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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liternatura" title="Liternatura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Liternatura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenyddiaeth_natur" title="Llenyddiaeth natur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llenyddiaeth natur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Writing" title="Nature Writing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nature Writing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nature writing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="طبیعت‌نویسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طبیعت‌نویسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nature writing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nature writing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ネイチャーライティング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネイチャーライティング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB" title="自然書寫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自然書寫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nature writing</b> is <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">nonfiction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> about the natural environment. It often draws heavily from scientific information and facts while also incorporating philosophical reflection upon various aspects of nature. Works are frequently written in the first person and include personal observations. </p><p>Nature writing encompasses a wide variety of works, ranging from those that place primary emphasis on natural history (such as field guides) to those focusing on philosophical interpretation. It includes poetry, essays of solitude or escape, as well as travel and adventure writing.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern-day nature writing traces its roots to works of <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> that initially gained popularity in the second half of the 18th century, and continued to do so throughout the 19th century. An important early figure in nature writing was the <a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">parson-naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a> (1720–1793),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a pioneering English naturalist and ornithologist. He is best known for writing <a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_and_Antiquities_of_Selborne" title="The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne"><i>Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne</i></a> (1789). </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Bartram" title="William Bartram">William Bartram</a> (1739–1823) was another significant American pioneer naturalist who became a respected figure in literary and scientific communities after his first work was published in 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_writing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tradition of <a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">clerical naturalists</a> can be traced back to the monastic writings of the Middle Ages, although under modern-day definitions, these writings about animals and plants cannot be correctly classified as natural history. Notable early parson-naturalists were <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> (1508–1568), <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> (1627–1705) and <a href="/wiki/William_Derham" title="William Derham">William Derham</a> (1657–1735). </p><p>Gilbert White was an English <a href="/wiki/Ecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist">ecologist</a>, who expressed encouragement towards an increased respect for nature.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said of the <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworm</a>: "Earthworms, though in appearance a small and despicable link in the chain of nature, yet, if lost, would make a lamentable chasm. [...] worms seem to be the great promoters of vegetation, which would proceed but lamely without them."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with naturalist <a href="/wiki/William_Markwick" title="William Markwick">William Markwick</a>,White collected records of the dates of emergence of more than 400 plant and animal species in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> between 1768 and 1793. Their findings were summarized in <i>The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne</i>, in which they recorded the earliest and latest dates for each event over a 25-year period. The data recorded by White and Markwick are among the earliest examples of modern <a href="/wiki/Phenology" title="Phenology">phenology</a>. </p><p>American botanist, natural historian, and explorer <a href="/wiki/William_Bartram" title="William Bartram">William Bartram</a> traveled extensively in the Americas throughout the late 1700s, observing the native <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>; his work, now known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bartram%27s_Travels" title="Bartram's Travels">Bartram's Travels</a></i>, was published in 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/E._G._Squier" title="E. G. Squier">Ephraim George Squier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hamilton_Davis" title="Edwin Hamilton Davis">Edwin Hamilton Davis</a>, in their book, <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_of_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley">Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</a></i>, name Bartram as "the first naturalist who penetrated the dense tropical forests of Florida."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another early illustrated work of nature writing was <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a>, published in two volumes. Volume 1, "Land Birds", appeared in 1797. Volume 2, "Water Birds", appeared in 1804. The book was considered to be the first "<a href="/wiki/Field_guide" title="Field guide">field guide</a>" for non-specialists. Bewick provided an accurate illustration of each species, listed the common and scientific name(s) and cited the naming authorities. Each bird is described with its distribution and behavior, often with extensive quotations from external sources or correspondents. Critics noted Bewick's skill as a <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> as well as an <a href="/wiki/Engraver" class="mw-redirect" title="Engraver">engraver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 19th century, works of nature writing included those of American ornithologist <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (1785–1851), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1809–1882) and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1823–1913).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional authors who published modern works include English author <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jefferies" title="Richard Jefferies">Richard Jefferies</a> (1848-1887), American authors <a href="/wiki/Susan_Fenimore_Cooper" title="Susan Fenimore Cooper">Susan Fenimore Cooper</a>(1813–1894) and <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> (1817–1862). Other significant writers in the genre include <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>(1803–1882), <a href="/wiki/John_Burroughs" title="John Burroughs">John Burroughs</a> (1837–1931) and <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> (1838–1914). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century_to_date">20th century to date</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_writing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 20th century to date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second half of the 20th century saw a significant increase in nature writing in fiction and non-fiction in Britain. One of the earliest of these works was <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_writer)" title="John Moore (British writer)">John Moore</a> (1907–1967), a best-selling pioneer <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservationist</a>. Writing from the 1930s to 1960s, he was described by Sir Compton Mackenzie as the most talented writer about the countryside of his generation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moore's contemporaries included <a href="/wiki/Henry_Williamson" title="Henry Williamson">Henry Williamson</a> (1895–1977), best known for <i><a href="/wiki/Tarka_the_Otter" title="Tarka the Otter">Tarka the Otter</a></i>, whose imaginative prose won him the <a href="/wiki/Hawthornden_Prize" title="Hawthornden Prize">Hawthornden Prize</a> in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other 20th century writers included American authors <a href="/wiki/Edward_Abbey" title="Edward Abbey">Edward Abbey</a> (1927–1989), <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a> (1887–1948) and Indian author <a href="/wiki/M._Krishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Krishnan">M. Krishnan</a> (1912–1996). </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, other writers emerged including English teacher and naturalist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hutchinson" title="Margaret Hutchinson">Margaret Hutchinson</a> (1904–1997), who strongly advocated for raising children as naturalists from an early age. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American author <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a> (1907–1964) is known for <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i>, published in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carson heralded a new and pointed style of nature writing that carried stronger warnings of environmental loss as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> became an increasing conflict throughout the 20th century. </p><p>Relevant contemporary nature writers in Britain include <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mabey" title="Richard Mabey">Richard Mabey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Deakin" title="Roger Deakin">Roger Deakin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cocker" title="Mark Cocker">Mark Cocker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Oliver Rackham</a>. Rackham's books included Ancient Woodland (1980) and The History of the Countryside (1986). Richard Mabey has been involved with radio and television programmes on nature, and his book Nature Cure, describes his experiences and recovery from depression in the context of man's relationship with landscape and nature. He has also edited and introduced editions of Richard Jefferies, Gilbert White, <a href="/wiki/Flora_Thompson" title="Flora Thompson">Flora Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthiessen" title="Peter Matthiessen">Peter Matthiessen</a>. Mark Cocker has written extensively for British newspapers and magazines and his books include <i><a href="/wiki/Birds_Britannica" title="Birds Britannica">Birds Britannica</a></i> (with Richard Mabey) (2005). and Crow Country (2007). He frequently writes about modern responses to the wild, whether found in landscape, human societies or in other species. Roger Deakin was an English writer, documentary-maker and environmentalist. In 1999, Deakin's acclaimed book Waterlog was published.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired in part by the short story <a href="/wiki/The_Swimmer_(short_story)" title="The Swimmer (short story)"><i>The Swimmer</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a>, it describes his experiences of '<a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">wild swimming</a>' in Britain's rivers and lakes and advocates <a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">open access</a> to the countryside and waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deakin's book <i>Wildwood</i> appeared posthumously in 2007. It describes a series of journeys across the globe that Deakin made to meet people whose lives are intimately connected to trees and wood. </p><p>German contributions to nature writing include German author <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wohlleben" title="Peter Wohlleben">Peter Wohlleben's</a> book <i>The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate</i>. Published in 2016, it was translated from German into English and subsequently became a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Bestseller" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Bestseller">New York Times Bestseller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the German book publishing company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthes_%26_Seitz_Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthes & Seitz Berlin (page does not exist)">Matthes & Seitz Berlin</a> began to grant the <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Award_for_Nature_Writing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Award for Nature Writing (page does not exist)">German Award for Nature Writing</a>, an annual literary award for German writers who fulfill criteria within nature writing as a literary genre. It comes with a prize of 10,000 euro and an additional <a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">artist in residency</a> grant of six weeks at the International Academy for Nature Conservation of Germany in <a href="/wiki/Vilm" title="Vilm">Vilm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Replacing inline text [check this] (March 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a> offered an education bursary and workshop opportunities to six young German authors deemed to be dedicated to nature writing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_writing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofiction" title="Ecofiction">Ecofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">List of environmental books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_writing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLyon2001" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Thomas Jefferson (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63UfAQAAIAAJ"><i>This Incomparable Land: A Guide to American Nature Writing</i></a>. Milkweed Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57131-256-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57131-256-3"><bdi>978-1-57131-256-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Incomparable+Land%3A+A+Guide+to+American+Nature+Writing&rft.pub=Milkweed+Editions&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57131-256-3&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Jefferson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63UfAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1903" class="citation book cs1">Gosse, Edmund (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bUAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA375"><i>English Literature: From Milton to Johnson</i></a>. London: William Heinemann. pp. 375–378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Literature%3A+From+Milton+to+Johnson&rft.place=London&rft.pages=375-378&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbUAOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParramore1979" class="citation web cs1">Parramore, Thomas C. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/bartram-william">"Bartram, William"</a>. <i>NCPedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCPedia&rft.atitle=Bartram%2C+William&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Parramore&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpedia.org%2Fbiography%2Fbartram-william&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazell,_D.L.,_Heinsohn,_R.G.,_and_Lindenmayer,_D.B.2005" class="citation book cs1">Hazell, D.L., Heinsohn, R.G., and Lindenmayer, D.B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtD2P_P4CaYC"><i>Grafton, R. Quentin, Robin, Libby, and Wasson, R.J. (eds.), Understanding the Environment: Bridging the Disciplinary Divides</i></a>. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales Press. pp. 97–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-912-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-912-2"><bdi>978-0-86840-912-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grafton%2C+R.+Quentin%2C+Robin%2C+Libby%2C+and+Wasson%2C+R.J.+%28eds.%29%2C+Understanding+the+Environment%3A+Bridging+the+Disciplinary+Divides&rft.place=Sydney%2C+Australia&rft.pages=97-112&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-912-2&rft.au=Hazell%2C+D.L.%2C+Heinsohn%2C+R.G.%2C+and+Lindenmayer%2C+D.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtD2P_P4CaYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1840" class="citation book cs1">White, Gilbert (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_YVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA205"><i>The Natural History of Selborne: With Observations on Various Parts of Nature, and the Naturalist's Calendar</i></a>. London, England: John Chidley. pp. 205–206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Selborne%3A+With+Observations+on+Various+Parts+of+Nature%2C+and+the+Naturalist%27s+Calendar&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=205-206&rft.pub=John+Chidley&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz_YVAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartram1998" class="citation book cs1">Bartram, William (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6UIZljLPfUC"><i>The Travels of William Bartram</i></a>. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2027-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2027-4"><bdi>978-0-8203-2027-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+William+Bartram.&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2027-4&rft.aulast=Bartram&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz6UIZljLPfUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquier1848" class="citation book cs1">Squier, E.G. 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Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Monuments+of+the+Mississippi+Valley&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Squier&rft.aufirst=E.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2021666743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1906" class="citation book cs1">Gosse, Edmund (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zn3gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA298">"Charles Darwin"</a>. <i>English Literature: From the Age of Johnson to the Age of Tennyson</i>. New York: Macmillan Co. pp. 298–302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin&rft.btitle=English+Literature%3A+From+the+Age+of+Johnson+to+the+Age+of+Tennyson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=298-302&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZn3gAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bain, Iain (2004-09-23). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-2334">"Bewick, Thomas"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F2334">10.1093/ref:odnb/2334</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bewick%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F2334&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-2334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2007" class="citation book cs1">Cole, D.J. (2007). <i>True Countryman</i>. Blacksmith Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0954358518" title="Special:BookSources/978-0954358518"><bdi>978-0954358518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+Countryman&rft.pub=Blacksmith+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0954358518&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarbiener,_Karen,_and_Stade,_George2009" class="citation book cs1">Karbiener, Karen, and Stade, George (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7pVTz46T3cC"><i>Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present, Volume 2</i></a>. New York: DWJ Books. p. 522. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1689-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1689-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-1689-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+British+Writers%2C+1800+to+the+Present%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=522&rft.pub=DWJ+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1689-1&rft.au=Karbiener%2C+Karen%2C+and+Stade%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7pVTz46T3cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1983" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, Margaret (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MkyAAAAAIAAJ"><i>A Childhood in Edwardian Sussex: The Making of a Naturalist</i></a>. Triplegate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946474-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946474-13-4"><bdi>978-0-946474-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Childhood+in+Edwardian+Sussex%3A+The+Making+of+a+Naturalist&rft.pub=Triplegate&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-946474-13-4&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMkyAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/scientific-biographies/rachel-carson/">"Rachel Carson"</a>. <i>Science History Institute</i>. June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Rachel+Carson&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Feducation%2Fscientific-biographies%2Frachel-carson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/08/archive-environmentalist-roger-deakin-university?INTCMP=SRCH">"Archives of environmentalist Roger Deakin given to university"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 8 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Archives+of+environmentalist+Roger+Deakin+given+to+university&rft.date=2010-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2010%2Fmay%2F08%2Farchive-environmentalist-roger-deakin-university%3FINTCMP%3DSRCH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outdoorswimmingsociety.com/roger-deakin-man-moat-legacy/">"Deakin: The Man, The Moat, and The Legacy"</a>. <i>The Outdoor Swimming Society</i>. June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Outdoor+Swimming+Society&rft.atitle=Deakin%3A+The+Man%2C+The+Moat%2C+and+The+Legacy&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outdoorswimmingsociety.com%2Froger-deakin-man-moat-legacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrane2016" class="citation news cs1">McGrane, Sally (29 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/world/europe/german-forest-ranger-finds-that-trees-have-social-networks-too.html">"German Forest Ranger Finds That Trees Have Social Networks, Too"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=German+Forest+Ranger+Finds+That+Trees+Have+Social+Networks%2C+Too&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft.aulast=McGrane&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F30%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fgerman-forest-ranger-finds-that-trees-have-social-networks-too.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boersenblatt.net/archiv/1492164.html">"Preis für Nature Writing 2018: Sabine Scho und Christian Lehnert"</a>. <i>boersenblatt.net</i>. 13 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boersenblatt.net.&rft.atitle=Preis+f%C3%BCr+Nature+Writing+2018%3A+Sabine+Scho+und+Christian+Lehnert&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boersenblatt.net%2Farchiv%2F1492164.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishcouncil.de/uk-germany-2018/writers-nature-stipendium">"Writers by Nature: Stipendium"</a>. <i>britishcouncil.de</i>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishcouncil.de&rft.atitle=Writers+by+Nature%3A+Stipendium&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.de%2Fuk-germany-2018%2Fwriters-nature-stipendium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_writing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Finch, Robert, and John Elder, eds. <i>The Norton Book of Nature Writing</i>. New York: Norton, 1990; <i>Nature writing: the tradition in English</i>. edited by Robert Finch and John Elder. New York: W.W. Norton, c2002. This book is an all encompassing guide and encyclopedia of 200 years of nature writing.</li> <li>Keith, W. J., <i>The Rural Tradition: William Cobbett, Gilbert White, and Other Non-Fiction Writers of the English Countryside</i>. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester, 1975. This book has a useful bibliography. In addition, this book goes over specific parts of nature writing, including landscape, pastoral and country life literature.</li> <li>Lyon, Thomas J., ed. <i>This Incomparable Land: A Book of American Nature Writing</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989. This book is an introduction guide to the genre. It goes over the vastness of the genre and American writing within the genre.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillard1973" class="citation journal cs1">Lillard, Richard G. (April 1973). "The Nature Book in Action". <i>The English Journal</i>. <b>62</b> (4). National Council of Teachers of English: 537–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F813109">10.2307/813109</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/813109">813109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Nature+Book+in+Action&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=537-48&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F813109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F813109%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lillard&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span> This textbook styled book mainly consists of the history behind nature writing.</li> <li>Mabey, Richard, <i>The Oxford Book of Nature Writing</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. This piece also goes over the magnitude of this genre and presents essays from varying nature authors.</li> <li>Stewart, Frank, <i>A Natural History of Nature Writing</i>. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1994. This books concentrates on the origins of American nature writing.</li> <li>Trimble, Stephen, "Words From the Land: Encounters with Natural History Writing". Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1995 (revised edition). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874172645" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874172645">978-0874172645</a>. This book is a representative collection of essays which goes over the contemporary part of nature writing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_writing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725042147/http://william.bartramtrail.org/pages/Bartram_Trail/frame12.html">William Bartram's early Southern travels</a> (archived 25 July 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.pitt.edu/a/audubon/plates.html">Audubon's <i>Birds of America</i> at the U. of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudubon,_John_James1843" class="citation book cs1">Audubon, John James (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFQDAAAAYAAJ"><i>Birds of America</i></a>. Vol. 6. New York: J. J. Audubon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=J.+J.+Audubon&rft.date=1843&rft.au=Audubon%2C+John+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUFQDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+writing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://landlinesproject.wordpress.com/">Land Lines: British Nature Writing, 1789–2014</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">AHRC</a> funded research project exploring British nature writing from the late eighteenth century to the present).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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