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href="#Exile_and_return_to_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exile and return to Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_and_return_to_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premiership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premiership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Premiership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Premiership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Premiership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Premiership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selection_as_prime_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_as_prime_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Selection as prime minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_as_prime_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_Al_Maliki_I_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_Al_Maliki_I_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Formation of Al Maliki I Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_Al_Maliki_I_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June–December_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June–December_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>June–December 2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June–December_2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-January_2007_–_end_2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_2007_–_end_2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>January 2007 – end 2009</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_2007_–_end_2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al_Maliki_II_Government,_2010–2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al_Maliki_II_Government,_2010–2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Al Maliki II Government, 2010–2014</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al_Maliki_II_Government,_2010–2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunni_friction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_friction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sunni friction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_friction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationship with the U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_visits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_visits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Official visits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_visits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later duties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nouri al-Maliki</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nouri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A" title="نوري المالكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوري المالكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_%C9%99l-Maliki" title="Nuri əl-Maliki – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nuri əl-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF" title="নুরি আল-মালিকি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নুরি আল-মালিকি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Нуры аль-Малікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нуры аль-Малікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Maliki" title="Nuri al-Maliki – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nuri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nouri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Maliki" title="Nuri al-Maliki – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nuri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAr%C3%AD_M%C3%A1lik%C3%AD" title="Núrí Málikí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Núrí Málikí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nouri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Maliki" title="Nuri al-Maliki – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nuri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Maliki" title="Nuri al-Maliki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nuri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%ABr%C4%AB_al-M%C4%81lik%C4%AB" title="Nūrī al-Mālikī – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nūrī al-Mālikī" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF_%CE%B1%CE%BB_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Νουρί αλ Μαλίκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νουρί αλ Μαλίκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al_Maliki" title="Nuri al Maliki – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nuri al Maliki" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Maliki" title="Nuri al-Maliki – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nuri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Maliki" title="Nuri al-Maliki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nuri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="نوری مالکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوری مالکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nouri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%84%EB%A6%AC_%EC%95%8C%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%82%A4" title="누리 알말리키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="누리 알말리키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="नूरी अल-मलिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नूरी अल-मलिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nouri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Maliki" title="Nuri al-Maliki – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nuri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99" title="נורי אל-מאלכי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורי אל-מאלכי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ნური ალ-მალიქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნური ალ-მალიქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BBr%C3%AE_Malik%C3%AE" title="Nûrî Malikî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nûrî Malikî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%ABr%C4%AB_al-M%C4%81lik%C4%AB" title="Nūrī al-Mālikī – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nūrī al-Mālikī" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAri_el-M%C3%A1liki" title="Núri el-Máliki – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Núri el-Máliki" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%89" title="نورى المالكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نورى المالكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="نوری المالکی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوری المالکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nouri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nouri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ヌーリー・マーリキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヌーリー・マーリキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nouri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਨੂਰੀ ਅਲ-ਮਲੀਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੂਰੀ ਅਲ-ਮਲੀਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="نوری المالکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوری المالکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Maliki" title="Nuri al-Maliki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nuri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nouri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Аль-Малики, Нури – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аль-Малики, Нури" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nouri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuur_Al-Maliki" title="Nuur Al-Maliki – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nuur Al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="نووری مالیکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نووری مالیکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Maliki" title="Nuri al-Maliki – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nuri al-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_el-Maliki" title="Nuri el-Maliki – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nuri el-Maliki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Нурі аль-Малікі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нурі аль-Малікі" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Iraq from 2006 to 2014</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Nouri al-Maliki</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">نوري المالكي</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouri_al-Maliki_in_Iraqi_parliamentary_election,_2018_08_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nouri_al-Maliki_in_Iraqi_parliamentary_election%2C_2018_08_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nouri_al-Maliki_in_Iraqi_parliamentary_election%2C_2018_08_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Nouri_al-Maliki_in_Iraqi_parliamentary_election%2C_2018_08_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="393" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Al-Maliki in 2018</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 May 2006 – 8 September 2014</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Masum" title="Fuad Masum">Fuad Masum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i>See list</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Salam_al-Zaubai" title="Salam al-Zaubai">Salam al-Zaubai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Barham_Salih" title="Barham Salih">Barham Salih</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rafi_al-Issawi" title="Rafi al-Issawi">Rafi al-Issawi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rowsch_Shaways" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowsch Shaways">Rowsch Shaways</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Mutlaq" title="Saleh al-Mutlaq">Saleh al-Mutlaq</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hussain_al-Shahristani" title="Hussain al-Shahristani">Hussain al-Shahristani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">Ibrahim al-Jaafari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iraq" title="Vice President of Iraq">Vice President of Iraq</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 October 2016<sup id="cite_ref-restored_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restored-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 2 October 2018<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Osama_al-Nujaifi" title="Osama al-Nujaifi">Osama al-Nujaifi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Ayad Allawi</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Fuad Masum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Vacant</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 September 2014 – 11 August 2015<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with Osama al-Nujaifi and Ayad Allawi</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Fuad Masum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khodair_al-Khozaei" title="Khodair al-Khozaei">Khodair al-Khozaei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iraq)">Minister of the Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 December 2010 – 8 September 2014</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jawad_al-Bulani" title="Jawad al-Bulani">Jawad al-Bulani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Ghabban" title="Mohammed Al-Ghabban">Mohammed Al-Ghabban</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 May 2006 – 8 June 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baqir_Jabr_al-Zubeidi" title="Baqir Jabr al-Zubeidi">Baqir Jabr al-Zubeidi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jawad al-Bulani</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Defence (Iraq)">Minister of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 December 2010 – 17 August 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qadir_Obeidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadir Obeidi">Qadir Obeidi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saadoun_al-Dulaimi" title="Saadoun al-Dulaimi">Saadoun al-Dulaimi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Minister of National Security Affairs</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 December 2010 – 8 September 2014</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shirwan_al-Waili" title="Shirwan al-Waili">Shirwan al-Waili</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br />1 May 2007</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">Ibrahim al-Jaafari</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Nouri Kamil Mohammed Hasan al-Maliki</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1950-06-20</span>) </span>20 June 1950<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 74)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Al-Hindiya" title="Al-Hindiya">Al-Hindiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Faleeha Khalil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hasan_Abi_al-Mahasin" title="Muhammad Hasan Abi al-Mahasin">Muhammad Hasan Abi al-Mahasin</a> (grandfather)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Usul al-Din College<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Salahaddin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Salahaddin">University of Salahaddin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nouri al-Maliki's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A.svg/128px-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A.svg/192px-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A.svg/256px-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nouri Kamil Muhammad-Hasan al-Maliki</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نوري كامل محمد حسن المالكي</span>; born 20 June 1950), also known as <b>Jawad al-Maliki</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جواد المالكي</span></span>), is an Iraqi politician and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a> since 2007. He served as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> from 2006 to 2014 and as <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iraq" title="Vice President of Iraq">Vice President</a> from 2014 to 2015 and again from 2016 to 2018. </p><p>Al-Maliki began his political career as a <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Shia dissident</a> opposed to former Iraqi president <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> in the late 1970s, and rose to prominence after he fled a death sentence and went into exile for 24 years. During his time abroad, he became a senior leader of the Islamic Dawa Party, coordinated the activities of anti-Saddam guerrillas, and built relationships with officials from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, seeking their help in overthrowing Saddam's government. Both during and after the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">American-led occupation of Iraq</a> (2003–2011), al-Maliki worked closely with the <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Multi-National Force</a> (MNF–I), and continued to cooperate with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> following the withdrawal from Iraq. </p><p>Three years after the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, al-Maliki became the country's first post-Saddam full-term prime minister after he was appointed to the position by the MNF–I's leading American authority <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Douglas_Barbero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Douglas Barbero (page does not exist)">Michael Douglas Barbero</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Al_Maliki_I_Government" title="Al Maliki I Government">first-term al-Maliki administration</a> succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Transitional_Government" title="Iraqi Transitional Government">Iraqi Transitional Government</a>; his first cabinet was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Iraqi National Assembly</a> and formally sworn in on 20 May 2006. His second cabinet, in which he also held the positions of acting Interior Minister, acting Defense Minister, and acting National Security Minister, was approved on 21 December 2010. In the wake of a string of defeats to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> during their <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">Northern Iraq offensive</a>, American officials said that al-Maliki should give up his premiership.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later, on 14 August 2014, he announced his resignation as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his eight years in power from 2006 to 2014, allegations of corruption were widespread, with hundreds of billions of dollars allegedly vanishing from government coffers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was criticized by American officials<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by local Iraqis for empowering Shia militias, for his close ties with Iranian government/military officials,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for fuelling <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Iraq" title="Sectarian violence in Iraq">Iraqi sectarian violence</a> by favouring Shia political/military figures over <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Sunni Islam in Iraq">Sunni Arabs</a> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">non-Shia minorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2014, al-Maliki was elected as one of three of Iraq's vice presidents, an office he held despite attempts to abolish the post.<sup id="cite_ref-aawsat1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aawsat1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouri al-Maliki was born in the village of Janaja in Abu Gharaq, a central Iraqi town situated between <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Hillah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hillah">Al Hillah</a>. He is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ali_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ali (tribe)">Al-Ali Tribe</a>, an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Malik_(tribe)" title="Bani Malik (tribe)">Bani Malik</a> tribe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He attended school in Al Hindiyah (<a href="/wiki/Hindiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindiya">Hindiya</a>). Al-Maliki received his high school degree from Hindiya city and moved to Baghdad with his family. Al-Maliki lived for a time in <a href="/wiki/Al_Hillah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hillah">Al Hillah</a>, where he worked in the education department. His grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hasan_Abi_al-Mahasin" title="Muhammad Hasan Abi al-Mahasin">Muhammad Hasan Abi al-Mahasin</a>, was a poet and cleric who was the representative of the Revolutionary Council (Al-Majlis Al-Milli) of the Iraqi revolution against the British in 1920, and was Iraq's Minister of Education under King <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal I">Faisal I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_and_return_to_Iraq">Exile and return to Iraq</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exile and return to Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8.jpg/220px-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8.jpg/330px-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8.jpg/440px-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Al-Maliki during his youth</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 July 1979, al-Maliki fled Iraq after he was discovered to be a member of the outlawed <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a>. According to a brief biography on the Islamic Dawa Party's website, he left Iraq via <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> in October, and soon moved to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, adopting the pseudonym "Jawad". He left Syria for <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in 1982, where he lived in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> until 1990, before returning to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> where he remained until <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S.-led coalition forces invaded Iraq and toppled Saddam's regime in 2003</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-islamicdawaparty.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamicdawaparty.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While living in Syria, he worked as a political officer for Dawa, developing close ties with <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> and particularly with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iranian government</a>, supporting Iran's effort to topple Saddam's regime.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While living in Damascus, al-Maliki edited the party newspaper <i>Al-Mawqif</i> and rose to head the party's Damascus branch. In 1990, he joined the Joint Action Committee and served as one of its rotating chairman. The committee was a Damascus-based opposition coalition for a number of Hussein's opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-islamicdawaparty.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamicdawaparty.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dawa Party participated in the Iraqi National Congress between 1992 and 1995, withdrawing because of disagreements over who should head it.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his return to his native Iraq after the fall of Saddam in April 2003, al-Maliki became the deputy leader of the Supreme National Debaathification Commission of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Iraqi Interim Government</a>, formed to purge former <a href="/wiki/Baath_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Baath Party">Baath Party</a> officials from the military and government. He was elected to the transitional <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Iraq">National Assembly</a> in January 2005. He was a member of the committee that drafted the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">constitution</a> that was passed in October 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premiership">Premiership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Premiership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Al_Maliki_I_Government" title="Al Maliki I Government">Al Maliki I Government</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_as_prime_minister">Selection as prime minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selection as prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_%26_Nouri_al-Maliki_in_Baghdad_4-7-09_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barack_Obama_%26_Nouri_al-Maliki_in_Baghdad_4-7-09_2.JPG/220px-Barack_Obama_%26_Nouri_al-Maliki_in_Baghdad_4-7-09_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barack_Obama_%26_Nouri_al-Maliki_in_Baghdad_4-7-09_2.JPG/330px-Barack_Obama_%26_Nouri_al-Maliki_in_Baghdad_4-7-09_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barack_Obama_%26_Nouri_al-Maliki_in_Baghdad_4-7-09_2.JPG/440px-Barack_Obama_%26_Nouri_al-Maliki_in_Baghdad_4-7-09_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3079" data-file-height="2053" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister al-Maliki shakes hands with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, 7 April 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/December_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="December 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election">December 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Iraqi_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="United Iraqi Alliance">United Iraqi Alliance</a> won the plurality of seats, and nominated <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">Ibrahim al-Jaafari</a> to be Iraq's first full-term post-war prime minister. In April 2006, amid mounting criticism of ineffective leadership and favoritism by <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Arab politicians in parliament, al-Jaafari was forced to resign from power. On 22 April 2006, following close U.S. involvement in the selection of a new prime minister, al-Maliki's name arose from the four that had been interviewed by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> on their connections to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (the others including <a href="/wiki/Hussein_al-Shahristani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein al-Shahristani">Hussein al-Shahristani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Adeeb" title="Ali al-Adeeb">Ali al-Adeeb</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to Iraq">United States Ambassador to Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad" title="Zalmay Khalilzad">Zalmay Khalilzad</a> said that "[Maliki's] reputation is as someone who is independent of Iran." Khalilzad also maintained that Iran "pressured everyone for Jaafari to stay".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, al-Maliki was the preferred candidate of <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>, and it was <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Soleimani</a> who brokered the deal between senior <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> leaders that led to his election as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_Al_Maliki_I_Government">Formation of Al Maliki I Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formation of Al Maliki I Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Al_Maliki_I_Government" title="Al Maliki I Government">Al Maliki I Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/2006_Iraqi_government_formation" title="2006 Iraqi government formation">2006 Iraqi government formation</a></div> <p>On 20 May 2006, al-Maliki presented his <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Iraq">Cabinet</a> to Parliament, minus permanent ministers of Defense and of Interior. He announced that he would temporarily handle the Interior Ministry himself, and <a href="/wiki/Salam_al-Zobaie" class="mw-redirect" title="Salam al-Zobaie">Salam al-Zobaie</a> would temporarily act as Defense Minister. "We pray to God almighty to give us strength so we can meet the ambitious goals of our people who have suffered a lot", al-Maliki told the members of the assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June–December_2006"><span id="June.E2.80.93December_2006"></span>June–December 2006</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: June–December 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his first term, al-Maliki vowed to crack down on insurgents who he called "organized armed groups who are acting outside the state and outside the law". He had been criticized for taking too long to name permanent interior and defense ministers, which he did on 8 June 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-cnnJune2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnJune2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just as al-Maliki and the Americans announced the killing of <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda in Iraq">Al Qaeda in Iraq</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnnJune8_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnJune8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apJune8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apJune8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, al-Maliki criticized coalition armed forces as reports of allegedly deliberate killings of Iraqi civilians (at <a href="/wiki/Haditha" title="Haditha">Haditha</a> and elsewhere) became known. He has been quoted as saying, "[t]his is a phenomenon that has become common among many of the multinational forces. No respect for citizens, smashing civilian cars and killing on a suspicion or a hunch. It's unacceptable." According to Ambassador Khalilzad, al-Maliki had been misquoted, but it was unclear in what way.<sup id="cite_ref-forbesjune2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbesjune2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The international <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> wrote to al-Maliki in June 2006, complaining of a "disturbing pattern of restrictions on the press" and of the "imprisonment, intimidation, and censorship of journalists".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His relationship with the press was often contentious. On 24 August 2006, for example, he banned television channels from broadcasting images of bloodshed in the country and warned of legal action against those violating the order. Major General Rashid Flayah, head of a national police division added "...We are building the country with Kalashnikovs and you should help in building it with the use of your pen".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in his term, al-Maliki was criticized by some for alleged reluctance to tackle Shiite militias. In October 2006, he complained about an American raid against a Shiite militia leader because he said it had been conducted without his approval.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Maliki's job was complicated by the balance of power within parliament, with his position relying on the support of two Shiite blocs, that of <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Islamic_Iraqi_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council">Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_al-Hakim" title="Abdul Aziz al-Hakim">Abdul Aziz al-Hakim</a>, that his Dawa party has often been at odds with.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progress was also frequently blocked by Sunni Arab politicians who alleged that the dominant Shiite parties were pursuing sectarian advantage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Al-Maliki had some success in finding compromise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 30 December 2006, al-Maliki signed the death warrant of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and declined a stay of execution, saying there would be "no review or delay" in the event. Citing the wishes of relatives of Hussein's victims, he said, "Our respect for human rights requires us to execute him."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hussein's execution was carried out on 30 December 2006 (notably, the first <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> day of the feast of <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Adha">Eid ul-Adha</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_2007_–_end_2009"><span id="January_2007_.E2.80.93_end_2009"></span>January 2007 – end 2009</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: January 2007 – end 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuri_al-Maliki_and_Abd_al-Qadir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nuri_al-Maliki_and_Abd_al-Qadir.jpg/200px-Nuri_al-Maliki_and_Abd_al-Qadir.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nuri_al-Maliki_and_Abd_al-Qadir.jpg/300px-Nuri_al-Maliki_and_Abd_al-Qadir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nuri_al-Maliki_and_Abd_al-Qadir.jpg/400px-Nuri_al-Maliki_and_Abd_al-Qadir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>The celebration ceremony of Iraq's national sovereignty was attended by Iraq's prime minister, Nouri al-Maliki, left, and the Minister of Defense, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Obeidi" title="Abdul Qadir Obeidi">Abd al-Qadir</a>, right, Baghdad, 30 June 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 January 2007, the <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> published an interview with al-Maliki in which he said he wished he could end his term before it expires in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, unnamed U.S. military officers alleged al-Maliki was replacing Iraqi commanders who had cracked down on Shiite militias with party loyalists. An al-Maliki spokesman denied the allegation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a> removed Jaafari and elected al-Maliki as Secretary-General of the Dawa Party.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2008, al-Maliki, who earlier in the year fought off a recall effort in parliament, convinced Sunni politicians to end a year-long boycott<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <small>[possibly in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War#2007:_US_troops_surge" title="Iraq War">renewal, in December 2007, of UN mandate for U.S. operations in Iraq, without Iraqi parliament's approval</a>?]</small> of the chamber and appointed some of them to cabinet positions. Analysts said the return of the Sunnis was made possible by the security gains under al-Maliki and by apparent progress in negotiations with the United States over American military withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late 2008, al-Maliki started to stop transparency efforts by firing inspector generals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also started using sections of the armed forces against his political rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By October–November 2008, the al-Malki government had witnessed improvements in the security situation in many parts of the country. In Baghdad, a peace deal signed between <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a> and the government had eased tensions, though sporadic sectarian incidents continued, as did occasional fighting between U.S. forces and Shiite militiamen, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maliki in May 2009 talked about the need to make a secure and sustainable environment for investment in order for successful reconstruction and has enacted new investment laws to try to achieve this. He also acknowledged Iraq's unfortunate reliance on oil to finance reconstruction thus far, although the revenue began to be spent on other possible revenue sources including agriculture and energy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al_Maliki_II_Government,_2010–2014"><span id="Al_Maliki_II_Government.2C_2010.E2.80.932014"></span>Al Maliki II Government, 2010–2014</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Al Maliki II Government, 2010–2014"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al_Maliki_II_Government" title="Al Maliki II Government">Al Maliki II Government</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2010_Iraqi_government_formation" title="2010 Iraqi government formation">2010 Iraqi government formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Iraqi parliamentary election">2010 Iraqi parliamentary election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">History of Iraq (2003–2011)</a></div> <p>On 22 December 2010, al-Maliki's second government, including all main blocs in the new parliament, was unanimously approved by parliament, 9 months after the <a href="/wiki/2010_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Iraqi parliamentary election">2010 parliamentary election</a>. On 5 February 2011, a spokesperson for al-Maliki said he would not run for a third term in 2014, limiting himself in the name of democracy, in a nod to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 December 2011, the Vice President of Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Tariq_al-Hashemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariq al-Hashemi">Tariq al-Hashemi</a>, was accused of orchestrating bombing attacks and a hit squad killing Shiite politicians, and his arrest was warranted. This led to his Sunni/Shia <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Movement" title="Iraqi National Movement">Iraqiyya</a> party (with 91 seats the largest party in parliament) boycotting parliament, which lasted until late January 2012. Hashemi was in September 2012 <i>in absentia</i> sentenced to death but had already fled to Turkey, which declared it will not extradite him to Iraq. This affair fueled Sunni Muslim and Kurdish resentment against Maliki who critics said was monopolizing power.<sup id="cite_ref-aljaz1012t_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljaz1012t-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Maliki lead Iraq through an increase in anti-Sunni violence, including the bloody crack-down on the <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Iraqi_protests" title="2012–2013 Iraqi protests">2012–2013 Sunni protests</a>, which has been interpreted as leading to the rise of ISIS.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military under the al-Maliki administration was known for its corruption and was plagued with <a href="/wiki/Ghost_soldiers" title="Ghost soldiers">ghost soldiers</a>, a corruption scheme with soldiers names on the pay rolls but not actually in service.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When ISIS increased its activity in the first part of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">2013–2017 War in Iraq</a>, Maliki led Iraq through major defeats, including the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">June 2014 northern Iraq offensive</a> which saw the catastrophic collapse of the Iraqi army in that region and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">fall of Mosul</a>, where an army of 1,500 ISIS militants won over 60,000 Iraqi soldiers. </p><p>A former commander of the Iraqi ground forces, Ali Ghaidan, accused al-Maliki of being the one who issued the order to withdraw from the city of Mosul.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late June, the Iraqi government had lost control of its borders with both <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-Maliki called for a national <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> on 10 June following the attack on Mosul, which had been seized overnight. However, despite the security crisis, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Iraq's parliament</a> did not allow Maliki to declare a state of emergency; many <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurdish</a> legislators boycotted the session because they opposed expanding the prime minister's powers.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By August 2014 al-Maliki was still holding on to power tenaciously despite Iraq's president <a href="/wiki/Fuad_Masum" title="Fuad Masum">Fuad Masum</a> nominating <a href="/wiki/Haidar_al-Abadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidar al-Abadi">Haidar al-Abadi</a> to take over. Al-Maliki referred the matter to the federal court claiming the president's nomination was a "constitutional violation". He said: "The insistence on this until the end is to protect the state."<sup id="cite_ref-NewPM_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewPM-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 August 2014, however, in the face of growing calls from world leaders and members of his own party the embattled prime minister Al-Maliki announced he was stepping down.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_2014_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2014-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sunni_friction">Sunni friction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sunni friction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maliki's critics assert that he did his utmost to limit the power of both Kurds and Sunnis between 2006 and 2014. Their view is that Maliki worked to further centralise governance and amass greater controls and power—from militarily to legislative—for his party. Instead of strengthening and securing Iraq, Maliki's actions have led to a rise in both <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a> and Sunni insurgency, which has resulted in civil war and the effective failure of the Iraqi state.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reign of al-Maliki has been described as sectarian by both Sunni Iraqis and western analysts; something which helped fuel a Sunni uprising in the country in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">Northern Iraq offensive</a>, beginning in June 2014, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a> vowed to take power away from al-Maliki, who called upon Kurdish forces to help keep Iraq out of the hands of ISIS, as well as air support from American <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">drones</a> in order to eliminate dangerous jihadist elements in the country, which was refused by the United States, as "administration spokesmen have insisted that the United States is not actively considering using warplanes or armed drones to strike [jihadist havens]." </p><p>The announcement of al-Maliki's resignation on 14 August 2014 and the leadership transition to Haider al-Abadi caused a major realignment of Sunni Arab public opinion away from armed opposition groups and to the Iraqi government, since many Iraqi Sunni Arabs were optimistic that the new government would address their grievances and deliver more public goods and services to them than the government led by al-Maliki.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_the_U.S.">Relationship with the U.S.</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationship with the U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq–United States relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_and_Iraqi_PM_Nuri_al-Maliki-Dec2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/George_W._Bush_and_Iraqi_PM_Nuri_al-Maliki-Dec2008.jpg/220px-George_W._Bush_and_Iraqi_PM_Nuri_al-Maliki-Dec2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/George_W._Bush_and_Iraqi_PM_Nuri_al-Maliki-Dec2008.jpg/330px-George_W._Bush_and_Iraqi_PM_Nuri_al-Maliki-Dec2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/George_W._Bush_and_Iraqi_PM_Nuri_al-Maliki-Dec2008.jpg/440px-George_W._Bush_and_Iraqi_PM_Nuri_al-Maliki-Dec2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and al-Maliki shake hands during <a href="/wiki/Bush_shoeing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush shoeing incident">a press conference</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In an interview published by the German magazine <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i></span> in June 2008, al-Maliki said that a schedule for a withdrawal of U.S. troops from the country of "about 16 months ... would be the right time-frame for a withdrawal, with the possibility of slight changes". In the interview, he said the U.S. government has been reluctant to agree to a timetable "because they feel it would appear tantamount to an admission of defeat. But that isn't the case at all ... it is not evidence of a defeat, but of a victory, of a severe blow we have inflicted on <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> and the militias." He said U.S. negotiators were coming around to his point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Carl Levin</a> were two of several U.S. politicians who called for him to be removed from office in 2007. Senator Clinton urged Iraq's parliament to select a "less divisive and more unifying figure" and implied she felt al-Maliki was too concerned about Iraq's Shiite majority and not enough with national reconciliation. "During his trip to Iraq last week, Senator Levin ... confirmed that the Iraqi government is nonfunctional and cannot produce a political settlement because it is too beholden to religious and sectarian leaders", she said.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Maliki hit back and said the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senators</a> were acting as if Iraq were "their property" and that they should "come to their senses" and "respect democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 17 Iraqis were shot and killed by <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Baghdad_shootings" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwater Baghdad shootings">Blackwater USA</a> security guards al-Maliki called on the U.S. embassy to stop working with the company and said: "What happened was a crime. It has left a deep grudge and anger, both inside the government and among the Iraqi people."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maliki's friendly gestures towards Iran have sometimes created tension between his government and the United States but he has also been willing to consider steps opposed by Tehran, particularly while carrying out negotiations with the United States on a joint-security pact. A June 2008 news report noted that al-Maliki's visit to Tehran seemed to be "aimed at getting Iran to tone down its opposition and ease criticism within Iraq". Al-Maliki said an agreement reached with the U.S. won't preclude good relations with neighbors like Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2007, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reported that the firm of Barbour, Griffith & Rogers had "begun a public campaign to undermine the government of Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki". The network described BGR as a "powerhouse Republican <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> firm with close ties to the White House".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CNN also mentioned that <a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Ayad Allawi</a> is both al-Maliki's rival and BGR's client, although it did not assert that Allawi had hired BGR to undermine al-Maliki.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2014, Vice President Al-Maliki accused the United States of using <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> as a pretext to maintain its military presence in Iraq. He stated that "the Americans began this sedition in Syria and then expanded its dimensions into Iraq and it seems that they intend to further stretch this problem to other countries in their future plans."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_visits">Official visits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Official visits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouri_Kamil_Al-Maliki_(3487677293).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nouri_Kamil_Al-Maliki_%283487677293%29.jpg/220px-Nouri_Kamil_Al-Maliki_%283487677293%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nouri_Kamil_Al-Maliki_%283487677293%29.jpg/330px-Nouri_Kamil_Al-Maliki_%283487677293%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nouri_Kamil_Al-Maliki_%283487677293%29.jpg/440px-Nouri_Kamil_Al-Maliki_%283487677293%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Nouri al-Maliki, inspecting a Guard of Honour formed by No 7 Company <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">FCO</a>, 30 April 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 June 2006, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> paid a visit to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> to meet with al-Maliki and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President of Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>, as a token of support for the new government.<sup id="cite_ref-abramowitz_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abramowitz-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this visit, they announced the Iraqi Leaders Initiative, in which students from Iraq would go to the United States to build a personal connection between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 June, al-Maliki presented a national reconciliation plan to the Iraqi parliament. The peace plan sets out to remove powerful militias from the streets, open a dialogue with rebels, and review the status of purged members of the once dominant Ba'ath party. Some viewed this as a bold step towards rebuilding Iraq and reaching out to Sunnis.<sup id="cite_ref-reconciliationplan_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reconciliationplan-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speaker_Pelosi_and_Iraqi_Prime_Minister_Nouri_al-Maliki_(3518945573).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Speaker_Pelosi_and_Iraqi_Prime_Minister_Nouri_al-Maliki_%283518945573%29.jpg/220px-Speaker_Pelosi_and_Iraqi_Prime_Minister_Nouri_al-Maliki_%283518945573%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Speaker_Pelosi_and_Iraqi_Prime_Minister_Nouri_al-Maliki_%283518945573%29.jpg/330px-Speaker_Pelosi_and_Iraqi_Prime_Minister_Nouri_al-Maliki_%283518945573%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Speaker_Pelosi_and_Iraqi_Prime_Minister_Nouri_al-Maliki_%283518945573%29.jpg/440px-Speaker_Pelosi_and_Iraqi_Prime_Minister_Nouri_al-Maliki_%283518945573%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Nouri al-Maliki with Speaker Pelosi in Baghdad 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>By July 2006, when al-Maliki visited the United States, violence had continued and even escalated, leading many to conclude that the reconciliation plan was not working or was moving too slowly. On 26 July 2006, al-Maliki addressed a joint meeting of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USCongress_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCongress-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several New York Democrats boycotted the speech after Al-Maliki condemned Israel's <a href="/wiki/2006_Israel-Lebanon_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict">attack</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a>, the DNC chairman, accused Al-Maliki of being an "anti-Semite" and said the United States shouldn't spend so much on Iraq and then hand it over to people like al-Maliki.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2006, Al-Maliki made his first official visit to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, whose alleged influence on Iraq is a matter of concern for Washington, D.C. He discussed with Iranian officials, including president <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>, the "principle of no interference in internal affairs" during his visit on 11 and 12 September 2006, i.e., political and security issues. His visit closely followed an incident in which Iran detained Iraqi soldiers it accused of having illegally crossed the border.<sup id="cite_ref-Iraq_PM_will_visit_Iran_Monday_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iraq_PM_will_visit_Iran_Monday-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibrahim Shaker, Iraqi defence ministry spokesman, said the five soldiers, one officer and one translator involved had simply been doing "their duty".<sup id="cite_ref-Iraq_PM_will_visit_Iran_Monday_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iraq_PM_will_visit_Iran_Monday-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his visit al-Maliki called the Islamic Republic of Iran "a good friend and brother". A press conference given by al-Maliki and U.S. President George Bush on 14 December 2008, was disrupted when Iraqi journalist <a href="/wiki/Muntadhar_al-Zaidi" title="Muntadhar al-Zaidi">Muntadhar al-Zaidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Bush_shoeing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush shoeing incident">threw his shoes</a> at Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_duties">Later duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 26 January 2013 al-Maliki's opponents passed a law<sup id="cite_ref-wordpress1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wordpress1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which prohibited al-Maliki from running for a third term but an Iraqi court later rejected it.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By August 2014, al-Maliki lost all his chances to win a third term in office.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 September 2014, during approval of the new government led by <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a>, al-Maliki was named one of the three vice presidents, a prestigious albeit largely ceremonial post.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 August 2015, the Parliament approved a reform package by Prime Minister al-Abadi that foresaw, among other measures, the elimination of the three vice president posts.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, following a lawsuit opened by fellow Vice President <a href="/wiki/Usama_al-Nujayfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Usama al-Nujayfi">Usama al-Nujayfi</a>, al-Maliki declared in September 2015 that he was still holding his office because the removal of the post was not in line with the Iraqi Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-aawsat1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aawsat1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Osama_al-Nujaifi" title="Osama al-Nujaifi">Osama al-Nujaifi</a> filed a complaint against the decision in November 2015, considering it to be against the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 October 2016, the three posts of Vice Presidents were restored by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Iraq">Supreme Court of Iraq</a> which termed their abolition as unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-restored_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restored-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Maliki is married to Faleeha Khalil, with whom he has four daughters and one son. His son Ahmed was head of Al-Maliki's security, and two of his sons-in-law also worked in his office.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 April 2006, al-Maliki stopped using the pseudonym Jawad which he had used since moving to Syria in the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-chitrib_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chitrib-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the pseudo- or code name (<i><a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">Kunya</a></i>) "Abu Esraa" (father of Esraa – his eldest daughter) is still occasionally heard on Iraqi satellite media, because it is very common in Arab culture (and in Iraqi culture in particular) to call someone by his eldest child's name, especially among his close friends and followers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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.references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-restored-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-restored_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-restored_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011170848/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-10/11/c_135744075.htm">"Iraqi court nullifies Abadi's earlier decision to sack 3 vice president posts"</a>. Xinhua. 11 October 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aawsat.com/2015/09/article55344978/iraq-maliki-nujaifi-say-pms-decision-to-cancel-vice-president-posts-unconstitutional">the original</a> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asharq+al-Awsat&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Maliki%2C+Nujaifi+say+PM%27s+decision+to+cancel+vice+president+posts+%22unconstitutional%22&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.au=Asharq+al-Awsat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2F2015%2F09%2Farticle55344978%2Firaq-maliki-nujaifi-say-pms-decision-to-cancel-vice-president-posts-unconstitutional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqigovernment.org/Content/Biography/English/government.htm">The Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri Kamel al-Maliki Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825125016/http://www.iraqigovernment.org/Content/Biography/English/government.htm">Archived</a> 25 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, iraqigovernment.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-islamicdawaparty.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-islamicdawaparty.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamicdawaparty.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicdawaparty.com/?module=home&fname=leaderdesc.php&id=78">"Leader Description"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/06/25/10049368.html">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Al+al-Maliki%27s+Reconciliation+Plan+Ready&rft.date=2006-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gulfnews.com%2Farticles%2F06%2F06%2F25%2F10049368.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCongress-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCongress_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921182009/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/07/26/congress.iraq/index.html">"Iraqi PM to Congress: Baghdad wants to be regional stabilizer"</a>. CNN. 26 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/07/26/congress.iraq/index.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraqi+PM+to+Congress%3A+Baghdad+wants+to+be+regional+stabilizer&rft.date=2006-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FPOLITICS%2F07%2F26%2Fcongress.iraq%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrish_Turner_and_Molly_Hooper2006" class="citation news cs1">Trish Turner and Molly Hooper (26 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,205819,00.html">"Dean Calls Iraqi Prime Minister Anti-Semite, Criticizes Bush For U.S. Visit"</a>. Fox News Channel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dean+Calls+Iraqi+Prime+Minister+Anti-Semite%2C+Criticizes+Bush+For+U.S.+Visit&rft.date=2006-07-26&rft.au=Trish+Turner+and+Molly+Hooper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C205819%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iraq_PM_will_visit_Iran_Monday-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iraq_PM_will_visit_Iran_Monday_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iraq_PM_will_visit_Iran_Monday_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqupdates.com/p_articles.php/article/10400">"Iraq PM will visit Iran Monday"</a>. Iraq updates. 9 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+PM+will+visit+Iran+Monday&rft.pub=Iraq+updates&rft.date=2006-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqupdates.com%2Fp_articles.php%2Farticle%2F10400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2008/12/20081215144834440817.html">"Iraqis demand shoe-thrower be freed"</a>. Al Jazeera. 19 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Especialview.wordpress.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Maliki+Does+Not+Get+a+Third+Term+in+Iraq%2C+so+what%3F+%26%23124%3B+eSPecial+View&rft.pub=Especialview.wordpress.com&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft.au=H+Al+Researcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespecialview.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F02%2F11%2Fal-maliki-does-not-get-a-third-term-in-iraq-so-what%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/iraq-court-rejects-law-that-would-impose-term-limits-on-prime-minister/#ixzz2fcN4AJJ2">"Iraq court rejects law that would impose term limits on prime minister"</a>. Fox News Channel. 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq+court+rejects+law+that+would+impose+term+limits+on+prime+minister&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Firaq-court-rejects-law-that-would-impose-term-limits-on-prime-minister%2F%23ixzz2fcN4AJJ2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiyadh_Mohammed2014" class="citation web cs1">Riyadh Mohammed (13 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2014/08/13/maliki-iraqs-lonely-leader/">"How Iraq's Leader Lost Everything"</a>. <i>Mashable</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=How+Iraq%27s+Leader+Lost+Everything&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft.au=Riyadh+Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2014%2F08%2F13%2Fmaliki-iraqs-lonely-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJomana_Karadsheh2014" class="citation news cs1">Jomana Karadsheh (9 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/08/world/meast/iraq-government/">"Iraqi lawmakers approve new government; al-Maliki becomes VP"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Iraqi+lawmakers+approve+new+government%3B+al-Maliki+becomes+VP&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.au=Jomana+Karadsheh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F09%2F08%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Firaq-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33861080">"Iraq reforms: Parliament backs PM Haider al-Abadi's plan"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 11 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Iraq+reforms%3A+Parliament+backs+PM+Haider+al-Abadi%27s+plan&rft.date=2015-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-33861080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118154559/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraq-vice-president-files-court-case-keep-post-521531666">"Iraq vice president files court case to keep his post | Middle East Eye"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraq-vice-president-files-court-case-keep-post-521531666">the original</a> on 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+vice+president+files+court+case+to+keep+his+post+%7C+Middle+East+Eye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Firaq-vice-president-files-court-case-keep-post-521531666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11733715">Profile: Nouri Maliki</a> BBC. 12 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219220200/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11733715">Archived</a> from the original 19 February 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chitrib-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chitrib_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0604270182apr27,1,7491756.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed">"New prime minister resorts to old name"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Associated Press. 27 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=New+prime+minister+resorts+to+old+name&rft.date=2006-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-0604270182apr27%2C1%2C7491756.story%3Fcoll%3Dchi-newsnationworld-hed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" class="extiw" title="commons:Nouri al-Maliki"><span style="font-style:italic; 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Le cas de Nouri al-Maliki"</a>. <i>Les Carnets de l'IFPO</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58079%2Fpvtw">10.58079/pvtw</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Carnets+de+l%27IFPO&rft.atitle=Construction+et+d%C3%A9construction+du+pouvoir+politique+en+Irak.+Le+cas+de+Nouri+al-Maliki&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58079%2Fpvtw&rft.au=Hosham+Dawod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifpo.hypotheses.org%2F4302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANouri+al-Maliki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1019884">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">Ibrahim al-Jaafari</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> </b><br />2006–2014 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Khodair_al-Khozaei" title="Khodair al-Khozaei">Khodair al-Khozaei</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iraq" title="Vice President of Iraq">Vice President of Iraq</a> </b><br />2014–2015<br />2016–2018 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Vacant</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">Ibrahim al-Jaafari</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a> </b><br />2007–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="Template:Prime ministers of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Iraq_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime ministers of Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a> (1920–1932)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Al-Rahman_Al-Gillani" title="Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani">al-Gillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Muhsin_al-Sa%27dun" title="Abdul Muhsin al-Sa'dun">al-Sa'dun</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Askari" title="Ja'far al-Askari">al-Askari</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_al-Hashimi" title="Yasin al-Hashimi">al-Hashimi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Suwaidi" title="Tawfiq al-Suwaidi">T. Suwaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naji_Al-Suwaidi" title="Naji Al-Suwaidi">N. Suwaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">al-Said</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1924%E2%80%931959).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> (1932–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naji_Shawkat" title="Naji Shawkat">Shawkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Al_Midfai" title="Jamil Al Midfai">al-Midfai</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Jawdat_Al-Ayyubi" title="Ali Jawdat Al-Ayyubi">al-Ayyubi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_al-Hashimi" title="Yasin al-Hashimi">al-Hashimi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Sulayman" title="Hikmat Sulayman">Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">al-Said</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_al-Hashimi" title="Taha al-Hashimi">al-Hashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdi_al-Pachachi" title="Hamdi al-Pachachi">H. Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Suwaidi" title="Tawfiq al-Suwaidi">T. Suwaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arshad_al-Umari" title="Arshad al-Umari">Arshad al-Umari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Jabr" title="Salih Jabr">Jabr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_al-Sadr_(prime_minister)" title="Mohammad al-Sadr (prime minister)">al-Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzahim_al-Pachachi" title="Muzahim al-Pachachi">Muzahim al-Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Mahmud_al-Umari" title="Mustafa Mahmud al-Umari">Mustafa al-Umari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_Mahmud" title="Nureddin Mahmud">Mahmud</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Fadhel_al-Jamali" title="Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali">al-Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arshad_al-Umari" title="Arshad al-Umari">Arshad al-Umari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Wahab_Mirjan" title="Abdul-Wahab Mirjan">Mirjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Mukhtar_Baban" title="Ahmad Mukhtar Baban">Baban</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1924%E2%80%931959).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Iraqi Republic</a> (1958–1968)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Qasim" title="Abdul-Karim Qasim">Qasim</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">al-Bakr</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Yahya</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Abd_ar-Razzaq" title="Arif Abd ar-Razzaq">ar-Razzaq</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Bazzaz" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz">al-Bazzaz</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naji_Talib" title="Naji Talib">Talib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Arif</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Yahya</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1959%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1963%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> (1968–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razzaq_an-Naif" title="Abdul Razzaq an-Naif">an-Naif</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Zubeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Husayn_Khudayir_as-Samarrai" title="Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai">as-Samarrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1963%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1991%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council" title="Iraqi Governing Council">Iraqi Governing Council</a> (2003–2004)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bahr_al-Uloom" title="Mohammad Bahr al-Uloom">al-Ulooum</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">al-Jaafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Chalabi" title="Ahmed Chalabi">Chalabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Allawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Talabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_al-Hakim" title="Abdul Aziz al-Hakim">al-Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi" title="Adnan Pachachi">A. Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Abdel_Hamid" title="Mohsen Abdel Hamid">Hamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bahr_al-Uloom" title="Mohammad Bahr al-Uloom">al-Uloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezzedine_Salim" title="Ezzedine Salim">Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Mashal_Ajil_al-Yawer" title="Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer">al-Yawer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1991%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic of Iraq</a> (since 2004)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Allawi</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">al-Jaafari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">al-Abadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdul-Mahdi" title="Adil Abdul-Mahdi">Abdul-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi" title="Mustafa Al-Kadhimi">Al-Kadhimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al Sudani</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(2004%E2%80%932008).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>*</sup> interim</li> <li><sup>†</sup> military</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Popular_Mobilization_Forces" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Template:Popular Mobilization Forces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Template talk:Popular Mobilization Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popular Mobilization Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popular_Mobilization_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>In <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani" title="Ali al-Sistani">Ali al-Sistani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nouri al-Maliki</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falih_Alfayyadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Falih Alfayyadh">Falih Alfayyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mahdi_al-Muhandis" title="Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis">Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_al-Amiri" title="Hadi al-Amiri">Hadi al-Amiri</a> (Badr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a> (Peace Companies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Ali_al-Saghir" title="Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir">Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir</a> (Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Kaabi" title="Akram al-Kaabi">Akram al-Kaabi</a> (Harakat al-Nujaba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qais_Khazali" title="Qais Khazali">Qais Khazali</a> (AAH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Tafuf" title="Liwa al-Tafuf">Liwa al-Tafuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Ali_al-Akbar" title="Liwa Ali al-Akbar">Liwa Ali al-Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Companies">Peace Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Movement" title="Babylon Movement">Babylon Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_al-Imam_Ali" title="Kata'ib al-Imam Ali">Kata'ib al-Imam Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kataib_Rouh_Allah_Issa_Ibn_Miriam" title="Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam">Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabak_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabak Militia">Liwa al-Shabak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_Brigade_(Iraq)" title="Salah al-Din Brigade (Iraq)">Salah al-Din Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Mu%27ammal" title="Jaysh al-Mu'ammal">Jaysh al-Mu'ammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Ansar_Allah_al-Awfiya" title="Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya">Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraya_Ansar_al-Aqeeda" title="Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda">Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraya_al-Jihad" title="Saraya al-Jihad">Saraya al-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraya_al-Khorasani" title="Saraya al-Khorasani">Saraya al-Khorasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quwat_al-Shaheed_al-Sadr" title="Quwat al-Shaheed al-Sadr">Quwat al-Shaheed al-Sadr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Hezbollah_al-Nujaba" title="Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba">Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Sayyid_al-Shuhada" title="Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada">Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other personals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Azrael" title="Abu Azrael">Abu Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahsin_al-Salhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Tahsin al-Salhi">Abu Tahsin al-Salhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanad_Najim_Aleqabi" title="Mohanad Najim Aleqabi">Mohanad Najim Aleqabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Al_Asadi" title="Ahmed Al Asadi">Ahmed Al Asadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um_Hanadi" title="Um Hanadi">Um Hanadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Team_Media_War" title="Team Media War">Team Media War</a> (general)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alghadeer_TV" title="Alghadeer TV">Alghadeer TV</a> (Badr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alahad_TV" title="Alahad TV">Alahad TV</a> (AAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alnujaba_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Alnujaba TV">Alnujaba TV</a> (Nujaba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletejah_TV" title="Aletejah TV">Aletejah TV</a> (KH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)">Iraqi Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_militias_in_Iraq" title="Private militias in Iraq">Private militias in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Shrine_Defender" title="Holy Shrine Defender">Holy Shrine Defender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57673#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57673#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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