="1970 in spaceflight">1970 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_263&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 263 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_4" title="Soyuz 4">Soyuz 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_5" title="Soyuz 5">Soyuz 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_7K-L1_No.13L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L (page does not exist)">7K-L1 No.13L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSO-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSO-5 (page does not exist)">OSO-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7585&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7585 (page does not exist)">OPS 7585</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_264&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 264 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 264</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=US-A_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US-A No.5 (page does not exist)">US-A No.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isis_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isis 1 (page does not exist)">Isis 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-1_No.11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-1 No.11 (page does not exist)">Meteor-1 No.11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_3890&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 3890 (page does not exist)">OPS 3890</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_2644&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 2644 (page does not exist)">OPS 2644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_III_F-3" title="Intelsat III F-3">Intelsat III F-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_265" title="Kosmos 265">Kosmos 265</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0757&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0757 (page does not exist)">OPS 0757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_E-8_No.201" title="Luna E-8 No.201">Luna E-8 No.201</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_7K-L1S_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 (page does not exist)">7K-L1S No.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariner 6">Mariner 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 266 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESSA-9" title="ESSA-9">ESSA-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_267&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 267 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4248&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4248 (page does not exist)">OPS 4248</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_268" title="Kosmos 268">Kosmos 268</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_269&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 269 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 269</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_270&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 270 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 270</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_271&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 271 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 271</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_272&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 272 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 272</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OV1-17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OV1-17 (page does not exist)">OV1-17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OV1-18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OV1-18 (page does not exist)">OV1-18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OV1-19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OV1-19 (page does not exist)">OV1-19</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiscal_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbiscal 2 (page does not exist)">Orbiscal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_3722&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 3722 (page does not exist)">OPS 3722</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_2285&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 2285 (page does not exist)">OPS 2285</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_273&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 273 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 273</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_274&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 274 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 274</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-1_No.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-1 No.12 (page does not exist)">Meteor-1 No.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariner 7">Mariner 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_275" title="Kosmos 275">Kosmos 275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_276&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 276 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 276</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_277" title="Kosmos 277">Kosmos 277</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_278&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 278 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 278</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.16 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_3148&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 3148 (page does not exist)">OPS 3148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_3" title="Nimbus 3">Nimbus 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SECOR_13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SECOR 13 (page does not exist)">SECOR 13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_279&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 279 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 279</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5310&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5310 (page does not exist)">OPS 5310</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_280&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 280 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 280</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1101 (page does not exist)">OPS 1101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1721&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1721 (page does not exist)">OPS 1721</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_281&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 281 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_282&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 282 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_III_F-4" title="Intelsat III F-4">Intelsat III F-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS_6909" class="mw-redirect" title="OPS 6909">OPS 6909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6911 (page does not exist)">OPS 6911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_29" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Research Satellite 29">ERS-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_26" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Research Satellite 26">ERS-26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OV5-9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OV5-9 (page does not exist)">OV5-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_283" title="Kosmos 283">Kosmos 283</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_284&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 284 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_285" title="Kosmos 285">Kosmos 285</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1077&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1077 (page does not exist)">OPS 1077</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGO-6" class="mw-redirect" title="OGO-6">OGO-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_E-8-5_No.402" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna E-8-5 No.402">Luna E-8-5 No.402</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_286&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 286 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_41" title="Explorer 41">Explorer 41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_287&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 287 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 287</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 288 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosatellite_3" title="Biosatellite 3">Biosatellite 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STV-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STV-2 (page does not exist)">STV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_7K-L1S_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 (page does not exist)">7K-L1S No.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_289&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 289 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">Luna 15</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_290&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 290 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 290</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.18 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1127&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1127 (page does not exist)">OPS 1127</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DS-P1-Yu_No.23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DS-P1-Yu No.23 (page does not exist)">DS-P1-Yu No.23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_3654&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 3654 (page does not exist)">OPS 3654</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_III_F-5" title="Intelsat III F-5">Intelsat III F-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8285&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8285 (page does not exist)">OPS 8285</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_291" title="Kosmos 291">Kosmos 291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">Zond 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSO-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSO-6 (page does not exist)">OSO-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_Attitude_Control_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Package Attitude Control 1 (page does not exist)">PAC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATS-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATS-5 (page does not exist)">ATS-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_292&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 292 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 292</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_293&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 293 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 293</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_294&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 294 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_295" title="Kosmos 295">Kosmos 295</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7807&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7807 (page does not exist)">OPS 7807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer E">Pioneer E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_32" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Research Satellite 32">ERS-32</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 296 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 296</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 297 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 297</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_298&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 298 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 298</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_299&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 299 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 299</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-4S-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-4S-4 (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_3531&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 3531 (page does not exist)">OPS 3531</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4710&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4710 (page does not exist)">OPS 4710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_300" title="Kosmos 300">Kosmos 300</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_301&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 301 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 301</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7613&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7613 (page does not exist)">OPS 7613</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NRL_PL-161&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NRL PL-161 (page does not exist)">NRL PL-161</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NRL_PL-162&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NRL PL-162 (page does not exist)">NRL PL-162</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NRL_PL-163&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NRL PL-163 (page does not exist)">NRL PL-163</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NRL_PL-164&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NRL PL-164 (page does not exist)">NRL PL-164</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NRL_PL-176&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NRL PL-176 (page does not exist)">NRL PL-176</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timation_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timation 2 (page does not exist)">Timation 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempsat_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tempsat 2 (page does not exist)">Tempsat 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SOICAL_Cone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SOICAL Cone (page does not exist)">SOICAL Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SOICAL_Cylinder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SOICAL Cylinder (page does not exist)">SOICAL Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ESRO-1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESRO-1B (page does not exist)">ESRO-1B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-1_No.15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-1 No.15 (page does not exist)">Meteor-1 No.15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_6" title="Soyuz 6">Soyuz 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7" title="Soyuz 7">Soyuz 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_8" title="Soyuz 8">Soyuz 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 1 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_302&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 302 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_303" title="Kosmos 303">Kosmos 303</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 304 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_305" title="Kosmos 305">Kosmos 305</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_306&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 306 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_307" title="Kosmos 307">Kosmos 307</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8455&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8455 (page does not exist)">OPS 8455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_308" title="Kosmos 308">Kosmos 308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azur_(satellite)" title="Azur (satellite)">Azur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_309&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 309 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_310&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 310 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Skynet 1A">Skynet 1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_311" title="Kosmos 311">Kosmos 311</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_312&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 312 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 312</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_7K-L1e_No.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soyuz 7K-L1e No.1 (page does not exist)">7K-L1e No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_313&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 313 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 313</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6617&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6617 (page does not exist)">OPS 6617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_314" title="Kosmos 314">Kosmos 314</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_315&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 315 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 315</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 316 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 316</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_317&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 317 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 317</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 2 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=December_1969_Kosmos-3M_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="December 1969 Kosmos-3M launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History (<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a> (human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)">Solar System Family Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43653#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43653#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43653#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4356607-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79129542">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12510596r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12510596r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007594503605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69p85sx">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/21px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/42px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_11&oldid=1275765341">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_11&oldid=1275765341</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LQ12_quadrangle" title="Category:LQ12 quadrangle">LQ12 quadrangle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apollo_11" title="Category:Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1969_on_the_Moon" title="Category:1969 on the Moon">1969 on the Moon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buzz_Aldrin" title="Category:Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apollo_program_missions" title="Category:Apollo program missions">Apollo program missions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neil_Armstrong" title="Category:Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Category:Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins (astronaut)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crewed_missions_to_the_Moon" title="Category:Crewed missions to the Moon">Crewed missions to the Moon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soft_landings_on_the_Moon" title="Category:Soft landings on the Moon">Soft landings on the Moon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_by_Saturn_rockets" title="Category:Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets">Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Successful_space_missions" title="Category:Successful space missions">Successful space 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-j9nb4","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.713","walltime":"3.227","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28235,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":693166,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":42533,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":838962,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2685.343 1 -total"," 30.86% 828.666 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.58% 579.439 11 Template:Infobox"," 16.06% 431.374 166 Template:Sfn"," 15.72% 422.187 103 Template:Cite_web"," 12.59% 338.089 1 Template:Infobox_spaceflight"," 6.08% 163.135 41 Template:Cite_news"," 5.43% 145.817 33 Template:Cite_book"," 5.28% 141.818 2 Template:Infobox_spaceflight/IP"," 4.62% 123.986 3 Template:Annotated_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.634","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":31706633,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAldrinAbraham2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartels2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatesLauderdaleKernaghan1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeardKirkpatrick2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBensonFaherty1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBilstein1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBormanSerling1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFButler1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrne.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanright2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCappellari1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmichael2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaikin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaikin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiroux2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinsAldrin1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCompton1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCortright1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunningham2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuggan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_Howell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErtelNewkirkBrooks1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEyles2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFjeld2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlavin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoust2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlen_E._Swanson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamiltonHackler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarland1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstonDietleinBerry1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstonDietleinBerryJames_f._Parker1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1995\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesGlover1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesLotzmannGloverNeedell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeilen1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKolawole2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKranz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaunius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindroos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoff2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogsdon1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogsdon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadrigal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadrigal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaksel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Space_Flight_Center1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCurdy1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeador2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMindell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMission_Evaluation_Team1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayCox1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiiler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrloff2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearlman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichhardt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichelson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSafire1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkissian2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchefter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScientific_and_Technical_Information_Branch,_National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlaytonCassutt1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStenger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodaro2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Western_Australia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUri2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteLokerson1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilford1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodsMacTaggartO\u0026#039;Brien\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodsMacTaggartO\u0026#039;Brien2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodsMacTaggartO\u0026#039;Brien2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFZeleny2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 8,\n [\"'s\"] = 8,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 3,\n [\"Apollo11series\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 10,\n [\"COSPAR\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 103,\n [\"Convert\"] = 44,\n [\"Coord\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"End date text\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox spaceflight\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox spaceflight/Dock\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox spaceflight/IP\"] = 2,\n [\"Internet Archive short film\"] = 1,\n [\"Itco\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Location mark+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location mark~\"] = 5,\n [\"Lunar coords and quad cat\"] = 1,\n [\"Lunar landers\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Moon spacecraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"NASA navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbhyph\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Orbital launches in 1969\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Project Apollo\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 166,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Shy\"] = 2,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snopes\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaceflight crew\"] = 2,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 1,\n [\"USPL\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 3,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 8,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","21.4"],["?","320","19.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","8.3"],["type","100","6.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","6.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","60","3.6"],["safe_join \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:900\u003E","40","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","40","2.4"],["[others]","360","21.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-wqgz8","timestamp":"20250214232802","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Apollo 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