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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Behaviour and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diet and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul 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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Systematics_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fossil record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Loon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5_(%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1)" title="غواص (طائر) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غواص (طائر)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaqar" title="Qaqar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaqar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%88" title="دالگیچ قۇشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دالگیچ قۇشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гагаралар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гагаралар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гагаравыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гагаравыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Гагары – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гагары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Гмуркачи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гмуркачи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splujer_(evn)" title="Splujer (evn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Splujer (evn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavia" title="Gavia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gavia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lommer" title="Lommer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lommer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naal%CA%BCee%C5%82%C3%ADdaak%C4%AF%CC%81" title="Naalʼeełídaakį́ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naalʼeełídaakį́" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaur" title="Kaur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κόλυμβος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόλυμβος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavia" title="Gavia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gavia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliota" title="Aliota – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aliota" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="غواص (پرنده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غواص (پرنده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B9%84%EC%86%8D" title="아비속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아비속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80)" title="लून (पक्षी) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लून (पक्षी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung-selam" title="Burung-selam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burung-selam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAsar_(%C3%A6tt)" title="Brúsar (ætt) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brúsar (ætt)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavia_(zoologia)" title="Gavia (zoologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gavia (zoologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%9F_(%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A3)" title="צוללן (עוף) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צוללן (עוף)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ღორიხვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღორიხვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Маймаққаздар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маймаққаздар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedher" title="Sedher – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sedher" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzamaji_(ndege)" title="Mzamaji (ndege) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mzamaji (ndege)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertoy_(Gavia)" title="Mertoy (Gavia) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Mertoy (Gavia)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B9%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Кокуйөрдөктөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кокуйөрдөктөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Тыкты – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тыкты" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%81rgales" title="Gārgales – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gārgales" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narai" title="Narai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Narai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavia" title="Gavia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gavia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="غواص – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غواص" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဒိုင်ဗာငှက်များ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒိုင်ဗာငှက်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavia_(geslacht)" title="Gavia (geslacht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gavia (geslacht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%93%E5%B1%9E" title="アビ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アビ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaralar" title="Gagaralar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gagaralar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cufundar" title="Cufundar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cufundar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Гагары – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гагары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loon" title="Loon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Loon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%A1plica" title="Potáplica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Potáplica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a 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hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of birds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Loon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Loon (disambiguation)">Loon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Divers/Loons<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a> – Recent <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">20.43–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.08523076923px; width:6.9147692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.08523076923px; width:6.9147692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:214.08523076923px; width:4.9147692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavia_immer_-Minocqua,_Wisconsin,_USA_-swimming-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gavia_immer_-Minocqua%2C_Wisconsin%2C_USA_-swimming-8.jpg/220px-Gavia_immer_-Minocqua%2C_Wisconsin%2C_USA_-swimming-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gavia_immer_-Minocqua%2C_Wisconsin%2C_USA_-swimming-8.jpg/330px-Gavia_immer_-Minocqua%2C_Wisconsin%2C_USA_-swimming-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gavia_immer_-Minocqua%2C_Wisconsin%2C_USA_-swimming-8.jpg/440px-Gavia_immer_-Minocqua%2C_Wisconsin%2C_USA_-swimming-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="1796" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">The <a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">common loon</a> (<i>Gavia immer</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Gavia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaviiformes" title="Gaviiformes">Gaviiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaviidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Coues" title="Elliott Coues">Coues</a>, 1903<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Gavia</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reinhold_Forster" title="Johann Reinhold Forster">Forster</a>, 1788</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Gavia_immer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavia immer">Gavia immer</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="#Systematics_and_evolution">5 species</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Family-level:<br /> Colymbidae <small><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Aylward_Vigors" title="Nicholas Aylward Vigors">Vigors</a>, 1825 (but see <a href="#Etymology_and_taxonomy">text</a>)</small><br /> Colymbinae <small><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Jules_Laurent_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1831 (but see <a href="#Etymology_and_taxonomy">text</a>)</small><br /> Urinatores <small><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Vieillot" title="Louis Pierre Vieillot">Vieillot</a>, 1818</small><br /> Urinatoridae <small>Vieillot, 1818</small><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2009)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /> Urinatorides <small>Vieillot, 1818</small> </p> <hr /> <p>Genus-level:<br /> <i>Colymbus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758 (but see <a href="#Etymology_and_taxonomy">text</a>)</small><br /> <i>Urinator</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_%C3%89tienne_de_la_Ville,_Comte_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Germain Étienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacépède">Lacépède</a>, 1799</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Loons</b> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>) or <b>divers</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish English</a>) are a group of aquatic <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> found in much of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. All living species of loons are members of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Gavia</b></i>, <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <b>Gaviidae</b> and <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaviiformes" title="Gaviiformes">Gaviiformes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loons, which are the size of large <a href="/wiki/Ducks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducks">ducks</a> or small <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, resemble these birds in shape when swimming. Like ducks and geese, but unlike <a href="/wiki/Coot" title="Coot">coots</a> (which are <a href="/wiki/Rallidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rallidae">Rallidae</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">grebes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Podicipedidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Podicipedidae">Podicipedidae</a>), the loon's toes are connected by <a href="/wiki/Bird_feet_and_legs#Webbing_and_lobation" title="Bird feet and legs">webbing</a>. The loons may be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a> (Phalacrocoracidae), but can be distinguished from them by their distinct call. Cormorants are not-too-distant relatives of loons, and like them are heavy-set birds whose bellies, unlike those of ducks and geese, are submerged when swimming. Loons in flight resemble plump geese with <a href="/wiki/Seagull" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagull">seagulls</a>' wings that are relatively small in proportion to their bulky bodies. The bird points its head slightly upwards while swimming, but less so than cormorants. In flight, the head droops more than in similar aquatic birds. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archibald_Thorburn_Plate_77.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1918 illustration of a variety of loons by Archibald Thorburn. Top: Common loon, Mid-left: red-throated loon, Mid-right: yellow-billed loon, Bottom: black-throated loon"><img alt="1918 illustration of a variety of loons by Archibald Thorburn. Top: Common loon, Mid-left: red-throated loon, Mid-right: yellow-billed loon, Bottom: black-throated loon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Archibald_Thorburn_Plate_77.jpg/96px-Archibald_Thorburn_Plate_77.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Archibald_Thorburn_Plate_77.jpg/144px-Archibald_Thorburn_Plate_77.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Archibald_Thorburn_Plate_77.jpg/193px-Archibald_Thorburn_Plate_77.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="2586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1918 illustration of a variety of loons by <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Thorburn" title="Archibald Thorburn">Archibald Thorburn</a>. Top: <a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">Common loon</a>, Mid-left: <a href="/wiki/Red-throated_loon" title="Red-throated loon">red-throated loon</a>, Mid-right: <a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_loon" title="Yellow-billed loon">yellow-billed loon</a>, Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Black-throated_loon" title="Black-throated loon">black-throated loon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavia_immer_-Marshfield,_Vermont,_USA_-flying-8_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common loon flying exhibiting the typical flight profile of a Gavia species"><img alt="Common loon flying exhibiting the typical flight profile of a Gavia species" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gavia_immer_-Marshfield%2C_Vermont%2C_USA_-flying-8_%285%29.jpg/120px-Gavia_immer_-Marshfield%2C_Vermont%2C_USA_-flying-8_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gavia_immer_-Marshfield%2C_Vermont%2C_USA_-flying-8_%285%29.jpg/180px-Gavia_immer_-Marshfield%2C_Vermont%2C_USA_-flying-8_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gavia_immer_-Marshfield%2C_Vermont%2C_USA_-flying-8_%285%29.jpg/240px-Gavia_immer_-Marshfield%2C_Vermont%2C_USA_-flying-8_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Common loon flying exhibiting the typical flight profile of a <i>Gavia</i> species</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plongeon_imbrin_ailes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common loon (Gavia immer) rearing up. Note the plump body and pointed but rather short wings"><img alt="Common loon (Gavia immer) rearing up. Note the plump body and pointed but rather short wings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Plongeon_imbrin_ailes.jpg/120px-Plongeon_imbrin_ailes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Plongeon_imbrin_ailes.jpg/180px-Plongeon_imbrin_ailes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Plongeon_imbrin_ailes.jpg/240px-Plongeon_imbrin_ailes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">Common loon</a> (<i>Gavia immer</i>) rearing up. Note the plump body and pointed but rather short wings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow-billed_Loon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii) in winter plumage"><img alt="Yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii) in winter plumage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Yellow-billed_Loon.jpg/120px-Yellow-billed_Loon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Yellow-billed_Loon.jpg/180px-Yellow-billed_Loon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Yellow-billed_Loon.jpg/240px-Yellow-billed_Loon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_loon" title="Yellow-billed loon">Yellow-billed loon</a> (<i>Gavia adamsii</i>) in winter plumage</div> </li> </ul> <p>Male and female loons have identical <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a>, which is largely patterned black-and-white in summer, with grey on the head and neck in some species. All have a white belly. This resembles many <a href="/wiki/Sea-duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-duck">sea-ducks</a> (Merginae) – notably the smaller <a href="/wiki/Goldeneye_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldeneye (bird)">goldeneyes</a> (<i>Bucephala</i>) – but is distinct from most cormorants, which rarely have white feathers, and if so, usually as large rounded patches rather than delicate patterns. All species of loons have a spear-shaped bill. </p><p>Males are larger on average, but relative size is only apparent when the male and female are together. In winter, plumage is dark grey above, with some indistinct lighter mottling on the wings, and a white chin, throat and underside. The specific species can then be distinguished by certain features, such as the size and colour of the head, neck, back and bill. But reliable identification of loons in winter is often difficult even for experts – particularly as the smaller immature birds look similar to winter-plumage adults, making size an unreliable means of identification.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaviiformes are among the few groups of birds in which the young <a href="/wiki/Moult" class="mw-redirect" title="Moult">moult</a> into a second coat of <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">down feathers</a> after shedding the first one, rather than growing juvenile feathers with downy tips that wear off, as is typical in many birds. This trait is also found in tubenoses (<a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> (Sphenisciformes), both relatives of the loons.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson1985_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson1985-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm/220px--Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm/Loons_Swimming_in_Wood_Lake_BC_on_a_Summer_Morning.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Loons swimming in Wood Lake, BC on a summer morning</figcaption></figure> <p>Loons are excellent swimmers, using their feet to propel themselves above and under water. However, since their feet are located far back on the body, loons have difficulty walking on land, though they can effectively run short distances to reach water when frightened. Thus, loons avoid coming to land, except for mating and nesting.<sup id="cite_ref-McIntyre1988_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIntyre1988-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loons fly strongly, though they have high <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing loading</a> (mass to wing area ratio), which complicates takeoff. Indeed, most species must run upwind across the water's surface with wings flapping to generate sufficient lift to take flight.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the <a href="/wiki/Red-throated_loon" title="Red-throated loon">red-throated loon</a> (<i>G. stellata</i>) can take off from land. Once airborne, loons are capable of long flights during migration. Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey, who have implanted satellite transmitters in some individuals, have recorded daily flights of up to 1078 km in a 24-hour period, which probably resulted from single movements.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North European loons migrate primarily via the South Baltic and directly over land to the Black Sea or Mediterranean. Loons can live as long as 30 years and can hold their breath for as long as 90 seconds while underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-Sjolander1972_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjolander1972-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjolander1976_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjolander1976-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loons are migratory birds, and in the winter months they move from their northern freshwater lake nesting habitats to southern marine coastlines. They are well-adapted to this change in salinity, however, because they have special salt glands located directly above their eyes. These glands filter out salts in their blood and flush this salty solution out through their nasal passages, which allows them to immediately consume fish from oceans and drink saltwater after their long migration. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diet and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loons find their prey by sight. They eat mainly <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, supplemented with <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and similar mid-sized aquatic <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. Specifically, they have been noted to feed on <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Frogs">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snails" class="mw-redirect" title="Snails">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders">salamanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeches" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeches">leeches</a>. They prefer clear lakes because they can more easily see their prey through the water. The loon uses its pointy bill to stab or grasp prey. They eat <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> prey headfirst to facilitate swallowing, and swallow all their prey whole. </p><p>To help digestion, loons swallow small pebbles from the bottoms of lakes. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Grit_(grain)" title="Grit (grain)">grit</a> eaten by <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, these <a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">gastroliths</a> may assist the loon's <a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a> in crushing the hard parts of the loon's food such as the <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeletons</a> of crustaceans and the bones of frogs and salamanders. The gastroliths may also be involved in stomach cleaning as an aid to regurgitation of indigestible food parts. </p><p>Loons may inadvertently ingest small <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> pellets, released by anglers and hunters, that will contribute to <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a> and the loon's eventual death. Jurisdictions that have banned the use of lead shot and sinkers include but are not limited to <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, some areas of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loons nest during the summer on freshwater lakes and/or large ponds. Smaller bodies of water (up to 0.5 km<sup>2</sup>) will usually only have one pair. Larger lakes may have more than one pair, with each pair occupying a bay or section of the lake. The red-throated loon, however, may nest colonially, several pairs close together, in small Arctic <a href="/wiki/Tarn_(lake)" title="Tarn (lake)">tarns</a> and feed at sea or in larger lakes, ferrying the food in for the young.<sup id="cite_ref-Sjolander1972_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjolander1972-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjolander1976_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjolander1976-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loons mate on land, often on the future nest site, and build their nests close to the water, preferring sites that are completely surrounded by water such as islands or emergent vegetation. Loons use a variety of materials to build their nests including aquatic vegetation, pine needles, leaves, grass, moss and mud. Sometimes, nest material is almost lacking. Both male and female build the nest and incubate jointly for 28 days. If the eggs are lost, the pair may re-nest, usually in a different location. Since the nest is very close to the water, rising water may induce the birds to slowly move the nest upwards, over a metre.<sup id="cite_ref-Sjolander1972_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjolander1972-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjolander1976_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjolander1976-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavia_immer_-Osgood_Pond,_New_York,_USA_-nest-8a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common loon on the nest"><img alt="Common loon on the nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gavia_immer_-Osgood_Pond%2C_New_York%2C_USA_-nest-8a.jpg/120px-Gavia_immer_-Osgood_Pond%2C_New_York%2C_USA_-nest-8a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gavia_immer_-Osgood_Pond%2C_New_York%2C_USA_-nest-8a.jpg/180px-Gavia_immer_-Osgood_Pond%2C_New_York%2C_USA_-nest-8a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gavia_immer_-Osgood_Pond%2C_New_York%2C_USA_-nest-8a.jpg/240px-Gavia_immer_-Osgood_Pond%2C_New_York%2C_USA_-nest-8a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="1428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Common loon on the nest</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juvenile_red_throated_diver.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juvenile red-throated loon"><img alt="Juvenile red-throated loon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Juvenile_red_throated_diver.jpg/120px-Juvenile_red_throated_diver.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Juvenile_red_throated_diver.jpg/180px-Juvenile_red_throated_diver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Juvenile_red_throated_diver.jpg/240px-Juvenile_red_throated_diver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Juvenile red-throated loon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feedingtime.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common loon feeding its young"><img alt="Common loon feeding its young" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/68/Feedingtime.jpg/120px-Feedingtime.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/68/Feedingtime.jpg/180px-Feedingtime.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/68/Feedingtime.jpg/240px-Feedingtime.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="187" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Common loon feeding its young</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Immature_loon_with_crayfish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immature common loon with crayfish"><img alt="Immature common loon with crayfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Immature_loon_with_crayfish.jpg/120px-Immature_loon_with_crayfish.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Immature_loon_with_crayfish.jpg/180px-Immature_loon_with_crayfish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Immature_loon_with_crayfish.jpg/240px-Immature_loon_with_crayfish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="893" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Immature common loon with crayfish</div> </li> </ul> <p>Despite the roughly equal participation of the sexes in nest building and incubation, analysis has shown clearly that males alone select the location of the nest. This pattern has the important consequence that male loons, but not females, establish significant site-familiarity with their territories that allows them to produce more chicks there over time. Sex-biased site-familiarity might explain, in part, why resident males fight so hard to defend their territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Piperetal2008a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piperetal2008a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)" title="Clutch (eggs)">clutches</a> consist of two eggs, which are laid in May or June, depending upon latitude. Loon chicks are <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a>, able to swim and dive right away, but will often ride on their parents' back during their first two weeks to rest, conserve heat, and avoid predators. Chicks are fed mainly by their parents for about six weeks but gradually begin to feed themselves over time. By 11 or 12 weeks, chicks gather almost all of their own food and have begun to fly.<sup id="cite_ref-Sjolander1972_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjolander1972-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjolander1976_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjolander1976-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, a necropsy of a <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a> found floating on a Maine lake (beside the floating body of a loon chick) found that the eagle had been stabbed through the heart by an adult loon's beak.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">Biologists</a>, especially from <a href="/wiki/Chapman_University" title="Chapman University">Chapman University</a>, have extensively studied the mating behaviour of the <a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">common loon</a> (<i>G. immer</i>). Contrary to popular belief, pairs seldom <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">mate for life</a>. Indeed, a typical adult loon is likely to have several mates during its lifetime because of territorial takeover. Each breeding pair must frequently defend its territory against "floaters" (territory-less adults) trying to evict at least one owner and seize the breeding site. Territories that have produced chicks in the past year are especially prone to takeovers, because nonbreeding loons use chicks as cues to indicate high-quality territories. One-third of all territorial evictions among males result in the death of the owner; in contrast, female loons usually survive. Birds that are displaced from a territory but survive usually try to re-mate and (re)claim a breeding territory later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-Piperetal2008b_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piperetal2008b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piperetal2000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piperetal2000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piperetal2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piperetal2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, a loon hatched for the first time in over a century in Southeastern Massachusetts at Fall River, the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife and Biodiversity Research Institute. The chicks were relocated in 2015 with the hopes of re-establishing breeding and nesting patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_taxonomy">Etymology and taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etymology and taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Loons.ogg" title="File:Loons.ogg">Loons calling</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="25" data-mwtitle="Loons.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Loons.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Loons.ogg/Loons.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The European Anglophone name "diver" comes from the bird's habit of catching fish by swimming calmly along the surface and then abruptly plunging into the water. The North American name "loon" likely comes from either the Old English word <i>lumme</i>, meaning <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lummox" class="extiw" title="wikt:lummox">lummox</a> or awkward person, or the Scandinavian word <i>lum</i> meaning lame or clumsy. Either way, the name refers to the loon's poor ability to walk on land.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible derivation is from the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> word <i>lom</i> for these birds, which comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i> lómr</i>, possibly cognate with English "lament", referring to the characteristic plaintive sound of the loon.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scientific name <i>Gavia</i> refers to seabirds in general.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> <i>Gavia</i> was the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term for the <a href="/wiki/Smew" title="Smew">smew</a> (<i>Mergellus albellus</i>). This small sea-duck is quite unrelated to loons and just happens to be another black-and-white seabird which swims and dives for fish. It is not likely that the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">ancient Romans</a> had much knowledge of loons, as these are limited to more northern <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> and since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> seem to have occurred only as rare winter migrants in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arnott1964_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnott1964-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>gavia</i> was transferred from the ducks to the loons only in the 18th century. Earlier <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalists</a> referred to the loons as <i>mergus</i> (the Latin term for diving seabirds of all sorts) or <i>colymbus</i>, which became the genus name used in the first modern scientific description of a <i>Gavia</i> species (by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>) in 1758. Unfortunately, confusion about whether Linnaeus' "<a href="/wiki/Wastebin_genus" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastebin genus">wastebin genus</a>" <i>Colymbus</i> referred to loons or grebes abounded. North American <a href="/wiki/Ornithologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithologist">ornithologists</a> used the genus name to refer to grebes, while Europeans used it for loons, following <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Aylward_Vigors" title="Nicholas Aylward Vigors">Nicholas Aylward Vigors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bowdler_Sharpe" title="Richard Bowdler Sharpe">Richard Bowdler Sharpe</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</a> tried to settle this issue in 1956 by declaring <i>Colymbus</i> a suppressed name unfit for further use and establishing <i>Gavia</i>, created by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reinhold_Forster" title="Johann Reinhold Forster">Johann Reinhold Forster</a> in 1788, as the valid genus name for the loons. However, the situation was not completely resolved even then, and the following year the ICZN had to act again to prevent <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Vieillot" title="Louis Pierre Vieillot">Louis Pierre Vieillot</a>'s 1818 almost-forgotten family name Urinatoridae from overruling the much younger Gaviidae. Some eminent ornithologists such as <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brodkorb" title="Pierce Brodkorb">Pierce Brodkorb</a> tried to keep the debate alive, but the ICZN's solution has been satisfactory.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnott1964_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnott1964-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus1758_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus1758-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICZN_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICZN-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematics_and_evolution">Systematics and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Systematics and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All living species are placed in the genus <i>Gavia</i>. It has been suggested that the genus <i>Gavia</i> originated in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>. The earliest species, <i>G. egeriana</i>, was found in <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">early Miocene</a> deposits in <a href="/wiki/Dolnice" title="Dolnice">Dolnice</a> in the Czech Republic. During the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, <i>Gavia</i> managed to disperse into North America via the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> coastlines, eventually making their way to the continent's <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a> coastlines by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-M98_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M98-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Study of the interrelationships of the extant species has found that the red-throated loons are the most basal of the five species.<sup id="cite_ref-Boertmann90_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boertmann90-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Gavia stellata</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>G. arctica</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>G. pacifica</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>G. immer</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>G. adamsii</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram of the extant <i>Gavia</i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Boertmann90_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boertmann90-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Lineage </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;">Basal lineage </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-throated_Loon_(Gavia_stellata)_-_Summer_plumage_breeding_adult2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Red-throated_Loon_%28Gavia_stellata%29_-_Summer_plumage_breeding_adult2.jpg/120px-Red-throated_Loon_%28Gavia_stellata%29_-_Summer_plumage_breeding_adult2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Red-throated_Loon_%28Gavia_stellata%29_-_Summer_plumage_breeding_adult2.jpg/180px-Red-throated_Loon_%28Gavia_stellata%29_-_Summer_plumage_breeding_adult2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Red-throated_Loon_%28Gavia_stellata%29_-_Summer_plumage_breeding_adult2.jpg/240px-Red-throated_Loon_%28Gavia_stellata%29_-_Summer_plumage_breeding_adult2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red-throated_loon" title="Red-throated loon">Red-throated loon</a> or red-throated diver,<br /><i>Gavia stellata</i> </td> <td>Northern hemisphere generally north of 50°, inland in summer and in coastal areas in winter as far south as Florida and southern China<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Black-throated lineage </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavia_arctica_EM1B1934_(48009481846).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gavia_arctica_EM1B1934_%2848009481846%29.jpg/120px-Gavia_arctica_EM1B1934_%2848009481846%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gavia_arctica_EM1B1934_%2848009481846%29.jpg/180px-Gavia_arctica_EM1B1934_%2848009481846%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gavia_arctica_EM1B1934_%2848009481846%29.jpg/240px-Gavia_arctica_EM1B1934_%2848009481846%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="1588" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black-throated_loon" title="Black-throated loon">Black-throated loon</a>, Arctic loon, or black-throated diver, <br /><i>Gavia arctica</i> </td> <td>Northern Europe and Asia, breeding inland and wintering on Atlantic and Pacific coasts<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PacificLoon24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PacificLoon24.jpg/120px-PacificLoon24.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PacificLoon24.jpg/180px-PacificLoon24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PacificLoon24.jpg/240px-PacificLoon24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="663" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_loon" title="Pacific loon">Pacific loon</a> or Pacific diver, <br /><i>Gavia pacifica</i> (formerly in <i>G. arctica</i>) </td> <td>northern Canada and eastern Siberia, and winters along the Pacific coast of North America </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Black-headed lineage </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CommonLoon-1APR2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CommonLoon-1APR2017.jpg/120px-CommonLoon-1APR2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CommonLoon-1APR2017.jpg/180px-CommonLoon-1APR2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CommonLoon-1APR2017.jpg/240px-CommonLoon-1APR2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4114" data-file-height="2565" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">Common loon</a>, or great northern diver, <br /> <i>Gavia immer</i> </td> <td>coasts and lakes of Canada and the US as far south as Mexico, and on the Atlantic coast of Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow-billed_Loon_Chipp_South_8-12-13_Ryan_Askren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yellow-billed_Loon_Chipp_South_8-12-13_Ryan_Askren.jpg/120px-Yellow-billed_Loon_Chipp_South_8-12-13_Ryan_Askren.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yellow-billed_Loon_Chipp_South_8-12-13_Ryan_Askren.jpg/180px-Yellow-billed_Loon_Chipp_South_8-12-13_Ryan_Askren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yellow-billed_Loon_Chipp_South_8-12-13_Ryan_Askren.jpg/240px-Yellow-billed_Loon_Chipp_South_8-12-13_Ryan_Askren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_loon" title="Yellow-billed loon">Yellow-billed loon</a> or white-billed diver, <br /><i>Gavia adamsii</i> </td> <td>Russia, Canada and the United States, Mexico and Spain. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fossil record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i>Gavia egeriana</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i>G. schultzi</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i>G. howardae</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>G. stellata</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i>G. brodkorbi</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i>G. paradoxa</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i>G. moldavica</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i>G. concinna</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>G. arctica</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>G. pacifica</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i>G. fortis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>G. adamsii</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>G. immer</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram of the <i>Gavia</i> species with the inclusion of fossil species.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson&Rasmussen2001_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson&Rasmussen2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> Nearly ten prehistoric species have been named to date in the genus <i>Gavia</i>, and about as many undescribed ones await further study. The genus is known from the Early Miocene onwards, and the oldest members are rather small (some are smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Red-throated_loon" title="Red-throated loon">red-throated loon</a>). Throughout the late <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a>, the genus by and large follows <a href="/wiki/Cope%27s_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Cope's Rule">Cope's Rule</a> (that population lineages tend to increase in body size over evolutionary time). </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavia_fossil_Vienna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gavia_fossil_Vienna.jpg/220px-Gavia_fossil_Vienna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gavia_fossil_Vienna.jpg/330px-Gavia_fossil_Vienna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gavia_fossil_Vienna.jpg/440px-Gavia_fossil_Vienna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Fossil of <i><a href="/wiki/Gavia_schultzi" title="Gavia schultzi">G. schultzi</a></i> in Vienna</figcaption></figure> <p><b>List of fossil <i>Gavia</i> species</b> </p> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Gavia_brodkorbi" title="Gavia brodkorbi">G. brodkorbi</a></i> <small>Howard, 1978</small> (Late Miocene of Orange County, United States)</li> <li>†<i>G. concinna</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wetmore" title="Alexander Wetmore">Wetmore</a>, 1940</small> (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of west and east United States)</li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Gavia_egeriana" title="Gavia egeriana">G. egeriana</a></i> <small>Švec, 1982</small> (Early Miocene of Czechoslovakia ?and Cheswold, Delaware, United States –? Yorktown Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, United States)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Gavia_fortis" title="Gavia fortis">G. fortis</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Storrs_Olson" class="mw-redirect" title="Storrs Olson">Olson</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen" title="Pamela C. Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a>, 2001</small> (Yorktown Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, United States)<sup id="cite_ref-Olson&Rasmussen2001_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson&Rasmussen2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Gavia_howardae" title="Gavia howardae">G. howardae</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brodkorb" title="Pierce Brodkorb">Brodkorb</a>, 1953</small> (<a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Formation" title="San Diego Formation">San Diego Formation</a>, California<sup id="cite_ref-Brodkorb1953_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodkorb1953-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Yorktown Formation, North Carolina<sup id="cite_ref-Olson&Rasmussen2001_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson&Rasmussen2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Gavia_moldavica" title="Gavia moldavica">G. moldavica</a></i> <small>Kessler, 1984</small> (Late Miocene of Chişinău, Moldova)<sup id="cite_ref-milkovsky2002-64_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milkovsky2002-64-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i>G. palaeodytes</i> <small>Wetmore, 1943</small> (Bone Valley Early/Middle Pliocene of Pierce, Florida, United States)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i>G. paradoxa</i> <small>Umanska, 1981</small> (Late Miocene of Čebotarevka, Ukraine)<sup id="cite_ref-milkovsky2002-64_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milkovsky2002-64-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Gavia_schultzi" title="Gavia schultzi">G. schultzi</a></i> <small>Mlíkovský, 1998</small> (Middle Miocene of Sankt Margarethen, Austria)<sup id="cite_ref-M98_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M98-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>List of fossil <i>Gavia</i> specimens</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Gavia</i> sp. (Early-Middle Miocene of eastern United States)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gavia</i> sp. (Calvert Middle Miocene ?or Pleistocene of Maryland, United States) – same as <i>Gavia</i> cf. <i>immer</i> below?<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gavia</i> spp. (Middle Miocene of Steinheim, Germany) – three species<sup id="cite_ref-milkovsky2002-64_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milkovsky2002-64-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gavia</i> sp. (Early Pliocene of Empoli, Italy)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gavia</i> sp. (Early Pliocene of Kerč Peninsula, Ukraine)<sup id="cite_ref-milkovsky2002-64_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milkovsky2002-64-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gavia</i> cf. <i>concinna</i> (San Diego Middle/Late<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliocene of San Diego, California, United States) – two species?<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gavia</i> sp. (Early Pleistocene of Kairy, Ukraine)<sup id="cite_ref-milkovsky2002-64_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milkovsky2002-64-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gavia</i> cf. <i>immer</i> (Pleistocene of California and Florida, United States) – possibly a <i>G. immer</i> <a href="/wiki/Paleosubspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosubspecies">paleosubspecies</a><sup id="cite_ref-b53_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b53-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>"Gavia" portisi</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pliocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Pliocene">Late Pliocene</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orciano_Pisano" title="Orciano Pisano">Orciano Pisano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, is known from a <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical vertebra">cervical vertebra</a> that may or may not have been from a loon. If so, it was from a bird slightly smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">common loon</a>. Older authors were quite sure the bone was indeed from a <i>Gavia</i> and even considered <i>G. concinna</i> a possibly <a href="/wiki/Junior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior synonym">junior synonym</a> of it. This is now regarded as rather unlikely due to the quite distinct range and age. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Pliocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Pliocene">Early Pliocene</a> <i>Gavia</i> skull from <a href="/wiki/Empoli" title="Empoli">Empoli</a> (Italy) was referred to <i>G. concinna</i>, and thus could conceivably have been of <i>"G." portisi</i> if that was indeed a loon. The <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> vertebra may now be lost, which would make <i>"G." portisi</i> a <i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">nomen dubium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-b53_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b53-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Various Indigenous myths from the <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> region have a recurring figure, Loon or Loon Woman, based on the <a href="/wiki/Common_loon#Relationship_with_humans" title="Common loon">common loon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> believe that loon cries forecast rain. <a href="/wiki/Silver_Bay_(Alaska)" title="Silver Bay (Alaska)">Gaǥeit</a> is named after the common loon (<i>kagit</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">common loon</a> is the provincial bird of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and is depicted on the Canadian one-dollar coin, which has come to be known affectionately as the "<a href="/wiki/Loonie" title="Loonie">loonie</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The common loon is the official state bird of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer,_Wisconsin" title="Mercer, Wisconsin">Mercer, Wisconsin</a>, promotes itself as the "Loon Capital of the World".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> describes a playful and inspiring acquaintance with a loon on <a href="/wiki/Walden_Pond" title="Walden Pond">Walden Pond</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Loons" title="Great Lakes Loons">Great Lakes Loons</a> are a minor-league professional baseball team based in <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Michigan" title="Midland, Michigan">Midland, Michigan</a>, United States. The primary mascot is Lou E. Loon.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation" title="Warner Bros. Animation">Warner Bros.</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amblin_Entertainment" title="Amblin Entertainment">Amblin</a> cartoon <a href="/wiki/Tiny_Toon_Adventures" title="Tiny Toon Adventures">Tiny Toon Adventures</a> features Shirley the Loon, who speaks with a thick Valley girl accent and is obsessed with superficial New Age paraphernalia. She is voiced by <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a> cast member <a href="/wiki/Gail_Matthius" title="Gail Matthius">Gail Matthius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> club <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_United_FC" title="Minnesota United FC">Minnesota United FC</a> use a loon in the club's crest, and as a nickname for the team.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thanks to its inclusion as a preset in the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator" title="E-mu Emulator">E-mu Emulator</a>, a specific sample of a Canadian loon, notably heard in "<a href="/wiki/Sue%C3%B1o_Latino" title="Sueño Latino">Sueño Latino</a>" (1989) and in <a href="/wiki/808_State" title="808 State">808 State</a>’s "<a href="/wiki/Pacific_State_(song)" title="Pacific State (song)">Pacific State</a>" (1989), has become a recurring motif in electronic-based popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMelville,_RVSmith,_JDD1987" class="citation book cs1">Melville, RV; Smith, JDD, eds. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/officiallistsind00inte#page/16/mode/1up"><i>Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology</i></a>. ICZN. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Lists+and+Indexes+of+Names+and+Works+in+Zoology&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=ICZN&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fofficiallistsind00inte%23page%2F16%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleby,_R.H.Steve_C._MadgeMullarney,_Killian1986" class="citation journal cs1">Appleby, R.H.; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Madge" title="Steve Madge">Steve C. 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"Identification of divers in immature and winter plumages". <i><a href="/wiki/British_Birds_(magazine)" title="British Birds (magazine)">British Birds</a></i>. <b>79</b> (8): 365–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Birds&rft.atitle=Identification+of+divers+in+immature+and+winter+plumages&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=365-91&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Appleby%2C+R.H.&rft.au=Steve+C.+Madge&rft.au=Mullarney%2C+Killian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson1985-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olson1985_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Olson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Storrs_Olson" class="mw-redirect" title="Storrs Olson">Olson, Storrs L.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/6553/1/VZ_167_Fossil_Record_of_Birds.pdf">"Section X.I. Gaviiformes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Farner, D.S.; King, J.R.; Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.). <i>Avian Biology</i>. Vol. 8. pp. 212–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+X.I.+Gaviiformes&rft.btitle=Avian+Biology&rft.pages=212-14&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Olson%2C+Storrs+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsi-pddr.si.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10088%2F6553%2F1%2FVZ_167_Fossil_Record_of_Birds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McIntyre1988-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McIntyre1988_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre1988" class="citation book cs1">McIntyre, Judith W. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commonloon00judi/"><i>The common loon : spirit of northern lakes</i></a> (2nd ed.). 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Marshall Cavendish. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761477754" title="Special:BookSources/9780761477754"><bdi>9780761477754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+the+World&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780761477754&rft.aulast=Mobley&rft.aufirst=Jason+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=loon">"loon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=loon&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dloon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northland.edu/sigurd-olson-environmental-institute-loon-watch-FAQs.htm">LoonWatch – Loon FAQs|Northland College</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813212243/http://www.northland.edu/sigurd-olson-environmental-institute-loon-watch-FAQs.htm">Archived</a> 2010-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brodkorb1963">Brodkorb (1963: pp. 223–24)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnott1964-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnott1964_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnott1964_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnott,_W.G.1964" class="citation journal cs1">Arnott, W.G. (1964). "Notes on <i>Gavia</i> and <i>Mergvs</i> in Latin Authors". <i>Classical Quarterly</i>. New Series. <b>14</b> (2): 249–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800023806">10.1017/S0009838800023806</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/637729">637729</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170648873">170648873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Gavia+and+Mergvs+in+Latin+Authors&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249-62&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170648873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F637729%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800023806&rft.au=Arnott%2C+W.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linnaeus1758-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linnaeus1758_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758): 68.1. <i>Colymbus arcticus. In: <a href="/wiki/Systema_naturae" class="mw-redirect" title="Systema naturae">Systema naturae</a> per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i> (10th ed., vol. 1): 190 [Latin book]. Lars Salvius, Stockholm ("Holmius"). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=265100">Digitized version</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICZN-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICZN_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature_(ICZN)1957–58" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN) (1957–58). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulletinofzoolog15inte">"The family-group names "Gaviidae" Coues, 1903 and "Urinatoridae" (correction of "Urinatores)" Vieillot, 1818 (Class Aves) – "Opinion" 401 and "Direction" 75"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature</i>. <b>15A</b>: 147–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=The+family-group+names+%22Gaviidae%22+Coues%2C+1903+and+%22Urinatoridae%22+%28correction+of+%22Urinatores%29%22+Vieillot%2C+1818+%28Class+Aves%29+%E2%80%93+%22Opinion%22+401+and+%22Direction%22+75&rft.volume=15A&rft.pages=147-48&rft.date=1957%2F1958&rft.au=International+Commission+on+Zoological+Nomenclature+%28ICZN%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbulletinofzoolog15inte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brodkorb1963">Brodkorb (1963: p. 223)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M98-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M98_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M98_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMlíkovský1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mlíkovský, Jiří (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://verlag.nhm-wien.ac.at/pdfs/99A_331339_Mlikovsky.pdf">"A new loon (Aves: Gaviidae) from the middle Miocene of Austria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A</i>: 331–339.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+des+Naturhistorischen+Museums+in+Wien%2C+Serie+A&rft.atitle=A+new+loon+%28Aves%3A+Gaviidae%29+from+the+middle+Miocene+of+Austria&rft.pages=331-339&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Ml%C3%ADkovsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fverlag.nhm-wien.ac.at%2Fpdfs%2F99A_331339_Mlikovsky.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boertmann90-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boertmann90_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boertmann90_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoertmann,_D.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Boertmann, D. (1990). "Phylogeny of the divers, family Gaviidae (Aves)". <i>Steenstrupia</i>. <b>16</b>: 21–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steenstrupia&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+the+divers%2C+family+Gaviidae+%28Aves%29&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=21-36&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Boertmann%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697829/131942584">"Red-throated Loon: <i>Gavia stellata</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2018</b>: e.T22697829A131942584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697829A131942584.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697829A131942584.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Red-throated+Loon%3A+Gavia+stellata&rft.volume=2018&rft.pages=e.T22697829A131942584&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697829A131942584.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22697829%2F131942584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2018" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697834/132606505">"<i>Gavia arctica</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2018</b>: e.T22697834A132606505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697834A132606505.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697834A132606505.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Gavia+arctica&rft.volume=2018&rft.pages=e.T22697834A132606505&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697834A132606505.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22697834%2F132606505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson&Rasmussen2001-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson&Rasmussen2001_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson&Rasmussen2001_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson&Rasmussen2001_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonRasmussen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, S. L.; Rasmussen, P. C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/351988">"Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology</i>. <b>90</b>: 233–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00810266.90.233">10.5479/si.00810266.90.233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Contributions+to+Paleobiology&rft.atitle=Miocene+and+Pliocene+birds+from+the+Lee+Creek+Mine%2C+North+Carolina.&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=233-365&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.00810266.90.233&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F351988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A small loon, smaller than <i>G. howardae</i>: <a href="#Olson">Olson (1985: pp. 213–214)</a>, <a href="#Rasmussen">Rasmussen (1998)</a>, <a href="#Mlikovsky">Mlíkovský (2002: p. 63)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brodkorb1953-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brodkorb1953_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodkorb1953" class="citation journal cs1">Brodkorb, P. (1953). "A review of the Pliocene loons". <i>The Condor</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 211–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1364769">10.2307/1364769</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1364769">1364769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+Pliocene+loons.&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=211-214&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1364769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1364769%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brodkorb&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-milkovsky2002-64-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-milkovsky2002-64_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-milkovsky2002-64_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-milkovsky2002-64_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-milkovsky2002-64_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-milkovsky2002-64_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mlikovsky">Mlíkovský (2002: p. 64)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known from a few limb bones. Roughly similar in size to <a href="/wiki/Pacific_loon" title="Pacific loon">Pacific loon</a>, but proportions seem to differ and apparently not close to any living species except maybe <a href="/wiki/Red-throated_loon" title="Red-throated loon">red-throated loon</a>: <a href="#Brodkorb1953">Brodkorb (1953)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A tiny loon, smaller and more delicate than even the <a href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatric</a> contemporary <i>G. egeriana</i>-like birds. Probably a distinct species – <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> in loons is not very pronounced: <a href="#Rasmussen">Rasmussen (1998)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/USNM" class="mw-redirect" title="USNM">USNM</a> 16612, <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distal</a> right <a href="/wiki/Tibiotarsus" title="Tibiotarsus">tibiotarsus</a>. Smaller than <a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">common loon</a>; the polished-bone look and large size of the specimen makes a Miocene origin rather unlikely: Wetmore (1941), <a href="#Olson">Olson (1985: p. 214)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known from a skull very similar to the <a href="/wiki/Black-throated_loon" title="Black-throated loon">black-throated loon</a>. Initially assigned to <i>G. concinna</i>, but this is not very likely: <a href="#Mlikovsky">Mlíkovský (2002: p. 64)</a>, and see also at <i>"Gavia" portisi</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBRODKORB1953" class="citation web cs1">BRODKORB, PIERCE (July 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v055n04/p0211-p0214.pdf">"A REVIEW OF THE PLIOCENE LOONS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Searchable Ornothological Research Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Searchable+Ornothological+Research+Archive&rft.atitle=A+REVIEW+OF+THE+PLIOCENE+LOONS&rft.date=1953-07&rft.aulast=BRODKORB&rft.aufirst=PIERCE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv055n04%2Fp0211-p0214.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Initially in part (specimens <a href="/wiki/LACM" class="mw-redirect" title="LACM">LACM</a> 2110, 2142) assigned to <i>G. concinna</i>, but apparently one or two undescribed smaller species, about the size of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_loon" title="Pacific loon">Pacific loon</a>: <a href="#Brodkorb1953">Brodkorb (1953)</a>, <a href="#Mlikovsky">Mlíkovský (2002: p. 64)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b53-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b53_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b53_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brodkorb1953">Brodkorb (1953)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brodkorb1963">Brodkorb (1963: p. 224)</a>, <a href="#Mlikovsky">Mlíkovský (2002: pp. 64, 256–57)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemetracopoulou,_D.1933" class="citation journal cs1">Demetracopoulou, D. (1933). "The Loon Woman Myth: A Study in Synthesis". <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>46</b> (180): 101–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F535774">10.2307/535774</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/535774">535774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Loon+Woman+Myth%3A+A+Study+in+Synthesis&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=180&rft.pages=101-128&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F535774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F535774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Demetracopoulou%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTidemannGosler2010" class="citation book cs1">Tidemann, Sonia; Gosler, Andrew, eds. (2010). <i>Ethno-ornithology: Birds, Indigenous Peoples, Culture and Society</i>. London: Earthscan. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-783-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-783-0"><bdi>978-1-84407-783-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethno-ornithology%3A+Birds%2C+Indigenous+Peoples%2C+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84407-783-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, Barry D. (2004): <i>Across The Land: A Canadian Journey Of Discovery</i>. Trafford Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4120-2276-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4120-2276-2">1-4120-2276-2</a>, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrichs, Ann (2003): <i>Minnesota</i>. Compass Point Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7565-0315-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7565-0315-9">0-7565-0315-9</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moran, Mark; Sceurman, Mark; Godfrey, Linda S. & Hendricks, Richard D. (2005): <i>Weird Wisconsin: Your Travel Guide to Wisconsin's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets</i>. Sterling Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-5944-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-5944-8">0-7607-5944-8</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">chapter "Brute Neighbors"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2013" class="citation news cs1">Gonzalez, John (August 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2013/08/experience_michigan_the_great.html">"Experience Michigan: The Great Lakes Loons fans go bonkers for mascots Rall E. Camel and Lou E. Loon!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Booth_Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Booth Newspapers">Booth Newspapers</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Experience+Michigan%3A+The+Great+Lakes+Loons+fans+go+bonkers+for+mascots+Rall+E.+Camel+and+Lou+E.+Loon%21&rft.date=2013-08-11&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fentertainment%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F08%2Fexperience_michigan_the_great.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098929/fullcredits"><i>Tiny Toon Adventures (TV Series 1990â€"1995)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiny+Toon+Adventures+%28TV+Series+1990%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%221995%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0098929%2Ffullcredits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Vaque2016" class="citation news cs1">La Vaque, David (October 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-united-to-donate-portion-of-2017-season-ticket-purchases-to-help-loons/398911731/">"Minnesota United to donate portion of 2017 season ticket purchases to help loons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Star-Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star-Tribune">Star-Tribune</a></i>. Minneapolis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star-Tribune&rft.atitle=Minnesota+United+to+donate+portion+of+2017+season+ticket+purchases+to+help+loons&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft.aulast=La+Vaque&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fminnesota-united-to-donate-portion-of-2017-season-ticket-purchases-to-help-loons%2F398911731%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Shurburne2014" class="citation web cs1">Philip Shurburne (8 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/474-anaconda-pacific-state-sueno-latino-and-the-story-of-a-sample-that-keeps-coming-back/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Anaconda", "Pacific State", "Sueño Latino", and the Story of a Sample That Keeps Coming Back"</a>. <i>Pitchfork</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=%22Anaconda%22%2C+%22Pacific+State%22%2C+%22Sue%C3%B1o+Latino%22%2C+and+the+Story+of+a+Sample+That+Keeps+Coming+Back&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft.au=Philip+Shurburne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Fthepitch%2F474-anaconda-pacific-state-sueno-latino-and-the-story-of-a-sample-that-keeps-coming-back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/people/classic-tracks-808-state-pacific-state">"Classic Tracks: 808 State 'Pacific State'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Soundonsound.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soundonsound.com&rft.atitle=Classic+Tracks%3A+808+State+%27Pacific+State%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fpeople%2Fclassic-tracks-808-state-pacific-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brodkorb1953" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brodkorb" title="Pierce Brodkorb">Brodkorb, Pierce</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v055n04/p0211-p0214.pdf">"A Review of the Pliocene Loons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Condor_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condor (journal)">Condor</a></i>. <b>55</b> (4): 211–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1364769">10.2307/1364769</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1364769">1364769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+the+Pliocene+Loons&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=211-14&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1364769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1364769%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Brodkorb%2C+Pierce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv055n04%2Fp0211-p0214.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brodkorb1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brodkorb" title="Pierce Brodkorb">Brodkorb, Pierce</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fulltext10.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00001514&format=pdf">"Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes)"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 179–293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Florida+State+Museum%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Catalogue+of+fossil+birds.+Part+1+%28Archaeopterygiformes+through+Ardeiformes%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=179-293&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Brodkorb%2C+Pierce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffulltext10.fcla.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Dfeol%26idno%3DUF00001514%26format%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mayr2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mayr, Gerald (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100426/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/colymboides.pdf">"A partial skeleton of a new fossil loon (Aves, Gaviiformes) from the early Oligocene of Germany with preserved stomach content"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ornithology" title="Journal of Ornithology">J. Ornithol.</a></i> <b>145</b> (4): 281–86. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JOrn..145..281M">2004JOrn..145..281M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10336-004-0050-9">10.1007/s10336-004-0050-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1070943">1070943</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/colymboides.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Ornithol.&rft.atitle=A+partial+skeleton+of+a+new+fossil+loon+%28Aves%2C+Gaviiformes%29+from+the+early+Oligocene+of+Germany+with+preserved+stomach+content&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=281-86&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1070943%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10336-004-0050-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JOrn..145..281M&rft.au=Mayr%2C+Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senckenberg.de%2Ffiles%2Fcontent%2Fforschung%2Fabteilung%2Fterrzool%2Fornithologie%2Fcolymboides.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mayr2009" class="citation book cs1">Mayr, Gerald (2009). <i>Paleogene Fossil Birds</i>. Heidelberg/New York: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-89627-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-89627-2"><bdi>978-3-540-89627-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paleogene+Fossil+Birds&rft.place=Heidelberg%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-540-89627-2&rft.au=Mayr%2C+Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mlikovsky" class="citation book cs1">Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf"><i>Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Prague: Ninox Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cenozoic+Birds+of+the+World%2C+Part+1%3A+Europe&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Ninox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Ml%C3%ADkovsk%C3%BD%2C+Jir%C3%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nm.cz%2Fdownload%2FJML-18-2002-CBE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks (Montana FW&P) (2007): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206134020/http://fwp.mt.gov/fieldguide/detail_ABNBA01030.aspx">Animal Field Guide: Common Loon</a>; retrieved 2007-05-12.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Olson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Storrs_Olson" class="mw-redirect" title="Storrs Olson">Olson, Storrs L.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/6553/1/VZ_167_Fossil_Record_of_Birds.pdf">"Section X.I. Gaviiformes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Farner, D.S.; King, J.R.; Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.). <i>Avian Biology</i>. Vol. 8. pp. 212–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+X.I.+Gaviiformes&rft.btitle=Avian+Biology&rft.pages=212-14&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Olson%2C+Storrs+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsi-pddr.si.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10088%2F6553%2F1%2FVZ_167_Fossil_Record_of_Birds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rasmussen" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen" title="Pamela C. Rasmussen">Rasmussen, Pamela C.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213717/http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/pollack/pdf/fossil_site/pollack_144-146.pdf">"Early Miocene Avifauna from the Pollack Farm Site, Delaware"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Delaware Geological Survey Special Publication</i>. <b>21</b>: 149–51. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/pollack/pdf/fossil_site/pollack_144-146.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Delaware+Geological+Survey+Special+Publication&rft.atitle=Early+Miocene+Avifauna+from+the+Pollack+Farm+Site%2C+Delaware&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=149-51&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Pamela+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deldot.gov%2Farchaeology%2Fpollack%2Fpdf%2Ffossil_site%2Fpollack_144-146.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprengelmeyer2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Sprengelmeyer, Quentin D (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.nmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=theses"><i>A PHYLOGENETIC REEVALUATION OF THE GENUS GAVIA (AVES: GAVIIFORMES) USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING</i></a> (Thesis). Northern Michigan University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+PHYLOGENETIC+REEVALUATION+OF+THE+GENUS+GAVIA+%28AVES%3A+GAVIIFORMES%29+USING+NEXT-GENERATION+SEQUENCING&rft.inst=Northern+Michigan+University&rft.date=2014-04&rft.aulast=Sprengelmeyer&rft.aufirst=Quentin+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.nmu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1017%26context%3Dtheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorer,_Robert_W.1956" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Storer" title="Robert W. Storer">Storer, Robert W.</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v058n06/p0413-p0426.pdf">"The Fossil Loon, <i>Colymboides minutus</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Condor_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condor (journal)">Condor</a></i>. <b>58</b> (6): 413–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1365096">10.2307/1365096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1365096">1365096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.atitle=The+Fossil+Loon%2C+Colymboides+minutus&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=413-426&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1365096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1365096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Storer%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv058n06%2Fp0413-p0426.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetmore,_Alexander1941" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wetmore" title="Alexander Wetmore">Wetmore, Alexander</a> (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v058n04/p0567-p0567.pdf">"An Unknown Loon from the Miocene Fossil Beds of Maryland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Auk_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auk (journal)">Auk</a></i>. <b>58</b> (4): 567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4078641">10.2307/4078641</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4078641">4078641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auk&rft.atitle=An+Unknown+Loon+from+the+Miocene+Fossil+Beds+of+Maryland&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=567&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4078641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4078641%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wetmore%2C+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv058n04%2Fp0567-p0567.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> (USFWS) (2005): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711002115/http://www.fws.gov/midwest/seney/documents/Loonupdatejun05.pdf">Common Loons at Seney NWR (June 2005)</a>, fws.gov; accessed July 6, 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordings">Recordings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Voices of the Loon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Lurtsema" title="Robert J. Lurtsema">Robert J. Lurtsema</a>, narrator. recorded by William E. Barklow. North American Loon Fund/<a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a>. (1980)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loon" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:loon">loon</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gavia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gavia">Gavia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gaviidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gaviidae">Gaviidae</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolweb.org/Gaviidae/26386">Tree of Life Gaviidae</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318044737/http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/loon/identification.html">Loon sounds</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/divers-gaviidae">Loon videos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903205845/http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/divers-gaviidae">Archived</a> 2011-09-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the Internet Bird Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loonproject.org/">The Loon Project website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loon.org/">Loon Preservation Committee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscidivingbirds/"><i>Diving Birds of North America</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnsgard" title="Paul Johnsgard">Paul Johnsgard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.ca/film/loon_dreaming/"><i>Loon Dreaming</i></a> - an animated short from the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Loons" title="Template:Loons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Loons" title="Template talk:Loons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Loons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Loons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Loons_or_divers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Loons or divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Order</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gaviiformes" title="Gaviiformes">Gaviiformes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a>: Gaviidae, <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a>: <i>Gavia</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-throated_loon" title="Black-throated loon">Black-throated loon (Arctic loon or black-throated diver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">Common loon (great northern diver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_loon" title="Pacific loon">Pacific loon (Pacific diver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-throated_loon" title="Red-throated loon">Red-throated loon (red-throated diver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_loon" title="Yellow-billed loon">Yellow-billed loon (white-billed diver)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birds_(class:_Aves)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds" title="Template:Birds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds" title="Template talk:Birds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birds_(class:_Aves)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>: Aves)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_birds" title="Outline of birds">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">Beak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_brain" title="Avian brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)#Birds" title="Crop (anatomy)">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyly#bird_digits" title="Dactyly">Dactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_egg" title="Bird egg">Eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">Preen gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">Plumage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird behaviour">Behaviour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_intelligence" title="Bird intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_foraging" title="Avian foraging">Foraging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_birds" title="Sexual selection in birds">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">Lek mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_breeding_behavior" title="Seabird breeding behavior">Seabird breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_incubation#Avian_incubation" title="Egg incubation">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">Brood parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">Nesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hybrid" title="Bird hybrid">Hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Origin of flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Evolution of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_bird_genera" title="List of fossil bird genera">Fossil birds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivoropterygidae" title="Omnivoropterygidae">Omnivoropterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeholornithidae" title="Jeholornithidae">Jeholornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Confuciusornithiformes">Confuciusornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyangiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoyangiformes">Chaoyangiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagopterygiformes" title="Patagopterygiformes">Patagopterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiortiformes" title="Ambiortiformes">Ambiortiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songlingornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Songlingornithiformes">Songlingornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshanornithidae" title="Hongshanornithidae">Hongshanornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansus" title="Gansus">Gansuiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornithes" title="Ichthyornithes">Ichthyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperornithes" title="Hesperornithes">Hesperornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithornithidae" title="Lithornithidae">Lithornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">Dinornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">Aepyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastornithiformes" title="Gastornithiformes">Gastornithiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human <br />interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">Ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">Ornithomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_collections" title="Bird collections">Bird collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_feeding" title="Bird feeding">Bird feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imping" title="Imping">Imping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oology" title="Oology">Egg collecting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds" title="List of birds">Families and orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bird_genera" title="List of bird genera">Genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Glossary of bird terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population" title="List of birds by population">List by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_birds_by_region" title="Lists of birds by region">Lists by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_bird_species_since_1500" title="List of extinct bird species since 1500">Extinct species since 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_bird_species" title="List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species">Late Quaternary prehistoric birds</a></li> <li>Notable birds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_birds" title="List of individual birds">individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_birds" title="List of fictional birds">fictional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neornithes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neornithes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palaeognathae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struthionidae" title="Struthionidae">Struthioniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(ostriches)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheidae" title="Rheidae">Rheiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(rheas)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">Tinamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tinamous)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">Apterygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kiwis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(emus and cassowaries)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">N<br />e<br />o<br />g<br />n<br />a<br />t<br />h<br />a<br />e</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Galloanserae_(fowls)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">G<br />a<br />l<br />l<br />o<br />a<br />n<br />s<br />e<br />r<br />a<br />e</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowls</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(waterfowls)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatinae" title="Anatinae">Anatinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">Aythyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergini" title="Mergini">Mergini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyurini" title="Oxyurini">Oxyurini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anserinae" title="Anserinae">Anserinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan"><span style="font-size:85%;">swans</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose"><span style="font-size:85%;">true geese</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistling_duck" title="Whistling duck">Dendrocygninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freckled_duck" title="Freckled duck">Stictonettinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadorninae" title="Tadorninae">Tadorninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhimidae">Anhimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Horned_screamer" title="Horned screamer">Anhima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chauna" title="Chauna">Chauna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseranatidae" title="Anseranatidae">Anseranatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magpie_goose" title="Magpie goose">Anseranas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Landfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfowl">landfowls</a>-</span> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gamebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamebirds">gamebirds</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cracidae" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracinae">Cracinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreophasinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreophasinae">Oreophasinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelopinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelopinae">Penelopinae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megapodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodidae">Megapodidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepypodius" title="Aepypodius">Aepypodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectura" class="mw-redirect" title="Alectura">Alectura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eulipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulipoa">Eulipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipoa">Leipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocephalon">Macrocephalon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodius">Megapodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talegalla" title="Talegalla">Talegalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Numididae">Numididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vulturine_guineafowl" title="Vulturine guineafowl">Acryllium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agelastes" title="Agelastes">Agelastes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttera" title="Guttera">Guttera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numida" class="mw-redirect" title="Numida">Numida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odontophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophoridae">Odontophoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Callipepla" title="Callipepla">Callipepla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colinus" title="Colinus">Colinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtonyx" title="Cyrtonyx">Cyrtonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylortyx">Dactylortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendrortyx" title="Dendrortyx">Dendrortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophorus">Odontophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreortyx">Oreortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Philortyx">Philortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchortyx">Rhynchortyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meleagridinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meleagridinae">Meleagridinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(turkeys)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdicinae" title="Perdicinae">Perdicinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasianinae" title="Phasianinae">Phasianinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(pheasants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">Tetraoninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbea" title="Columbea">Columbea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbimorphae" title="Columbimorphae">Columbimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(doves and pigeons)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesite" title="Mesite">Mesitornithiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mesites)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">Pterocliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(sandgrouse)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirandornithes" title="Mirandornithes">Mirandornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Phoenicopteriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(flamingos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">Podicipediformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(grebes)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passerea" title="Passerea">Passerea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otidimorphae" title="Otidimorphae">Otidimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">Cuculiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turaco" title="Turaco">Musophagiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(turacos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">Otidiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(bustards)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strisores" title="Strisores">Strisores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caprimulgiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprimulgiformes">Caprimulgiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(nightjars and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatornithiformes">Steatornithiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(oilbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctibiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctibiiformes">Nyctibiiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(potoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podargiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podargiformes">Podargiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(frogmouths)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegotheliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegotheliformes">Aegotheliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(owlet-nightjars)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(swifts and hummingbirds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomiformes">Opisthocomiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomidae" title="Opisthocomidae">Opisthocomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hoatzins)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cursorimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursorimorphae">Cursorimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(gulls and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cranes and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phaethontimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaethontimorphae">Phaethontimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropicbird" title="Tropicbird">Phaethontiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tropicbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypygiformes" title="Eurypygiformes">Eurypygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kagus and sunbitterns)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aequornithes" title="Aequornithes">Aequornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaviiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(loons or divers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">Sphenisciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(penguins)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(albatrosses and petrels)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">Ciconiiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(storks)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cormorants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecaniformes" title="Pelecaniformes">Pelecaniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(pelicans and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(seriemas and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(falcons and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">Psittaciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(parrots)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(perching birds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroaves" title="Afroaves">Afroaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(raptors)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Strigiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(owls)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousebird" title="Mousebird">Coliiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mousebirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogon" title="Trogon">Trogoniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(trogons and quetzals)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo-roller" title="Cuckoo-roller">Leptosomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoo-rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucerotiformes" title="Bucerotiformes">Bucerotiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hornbills and hoopoes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kingfishers and rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(woodpeckers and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds" title="Category:Birds">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Birds">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Birds" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genera_of_loons_and_their_extinct_allies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaviiformes" title="Template:Gaviiformes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaviiformes" title="Template talk:Gaviiformes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaviiformes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaviiformes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genera_of_loons_and_their_extinct_allies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genera of <a href="/wiki/Gaviiformes" title="Gaviiformes">loons</a> and their extinct allies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">Aves</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Phaethoquornithes" title="Phaethoquornithes">Phaethoquornithes</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Aequornithes" title="Aequornithes">Aequornithes</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Gaviiformes" title="Gaviiformes">Gaviiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaviiformes" title="Gaviiformes">Gaviiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Colymbiculus" title="Colymbiculus">Colymbiculus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nasidytes" title="Nasidytes">Nasidytes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Colymboididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Colymboididae">Colymboididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Colymboides" title="Colymboides">Colymboides</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaviidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaviidae">Gaviidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Petralcinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petralcinae">Petralcinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Petralca" title="Petralca">Petralca</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Gaviella" title="Gaviella">Gaviellinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaviella" title="Gaviella">Gaviella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gavia_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavia (bird)">Gavia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/16px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/24px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/32px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Gavia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3758978" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q3758978">Q3758978</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gavia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gavia">Gavia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=4853">4853</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4MHK">4MHK</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45508994">45508994</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1GAVIG">1GAVIG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp59.htm">59</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/7ff715e9-2914-4f5d-b85c-3ded669862d7">7ff715e9-2914-4f5d-b85c-3ded669862d7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Featherbase: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.featherbase.info/en/genus/gavia">gavia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2481954">2481954</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/4620">4620</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174468">174468</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000530375">NHMSYS0000530375</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=37038">37038</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=803675">803675</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39709">39709</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/725877A3-21E9-EB3D-8C1A-7C28CD3BC7F0">725877A3-21E9-EB3D-8C1A-7C28CD3BC7F0</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137057">137057</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/C01A58B9-E0EC-4FE2-A7AF-D32DC92B3AFE">C01A58B9-E0EC-4FE2-A7AF-D32DC92B3AFE</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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