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<ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tube_Alloys_and_the_MAUD_Report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tube_Alloys_and_the_MAUD_Report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Tube Alloys and the MAUD Report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tube_Alloys_and_the_MAUD_Report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manhattan_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manhattan_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Manhattan Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manhattan_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">James Chadwick</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83" title="جيمس تشادويك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس تشادويك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स चैडविक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जेम्स चैडविक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_%C3%87advik" title="Ceyms Çadvik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Çadvik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جیمز چادویک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیمز چادویک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95" title="জেমস চ্যাডউইক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস চ্যাডউইক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Джэймс Чэдвік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Чэдвік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B7_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%9E%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Джэймз Чадўік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэймз Чадўік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Чадуик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Чадуик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%BA" title="Τζέιμς Τσάντγουικ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Τσάντγουικ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جیمز چدویک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز چدویک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95" title="જેમ્સ ચૅડવિક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જેમ્સ ચૅડવિક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B1%84%EB%93%9C%EC%9C%85" title="제임스 채드윅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 채드윅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Ջեյմս Չադվիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Չադվիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स चैडविक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स चैडविक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A6%27%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ג'יימס צ'דוויק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס צ'דוויק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ ჩედვიკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ ჩედვიკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Чедвик – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Чедвик" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Chadwick" title="Iacobus Chadwick – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_%C4%8Cedviks" title="Džeimss Čedviks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Čedviks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Џејмс Чедвик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џејмс Чедвик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ജെയിംസ് ചാഡ്വിക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെയിംസ് ചാഡ്വിക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स चॅडविक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेम्स चॅडविक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ ჩედვიკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეიმზ ჩედვიკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="جيمس تشادويك (عالم نووى من المملكه المتحده) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس تشادويك (عالم نووى من المملكه المتحده)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جیمز چادویک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جیمز چادویک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स् च्याडविक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जेम्स् च्याडविक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ジェームズ・チャドウィック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・チャドウィック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95" title="ਜੇਮਸ ਚੈਡਵਿਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਮਸ ਚੈਡਵਿਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جیمز چیڈوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز چیڈوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Чедвик, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чедвик, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स् चाडविक – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जेम्स् चाडविक" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="ජේම්ස් චැඩ්වික් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජේම්ස් චැඩ්වික්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%86%DB%95%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جەیمز چەدویک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەیمز چەدویک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Џејмс Чедвик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс Чедвик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜேம்ஸ் சாட்விக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜேம்ஸ் சாட்விக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A7%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Җеймс Чәдвик – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җеймс Чәдвик" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="జేమ్స్ చాడ్విక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జేమ్స్ చాడ్విక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Чедвік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Чедвік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جیمز چیڈوک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیمز چیڈوک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="James Chadwick" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆斯·查德威克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="詹姆斯·查德威克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English physicist (1891–1974)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the bishop, see <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick_(bishop)" title="James Chadwick (bishop)">James Chadwick (bishop)</a>. For the American gynaecologist, see <a href="/wiki/James_Read_Chadwick" title="James Read Chadwick">James Read Chadwick</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">James Chadwick</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Chadwick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_Chadwick.jpg/220px-James_Chadwick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_Chadwick.jpg/330px-James_Chadwick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_Chadwick.jpg/440px-James_Chadwick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1650" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Chadwick, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1945</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1891-10-20)20 October 1891 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bollington" title="Bollington">Bollington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 1974(1974-07-24) (aged 82) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> (<a href="/wiki/BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a>) <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/MSc" class="mw-redirect" title="MSc">MSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Discovering the <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchett_Medal" title="Melchett Medal">Melchett Medal</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday Medal">Faraday Medal</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_Medal_and_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Guthrie Medal and Prize">Guthrie Medal and Prize</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">Order of the Companions of Honour</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Reichsanstalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt">Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bi%C3%A9ler" title="Étienne Biéler">Étienne Biéler</a><a href="#cite_note-AcademicTree-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drummond_Ellis" title="Charles Drummond Ellis">Charles Drummond Ellis</a><a href="#cite_note-AcademicTree-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a><a href="#cite_note-AcademicTree-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Harold_Gray" title="Louis Harold Gray">Louis Harold Gray</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_C._Pollard" title="Ernest C. Pollard">Ernest C. Pollard</a><a href="#cite_note-AcademicTree-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvay1933Signature_Chadwick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Solvay1933Signature_Chadwick.jpg/150px-Solvay1933Signature_Chadwick.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Solvay1933Signature_Chadwick.jpg/225px-Solvay1933Signature_Chadwick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Solvay1933Signature_Chadwick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="89" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sir James Chadwick (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was an English <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1935 for his <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_neutron" title="Discovery of the neutron">discovery of the neutron</a>. In 1941, he wrote the final draft of the <a href="/wiki/MAUD_Committee" title="MAUD Committee">MAUD Report</a>, which inspired the U.S. government to begin serious <a href="/wiki/Atom_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom bomb">atom bomb</a> research efforts. He was the head of the British team that worked on the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in Britain in 1945 for his achievements in physics. Chadwick graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a> in 1911, where he studied under <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (known as the "father of nuclear physics").<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> At Manchester, he continued to study under Rutherford until he was awarded his MSc in 1913. The same year, Chadwick was awarded an <a href="/wiki/1851_Research_Fellowship" title="1851 Research Fellowship">1851 Research Fellowship</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851" title="Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851">Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851</a>. He elected to study <a href="/wiki/Beta_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta radiation">beta radiation</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a> in Berlin. Using Geiger's recently developed <a href="/wiki/Geiger_counter" title="Geiger counter">Geiger counter</a>, Chadwick was able to demonstrate that beta radiation produced a <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay#Beta_emission_spectrum" title="Beta decay">continuous spectrum</a>, and not discrete lines as had been thought. Still in Germany when <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in Europe, he spent the next four years in the <a href="/wiki/Ruhleben_internment_camp" title="Ruhleben internment camp">Ruhleben internment camp</a>. After the war, Chadwick followed Rutherford to the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where Chadwick earned his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> degree under Rutherford's supervision from <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>, in June 1921. He was Rutherford's assistant director of research at the Cavendish Laboratory for over a decade at a time when it was one of the world's foremost centres for the study of physics, attracting students like <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Feather" title="Norman Feather">Norman Feather</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a>. Chadwick followed his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> by measuring its <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>. He anticipated that neutrons would become a major weapon in the fight against cancer. Chadwick left the Cavendish Laboratory in 1935 to become a professor of physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>, where he overhauled an antiquated laboratory and, by installing a <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>, made it an important centre for the study of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_life">Education and early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and early life">edit</a>]</div> James Chadwick was born in <a href="/wiki/Bollington" title="Bollington">Bollington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, on 20 October 1891,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalconer2004-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliphant1974-4">[4]</a> the first child of John Joseph Chadwick, a cotton spinner, and Anne Mary Knowles, a domestic servant. He was named James after his paternal grandfather. In 1895, his parents moved to <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, leaving him in the care of his maternal grandparents. He went to Bollington Cross Primary School, and was offered a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School" title="Manchester Grammar School">Manchester Grammar School</a>, which his family had to turn down as they could not afford the small fees that still had to be paid. Instead he attended the <a href="/wiki/Central_Grammar_School_for_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Grammar School for Boys">Central Grammar School for Boys</a> in Manchester, rejoining his parents there. He now had two younger brothers, Harry and Hubert; a sister had died in infancy. At the age of 16, he sat two examinations for university scholarships, and won both of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19973–5-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6">[6]</a> Chadwick chose to attend <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a>, which he entered in 1908. He meant to study mathematics, but enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> by mistake. Like most students, he lived at home, walking the 4 miles (6.4 km) to the university and back each day. At the end of his first year, he was awarded a Heginbottom Scholarship to study physics. The physics department was headed by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, who assigned research projects to final-year students, and he instructed Chadwick to devise a means of comparing the amount of radioactive energy of two different sources. The idea was that they could be measured in terms of the activity of 1 gram (0.035 oz) of <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, a unit of measurement which would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>. Rutherford's suggested approach was unworkable—something Chadwick knew but was afraid to tell Rutherford—so Chadwick pressed on, and eventually devised the required method. The results became Chadwick's first paper, which, co-authored with Rutherford, was published in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutherfordChadwick1912-7">[7]</a> He graduated with <a href="/wiki/First_class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First class honours">first class honours</a> in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19976–14-8">[8]</a> Having devised a means of measuring gamma radiation, Chadwick proceeded to measure the absorption of gamma rays by various gases and liquids. This time the resulting paper was published under his name alone. He was awarded his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> (MSc) degree in 1912, and was appointed a Beyer Fellow. The following year he was awarded an <a href="/wiki/1851_Exhibition_Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="1851 Exhibition Scholarship">1851 Exhibition Scholarship</a>, which allowed him to study and research at a university in continental Europe. He elected to go to the <a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Reichsanstalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt">Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt</a> in Berlin in 1913, to study <a href="/wiki/Beta_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta radiation">beta radiation</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199716–21-9">[9]</a> Using Geiger's recently developed <a href="/wiki/Geiger_counter" title="Geiger counter">Geiger counter</a>, which provided more accuracy than the earlier photographic techniques, he was able to demonstrate that beta radiation did not produce <a href="/wiki/Spectral_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral lines">discrete lines</a>, as has been previously thought, but rather a <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay#Beta_emission_spectrum" title="Beta decay">continuous spectrum</a> with peaks in certain regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1914-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwickEllis1922-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner1969-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen200088–90-13">[13]</a> On a visit to Geiger's laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> told Chadwick that: "I can explain either of these things, but I can't explain them both at the same time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner1969-12">[12]</a> The continuous spectrum would remain an <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay#History" title="Beta decay">unexplained phenomenon for many years</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199724–26-14">[14]</a> Chadwick was still in Germany at the start of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, and was interned in the <a href="/wiki/Ruhleben_internment_camp" title="Ruhleben internment camp">Ruhleben internment camp</a> near Berlin, where he was allowed to set up a laboratory in the stables and conduct scientific experiments using improvised materials such as <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_quackery" title="Radioactive quackery">radioactive toothpaste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APSNews-15">[15]</a> With the help of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Drummond_Ellis" title="Charles Drummond Ellis">Charles Drummond Ellis</a>, he worked on the <a href="/wiki/Ionisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionisation">ionisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mechanistic_organic_photochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanistic organic photochemistry">photochemical reaction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> He was released after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany">Armistice with Germany</a> came into effect in November 1918, and returned to his parents' home in Manchester, where he wrote up his findings over the previous four years for the 1851 Exhibition commissioners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199739-18">[18]</a> Rutherford gave Chadwick a part-time teaching position at Manchester, allowing him to continue research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199739-18">[18]</a> He looked at the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear charge">nuclear charge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and experimentally found that this was the same as the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> within an error of less than 1.5 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199743-19">[19]</a> In April 1919, Rutherford became director of the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, and Chadwick joined him there a few months later. Chadwick was awarded a Clerk-Maxwell studentship in 1920, and enrolled as a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> (PhD) student at <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>. The first half of his thesis was his work with atomic numbers. In the second, he looked at the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">forces</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a>. His degree was awarded in June 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199743–50-20">[20]</a> In November, he became a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199758-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Researcher">Researcher</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Researcher">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambridge">Cambridge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cambridge">edit</a>]</div> Chadwick's Clerk-Maxwell studentship expired in 1923, and he was succeeded by the Russian physicist <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Kapitza">Pyotr Kapitza</a>. The Chairman of the Advisory Council of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (United Kingdom)">Department of Scientific and Industrial Research</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Symington_McCormick" class="mw-redirect" title="William Symington McCormick">William McCormick</a> arranged for Chadwick to become Rutherford's assistant director of research. In this role, Chadwick helped Rutherford select PhD students. Over the next few years these would include <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Feather" title="Norman Feather">Norman Feather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a>, who would become firm friends with Chadwick. As many students had no idea what they wanted to research, Rutherford and Chadwick would suggest topics. Chadwick edited all the papers produced by the laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199773–76-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg/300px-The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg/450px-The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg/600px-The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The original building of the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> was the home of some of the great discoveries in physics. It was founded in 1874 by the <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_7th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire">Duke of Devonshire</a> (whose family name was Cavendish), and its first professor was <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>. The Laboratory has since moved to <a href="/wiki/West_Cambridge" title="West Cambridge">West Cambridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </figcaption></figure> In 1925, Chadwick met Aileen Stewart-Brown, the daughter of a Liverpool stockbroker. The two were married in August 1925,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199773–76-22">[22]</a> with Kapitza as Best Man. The couple had twin daughters, Joanna and Judith, who were born in February 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199785-24">[24]</a> In his research, Chadwick continued to probe the nucleus. In 1925, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> had allowed physicists to explain the <a href="/wiki/Zeeman_effect" title="Zeeman effect">Zeeman effect</a>, but it also created unexplained anomalies. At the time it was believed that the nucleus consisted of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and electrons, so <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>'s nucleus, for example, with a <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> of 14, was assumed to contain 14 protons and 7 electrons. This gave it the right <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> and charge, but the wrong spin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199792–93-25">[25]</a> At a conference at Cambridge on beta particles and gamma rays in 1928, Chadwick met Geiger again. Geiger had brought with him a new model of his Geiger counter, which had been improved by his post-doctoral student <a href="/wiki/Walther_M%C3%BCller" title="Walther Müller">Walther Müller</a>. Chadwick had not used one since the war, and the new <a href="/wiki/Geiger_counter" title="Geiger counter">Geiger–Müller counter</a> was potentially a major improvement over the <a href="/wiki/Scintillation_(physics)" title="Scintillation (physics)">scintillation</a> techniques then in use at Cambridge, which relied on the human eye for observation. The major drawback with it was that it detected <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma</a> radiation, and radium, which the Cavendish laboratory normally used in its experiments, emitted all three, and was therefore unsuitable for what Chadwick had in mind. However, <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> is an alpha emitter, and <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a> sent Chadwick about 2 millicuries (about 0.5 μg) from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199795–97-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESublette2006-27">[27]</a> In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a> and his student <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Becker_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Becker (physicist)">Herbert Becker</a> had used polonium to bombard <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> with alpha particles, producing an unusual form of radiation. Chadwick had his Australian 1851 Exhibition scholar, Hugh Webster, duplicate their results. To Chadwick, this was evidence of something that he and Rutherford had been hypothesising for years: the <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>, a theoretical nuclear particle with no electric charge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199795–97-26">[26]</a> Then in January 1932, Feather drew Chadwick's attention to another surprising result. <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> had succeeded in knocking protons from <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a> using polonium and beryllium as a source for what they thought was gamma radiation. Rutherford and Chadwick disagreed; protons were too heavy for that. But neutrons would need only a small amount of energy to achieve the same effect. In Rome, <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Majorana" title="Ettore Majorana">Ettore Majorana</a> came to the same conclusion: the Joliot-Curies had discovered the neutron but did not know it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997103–104-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory,_early_20th_century._(9660575343).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg/220px-Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg/330px-Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg/440px-Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Sir Ernest Rutherford's laboratory</figcaption></figure> Chadwick dropped all his other responsibilities to concentrate on proving the existence of the neutron, assisted by Feather<a href="#cite_note-sessI-29">[29]</a> and frequently working late at night. He devised a simple apparatus that consisted of a cylinder containing a polonium source and beryllium target. The resulting radiation could then be directed at a material such as paraffin wax. The displaced particles, which were protons, would go into a small ionisation chamber where they could be detected with an <a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997103–104-28">[28]</a> In February 1932, after only about two weeks of experimentation with neutrons,<a href="#cite_note-APSNews-15">[15]</a> Chadwick sent a letter to <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> titled "Possible Existence of a Neutron".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1932a-30">[30]</a> He communicated his findings in detail in an article sent to <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society A">Proceedings of the Royal Society A</a> titled "The Existence of a Neutron" in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1932b-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1933-32">[32]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_neutron" title="Discovery of the neutron">discovery of the neutron</a> was a milestone in understanding the nucleus. Reading Chadwick's paper, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a> realised that anomalies in the then-current theory, like the spin of nitrogen, would be resolved if the neutron has a <a href="/wiki/Spin-%C2%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-½">spin of 1/2</a> and that a nitrogen nucleus consisted of seven protons and seven neutrons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhaling20098–9-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacherCondon1932-34">[34]</a> The theoretical physicists <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> considered whether the neutron could be a fundamental <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nuclear particle</a> like the proton and electron, rather than a proton–electron pair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeisenberg1932a-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeisenberg1932b-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeisenberg1933-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromberg1971-38">[38]</a> Heisenberg showed that the neutron was best described as a new nuclear particle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeisenberg1933-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromberg1971-38">[38]</a> but its exact nature remained unclear. In his 1933 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Bakerian_Medal" title="Royal Society Bakerian Medal">Bakerian Lecture</a>, Chadwick estimated that a neutron had a mass of about 1.0067 <a href="/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified atomic mass unit">u</a>. Since a proton and an electron had a combined mass of 1.0078 u, this implied the neutron as a proton–electron composite had a binding energy of about 2 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a>, which sounded reasonable,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997115–116-39">[39]</a> although it was hard to understand how a particle with so little binding energy could be stable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromberg1971-38">[38]</a> Estimating such a small mass difference required challenging precise measurements, however, and several conflicting results were obtained in 1933–4. By bombarding <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> with alpha particles, Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie obtained a large value for the mass of a neutron, but <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>'s team at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> produced a small one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilbronSeidel1989153–157-40">[40]</a> Then <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a>, a refugee from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and a graduate student at the Cavendish Laboratory, suggested to Chadwick that <a href="/wiki/Deuteron" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteron">deuterons</a> could be <a href="/wiki/Photodisintegration" title="Photodisintegration">photodisintegrated</a> by the 2.6 MeV gamma rays of 208Tl (then known as <a href="/wiki/Decay_chain#Thorium_series" title="Decay chain">thorium C"</a>): <dl><dd><table border="0"> <tbody><tr style="height:2em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Deuterium-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterium-2">2 1D </a> </td> <td>+ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray"> γ </a> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen-1">1 1H </a> </td> <td>+ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"> n </a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> An accurate value for the mass of the neutron could be determined from this process. Chadwick and Goldhaber tried this and found that it worked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhaber1934-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwickGoldhaber1934-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwickGoldhaber1935-43">[43]</a> They measured the kinetic energy of the proton produced as 1.05 MeV, leaving the mass of the neutron as the unknown in the equation. Chadwick and Goldhaber calculated that it was either 1.0084 or 1.0090 atomic units, depending on the values used for the masses of the proton and deuteron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997122–125-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwickGoldhaber1935-43">[43]</a> (The modern accepted value for the mass of the neutron is 1.00866 <a href="/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified atomic mass unit">u</a>.) The mass of the neutron was too large to be a proton–electron pair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997122–125-44">[44]</a> For his discovery of the neutron, Chadwick was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1932, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> in 1950 and the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6">[6]</a> His discovery of the neutron made it possible to produce elements heavier than <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> in the laboratory by the capture of slow neutrons followed by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>. Unlike the positively charged <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>, which are repelled by the electrical forces present in the nuclei of other atoms, neutrons do not need to overcome any <a href="/wiki/Coulomb_barrier" title="Coulomb barrier">Coulomb barrier</a>, and can therefore penetrate and enter the nuclei of even the heaviest elements such as uranium. This inspired <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> to investigate the nuclear reactions brought about by collisions of nuclei with slow neutrons, work for which Fermi would receive the Nobel Prize in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997125-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> proposed another kind of particle on 4 December 1930 to explain the continuous spectrum of beta radiation that Chadwick had reported in 1914. Since not all of the energy of beta radiation could be accounted for, the law of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">conservation of energy</a> appeared to be violated, but Pauli argued that this could be redressed if another, undiscovered, particle was involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997119–120-46">[46]</a> Pauli also called this particle a neutron, but it was clearly not the same particle as Chadwick's neutron. Fermi renamed it the <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>, Italian for "little neutron".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClose201215–18-47">[47]</a> In 1934, Fermi proposed his <a href="/wiki/Fermi%27s_interaction" title="Fermi's interaction">theory of beta decay</a> which explained that the electrons emitted from the nucleus were created by the decay of a neutron into a proton, an electron, and a neutrino.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFermi1968-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClose201222–25-49">[49]</a> The neutrino could account for the missing energy, but a particle with little mass and no electric charge was difficult to observe. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a> calculated that neutrinos could easily pass through the Earth, so the chances of detecting them were slim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClose201226–28-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Cowan" title="Clyde Cowan">Clyde Cowan</a> would <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrino experiment">confirm the neutrino</a> on 14 June 1956 by placing a detector within a large antineutrino flux from a nearby nuclear reactor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClose201237–41-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liverpool">Liverpool</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Liverpool">edit</a>]</div> With the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression in the United Kingdom</a>, the government became more parsimonious with funding for science. At the same time, Lawrence's recent invention, the <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>, promised to revolutionise experimental nuclear physics, and Chadwick felt that the Cavendish laboratory would fall behind unless it also acquired one. He therefore chafed under Rutherford, who clung to the belief that good nuclear physics could still be done without large, expensive equipment, and turned down the request for a cyclotron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997129–132-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Clock_Tower,_Liverpool_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_374422.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Victoria_Clock_Tower%2C_Liverpool_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_374422.jpg/170px-Victoria_Clock_Tower%2C_Liverpool_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_374422.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Victoria_Clock_Tower%2C_Liverpool_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_374422.jpg/255px-Victoria_Clock_Tower%2C_Liverpool_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_374422.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Victoria_Clock_Tower%2C_Liverpool_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_374422.jpg/340px-Victoria_Clock_Tower%2C_Liverpool_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_374422.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Red_brick_university" title="Red brick university">Red brick</a>" <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Building,_University_of_Liverpool" title="Victoria Building, University of Liverpool">Victoria Building</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a> </figcaption></figure> Chadwick was himself a critic of <a href="/wiki/Big_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Science">Big Science</a> in general, and Lawrence in particular, whose approach he considered careless and focused on technology at the expense of science. When Lawrence postulated the existence of a new and hitherto unknown particle that he claimed was a possible source of limitless energy at the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conference</a> in 1933, Chadwick responded that the results were more likely attributable to contamination of the equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerken200210-54">[54]</a> While Lawrence rechecked his results at Berkeley only to find that Chadwick was correct, Rutherford and Oliphant conducted an investigation at the Cavendish that found that deuterium <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fuses</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a>, thereby causing the effect that Lawrence had observed. This was another major discovery, but the Oliphant-Rutherford <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> was an expensive state-of-the-art piece of equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilbronSeidel1989165–167-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliphantRutherford1933-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliphantKinseyRutherford1933-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliphantHarteckRutherford1934-58">[58]</a> In March 1935, Chadwick received an offer of the Lyon Jones Chair of physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>, in his wife's home town, to succeed <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Wilberforce" title="Lionel Wilberforce">Lionel Wilberforce</a>. The laboratory was so antiquated that it still ran on <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> electricity, but Chadwick seized the opportunity, assuming the chair on 1 October 1935. The university's prestige was soon bolstered by Chadwick's Nobel Prize, which was announced in November 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997134–139-59">[59]</a> His medal was sold at auction in 2014 for $329,000.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Chadwick set about acquiring a cyclotron for Liverpool. He started by spending £700 to refurbish the antiquated laboratories at Liverpool, so some components could be made in-house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997142-61">[61]</a> He was able to persuade the university to provide £2,000 and obtained a grant for another £2,000 from the Royal Society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997149–151-62">[62]</a> To build his cyclotron, Chadwick brought in two young experts, Bernard Kinsey and Harold Walke, who had worked with Lawrence at the University of California. A local cable manufacturer donated the copper conductor for the coils. The cyclotron's 50-ton magnet was manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Park" title="Trafford Park">Trafford Park</a> by <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers" title="Metropolitan-Vickers">Metropolitan-Vickers</a>, which also made the vacuum chamber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt1994-63">[63]</a> The cyclotron was completely installed and running in July 1939. The total cost of £5,184 was more than Chadwick had received from the university and the Royal Society, so Chadwick paid the rest from his 159,917 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">kr</a> (£8,243) Nobel Prize money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997173–174-64">[64]</a> At Liverpool the Medicine and Science faculties worked together closely. Chadwick was automatically a committee member of both faculties, and in 1938 he was appointed to a commission headed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_17th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> to investigate the arrangements for cancer treatment in Liverpool. Chadwick anticipated that neutrons and radioactive isotopes produced with the 37-inch cyclotron could be used to study biochemical processes, and might become a weapon in the fight against cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1997-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997150-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tube_Alloys_and_the_MAUD_Report">Tube Alloys and the MAUD Report</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tube Alloys and the MAUD Report">edit</a>]</div> During the Second World War, Chadwick carried out research as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> project to build an atom bomb, while his Manchester lab and environs were harassed by <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> bombing. When the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a> merged his project with the American Manhattan Project, he became part of the British Mission, and worked at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> and in Washington, D.C. He surprised everyone by earning the almost-complete trust of project director <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves, Jr.">Leslie R. Groves, Jr.</a> For his efforts, Chadwick received a knighthood in the <a href="/wiki/1945_New_Year_Honours" title="1945 New Year Honours">New Year Honours on 1 January 1945</a>. In July 1945, he viewed the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity nuclear test">Trinity nuclear test</a>. After this, he served as the British scientific advisor to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. Uncomfortable with the trend toward <a href="/wiki/Big_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Science">Big Science</a>, he returned to Cambridge where he became the <a href="/wiki/Master_(college)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master (college)">Master</a> of Gonville and Caius College in 1948. In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann" title="Fritz Strassmann">Fritz Strassmann</a> bombarded uranium with neutrons, and noted that <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, a lighter element, was among the products produced. Hitherto, only the same or heavier elements had been produced by the process. In January 1939, Meitner and her nephew <a href="/wiki/Otto_Frisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Frisch">Otto Frisch</a> astounded the physics community with a paper that <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission" title="Discovery of nuclear fission">explained this result</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997170-67">[67]</a> They theorised that uranium atoms bombarded with neutrons can break into two roughly equal fragments, a process they called <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a>. They calculated that this would result in the release of about 200 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a>, implying an energy release orders of magnitude greater than chemical reactions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeitnerFrisch1939-68">[68]</a> and Frisch confirmed their theory experimentally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch1939-69">[69]</a> It was soon noted by Hahn that if neutrons were released during fission, then a chain reaction was possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnStrassmann1939-70">[70]</a> French scientists, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joliot" title="Pierre Joliot">Pierre Joliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Halban" title="Hans von Halban">Hans von Halban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lew_Kowarski" title="Lew Kowarski">Lew Kowarski</a>, soon verified that more than one neutron was indeed emitted per fission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_HalbanJoliotKowarski1939-71">[71]</a> In a paper co-authored with the American physicist <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a>, Bohr theorised that fission was more likely to occur in the <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, which made up only 0.7 per cent of natural uranium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196424–27-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohrWheeler1939-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Penney,_Otto_Frisch,_Rudolf_Peierls_and_John_Cockroft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/William_Penney%2C_Otto_Frisch%2C_Rudolf_Peierls_and_John_Cockroft.jpg/290px-William_Penney%2C_Otto_Frisch%2C_Rudolf_Peierls_and_John_Cockroft.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/William_Penney%2C_Otto_Frisch%2C_Rudolf_Peierls_and_John_Cockroft.jpg/435px-William_Penney%2C_Otto_Frisch%2C_Rudolf_Peierls_and_John_Cockroft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/William_Penney%2C_Otto_Frisch%2C_Rudolf_Peierls_and_John_Cockroft.jpg/580px-William_Penney%2C_Otto_Frisch%2C_Rudolf_Peierls_and_John_Cockroft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>Key British physicists. Left to right: <a href="/wiki/William_Penney,_Baron_Penney" title="William Penney, Baron Penney">William Penney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Robert_Frisch" title="Otto Robert Frisch">Otto Robert Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a>. They are wearing the American <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)" title="Medal of Freedom (1945)">Medal of Freedom</a>.</figcaption></figure> Chadwick did not believe that there was any likelihood of another war with Germany in 1939, and took his family for a holiday on a remote lake in northern Sweden. The news of the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> therefore came as a shock. Determined not to spend another war in an internment camp, Chadwick made his way to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> as fast as he could, but when he arrived there with his family, he found that all air traffic between Stockholm and London had been suspended. They made their way back to England on a <a href="/wiki/Tramp_steamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramp steamer">tramp steamer</a>. When he reached Liverpool, Chadwick found <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a>, a Polish post-doctoral fellow who had come to work with the cyclotron, was now destitute, as he was cut off from funds from Poland. Chadwick promptly hired Rotblat as a lecturer, despite his poor grasp of English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997174–178-74">[74]</a> In October 1939, Chadwick received a letter from Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Appleton</a>, the Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, asking for his opinion on the feasibility of an <a href="/wiki/Atom_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom bomb">atom bomb</a>. Chadwick responded cautiously. He did not dismiss the possibility, but carefully went over the many theoretical and practical difficulties involved. Chadwick decided to investigate the properties of <a href="/wiki/Uranium_oxide" title="Uranium oxide">uranium oxide</a> further with Rotblat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196438–39-75">[75]</a> In March 1940, Otto Frisch and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> re-examined the theoretical issues involved in a paper that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Frisch%E2%80%93Peierls_memorandum" title="Frisch–Peierls memorandum">Frisch–Peierls memorandum</a>. Instead of looking at unenriched uranium oxide, they considered what would happen to a sphere of pure uranium-235, and found that not only could a chain reaction occur, but that it might require as little as 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of uranium-235, and unleash the energy of tons of dynamite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196439–41-76">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_Blitz_D_5984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Liverpool_Blitz_D_5984.jpg/400px-Liverpool_Blitz_D_5984.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Liverpool_Blitz_D_5984.jpg/600px-Liverpool_Blitz_D_5984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Liverpool_Blitz_D_5984.jpg/800px-Liverpool_Blitz_D_5984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Part of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> devastated by the <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">Blitz</a></figcaption></figure> A special subcommittee of the Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Warfare (CSSAW), known as the <a href="/wiki/MAUD_Committee" title="MAUD Committee">MAUD Committee</a>, was created to investigate the matter further. It was chaired by Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Thomson</a> and its original membership included Chadwick, along with Mark Oliphant, John Cockcroft and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Moon">Philip Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196445-77">[77]</a> While other teams investigated <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">uranium enrichment</a> techniques, Chadwick's team at Liverpool concentrated on determining the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_cross_section" title="Nuclear cross section">nuclear cross section</a> of uranium-235.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196463-78">[78]</a> By April 1941, it had been experimentally confirmed that the <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a> of uranium-235 might be 8 kilograms (18 lb) or less.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997206-79">[79]</a> His research into such matters was complicated by all-but-incessant <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> bombings of the environs of his Liverpool lab; the windows were blown out so often that they were replaced by cardboard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997204-80">[80]</a> In July 1941, Chadwick was chosen to write the final draft of the MAUD Report, which, when presented by <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a> to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in October 1941, inspired the U.S. government to pour millions of dollars into the pursuit of an atom bomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBundy198848–49-81">[81]</a> When <a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a> visited Britain to see how the project,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196485-82">[82]</a> now known as <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964109-83">[83]</a> was going, Chadwick was able to tell them: "I wish I could tell you that the bomb is not going to work, but I am 90 per cent sure that it will."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196485-82">[82]</a> In a recent book about the Bomb project, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Farmelo" title="Graham Farmelo">Graham Farmelo</a> wrote that "Chadwick did more than any other scientist to give Churchill the Bomb. ... Chadwick was tested almost to the breaking point."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmelo2013119-84">[84]</a> So worried that he could not sleep, Chadwick resorted to sleeping pills, which he continued to take for most of his remaining years. Chadwick later said that he realised that "a nuclear bomb was not only possible—it was inevitable. Sooner or later these ideas could not be peculiar to us. Everybody would think about them before long, and some country would put them into action".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997205-85">[85]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Hermann Bondi</a> suggested that it was fortunate that Chadwick, not Rutherford, was the doyen of UK physics at the time, as the latter's prestige might otherwise have overpowered Chadwick's interest in "looking forward" to the Bomb's prospects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondi1997-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manhattan_Project">Manhattan Project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Manhattan Project">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebec_conference_1943.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Quebec_conference_1943.png/220px-Quebec_conference_1943.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Quebec_conference_1943.png/330px-Quebec_conference_1943.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Quebec_conference_1943.png/440px-Quebec_conference_1943.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Conference, 1943">first Quebec Conference</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> Owing to the danger from aerial bombardment, the Chadwicks sent their twins to Canada as part of a <a href="/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II">government evacuation scheme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997197–198-87">[87]</a> Chadwick was reluctant to move Tube Alloys there, believing that the United Kingdom was a better location for the isotope separation plant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997218–219-88">[88]</a> The enormous scope of the effort became more apparent in 1942: even a pilot separation plant would cost over £1 million and strain Britain's resources, to say nothing of a full-scale plant, which was estimated to cost somewhere in the vicinity of £25 million. It would have to be built in America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964141–142-89">[89]</a> At the same time that the British became convinced that a joint project was necessary, the progress of the American <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> was such that British cooperation seemed less essential, although the Americans were still eager to use Chadwick's talents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964152-90">[90]</a> The matter of cooperation had to be taken up at the highest level. In September 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, and President Roosevelt negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a>, which reinstated cooperation between Britain, the United States and Canada. Chadwick, Oliphant, Peierls and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Simon" title="Francis Simon">Simon</a> were summoned to the United States by the director of Tube Alloys, Sir <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Akers" title="Wallace Akers">Wallace Akers</a>, to work with the Manhattan Project. The Quebec Agreement established a new <a href="/wiki/Combined_Policy_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Policy Committee">Combined Policy Committee</a> to direct the joint project. The Americans disliked Akers, so Chadwick was appointed technical advisor to the Combined Policy Committee, and the head of the British Mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964166–171-91">[91]</a> Leaving Rotblat in charge in Liverpool, Chadwick began a tour of the Manhattan Project facilities in November 1943, except for the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a> where plutonium was produced, which he was not allowed to see. He became the only man, apart from Groves and his second in command, to have access to all the American research and production facilities for the uranium bomb. Observing the work on the <a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaseous_diffusion" title="Gaseous diffusion">gaseous diffusion</a> facility at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, Chadwick realised how wrong he had been about building the plant in wartime Britain. The enormous structure could never have been concealed from the Luftwaffe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997253-92">[92]</a> In early 1944, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico" title="Los Alamos, New Mexico">Los Alamos, New Mexico</a>, with his wife and their twins, who now spoke with Canadian accents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997250–261-93">[93]</a> For security reasons, he was given the cover name of James Chaffee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199395-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groves_and_Chadwick_830308.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Groves_and_Chadwick_830308.jpg/220px-Groves_and_Chadwick_830308.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Groves_and_Chadwick_830308.jpg/330px-Groves_and_Chadwick_830308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Groves_and_Chadwick_830308.jpg/440px-Groves_and_Chadwick_830308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2269" /></a><figcaption>Chadwick (left) with <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves, Jr.">Leslie R. Groves, Jr.</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></figcaption></figure> Chadwick accepted that the Americans did not need British help, but that it could still be useful in bringing the project to an early and successful conclusion. Working closely with the director of the Manhattan Project, <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves, Jr.">Leslie R. Groves, Jr.</a>, he attempted to do everything he could to support the effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997247–51-95">[95]</a> He also endeavoured to place British scientists in as many parts of the project as possible to facilitate a post-war British nuclear weapons project to which Chadwick was committed. Requests from Groves via Chadwick for particular scientists tended to be met with an immediate rejection by the company, ministry or university currently employing them, only to be overcome by the overriding priority accorded to Tube Alloys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964241–244-96">[96]</a> As a result, the British team was critical to the Project's success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzasz1992xvi-97">[97]</a> Although he had more knowledge of the project than anyone else from Britain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964329-98">[98]</a> Chadwick had no access to the Hanford site. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Lord Portal</a> was offered a tour of Hanford in 1946. "This was the only plant to which Chadwick had been denied access in wartime, and now he asked Groves if he could accompany Portal. Groves replied that he could, but if he did then 'Portal will not see very much'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997317-99">[99]</a> For his efforts, Chadwick received a <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1945_New_Year_Honours" title="1945 New Year Honours">New Year Honours on 1 January 1945</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kt-100">[100]</a> He considered this to be a recognition of the work of the whole Tube Alloys project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997279-101">[101]</a> By early 1945, Chadwick was spending most of his time in Washington, D.C., and his family relocated from Los Alamos to a house on Washington's <a href="/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a> in April 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997279-101">[101]</a> He was present at the meeting of the Combined Policy Committee on 4 July when <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Henry Maitland Wilson</a> gave Britain's agreement to use the atom bomb against Japan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997290-102">[102]</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity nuclear test">Trinity nuclear test</a> on 16 July, when the first atom bomb was detonated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997292-103">[103]</a> Inside its <a href="/wiki/Pit_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Pit (nuclear weapon)">pit</a> was a polonium-beryllium <a href="/wiki/Modulated_neutron_initiator" title="Modulated neutron initiator">modulated neutron initiator</a>, a development of the technique that Chadwick had used to discover the neutron over a decade before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997287-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_L._Laurence" title="William L. Laurence">William L. Laurence</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reporter attached to the Manhattan Project, wrote that "never before in history had any man lived to see his own discovery materialize itself with such telling effect on the destiny of man."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurence194626-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after the war ended, Chadwick was appointed to the Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy (ACAE). He was also appointed as the British scientific advisor to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United Nations Atomic Energy Commission">United Nations Atomic Energy Commission</a>. He clashed with fellow ACAE member <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a>, who disagreed with Chadwick's conviction that Britain needed to acquire its own nuclear weapons; but it was Chadwick's position that was ultimately adopted. He returned to Britain in 1946, to find a country still beset by wartime rationing and shortages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997306,_316-106">[106]</a> At this time, Sir James Mountford, the Vice Chancellor of the University of Liverpool, wrote in his diary "he had never seen a man 'so physically, mentally and spiritually tired" as Chadwick, for he "had plumbed such depths of moral decision as more fortunate men are never called upon even to peer into ... [and suffered] ... almost insupportable agonies of responsibility arising from his scientific work'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997323-107">[107]</a> In 1948, Chadwick accepted an offer to become the <a href="/wiki/Master_(college)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master (college)">Master</a> of Gonville and Caius College. The job was prestigious but ill-defined; the Master was the titular head of the college, but authority actually resided in a council of 13 fellows, of whom one was the Master. As Master, Chadwick strove to improve the academic reputation of the college. He increased the number of research fellowships from 31 to 49, and sought to bring talent into the college.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997340–353-108">[108]</a> This involved controversial decisions, such as hiring in 1951 the Chinese biochemist <a href="/wiki/Tien-chin_Tsao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tien-chin Tsao">Tien-chin Tsao</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2010-109">[109]</a> and the Hungarian-born economist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas_Bauer" title="Peter Thomas Bauer">Peter Bauer</a>. In what became known as the Peasants' Revolt, fellows led by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hadley" title="Patrick Hadley">Patrick Hadley</a> voted an old friend of Chadwick's off the council and replaced him with Bauer. More friends of Chadwick's were removed over the following years, and he retired in November 1958. It was during his mastership that <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, a PhD student at Gonville and Caius College, and <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> discovered the structure of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997340–353-108">[108]</a> By the 1970s Chadwick became more frail, and seldom left his flat, although he travelled to Liverpool for celebrations of his eightieth birthday. A lifelong atheist, he saw no reason to adopt religious faith in later life. He died in his sleep on 24 July 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997360–363-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasseyFeather197611-111">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_for_Merit" title="Medal for Merit">Medal for Merit</a> from the United States,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> from Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997360–363-110">[110]</a></li> <li>Foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1946</li> <li>International member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> in the New Year Honours on 1 January 1970 for "services to science",<a href="#cite_note-CH-113">[113]</a> and went to <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> for the investiture ceremony.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Chadwick's papers are held at the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a> in Cambridge, and are accessible to the public.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>The Chadwick Laboratory at the University of Liverpool.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>Sir James Chadwick Chair of Experimental Physics, also at the University of Liverpool. Named in 1991 as part of celebrations of the centenary of his birth.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>James Chadwick Building, which houses part of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Chemical_Engineering_and_Analytical_Sciences,_University_of_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, University of Manchester">School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, University of Manchester</a>, as well as the Industrial Hub for Sustainable Engineering.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>Chadwick was described by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a> official historian <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Arnold" title="Lorna Arnold">Lorna Arnold</a> as "a physicist, a scientist-diplomat, and a good, wise, and humane man."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1998-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwick_(crater)" title="Chadwick (crater)">Chadwick (crater)</a>, on the Moon<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AcademicTree-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AcademicTree_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AcademicTree_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AcademicTree_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AcademicTree_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academictree.org/physics/peopleinfo.php?pid=49582">"James Chadwick"</a>. academictree.org. Retrieved 21 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academictree.org&rft.atitle=James+Chadwick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademictree.org%2Fphysics%2Fpeopleinfo.php%3Fpid%3D49582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629192822/http://www.orcbs.msu.edu/radiation/resources_links/historical_figures/rutherford.htm">"Ernest Rutherford"</a>. Figures in Radiation History. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orcbs.msu.edu/radiation/resources_links/historical_figures/rutherford.htm">the original</a> on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Figures+in+Radiation+History&rft.atitle=Ernest+Rutherford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orcbs.msu.edu%2Fradiation%2Fresources_links%2Fhistorical_figures%2Frutherford.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalconer2004-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalconer2004_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFalconer2004">Falconer 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliphant1974-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliphant1974_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOliphant1974">Oliphant 1974</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19973–5-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19973–5_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html">"James Chadwick – Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nobel_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nobel Foundation">The Nobel Foundation</a>. 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class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200705/physicshistory.cfm">"This Month in Physics History: May 1932: Chadwick reports the discovery of the neutron"</a>. <a href="/wiki/APS_News" class="mw-redirect" title="APS News">APS News</a>. 16 (5): 2. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APS+News&rft.atitle=This+Month+in+Physics+History%3A+May+1932%3A+Chadwick+reports+the+discovery+of+the+neutron&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fpublications%2Fapsnews%2F200705%2Fphysicshistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Obituary: Sir James Chadwick". <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. 25 July 1974. 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Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Spin+of+the+Neutron&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E683-%3C%2Fspan%3E685&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.41.683.2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932PhRv...41..683B&rft.aulast=Bacher&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft.au=Condon%2C+Edward+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F51311%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohrWheeler1939" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr, Niels</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler, John A.</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.56.426">"The Mechanism of Nuclear Fission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>. 55 (5): 426–450. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939PhRv...56..426B">1939PhRv...56..426B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.56.426">10.1103/PhysRev.56.426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mechanism+of+Nuclear+Fission&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E426-%3C%2Fspan%3E450&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.56.426&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1939PhRv...56..426B&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRev.56.426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondi1997" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Bondi, Hermann</a> (30 June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/books/how-the-bombs-creator-learned-to-love-the-united-states/160011.article">"How the Bomb's Creator Learned to Love the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Higher Education Supplement">Times Higher Education Supplement</a>. Retrieved 20 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education+Supplement&rft.atitle=How+the+Bomb%27s+Creator+Learned+to+Love+the+United+States&rft.date=1997-06-30&rft.aulast=Bondi&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fhow-the-bombs-creator-learned-to-love-the-united-states%2F160011.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromberg1971" class="citation journal cs1">Bromberg, Joan (1971). "The Impact of the Neutron: Bohr and Heisenberg". <a href="/wiki/Historical_Studies_in_the_Physical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences">Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences</a>. 3: 307–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27757321">10.2307/27757321</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-9997">0890-9997</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757321">27757321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8516458">8516458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies+in+the+Physical+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Neutron%3A+Bohr+and+Heisenberg&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E341&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0890-9997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8516458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27757321%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27757321&rft.aulast=Bromberg&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Andrew (1997). The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of Sir James Chadwick. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-853992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-853992-6"><bdi>978-0-19-853992-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neutron+and+the+Bomb%3A+A+Biography+of+Sir+James+Chadwick&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-853992-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundy1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">Bundy, McGeorge</a> (1988). Danger and Survival: Choices about the Bomb in the First Fifty Years. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52278-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52278-4"><bdi>978-0-394-52278-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danger+and+Survival%3A+Choices+about+the+Bomb+in+the+First+Fifty+Years&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52278-4&rft.aulast=Bundy&rft.aufirst=McGeorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1914" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chadwick, James (1914). "Intensitätsverteilung im magnetischen Spektrum von β-Strahlen von Radium B+C". <a href="/wiki/Verhandlungen_der_Deutschen_Physikalischen_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft">Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft</a> (in German). 16: 383–391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verhandlungen+der+Deutschen+Physikalischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Intensit%C3%A4tsverteilung+im+magnetischen+Spektrum+von+%CE%B2-Strahlen+von+Radium+B%2BC&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwickEllis1922" class="citation journal cs1">—; Ellis, Charles D. (1922). "A Preliminary Investigation of the Intensity Distribution in the β-Ray Spectra of Radium B and C". <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Cambridge_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</a>. 21: 274–280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=A+Preliminary+Investigation+of+the+Intensity+Distribution+in+the+%CE%B2-Ray+Spectra+of+Radium+B+and+C&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1932a" class="citation journal cs1">— (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/22.54/resources/Chadwick.pdf">"Possible Existence of a Neutron"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 129 (3252): 312. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932Natur.129Q.312C">1932Natur.129Q.312C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F129312a0">10.1038/129312a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4076465">4076465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Possible+Existence+of+a+Neutron&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3252&rft.pages=312&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4076465%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F129312a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932Natur.129Q.312C&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2F22.54%2Fresources%2FChadwick.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1932b" class="citation journal cs1">— (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1932.0112">"The Existence of a Neutron"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society A">Proceedings of the Royal Society A</a>. 136 (830): 692–708. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932RSPSA.136..692C">1932RSPSA.136..692C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1932.0112">10.1098/rspa.1932.0112</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/95816">95816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=The+Existence+of+a+Neutron&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=830&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E692-%3C%2Fspan%3E708&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F95816%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1932.0112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932RSPSA.136..692C&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1932.0112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1933" class="citation journal cs1">— (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0152">"Bakerian Lecture. The Neutron"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society A">Proceedings of the Royal Society A</a>. 142 (846): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933RSPSA.142....1C">1933RSPSA.142....1C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0152">10.1098/rspa.1933.0152</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/96108">96108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Bakerian+Lecture.+The+Neutron&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=846&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F96108%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0152&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933RSPSA.142....1C&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1933.0152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwickGoldhaber1934" class="citation journal cs1">—; 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<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Goldhaber, Maurice</a> (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1935.0162">"The Nuclear Photoelectric Effect"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society A">Proceedings of the Royal Society A</a>. 151 (873): 479–493. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935RSPSA.151..479C">1935RSPSA.151..479C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1935.0162">10.1098/rspa.1935.0162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/96561">96561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=The+Nuclear+Photoelectric+Effect&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=873&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E479-%3C%2Fspan%3E493&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F96561%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1935.0162&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1935RSPSA.151..479C&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Goldhaber%2C+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1935.0162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClose2012" class="citation book cs1">Close, Frank E. 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Retrieved 20 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Fermi%27s+Theory+of+Beta+Decay+%28English+translation+by+Fred+L.+Wilson%2C+1968%29&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1150&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1974382&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968AmJPh..36.1150W&rft.aulast=Fermi&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicroboone-docdb.fnal.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2FRetrieveFile%3Fdocid%3D953%3Bfilename%3DFermiBetaDecay1934.pdf%3Bversion%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisch1939" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Robert_Frisch" title="Otto Robert Frisch">Frisch, Otto</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F143276a0">"Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 143 (3616): 276. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939Natur.143..276F">1939Natur.143..276F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F143276a0">10.1038/143276a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4076376">4076376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Physical+Evidence+for+the+Division+of+Heavy+Nuclei+under+Neutron+Bombardment&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=3616&rft.pages=276&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4076376%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F143276a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1939Natur.143..276F&rft.aulast=Frisch&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F143276a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldhaber1934" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Goldhaber, Maurice</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F134025a0">"Spontaneous Emission of Neutrons by Artificially Produced Radioactive Bodies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 134 (3375): 25. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934Natur.134...25G">1934Natur.134...25G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F134025a0">10.1038/134025a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4092342">4092342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Spontaneous+Emission+of+Neutrons+by+Artificially+Produced+Radioactive+Bodies&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=3375&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4092342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F134025a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934Natur.134...25G&rft.aulast=Goldhaber&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F134025a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowing1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Gowing" title="Margaret Gowing">Gowing, Margaret</a> (1964). 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Bacher 1905–2004</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences">Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/bacher-robert-f.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+Bacher+1905%E2%80%932004&rft.series=Biographical+Memoirs+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Whaling&rft.aufirst=Ward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fbacher-robert-f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Youshang (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810185715/http://journal.hep.com.cn/pac/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=10366">"In memory of Professor Tianqin Cao (Tien-chin Tsao)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protein_%26_Cell" title="Protein & Cell">Protein & Cell</a>. 1 (6): 507–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13238-010-0074-2">10.1007/s13238-010-0074-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4875321">4875321</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21246905">21246905</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.hep.com.cn/pac/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=10366">the original</a> on 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Protein+%26+Cell&rft.atitle=In+memory+of+Professor+Tianqin+Cao+%28Tien-chin+Tsao%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E507-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4875321%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21246905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13238-010-0074-2&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Youshang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.hep.com.cn%2Fpac%2FEN%2Farticle%2FdownloadArticleFile.do%3FattachType%3DPDF%26id%3D10366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Chadwick" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F161964a0">"Sir James Chadwick, F.R.S."</a> <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 161 (4103): 964. 1948. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948Natur.161Q.964.">1948Natur.161Q.964.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F161964a0">10.1038/161964a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sir+James+Chadwick%2C+F.R.S.&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=4103&rft.pages=964&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F161964a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948Natur.161Q.964.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F161964a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Sir James Chadwick, C.H., LL.D., F.R.S.: 80th birthday". <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Physics" title="Contemporary Physics">Contemporary Physics</a>. 13 (3): 310. 1972. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972ConPh..13..310.">1972ConPh..13..310.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00107517208205684">10.1080/00107517208205684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Physics&rft.atitle=Sir+James+Chadwick%2C+C.H.%2C+LL.D.%2C+F.R.S.%3A+80th+birthday&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=310&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00107517208205684&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972ConPh..13..310.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford, Ernest</a>; Chadwick, James; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Drummond_Ellis" title="Charles Drummond Ellis">Ellis, Charles D.</a> (2010). Radiation from Radioactive Substances (Reprint of 2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00901-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00901-0"><bdi>978-1-108-00901-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiation+from+Radioactive+Substances&rft.edition=Reprint+of+2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-108-00901-0&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+James&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Chadwick" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/3974-1">Oral history interview transcript with James Chadwick on 15 April 1969, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> – Session I</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/3974-2">Oral history interview transcript with James Chadwick on 16 April 1969, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> – Session II</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/3974-3">Oral history interview transcript with James Chadwick on 17 April 1969, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> – Session III</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/3974-4">Oral history interview transcript with James Chadwick on 20 April 1969, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> – Session IV</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/41">James Chadwick</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80884#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Cameron" class="mw-redirect" title="John Forbes Cameron">John Forbes Cameron</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Master of <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College</a> 1948–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Sir Nevill Francis Mott</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1901–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li> <li>1931</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li>1934</li> <li>1935: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chadwick</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001– present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1935_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1935_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1935 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1935_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1935 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1935_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1935 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1935_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1935 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Chadwick</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1930 Nobel Prize winners">1930</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1931 Nobel Prize winners">1931</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners">1932</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1933_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1933 Nobel Prize winners">1933</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1934_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1934 Nobel Prize winners">1934</a></dd> <dd>1935 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1936_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1936 Nobel Prize winners">1936</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1937_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1937 Nobel Prize winners">1937</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1938_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1938 Nobel Prize winners">1938</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1939_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1939 Nobel Prize winners">1939</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:1940_Nobel_Prize_winners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:1940 Nobel Prize winners (page does not exist)">1940</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Masters_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge232" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gonville_and_Caius_Masters" title="Template:Gonville and Caius Masters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gonville_and_Caius_Masters" title="Template talk:Gonville and Caius Masters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gonville_and_Caius_Masters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gonville and Caius Masters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Masters_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge232" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_masters_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="List of masters of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Masters of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Colton_(bishop)" title="John Colton (bishop)">John Colton</a> (1349)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rougham" title="William Rougham">William Rougham</a> (1360)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pulham" title="Richard Pulham">Richard Pulham</a> (1393)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Somersham" title="William Somersham">William Somersham</a> (1412)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rickingale" title="John Rickingale">John Rickingale</a> (1416)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Attwood_(Master_of_Gonville_Hall)" title="Thomas Attwood (Master of Gonville Hall)">Thomas Attwood</a> (1426)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boleyn_(priest)" title="Thomas Boleyn (priest)">Thomas Boleyn</a> (1454)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Sheriffe" title="Edmund Sheriffe">Edmund Sheriffe</a> (1472)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Costessey" title="Henry Costessey">Henry Costessey</a> (1475)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barly" title="John Barly">John Barly</a> (1483)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stubb" title="Edmund Stubb">Edmund Stubb</a> (1504)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckenham" title="William Buckenham">William Buckenham</a> (1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Skypp" title="John Skypp">John Skypp</a> (1536)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styrmin" title="John Styrmin">John Styrmin</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bacon_(academic)" title="Thomas Bacon (academic)">Thomas Bacon</a> (1552)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Caius" title="John Caius">John Caius</a> (1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Legge" title="Thomas Legge">Thomas Legge</a> (1573)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branthwaite" title="William Branthwaite">William Branthwaite</a> (1607)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gostlin" title="John Gostlin">John Gostlin</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Batchcroft" title="Thomas Batchcroft">Thomas Batchcroft</a> (1626, 1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dell" title="William Dell">William Dell</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brady_(writer)" title="Robert Brady (writer)">Robert Brady</a> (1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Halman" title="James Halman">James Halman</a> (1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ellys_(Caius)" title="John Ellys (Caius)">John Ellys</a> (1703)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gooch" title="Thomas Gooch">Thomas Gooch</a> (1716)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burrough_(architect)" title="James Burrough (architect)">James Burrough</a> (1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(astronomer)" title="John Smith (astronomer)">John Smith</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fisher_Belward" title="Richard Fisher Belward">Richard Fisher Belward</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Davy" title="Martin Davy">Martin Davy</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Chapman" title="Benedict Chapman">Benedict Chapman</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Guest" title="Edwin Guest">Edwin Guest</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Macleod_Ferrers" title="Norman Macleod Ferrers">Norman Macleod Ferrers</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Stewart_Roberts" title="Ernest Stewart Roberts">Ernest Stewart Roberts</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kerr_Anderson" title="Hugh Kerr Anderson">Hugh Kerr Anderson</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._Cameron" title="J. F. Cameron">John Forbes Cameron</a> (1928)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Chadwick</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wade_(legal_scholar)" title="William Wade (legal scholar)">William Wade</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gray_(chemist)" title="Peter Gray (chemist)">Peter Gray</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_McKendrick" title="Neil McKendrick">Neil McKendrick</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hum" title="Christopher Hum">Christopher Hum</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Fersht" title="Alan Fersht">Alan Fersht</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pippa_Rogerson" title="Pippa Rogerson">Pippa Rogerson</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manhattan_Project245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manhattan_Project" title="Template talk:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhattan_Project245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Site_A" title="Site A">Site A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">S-50 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Y-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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