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desertification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_desertification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ice-age_desertification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice-age_desertification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ice-age desertification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice-age_desertification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desertification_due_to_drying_up_of_Sarasvati_river" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desertification_due_to_drying_up_of_Sarasvati_river"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Desertification due to drying up of Sarasvati river</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desertification_due_to_drying_up_of_Sarasvati_river-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desertification_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desertification_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Desertification control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desertification_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biodiversity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_and_housing_in_the_desert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_housing_in_the_desert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Water and housing in the desert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_housing_in_the_desert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Livestock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agroforestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agroforestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Agroforestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agroforestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecotourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecotourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ecotourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecotourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Web</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thar Desert</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2" title="थार मरुस्थल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="थार मरुस्थल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="صحراء طهار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحراء طهار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="থৰ মৰুভূমি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="থৰ মৰুভূমি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(s%C9%99hra)" title="Tar (səhra) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tar (səhra)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="থর মরুভূমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থর মরুভূমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Тар (пустыня) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тар (пустыня)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="थार के रेगिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="थार के रेगिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desyerto_kan_Thar" title="Desyerto kan Thar – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Desyerto kan Thar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Thar Desert" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1rsk%C3%A1_pou%C5%A1%C5%A5" title="Thárská poušť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thárská poušť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar%C3%B8rkenen" title="Tharørkenen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tharørkenen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Έρημος Ταρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έρημος Ταρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desierto_de_Thar" title="Desierto de Thar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desierto de Thar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezerto_Tar" title="Dezerto Tar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dezerto Tar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_basamortua" title="Thar basamortua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thar basamortua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بیابان تار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیابان تار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sert_du_Thar" title="Désert du Thar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Désert du Thar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharwoastyn" title="Tharwoastyn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tharwoastyn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4_%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%89" title="타르 사막 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타르 사막" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Թար անապատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թար անապատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2" title="थार मरुस्थल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थार मरुस्थल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurun_Thar" title="Gurun Thar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gurun Thar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto_del_Thar" title="Deserto del Thar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deserto del Thar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8" title="טהאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טהאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಥಾರ್ ಮರುಭೂಮಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥಾರ್ ಮರುಭೂಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="თარის უდაბნო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თარის უდაბნო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_tuksnesis" title="Tara tuksnesis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tara tuksnesis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro_dykuma" title="Taro dykuma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taro dykuma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1r-sivatag" title="Thár-sivatag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thár-sivatag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="थार मरुभूमि – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="थार मरुभूमि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Тар (пустина) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тар (пустина)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanimatin%27i_Thar" title="Tanimatin'i Thar – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tanimatin'i Thar" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="ഥാർ മരുഭൂമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഥാർ മരുഭൂമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="थरचे वाळवंट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थरचे वाळवंट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="თარიშ ტიოზი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თარიშ ტიოზი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="صحرا طهار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صحرا طهار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurun_Thar" title="Gurun Thar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gurun Thar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurun_Thar" title="Gurun Thar – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gurun Thar" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharwoestijn" title="Tharwoestijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tharwoestijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="थार मरुभूमि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थार मरुभूमि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E7%A0%82%E6%BC%A0" title="タール砂漠 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タール砂漠" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B2" title="ਥਾਰ ਮਾਰੂਥਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਾਰ ਮਾਰੂਥਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="صحرائے تھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صحرائے تھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto_do_Thar" title="Deserto do Thar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deserto do Thar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Тар (пустыня) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тар (пустыня)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thar Desert" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkret%C3%ABtira_Tar" title="Shkretëtira Tar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkretëtira Tar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thar Desert" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D8%B1" title="ٿر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1%C4%8Dava_Thar" title="Puščava Thar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Puščava Thar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بیابانی تار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیابانی تار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0)" title="Тар (пустиња) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тар (пустиња)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar" title="Thar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disyertong_Thar" title="Disyertong Thar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Disyertong Thar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தார்ப் பாலைவனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தார்ப் பாலைவனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="థార్ ఎడారి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థార్ ఎడారి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ทะเลทรายธาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลทรายธาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_%C3%87%C3%B6l%C3%BC" title="Tar Çölü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tar Çölü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F)" title="Тар (пустеля) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тар (пустеля)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="صحرائے تھر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صحرائے تھر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa_m%E1%BA%A1c_Thar" title="Sa mạc Thar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sa mạc Thar" 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Thar Desert<br /><small>Great Indian Desert</small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thar_desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thar_desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg/272px-Thar_desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thar_desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg/408px-Thar_desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thar_desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg/544px-Thar_desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Thar Desert in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecoregion_IM1304.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ecoregion_IM1304.png/272px-Ecoregion_IM1304.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ecoregion_IM1304.png/408px-Ecoregion_IM1304.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ecoregion_IM1304.png/544px-Ecoregion_IM1304.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Thar Desert ecoregion</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Realm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_thorn_scrub_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern thorn scrub forests">Northwestern thorn scrub forests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">238,254 km<sup>2</sup> (91,990 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">States of India and provinces of Pakistan</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>India: <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li><li><br />Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thar_Desert&params=27_N_71_E_scale:5000000_source:GNS_type:landmark_dim:510km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°N</span> <span class="longitude">71°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27°N 71°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27; 71</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate type</th><td class="infobox-data">Hot</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Conservation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Conservation status</a></th><td class="infobox-data">vulnerable<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Protected</th><td class="infobox-data">41,833 km<sup>2</sup> (18%)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Thar Desert</b>, also known as the <b>Great Indian Desert</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> region in the north-western part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> that covers an area of 200,000 km<sup>2</sup> (77,000 sq mi) in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. It is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area" title="List of deserts by area">18th-largest desert</a>, and the world's 9th-largest hot <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> desert. </p><p>About 85% of the Thar Desert is in India, and about 15% is in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thar Desert is about 4.56% of the total geographical area of India. More than 60% of the desert lies in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>; the portion in India also extends into <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>. The portion in Pakistan extends into the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> (the portion in the latter province is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan Desert</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> lies to the north, west and northeast of the Thar desert, the <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a> lies to its south, and the <a href="/wiki/Aravali_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Aravali Range">Aravali Range</a> borders the desert to the east. </p><p>The most recent <a href="/wiki/Paleontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontological">paleontological</a> discovery in 2023 from the Thar Desert in India, dating back to 167 million years ago, pertains to a <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> dinosaur group known as <a href="/wiki/Dicraeosauridae" title="Dicraeosauridae">dicraeosaurids</a>. This discovery marks the first of its kind to be unearthed in India and is also the oldest specimen of the group ever recorded in the global <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_desertification">History of desertification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of desertification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice-age_desertification">Ice-age desertification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ice-age desertification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Ice"></span><span class="anchor" id="Tibet"></span> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> 20,000 before present, an approximately 2,400,000 square kilometres (930,000 sq mi) ice sheet covered the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau#==Glaciology" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-K1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing excessive <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> i.e. the ice in Tibet reflected at least four times more radiation energy per unit area into space than ice at higher <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>, which further cooled overlying atmosphere at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This impacted the regional climate. Without the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_low" title="Thermal low">thermal low</a> pressure caused by the heating, there was no <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. This lack of monsoon caused <a href="/wiki/Pluvial" title="Pluvial">extensive rainfall</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, expansion of the Thar Desert, more dust deposited into the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, a lowering of the <a href="/wiki/Life_zone" title="Life zone">biotic life zones</a> on the Indian subcontinent, and animals responded to this shift in climate with the <a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Javan rusa</a> deer migrating into India.<sup id="cite_ref-K2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desertification_due_to_drying_up_of_Sarasvati_river">Desertification due to drying up of Sarasvati river</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Desertification due to drying up of Sarasvati river"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Sarasvati"></span><span class="anchor" id="Saraswati"></span><span class="anchor" id="IVC"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarasvati_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sarasvati_river.jpg/220px-Sarasvati_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sarasvati_river.jpg/330px-Sarasvati_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sarasvati_river.jpg/440px-Sarasvati_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>Vedic and present-day Gagghar-Hakra river-course, with <a href="/wiki/Aryavarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryavarta">Aryavarta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru Kingdom</a>, and (pre-)Harappan Hakkra/Sutlej-Yamuna paleochannels as proposed by <a href="#CITEREFClift_et_al.2012">Clift et al. (2012)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFKhonde_et_al.2017">Khonde et al. (2017)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Sir+Creek/@27.9238648,69.0488446,1290954m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39527a0557ec4543:0x9e7e9966b79d473b!8m2!3d23.8379562!4d68.2376719">this</a> satellite image.<br /> 1 = ancient river<br /> 2 = today's river<br /> 3 = today's Thar desert<br /> 4 = ancient shore<br /> 5 = today's shore<br /> 6 = today's town<br /> 7 = dried-up Harappan Hakkra course, and pre-Harappan Sutlej paleochannels (<a href="#CITEREFClift_et_al.2012">Clift et al. (2012)</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>10,000-8,000 years ago a paleo channel of <a href="/wiki/Ghaggar-Hakra_River" title="Ghaggar-Hakra River">Ghaggar-Hakra River</a> - identified with the paleo <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_River" title="Sarasvati River">Sarasvati River</a>, after confluence with <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> flowed into the <a href="/wiki/Nara_Canal" title="Nara Canal">Nara river</a> - a <a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">delta channel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, changed its course, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a system of monsoon-fed rivers which did not reach the sea and now ends in the Thar desert.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiosan_et_al.2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiosan_et_al.2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaemokuShitaokaNagatomoYagi2013_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaemokuShitaokaNagatomoYagi2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClift_et_al.2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClift_et_al.2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh_et_al.2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh_et_al.2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 5,000 years ago when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished further, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> (IVC) prospered in this area,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiosan_et_al.2012_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiosan_et_al.2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClift_et_al.2012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClift_et_al.2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh_et_al.2017_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh_et_al.2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the rise of numerous IVC urban sites at <a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Banawali" title="Banawali">Banawali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rakhigarhi" title="Rakhigarhi">Rakhigarhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>) along this course.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESankaran1999_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESankaran1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PIB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>4,000 years ago when monsoons diminished even further, the dried-up Harkra become an intermittent river, and the urban Harappan civilisation declined, becoming localized in smaller agricultural communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiosan_et_al.2012_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiosan_et_al.2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giosan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giosan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClift_et_al.2012_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClift_et_al.2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaemokuShitaokaNagatomoYagi2013_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaemokuShitaokaNagatomoYagi2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh_et_al.2017_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh_et_al.2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thar_Desert_satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thar_Desert_satellite.jpg/220px-Thar_Desert_satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thar_Desert_satellite.jpg/330px-Thar_Desert_satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thar_Desert_satellite.jpg/440px-Thar_Desert_satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> satellite image of the Thar Desert, with the India–Pakistan border</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thar_Desert.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Thar_Desert.JPG/220px-Thar_Desert.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Thar_Desert.JPG/330px-Thar_Desert.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Thar_Desert.JPG/440px-Thar_Desert.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>View of the Thar Desert</figcaption></figure> <p>The northeastern part of the Thar Desert lies between the <a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Aravalli Hills">Aravalli Hills</a>. The desert stretches to Punjab and Haryana in the north, to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Great Rann of Kutch">Great Rann of Kutch</a> along the coast, and to the alluvial plains of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> in the west and northwest. Much of the desert area is covered by huge, shifting sand dunes that receive <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> from the alluvial plains and the coast. The sand is highly mobile due to the strong winds that rise each year before the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Luni_River" title="Luni River">Luni River</a> is the only river in the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainfall is 100 to 500 mm (4 to 20 in) per year, almost all of it between June and September.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha1996_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saltwater lakes within the Thar Desert include the <a href="/wiki/Sambhar_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambhar Lake">Sambhar</a>, Kuchaman, <a href="/wiki/Didwana" title="Didwana">Didwana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pachpadra_Lake" title="Pachpadra Lake">Pachpadra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phalodi" title="Phalodi">Phalodi</a> in Rajasthan and <a href="/wiki/Kharaghoda" title="Kharaghoda">Kharaghoda</a> in Gujarat. These lakes receive and collect rainwater during monsoon and evaporate during the dry season. The salt comes from the weathering of rocks in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lithic tools belonging to the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a> culture of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> deposits in the Thar Desert.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate is arid and subtropical. Average temperature varies with season, and extremes can range from near-freezing in the winter to more than 50 °C in the summer months. Average annual rainfall ranges from 100 to 500 mm, and occurs during the short July-to-September southwest monsoon.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The desert has both a very dry part (the Marusthali region in the west) and a semidesert part (in the east) that has fewer sand dunes and slightly more precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desertification_control">Desertification control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Desertification control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg/220px-GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg/330px-GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg/440px-GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Greening desert with plantations of <a href="/wiki/Jojoba" title="Jojoba">jojoba</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur,_Shekhawati" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatehpur, Shekhawati">Fatehpur, Shekhawati</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greeningdesert1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Greeningdesert1.jpg/220px-Greeningdesert1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Greeningdesert1.jpg/330px-Greeningdesert1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Greeningdesert1.jpg/440px-Greeningdesert1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Checking of shifting sand dunes through plantations of <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_tortilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia tortilis">Acacia tortilis</a></i> near <a href="/wiki/Laxmangarh" title="Laxmangarh">Laxmangarh</a> town</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indira_Gandhi_Canal.jpg/220px-Indira_Gandhi_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indira_Gandhi_Canal.jpg/330px-Indira_Gandhi_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indira_Gandhi_Canal.jpg/440px-Indira_Gandhi_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Canal" title="Indira Gandhi Canal">Indira Gandhi Canal</a> flowing in Thar Desert near Sattasar village, <a href="/wiki/Bikaner_district" title="Bikaner district">Bikaner district</a>, Rajasthan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tharparkar1_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tharparkar1_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Tharparkar1_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tharparkar1_Pakistan.jpg/330px-Tharparkar1_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tharparkar1_Pakistan.jpg/440px-Tharparkar1_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Due to severe weather conditions, few highways are in the Thar Desert. Shown here is a road in <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar" title="Tharparkar">Tharparkar</a> district of Sindh, Pakistan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The soil of the Thar Desert remains dry for much of the year, so it is prone to <a href="/wiki/Wind_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind erosion">wind erosion</a>. High-velocity winds blow soil from the desert, depositing some of it on neighboring fertile lands, and causing <a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">sand dunes</a> within the desert to shift. To counteract this problem, sand dunes are stabilised by first erecting micro <a href="/wiki/Windbreak" title="Windbreak">windbreak</a> barriers with scrub material and then by <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a> of the treated dunes—planting the seedlings of shrubs (such as <a href="/wiki/Calligonum_polygonoides" title="Calligonum polygonoides">phog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassia_auriculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassia auriculata">senna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ricinus_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricinus communis">castor oil plant</a>) and trees (such as <a href="/wiki/Acacia_senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia senegal">gum acacia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_juliflora" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopis juliflora">Prosopis juliflora</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Albizzia_lebbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Albizzia lebbeck">lebbek tree</a>). The 649-km-long <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Canal" title="Indira Gandhi Canal">Indira Gandhi Canal</a> brings fresh water to the Thar Desert.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha1996_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built to halt any spreading of the desert into fertile areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a> in the Thar Desert: </p> <ul><li>In India: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Desert_National_Park" title="Desert National Park">Desert National Park</a>, in Rajasthan, covers 3,162 km<sup>2</sup> (1,221 sq mi) and represents the Thar Desert <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it includes 44 villages.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its diverse <a href="/wiki/Fauna_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna (animals)">fauna</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_bustard" title="Great Indian bustard">great Indian bustard</a> (<i>Chirotis nigricaps</i>), <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">chinkara</a>, fox, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox</a>, wolf, and <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">caracal</a>. Seashells and massive <a href="/wiki/Fossilized" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossilized">fossilized</a> tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tal_Chhapar_Sanctuary" title="Tal Chhapar Sanctuary">Tal Chhapar Sanctuary</a> covers 7 km<sup>2</sup> (2.7 sq mi) and is an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2007_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Churu_district" title="Churu district">Churu district</a>, 210 km (130 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Shekhawati" title="Shekhawati">Shekhawati</a> region of Rajasthan. This sanctuary is home to large populations of blackbuck, fox, caracal, <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sand_grouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand grouse">sand grouse</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundha_Mata_Conservation_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundha Mata Conservation Reserve (page does not exist)">Sundha Mata Conservation Reserve</a> covers 117.49 km<sup>2</sup> (45.36 sq mi) and is located in the <a href="/wiki/Jalore_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalore District">Jalore District</a> of Rajasthan.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>In Pakistan: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Nara_Desert_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuary">Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuary</a> covers 6,300 km<sup>2</sup> (2,400 sq mi);<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is located in is located in <a href="/wiki/Mirpurkhas_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirpurkhas District">Mirpurkhas District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wildlifeofpakistan.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildlifeofpakistan.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains the largest population of the endangered <a href="/wiki/Mugger_crocodile" title="Mugger crocodile">mugger crocodile</a> in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-wildlifeofpakistan.com_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildlifeofpakistan.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary">Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Badin_District" title="Badin District">Badin District</a> is an Important Bird Area and <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Site</a>, with 30 species of mammals, 112 bird species, 20 reptiles, and 22 important plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lal_Suhanra_National_Park" title="Lal Suhanra National Park">Lal Suhanra Biosphere Reserve and National Park</a> is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> declared biosphere reserve,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which covers 65,791 hectares (254.02 sq mi) the <a href="/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan</a> region of the Greater Thar Desert.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> species that are fast vanishing in other parts of India are found in the desert in large numbers, including the <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a> (<i>Antilope cervicapra</i>), <a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">chinkara</a> (<i>Gazella bennettii</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Indian_wild_ass" title="Indian wild ass">Indian wild ass</a> (<i>Equus hemionus khur</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a>. This may be partly because they are well adapted to this environment: they are smaller than similar animals that live in other environments, and they are mainly nocturnal. It may also be because <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">grasslands</a> in this region have not been transformed into cropland as fast as in other regions, and because a local community, the <a href="/wiki/Bishnoi" title="Bishnoi">Bishnois</a>, has made special efforts to protect them. </p><p>Other mammals in the Thar Desert include a subspecies of <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/White-footed_fox" title="White-footed fox">Vulpes vulpes pusilla</a></i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">caracal</a>, and a number of reptiles dwell there too. </p><p>The region is a haven for 141 species of <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a> and resident desert birds, including <a href="/wiki/Harrier_(bird)" title="Harrier (bird)">harriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzzard" title="Buzzard">buzzards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kestrel" title="Kestrel">kestrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short-toed_eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-toed eagle">short-toed eagles</a> (<i>Circaetus gallicus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Tawny_eagle" title="Tawny eagle">tawny eagles</a> (<i>Aquila rapax</i>), <a href="/wiki/Greater_spotted_eagle" title="Greater spotted eagle">greater spotted eagles</a> (<i>Aquila clanga</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Laggar_falcon" title="Laggar falcon">laggar falcons</a> (<i>Falco jugger</i>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">Indian peafowl</a> is a resident breeder in the Thar region. The peacock is designated as the national bird of India and the provincial bird of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab (Pakistan)</a>. It can be seen sitting on khejri or <a href="/wiki/Sacred_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred fig">pipal</a> trees in villages or Deblina. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Thathawata.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Peacock on a khejri tree"><img alt="Peacock on a khejri tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Peacock_Thathawata.JPG/180px-Peacock_Thathawata.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Peacock_Thathawata.JPG/270px-Peacock_Thathawata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Peacock_Thathawata.JPG/360px-Peacock_Thathawata.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peacock on a <a href="/wiki/Khejri" class="mw-redirect" title="Khejri">khejri</a> tree</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peafowl_eating_pieces_of_Chapati_in_Tharparkar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peafowl eating pieces of chapati in Tharparkar District, Sindh"><img alt="Peafowl eating pieces of chapati in Tharparkar District, Sindh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Peafowl_eating_pieces_of_Chapati_in_Tharparkar.jpg/180px-Peafowl_eating_pieces_of_Chapati_in_Tharparkar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Peafowl_eating_pieces_of_Chapati_in_Tharparkar.jpg/270px-Peafowl_eating_pieces_of_Chapati_in_Tharparkar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Peafowl_eating_pieces_of_Chapati_in_Tharparkar.jpg/360px-Peafowl_eating_pieces_of_Chapati_in_Tharparkar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peafowl eating pieces of<i> <a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">chapati</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar District</a>, Sindh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackbuck_male_female.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blackbuck male and female"><img alt="Blackbuck male and female" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Blackbuck_male_female.jpg/180px-Blackbuck_male_female.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Blackbuck_male_female.jpg/270px-Blackbuck_male_female.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Blackbuck_male_female.jpg/360px-Blackbuck_male_female.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blackbuck male and female</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinkara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The chinkara or Indian gazelle is found across the Thar Desert."><img alt="The chinkara or Indian gazelle is found across the Thar Desert." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chinkara.jpg/180px-Chinkara.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chinkara.jpg/270px-Chinkara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Chinkara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The chinkara or Indian gazelle is found across the Thar Desert.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khumbhi_(local_name_for_mushroom_in_Tharparkar).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vessel full of mushroom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Khumbhi_%28local_name_for_mushroom_in_Tharparkar%29.jpg/220px-Khumbhi_%28local_name_for_mushroom_in_Tharparkar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Khumbhi_%28local_name_for_mushroom_in_Tharparkar%29.jpg/330px-Khumbhi_%28local_name_for_mushroom_in_Tharparkar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Khumbhi_%28local_name_for_mushroom_in_Tharparkar%29.jpg/440px-Khumbhi_%28local_name_for_mushroom_in_Tharparkar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Local <a href="/wiki/Mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushrooms">mushrooms</a> (<i>khumbi</i>) from <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar</a>, Sindh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khejri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Khejri.jpg/220px-Khejri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Khejri.jpg/330px-Khejri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Khejri.jpg/440px-Khejri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria">Prosopis cineraria</a></i> or <i>khejri</i> or <i>kandi</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The natural vegetation of this dry area is classified as <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_thorn_scrub_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern thorn scrub forest">northwestern thorn scrub forest</a> (i.e. small, loosely-scattered patches of greenery).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The densities and sizes of these green patches increase from west to east, following an increase in rainfall. The primary vegetation of the Thar Desert is composed of trees, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> herb species, including:<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul1970_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul1970-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Trees and shrubs: <i><a href="/wiki/Aerva_javanica" title="Aerva javanica">Aerva javanica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Balanites_roxburghii" title="Balanites roxburghii">Balanites roxburghii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calotropis_procera" title="Calotropis procera">Calotropis procera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capparis_decidua" title="Capparis decidua">Capparis decidua</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Clerodendrum_multiflorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerodendrum multiflorum">Clerodendrum multiflorum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Commiphora_mukul" class="mw-redirect" title="Commiphora mukul">Commiphora mukul</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cordia_sinensis" title="Cordia sinensis">Cordia sinensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crotalaria_burhia" title="Crotalaria burhia">Crotalaria burhia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_caducifolia" title="Euphorbia caducifolia">Euphorbia caducifolia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_neriifolia" title="Euphorbia neriifolia">Euphorbia neriifolia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grewia_tenax" title="Grewia tenax">Grewia tenax</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Leptadenia_pyrotechnica" title="Leptadenia pyrotechnica">Leptadenia pyrotechnica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lycium_barbarum" title="Lycium barbarum">Lycium barbarum</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maytenus_emarginata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maytenus emarginata (page does not exist)">Maytenus emarginata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mimosa_hamata" title="Mimosa hamata">Mimosa hamata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Suaeda_fruticosa" title="Suaeda fruticosa">Suaeda fruticosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vachellia_jacquemontii" title="Vachellia jacquemontii">Vachellia jacquemontii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ziziphus_nummularia" title="Ziziphus nummularia">Ziziphus nummularia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ziziphus_zizyphus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziziphus zizyphus">Z. zizyphus</a></i>.</li> <li>Herbs and grasses: <i><a href="/wiki/Ochthochloa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochthochloa">Ochthochloa</a> compressa</i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyloctenium_scindicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dactyloctenium scindicum (page does not exist)">Dactyloctenium scindicum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cenchrus_biflorus" title="Cenchrus biflorus">Cenchrus biflorus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cenchrus_setiger" title="Cenchrus setiger">Cenchrus setiger</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lasiurus_scindicus" title="Lasiurus scindicus">Lasiurus scindicus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cynodon_dactylon" title="Cynodon dactylon">Cynodon dactylon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Panicum_turgidum" title="Panicum turgidum">Panicum turgidum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Panicum_antidotale" title="Panicum antidotale">Panicum antidotale</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dichanthium_annulatum" title="Dichanthium annulatum">Dichanthium annulatum</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sporobolus_marginatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sporobolus marginatus (page does not exist)">Sporobolus marginatus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_spontaneum" title="Saccharum spontaneum">Saccharum spontaneum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cenchrus_ciliaris" title="Cenchrus ciliaris">Cenchrus ciliaris</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata" title="Desmostachya bipinnata">Desmostachya bipinnata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eragrostis" title="Eragrostis">Eragrostis</a></i> species, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergamopagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ergamopagan (page does not exist)">Ergamopagan</a></i> species, <i><a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">Phragmites</a></i> species, <i><a href="/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris" title="Tribulus terrestris">Tribulus terrestris</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Typha" title="Typha">Typha</a></i> species, <i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum_halepense" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghum halepense">Sorghum halepense</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Citrullus_colocynthis" title="Citrullus colocynthis">Citrullus colocynthis</a></i></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> floral species include <i><a href="/wiki/Calligonum_polygonoides" title="Calligonum polygonoides">Calligonum polygonoides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria">Prosopis cineraria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tamarix_aphylla" title="Tamarix aphylla">Tamarix aphylla</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cenchrus_biflorus" title="Cenchrus biflorus">Cenchrus biflorus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Thar people">Thar people</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Thar people">Thar people</a> are the natives of the area. The Thar Desert is the most widely populated desert in the world, with a population density of 83 people per km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2007_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, the inhabitants comprise <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>. In Pakistan, inhabitants include both Muslims and Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 40% of the total population of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> lives in the Thar Desert.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main occupations of the inhabitants are agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, the largest city in the region, lies in the scrub forest zone at the desert's perimeter. <a href="/wiki/Bikaner" title="Bikaner">Bikaner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer" title="Jaisalmer">Jaisalmer</a> are the largest cities located entirely in the desert. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaduliya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A girl from the Gadia Lohars nomadic tribe of Marwar, cooking her food."><img alt="A girl from the Gadia Lohars nomadic tribe of Marwar, cooking her food." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gaduliya.jpg/180px-Gaduliya.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gaduliya.jpg/270px-Gaduliya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gaduliya.jpg/360px-Gaduliya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A girl from the <a href="/wiki/Gadia_Lohar" title="Gadia Lohar">Gadia Lohars</a> nomadic tribe of <a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a>, cooking her food.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thar_life.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thar life"><img alt="Thar life" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thar_life.jpg/144px-Thar_life.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thar_life.jpg/216px-Thar_life.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thar_life.jpg/288px-Thar_life.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thar life</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9sert-du-Thar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Desert tribes near Jaisalmer, India"><img alt="Desert tribes near Jaisalmer, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/D%C3%A9sert-du-Thar.jpg/180px-D%C3%A9sert-du-Thar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/D%C3%A9sert-du-Thar.jpg/270px-D%C3%A9sert-du-Thar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/D%C3%A9sert-du-Thar.jpg/360px-D%C3%A9sert-du-Thar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Desert tribes near Jaisalmer, India</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_housing_in_the_desert">Water and housing in the desert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water and housing in the desert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the true desert areas, the only sources of water for animals or humans are small, scattered ponds - some that are natural (<i>tobas</i>) and some that are human-made (<i><a href="/wiki/Johad" title="Johad">johads</a></i>). The persistence of <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> heavily influences life in all areas of the Thar, prompting many inhabitants to adopt a <a href="/wiki/Nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomads">nomadic</a> lifestyle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most of the permanent human settlements are located near the two seasonal streams of the Karon-Jhar hills. Potable groundwater is also rare in the Thar Desert. Much of it tastes sour due to dissolved minerals. Potable water is mostly available only deep underground. When wells are dug that happen to yield sweet tasting water, people tend to settle near them, but such wells are difficult and dangerous to dig, sometimes claiming the lives of the well-diggers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Crowded housing conditions are common in some areas. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_in_the_Thar.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Huts in the Thar Desert"><img alt="Huts in the Thar Desert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/House_in_the_Thar.JPG/180px-House_in_the_Thar.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/House_in_the_Thar.JPG/270px-House_in_the_Thar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/House_in_the_Thar.JPG/360px-House_in_the_Thar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Huts in the Thar Desert</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johad.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Johads are common water sources"><img alt="Johads are common water sources" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Johad.JPG/180px-Johad.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Johad.JPG/270px-Johad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Johad.JPG/360px-Johad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Johad" title="Johad">Johads</a> are common water sources</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GRAVIS_employees_at_Taanka.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tanks for drinking water"><img alt="Tanks for drinking water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GRAVIS_employees_at_Taanka.JPG/135px-GRAVIS_employees_at_Taanka.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GRAVIS_employees_at_Taanka.JPG/202px-GRAVIS_employees_at_Taanka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GRAVIS_employees_at_Taanka.JPG/270px-GRAVIS_employees_at_Taanka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tanks for drinking water</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thar is one of the most heavily populated desert areas in the world with the main occupations of its inhabitants being agriculture and animal husbandry.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agricultural production is mainly from <a href="/wiki/Kharif_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharif crops">kharif crops</a>, which are grown in the summer season and seeded in June and July. These are then harvested in September and October and include <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">bajra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulses" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulses">pulses</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Guar" title="Guar">guar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jowar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jowar">jowar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum_vulgare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghum vulgare">Sorghum vulgare</a></i>), maize (<i><a href="/wiki/Zea_mays" class="mw-redirect" title="Zea mays">zea mays</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bambara_groundnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambara groundnut">groundnuts</a>. </p><p>The Thar region of Rajasthan is a major opium production and consumption area.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grain_millet,_early_grain_fill,_Tifton,_7-3-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bajra is the main kharif crop in Thar."><img alt="Bajra is the main kharif crop in Thar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg/180px-Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg/270px-Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg/360px-Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bajra is the main <a href="/wiki/Kharif_crop" title="Kharif crop">kharif crop</a> in Thar.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4_KLM_Mustard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mustard fields in a village of Shri Ganganagar district (Rajasthan, India)."><img alt="Mustard fields in a village of Shri Ganganagar district (Rajasthan, India)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/4_KLM_Mustard.jpg/180px-4_KLM_Mustard.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/4_KLM_Mustard.jpg/270px-4_KLM_Mustard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/4_KLM_Mustard.jpg/360px-4_KLM_Mustard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mustard fields in a village of Shri Ganganagar district (Rajasthan, India).</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock">Livestock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tharparkar_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thari cow breed originating from Tharparkar, Sindh, popular since World War I[37]"><img alt="Thari cow breed originating from Tharparkar, Sindh, popular since World War I[37]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tharparkar_02.JPG/180px-Tharparkar_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tharparkar_02.JPG/270px-Tharparkar_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tharparkar_02.JPG/360px-Tharparkar_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4349" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_cattle" title="Tharparkar cattle">Thari</a> cow breed originating from <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar</a>, Sindh, popular since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cows_in_India_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattle in the Thar Desert"><img alt="Cattle in the Thar Desert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cows_in_India_2007.JPG/135px-Cows_in_India_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cows_in_India_2007.JPG/202px-Cows_in_India_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cows_in_India_2007.JPG/270px-Cows_in_India_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cattle in the Thar Desert</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Agroforestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khejro_Lopping.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Khejro_Lopping.JPG/220px-Khejro_Lopping.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Khejro_Lopping.JPG/330px-Khejro_Lopping.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Khejro_Lopping.JPG/440px-Khejro_Lopping.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Lopping of <i>khejri</i> tree for fodder and fuel in <a href="/wiki/Harsawa" title="Harsawa">Harsawa</a> village</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> <i>P. cineraria</i> wood is reported to contain high calorific value and provide high-quality fuel wood. The lopped branches are good as fencing material. Its roots also encourage <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> fixation, which produces higher crop yields. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rohida1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Rohida1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><i>Tecomella undulata</i> tree in the village of <a href="/wiki/Harsawa" title="Harsawa">Harsawa</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ecotourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thar_Desert" title="Special:EditPage/Thar Desert">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Desert safaris on camels have become increasingly popular around Jaisalmer. Domestic and international tourists frequent the desert seeking adventure on camels for one to several days. This <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> industry ranges from cheaper backpacker treks to plush Arabian night-style campsites replete with banquets and cultural performances. During the treks, tourists are able to view the fragile and beautiful ecosystem of the Thar Desert. This form of tourism provides income to many operators and camel owners in Jaisalmer, as well as employment for many camel trekkers in the desert villages nearby. People from various parts of the world come to see the Pushkar ka Mela (Pushkar Fair) and oases. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thar_Khuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camel ride in the Thar Desert near Jaisalmer, India"><img alt="Camel ride in the Thar Desert near Jaisalmer, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Thar_Khuri.jpg/180px-Thar_Khuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Thar_Khuri.jpg/270px-Thar_Khuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Thar_Khuri.jpg/360px-Thar_Khuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2878" data-file-height="1923" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Camel ride in the Thar Desert near Jaisalmer, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Skies_of_Jaisalmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunrise in the desert"><img alt="Sunrise in the desert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Purple_Skies_of_Jaisalmer.jpg/180px-Purple_Skies_of_Jaisalmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Purple_Skies_of_Jaisalmer.jpg/270px-Purple_Skies_of_Jaisalmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Purple_Skies_of_Jaisalmer.jpg/360px-Purple_Skies_of_Jaisalmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sunrise in the desert</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government of India initiated departmental exploration for oil in 1955 and 1956 in the Jaisalmer area,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil India Limited discovered natural gas in 1988 in the <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_basin" title="Jaisalmer basin">Jaisalmer basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Desert_National_Park" title="Desert National Park">Desert National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_district" title="Jaisalmer district">Jaisalmer district</a> has a collection of 180-million-year- old animal and plant fossils. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaisalmer State">Jaisalmer State</a>'s historical foundations are in the large empire ruled by the Bhati dynasty. The empire stretched from what is now <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a><sup id="cite_ref-tod_197198_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tod_197198-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in modern-day Afghanistan to what is <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> in modern-day Pakistan<sup id="cite_ref-IGI_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGI-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the region that is <a href="/wiki/Bhatinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhatinda">Bhatinda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanumangarh" title="Hanumangarh">Hanumangarh</a> in modern-day India.<sup id="cite_ref-Bh_gov1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bh_gov1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire crumbled over time because of continuous invasions from central Asia. According to Satish Chandra, the Hindu Shahis of Afghanistan made an alliance with the Bhatti rulers of Multhan because they wanted to end the slave raids that were made by the Turkic ruler of Ghazni, but the alliance was broken apart by Alp Tigin in 977 CE. Bhati dominions continued to shift southwards: they ruled Multan, then finally got pushed into Cholistan and Jaisalmer, where Rawal Devaraja built <a href="/wiki/Derawar_Fort" title="Derawar Fort">Dera Rawal / Derawar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RajGz_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RajGz-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaisalmer was founded as the new capital in 1156 by <a href="/wiki/Rawal_Jaisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawal Jaisal">Maharawal Jaisal Singh</a> and the state took its name from the capital. On 11 December 1818 Jaisalmer became a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Agency" title="Rajputana Agency">Rajputana Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RajGzb_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RajGzb-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the kingdom's main source of income had long been levies on <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravans</a>, its economy suffered after <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> became a major port, and sea trade largely replaced trade along the traditional land routes. Maharawals Ranjit Singh and Bairi Sal Singh tried to reverse the economic decline, but the kingdom nevertheless became impoverished. To make matters worse, there was a severe <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> and a resulting <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> from 1895 to 1900, during the reign of Maharawal Salivahan Singh, which caused the widespread loss of the livestock upon which the increasingly agriculturally based kingdom had come to rely. </p><p>In 1965 and 1971, population exchanges took place in the Thar between India and Pakistan; 3,500 Muslims shifted from the Indian section of the Thar to Pakistani Thar, whilst thousands of Hindu families also migrated from Pakistani Thar to the Indian section.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Vedic_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Vedic_India.png/220px-Map_of_Vedic_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Vedic_India.png/330px-Map_of_Vedic_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Vedic_India.png/440px-Map_of_Vedic_India.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>The position of Thar Desert (orange colour) in <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age Vedic India</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarasvati_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sarasvati_river.jpg/220px-Sarasvati_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sarasvati_river.jpg/330px-Sarasvati_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sarasvati_river.jpg/440px-Sarasvati_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>Present-day Gagghar-Hakra river-course, with paleochannels as proposed by (Clift et al. (2012)).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 1 = ancient river<br /> 2 = today's river<br /> 3 = today's Thar desert<br /> 4 = ancient shore<br /> 5 = today's shore<br /> 6 = today's town<br /> 7 = paelochannels (Clift et al. (2012))</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li></ul></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaisalmer_Amar_Sagar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jaisalmer_Amar_Sagar.jpg/220px-Jaisalmer_Amar_Sagar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jaisalmer_Amar_Sagar.jpg/330px-Jaisalmer_Amar_Sagar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jaisalmer_Amar_Sagar.jpg/440px-Jaisalmer_Amar_Sagar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption>Amar Sagar, near <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer" title="Jaisalmer">Jaisalmer</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arid_Forest_Research_Institute" title="Arid Forest Research Institute">Arid Forest Research Institute</a></li> <li>Arid Lands Information Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">Aridification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_desert" title="Nara desert">Nara desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Phet" title="Cyclone Phet">Cyclone Phet</a> – tracked directly over the desert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharparkar#History" title="Tharparkar">History of Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area" title="List of deserts by area">List of deserts by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran" title="Pokhran">Pokhran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thari_people" title="Thari people">Thari people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Satellite-image-of-the-Indus-River-system-showing-the-study-sites-Stars-indicate_fig1_229062223">Clift et al. (2012) map</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-05745-8/figures/1">Honde te al. (2017) map</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In contrast to the mainstream view, <a href="#CITEREFChatterjeeRayShuklaPande2019">Chatterjee et al. (2019)</a> suggest that the river remained perennial till 4,500 years ago.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giosan-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giosan_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiosan_et_al.2012">Giosan et al. (2012)</a>: <ul><li>"Contrary to earlier assumptions that a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, identified by some with the mythical Sarasvati, watered the Harappan heartland on the interfluve between the Indus and Ganges basins, we show that only monsoonal-fed rivers were active there during the Holocene."</li> <li>"Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati (e.g., 4, 5, 7, 19), was a large glacier fed Himalayan river. Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River, the Sutlej River, or both rivers. However, the lack of large-scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large, glacier-fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar-Hakra region during the Holocene</li> <li>"The present Ghaggar-Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows. Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase. We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5;400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan (SI Text), and recent work (33) on the upper Ghaggar-Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4;300 y old. On the upper interfluve, fine-grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase, as recent as 2,900 y ago (33) (Fig. 2B). This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar-Hakra system without access to a glacier-fed river."</li></ul> <a href="#CITEREFValdiya2013">Valdiya (2013)</a> dispute this, arguing that it was a large perennial river draining the high mountains as late as 3700–2500 years ago. <a href="#CITEREFGiosanCliftMacklinFuller2013">Giosan et al. (2013)</a> have responded to, and rejected, Valdiya's arguments.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im1304">"Thar Desert"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Thar+Desert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fim1304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>67</b> (6): 534–545 [Supplemental material 2 table S1b]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545+Supplemental+material+2+table+S1b&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinha1996_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinha1996_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinha1996_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinhaBhatiaVishnoi1996" class="citation journal cs1">Sinha, R. K.; Bhatia, S. & Vishnoi, R. (1996). "Desertification control and rangeland management in the Thar desert of India". <i>RALA Report No. 200</i>: 115–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RALA+Report+No.+200&rft.atitle=Desertification+control+and+rangeland+management+in+the+Thar+desert+of+India&rft.pages=115-123&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rft.au=Bhatia%2C+S.&rft.au=Vishnoi%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaMehra2009" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, K. K.; Mehra, S. P. (2009). "The Thar of Rajasthan (India): Ecology and Conservation of a Desert Ecosystem". In Sivaperuman, C.; Baqri, Q. H.; Ramaswamy, G.; Naseema, M. (eds.). <i>Faunal Ecology and Conservation of the Great Indian Desert</i>. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-87409-6_1">10.1007/978-3-540-87409-6_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-87408-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-87408-9"><bdi>978-3-540-87408-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Thar+of+Rajasthan+%28India%29%3A+Ecology+and+Conservation+of+a+Desert+Ecosystem&rft.btitle=Faunal+Ecology+and+Conservation+of+the+Great+Indian+Desert&rft.place=Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-87409-6_1&rft.isbn=978-3-540-87408-9&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rft.au=Mehra%2C+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/19/science/india-fossil-discovery.html">"The Oldest Plant-Eating Dinosaur Has Been Found in India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 19 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+Plant-Eating+Dinosaur+Has+Been+Found+in+India&rft.date=2023-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F08%2F19%2Fscience%2Findia-fossil-discovery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhle1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kuhle, Matthias (1998). "Reconstruction of the 2.4 Million km<sup>2</sup> Late Pleistocene Ice Sheet on the Tibetan Plateau and its Impact on the Global Climate". <i>Quaternary International</i>. 45/46: 71–108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998QuInt..45...71K">1998QuInt..45...71K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1040-6182%2897%2900008-6">10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00008-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+of+the+2.4+Million+km%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E+Late+Pleistocene+Ice+Sheet+on+the+Tibetan+Plateau+and+its+Impact+on+the+Global+Climate&rft.volume=45%2F46&rft.pages=71-108&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1040-6182%2897%2900008-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998QuInt..45...71K&rft.aulast=Kuhle&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhle2004" class="citation book cs1">Kuhle, M (2004). "The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) ice cover in High and Central Asia". In Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L. (eds.). <i>Development in Quaternary Science 2c (Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica)</i>. pp. 175–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+High+Glacial+%28Last+Ice+Age+and+LGM%29+ice+cover+in+High+and+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=Development+in+Quaternary+Science+2c+%28Quaternary+Glaciation+%E2%80%93+Extent+and+Chronology%2C+Part+III%3A+South+America%2C+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+Australia%2C+Antarctica%29&rft.pages=175-99&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kuhle&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K1999-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K1999_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhle1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhle, M. (1999). 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Results of Investigations into High Mountain Geomorphology, Paleo-Glaciology and Climatology of the Pleistocene". <i>GeoJournal</i>. <b>47</b> (1–2): 3–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1007039510460">10.1023/A:1007039510460</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128089823">128089823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=Tibet+and+High+Asia+V.+Results+of+Investigations+into+High+Mountain+Geomorphology%2C+Paleo-Glaciology+and+Climatology+of+the+Pleistocene&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=3-276&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1007039510460&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128089823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuhle&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span> See chapter entitled: "Reconstruction of an approximately complete Quaternary Tibetan Inland Glaciation between the Mt. Everest and Cho Oyu Massifs and the Aksai Chin. – A new glaciogeomorphological southeast-northwest diagonal profile through Tibet and its consequences for the glacial isostasy and Ice Age cycle".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhle1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhle, M. (1988). "The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages – An Autocycle Hypothesis". <i>GeoJournal</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 581–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00209444">10.1007/BF00209444</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129234912">129234912</a>. Tibet and High-Asia I. 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Higginbotham And Co. Madras. 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rajasthan+or+the+Central+and+Western+Rajpoot+States%2C+Volume+2%2C+page+197-198&rft.pub=Higginbotham+And+Co.+Madras&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.114834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGI-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IGI_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif">"Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 272 - Imperial Gazetteer of India - Digital South Asia Library"</a>. Dsal.uchicago.edu. 18 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+Gazetter+of+India%2C+Volume+21%2C+page+272+-+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+-+Digital+South+Asia+Library&rft.pub=Dsal.uchicago.edu&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fgazetteer%2Fpager.html%3Fobjectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bh_gov1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bh_gov1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110110050936/http://bathinda.nic.in/html/district_at_a_glance.html#N10024">"Bhatinda Government: District at A glance- Origin"</a>. Bhatinda Government. 14 August 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bathinda.nic.in/html/district_at_a_glance.html#N10024">the original</a> on 10 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhatinda+Government%3A+District+at+A+glance-+Origin&rft.pub=Bhatinda+Government&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbathinda.nic.in%2Fhtml%2Fdistrict_at_a_glance.html%23N10024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RajGz-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RajGz_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71381">"Provincial Gazetteers Of India: Rajputana"</a>. Government of India. 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provincial+Gazetteers+Of+India%3A+Rajputana&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.71381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html">"Princely States of India"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Princely+States+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FIndia_princes_A-J.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RajGzb-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RajGzb_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71381">"Provincial Gazetteers Of India: Rajputana"</a>. Government of India. 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provincial+Gazetteers+Of+India%3A+Rajputana&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.71381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasanRaza2009" class="citation book cs1">Hasan, Arif; Raza, Mansoor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7imPH4KVJUC&q=arif+hasan+thar+desert+migration&pg=PA15"><i>Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan</i></a>. IIED. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843697343" title="Special:BookSources/9781843697343"><bdi>9781843697343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Small+Towns+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=IIED&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781843697343&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Arif&rft.au=Raza%2C+Mansoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7imPH4KVJUC%26q%3Darif%2Bhasan%2Bthar%2Bdesert%2Bmigration%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaini2012" class="citation news cs1">Maini, Tridivesh Singh (15 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalmag.com/just-another-border/">"Not just another border"</a>. <i>Himal South Asian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himal+South+Asian&rft.atitle=Not+just+another+border&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.aulast=Maini&rft.aufirst=Tridivesh+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalmag.com%2Fjust-another-border%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArisar2015" class="citation news cs1">Arisar, Allah Bux (6 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150022/http://www.newslens.pk/families-separated-pak-india-border-yearn-see-loved-ones/">"Families separated by Pak-India border yearn to see their loved ones"</a>. <i>News Lens Pakistan</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newslens.pk/families-separated-pak-india-border-yearn-see-loved-ones/">the original</a> on 25 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+Lens+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Families+separated+by+Pak-India+border+yearn+to+see+their+loved+ones&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.aulast=Arisar&rft.aufirst=Allah+Bux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newslens.pk%2Ffamilies-separated-pak-india-border-yearn-see-loved-ones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Satellite-image-of-the-Indus-River-system-showing-the-study-sites-Stars-indicate_fig1_229062223">map</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web">Web</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PIB-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIB_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=94098">Mythical Saraswati River</a>, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 20 March 2013.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009182551/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=94098">Archived</a> 9 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjeeRayShuklaPande2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chatterjee, Anirban; Ray, Jyotiranjan S.; Shukla, Anil D.; Pande, Kanchan (20 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6868222">"On the existence of a perennial river in the Harappan heartland"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 17221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...917221C">2019NatSR...917221C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53489-4">10.1038/s41598-019-53489-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6868222">6868222</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31748611">31748611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=On+the+existence+of+a+perennial+river+in+the+Harappan+heartland&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17221&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6868222%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...917221C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31748611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53489-4&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Anirban&rft.au=Ray%2C+Jyotiranjan+S.&rft.au=Shukla%2C+Anil+D.&rft.au=Pande%2C+Kanchan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6868222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClift_et_al.2012" class="citation cs2">Clift, Peter D.; Carter, Andrew; Giosan, Liviu; Durcan, Julie; et al. 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In Giosan, Liviu; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Nicoll, Kathleen; Flad, Rowan K.; Clift, Peter D. (eds.). <i>Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations</i>. American Geophysical Union Monograph Series 198. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-70443-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-70443-1"><bdi>978-1-118-70443-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geomorphological+Constraints+on+the+Ghaggar+River+Regime+During+the+Mature+Harappan+Period&rft.btitle=Climates%2C+Landscapes%2C+and+Civilizations&rft.series=American+Geophysical+Union+Monograph+Series+198&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-70443-1&rft.aulast=Maemoku&rft.aufirst=Hideaki&rft.au=Shitaoka%2C+Yorinao&rft.au=Nagatomo%2C+Tsuneto&rft.au=Yagi%2C+Hiroshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7aw5mfscBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankaran1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sankaran, A. V. (25 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040919123504/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/oct25/articles20.htm">"Saraswati – The ancient river lost in the desert"</a>. <i>Current Science</i>. <b>77</b> (8): 1054–1060. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24103577">24103577</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/oct25/articles20.htm">the original</a> on 19 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Saraswati+%E2%80%93+The+ancient+river+lost+in+the+desert&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1054-1060&rft.date=1999-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24103577%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sankaran&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iisc.ernet.in%2Fcurrsci%2Foct25%2Farticles20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_et_al.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Ajit; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705636">"Counter-intuitive influence of Himalayan river morphodynamics on Indus Civilisation urban settlements"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 1617. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...8.1617S">2017NatCo...8.1617S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-017-01643-9">10.1038/s41467-017-01643-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705636">5705636</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29184098">29184098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Counter-intuitive+influence+of+Himalayan+river+morphodynamics+on+Indus+Civilisation+urban+settlements&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1617&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5705636%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29184098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-017-01643-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCo...8.1617S&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5705636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdiya2013" class="citation journal cs1">Valdiya, K.S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/01/0042.pdf">"The River Saraswati was a Himalayan-born river"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Science</i>. <b>104</b> (1): 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=The+River+Saraswati+was+a+Himalayan-born+river&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Valdiya&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentscience.ac.in%2FVolumes%2F104%2F01%2F0042.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bhandari M. M. <i>Flora of The Indian Desert</i>, MPS Repros, 39, BGKT Extension, New Pali Road, Jodhpur, India.</li> <li>Zaigham, N. A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comsats.org/Publications/Books_SnT_Series/03.%20Water%20Resources%20in%20the%20South%20-%20Present%20Scenario%20and%20Future%20Prospects%20(Nov.%202003).pdf#page=66">"Strategic sustainable development of groundwater in Thar Desert of Pakistan"</a>. Water Resources in the South: Present Scenario and Future Prospects, Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South, Islamabad.</li> <li>Govt. of India. Ministry of Food & Agriculture booklet (1965)—"Soil conservation in the Rajasthan Desert"—Work of the Desert Afforestation Research station, Jodhpur.</li> <li>Gupta, R. K. & Prakash Ishwar (1975). <i>Environmental analysis of the Thar Desert</i>. English Book Depot., Dehra Dun.</li> <li>Kaul, R. N. (1967). "Trees or grass lands in the Rajasthan: Old problems and New approaches". <i>Indian Forester</i>, 93: 434–435.</li> <li>Burdak, L. R. (1982). "Recent Advances in Desert Afforestation". Dissertation submitted to Shri R. N. Kaul, Director, Forestry Research, F.R.I., Dehra Dun.</li> <li>Yashpal, Sahai Baldev, Sood, R.K., and Agarwal, D.P. (1980). "Remote sensing of the 'lost' Saraswati river". <i>Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences</i> (Earth and Planet Science), V. 89, No. 3, pp. 317–331.</li> <li>Bakliwal, P. C. and Sharma, S. B. (1980). "On the migration of the river Yamuna". <i>Journal of the Geological Society of India</i>, Vol. 21, Sept. 1980, pp. 461–463.</li> <li>Bakliwal, P. C. and Grover, A. K. (1988). "Signature and migration of Sarasvati river in Thar desert, Western India". <i>Record of the Geological Survey of India</i> V 116, Pts. 3–8, pp. 77–86.</li> <li>Rajawat, A. S., Sastry, C. V. S. and Narain, A. (1999-a). "Application of pyramidal processing on high resolution IRS-1C data for tracing the migration of the Saraswati river in parts of the Thar desert". in "Vedic Sarasvati, Evolutionary History of a Lost River of Northwestern India", <i>Memoir Geological Society of India</i>, Bangalore, No. 42, pp. 259–272.</li> <li>Ramasamy, S. M. (1999). "Neotectonic controls on the migration of Sarasvati river of the Great Indian desert". in "Vedic Sarasvati, Evolutionary History of a Lost River of Northwestern India", <i>Memoir Geological Society of India</i>, Bangalore, No. 42, pp. 153–162.</li> <li>Rajesh Kumar, M., Rajawat, A. S. and Singh, T. N. (2005). "Applications of remote sensing for educidate the Palaeochannels in an extended Thar desert, Western Rajasthan", 8th annual International conference, Map India 2005, New Delhi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thar_Desert" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Thar_Desert#Q172691" class="extiw" title="voy:Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rajasthanyatra.in/rajasthan-heritage-tour.php">Rajasthan Tourism</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im1304">"Thar Desert"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Thar+Desert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fim1304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThar+Desert" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302095323/http://www.dharssi.org.uk/travel/india/jaisalmer.html">Dharssi.org.uk</a>, Photos of the Thar Desert</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216005407/http://www.avgustin.net/gallery.php?id=44">Avgustin.net</a>, Photos of the Thar Desert in Pakistan side</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mit.gov.in/tdil/E_TOURISM_CDAC/desert%20visions/html/hjaisal.htm">MIT.gov</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_India" title="Template talk:Geography of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">Geological Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landforms_of_India" title="Landforms of India">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_India" title="Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_rivers_of_India" title="List of major rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_India" title="List of waterfalls in India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Geographical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Circars" title="Northern Circars">Circars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Plains" title="Utkal Plains">Utkal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Himalaya">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Himalaya">Himachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Himadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Coast">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divisions_in_India" title="List of divisions in India">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of India">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected Areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_forests_of_India" title="Communal forests of India">Communal forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_areas_of_India" title="Conservation areas of India">Conservation areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserves_and_community_reserves_of_India" title="Conservation reserves and community reserves of India">Conservation and community reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant#Elephant_reserves" title="Project Elephant">Elephant reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_forests_and_protected_forests_of_India" title="Reserved forests and protected forests of India">Reserved and protected forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_reserves_of_India" title="Tiger reserves of India">Tiger reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuaries of India">Wildlife sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Pakistan_related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Geography of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Geography of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Pakistan_related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography of Pakistan</a> related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Pakistan" title="List of extreme points of Pakistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of Pakistan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan" title="List of islands of Pakistan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Pakistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan" title="List of rivers of Pakistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan" title="List of valleys in Pakistan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan" title="List of volcanoes in Pakistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Pakistan">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hill_stations_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hill stations of Pakistan">Hill stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan" title="List of mountain passes">Passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Pakistan" title="List of mountains in Pakistan">Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tectonics_zones_of_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tectonics zones of Pakistan (page does not exist)">Tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain ranges of Pakistan">Mountain ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan" title="List of minerals of Pakistan">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstones_of_Pakistan" title="Gemstones of Pakistan">Gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Desert regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Administrative units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Pakistan" title="Divisions of Pakistan">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">Cities and towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Pakistan" title="Environment of Pakistan">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan" title="List of ecoregions in Pakistan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Protected Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="Biosphere reserves of Pakistan">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuaries of Pakistan">Wildlife Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="List of game reserves of Pakistan">Game reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_wetlands_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected wetlands of Pakistan">Protected wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Gilgit–Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Islamabad" title="Geography of Islamabad">Islamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lahore" title="Geography of Lahore">Lahore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sindh">Sindh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karachi" title="Geography of Karachi">Karachi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_South_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template talk:GeoSouthAsia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GeoSouthAsia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">Eastern Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountains_(Bhutan)" title="Black Mountains (Bhutan)">Black Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundwa_Range" title="Dundwa Range">Dundwa Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Eight-thousander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range" title="Lower Himalayan Range">Lesser Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Himalayas">Tibetan Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayas" title="Western Himalayas">Western Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Garhwal Range">Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwar_Himalaya" title="Kishtwar Himalaya">Kishtwar Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margalla_Hills" title="Margalla Hills">Margalla Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Range" title="Ladakh Range">Ladakh Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanskar_Range" title="Zanskar Range">Zanskar Range</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains" title="Sulaiman Mountains">Sulaiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Kakar_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba Kakar Range">Toba Kakar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambanad_Hills" title="Ambanad Hills">Ambanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaimalai_Hills" title="Anaimalai Hills">Anaimalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biligiriranga_Hills" title="Biligiriranga Hills">Biligiriranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Hills" title="Cardamom Hills">Cardamom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satmala_Range" title="Satmala Range">Satmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selbari_Range" title="Selbari Range">Selbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palani_Hills" title="Palani Hills">Palani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_in_the_Western_Ghats" title="List of peaks in the Western Ghats">Peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumoorthy_hills" title="Thirumoorthy hills">Thirumoorthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Range" title="Trimbakeshwar Range">Trimbakeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biligiriranga_Hills" title="Biligiriranga Hills">Bilgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhamalai" title="Bodhamalai">Bodhamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitteri_Hills" title="Chitteri Hills">Chitteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erramala" title="Erramala">Erramala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhamardan_Hills" title="Gandhamardan Hills">Gandhamardan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhjat_Hills" title="Garhjat Hills">Garhjat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javadi_Hills" title="Javadi Hills">Javadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalrayan_Hills" title="Kalrayan Hills">Kalrayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolli_Hills" title="Kolli Hills">Kolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nallamala_Hills" title="Nallamala Hills">Nallamalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyamgiri" title="Niyamgiri">Niyamgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachaimalai_Hills" title="Pachaimalai Hills">Pachaimalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palkonda_Hills" title="Palkonda Hills">Palkonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshachalam_Hills" title="Seshachalam Hills">Seshachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simhachalam_Hill_Range" title="Simhachalam Hill Range">Simhachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servarayan_Hills" title="Servarayan Hills">Servarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirumalai_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirumalai Hills">Sirumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velikonda_Range" title="Velikonda Range">Velikonda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Range" title="Aravalli Range">Aravalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_Hills" title="Garo Hills">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaintia_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaintia Hills">Jaintia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_Hills" title="Khasi Hills">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushai_Hills" title="Lushai Hills">Lushai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Hills" title="Naga Hills">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvanchal_Range" title="Purvanchal Range">Purvanchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpura_Range" title="Satpura Range">Satpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plateaus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore Plateau">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deserts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thal_Desert" title="Thal Desert">Thal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges-Brahmaputra_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta">Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Plain" title="Punjab Plain">Punjab Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Basin" title="Indus Basin">Indus Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Delta">Indus Delta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coastal India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coast of India">East Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Plains" title="Utkal Plains">Utkal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast of India">West Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water-bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majuli" title="Majuli">Majuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamban_Island" title="Pamban Island">Pamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atolls_of_the_Maldives" title="Atolls of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan" title="Geography of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Maldives" title="Geography of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central South Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_South_Asia" title="Littoral South Asia">Littoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island South Asia">Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern South Asia">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern South Asia">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sindh&#124;link=Sindh_Province_of_Sindh_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindh_topics" title="Template:Sindh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sindh_topics" title="Template talk:Sindh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sindh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sindh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sindh&#124;link=Sindh_Province_of_Sindh_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh"><img alt="Sindh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">Sindhu kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahir_of_Aror" title="Dahir of Aror">Brahman dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ab-ul-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ab-ul-Islam">Muslim caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty">Soomra dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samma_dynasty" title="Samma dynasty">Samma dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty" title="Kalhora dynasty">Kalhora dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpur" title="Talpur">Talpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" title="Sind Province (1936–1955)">British period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_heritage_sites_in_Sindh" title="List of cultural heritage sites in Sindh">Cultural heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">Government</a> <br /> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Sindh" title="Category:Politics of Sindh">politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh" title="Provincial Assembly of Sindh">Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sindh" title="Chief Minister of Sindh">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sindh" title="Governor of Sindh">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Archives" title="Sindh Archives">Sindh Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commissioners_and_governors_of_Sind_(British_India)" title="List of commissioners and governors of Sind (British India)">Commissioners of Sind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutto_family" title="Bhutto family">Bhutto family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Police" title="Sindh Police">Sindh Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_High_Court" title="Sindh High Court">Sindh High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Information_Department" title="Sindh Information Department">Sindh Information Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Coastal_Development_Authority" title="Sindh Coastal Development Authority">Sindh Coastal Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sindh" title="Economy of Sindh">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh" title="Culture of Sindh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_workies" title="Sindhi workies">Sindh workies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajrak" title="Ajrak">Ajrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Sindhi Cultural Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_people" title="List of Sindhi people">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Sindhi diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Adabi_Board" title="Sindhi Adabi Board">Sindhi Adabi Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhology" title="Sindhology">Sindhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi poetry">Sindhi poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_poets" title="List of Sindhi-language poets">Sindhi poets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folklore" title="Sindhi folklore">Sindhi folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folk_tales" title="Sindhi folk tales">Sindhi folk tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_bhagat" title="Sindhi bhagat">Sindhi bhagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassui_Punnhun" title="Sassui Punnhun">Sassui Punnhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_music" title="Sindhi music">Sindhi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Sindhi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_films" title="List of Sindhi-language films">List of Sindhi-language films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-language_media" title="Sindhi-language media">Sindhi media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_tribes" title="Category:Sindhi tribes">Sindhi tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Sindhi Hindu festivals">List of Sindhi Hindu festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sindh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sindh_by_population" title="List of cities in Sindh by population">List of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan#Sindh" title="Districts of Pakistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Sindh" title="List of tehsils of Sindh">List of talukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sindh" title="Climate of Sindh">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Karachi" title="Climate of Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hyderabad,_Sindh" title="Climate of Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nawabshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Nawabshah">Nawabshah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Sindh" title="Fauna of Sindh">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Places_of_historical_interest_in_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of historical interest in Sindh">Historical places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karachi" title="Education in Karachi">Education in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Sindhology" title="Institute of Sindhology">Institute of Sindhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sindh" title="University of Sindh">UoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">UoK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Madressatul_Islam_University" title="Sindh Madressatul Islam University">SMIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehran_University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology" title="Mehran University of Engineering & Technology">MUET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Sindh_Medical_University" title="Jinnah Sindh Medical University">JSMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_University_of_Medical_%26_Health_Sciences" title="Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences">LUMHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Agriculture_University" title="Sindh Agriculture University">SAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Museum" title="Sindh Museum">Sindh Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_cricket_team" title="Sindh cricket team">Sindh cricket team</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Premier_League" title="Sindh Premier League">Domestic league</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakhra" title="Malakhra">Malakhra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Flora & fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sindhi" title="Red Sindhi">Red Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sindhi media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-language_media" title="Sindhi-language media">Sindhi-language media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sindhi websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Wikipedia" title="Sindhi Wikipedia">Sindhi Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Sindhiana" title="Encyclopedia Sindhiana">Encyclopedia Sindhiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sindh" title="Tourism in Sindh">Sindh tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Sindh Tourism Development Corporation">Sindh Tourism Development Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_deserts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deserts" title="Template:Deserts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deserts" title="Template talk:Deserts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_deserts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">Polar desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts" title="List of deserts">List of deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area" title="List of deserts by area">List of deserts by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_exploration" title="Desert exploration">Desert exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Africa" title="List of deserts">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Desert" title="Algerian Desert">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayuda_Desert" title="Bayuda Desert">Bayuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Desert_(Egypt)" title="Black Desert (Egypt)">Black Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Desert" title="Blue Desert">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalbi_Desert" title="Chalbi Desert">Chalbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djurab_Desert" title="Djurab Desert">Djurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferlo_Desert" title="Ferlo Desert">Ferlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra (White)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes_Desert" title="Moçâmedes Desert">Moçâmedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_Desert" title="Nubian Desert">Nubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiri_Desert" title="Nyiri Desert">Nyiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine_des_Sables" title="Plaine des Sables">Plaine des Sables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richtersveld" title="Richtersveld">Richtersveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezrouft" title="Tanezrouft">Tanezrouft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Ténéré">Ténéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert" title="Western Desert">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Asia" title="List of deserts">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert" title="Ad-Dahna Desert">Ad-Dahna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">Nefud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlat_al-Sab%27atayn" title="Ramlat al-Sab'atayn">Ramlat al-Sab'atayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahiba_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahiba Sands">Wahiba Sands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsuki_Desert" title="Barsuki Desert">Barsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betpak-Dala" title="Betpak-Dala">Betpak-Dala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Dasht-e Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiynkum_Desert" title="Moiynkum Desert">Moiynkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryn_Desert" title="Ryn Desert">Ryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saryesik-Atyrau_Desert" title="Saryesik-Atyrau Desert">Saryesik-Atyrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarykum" title="Sarykum">Sarykum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taukum" title="Taukum">Taukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustyurt_Plateau" title="Ustyurt Plateau">Ustyurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami_Desert" title="Hami Desert">Hami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_Desert" title="Lop Desert">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kubuqi_Desert" title="Kubuqi Desert">Kubuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Us_Desert" title="Mu Us Desert">Mu Us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaidam_Basin" title="Qaidam Basin">Qaidam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengger_Desert" title="Tengger Desert">Tengger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert" title="Indus Valley Desert">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katpana_Desert" title="Katpana Desert">Katpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharan_Desert" title="Kharan Desert">Kharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thal_Desert" title="Thal Desert">Thal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Kavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Khash" title="Dasht-e Khash">Khash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Leili" title="Dasht-e Leili">Leili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Lut" title="Dasht-e Lut">Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Margo" title="Dasht-e Margo">Margo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polond_Desert" title="Polond Desert">Polond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registan_Desert" title="Registan Desert">Registan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Sand_Dunes" title="La Paz Sand Dunes">La Paz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Europe" title="List of deserts">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardenas_Reales" title="Bardenas Reales">Bardenas Reales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park" title="Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park">Cabo de Gata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monegros_Desert" title="Monegros Desert">Monegros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleshky_Sands" title="Oleshky Sands">Oleshky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernas_Desert" title="Tabernas Desert">Tabernas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliblatska_Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Dara" title="Deliblatska Peščara">Deliblato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#North_America" title="List of deserts">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvord_Desert" title="Alvord Desert">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amargosa_Desert" title="Amargosa Desert">Amargosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_desert" title="Baja California desert">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Desert" title="Black Rock Desert">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcross_Desert" title="Carcross Desert">Carcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Desert" title="Carson Desert">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channeled_Scablands" title="Channeled Scablands">Channeled scablands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_Desert" title="Escalante Desert">Escalante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Mile_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty Mile Desert">Forty Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Desierto_de_Altar" title="Gran Desierto de Altar">Gran Desierto de Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake_Desert" title="Great Salt Lake Desert">Great Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(Oregon)" title="High Desert (Oregon)">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jornada_del_Muerto" title="Jornada del Muerto">Jornada del Muerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BB%C5%AB_Desert" title="Kaʻū Desert">Kaʻū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechuguilla_Desert" title="Lechuguilla Desert">Lechuguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owyhee_Desert" title="Owyhee Desert">Owyhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Painted Desert (Arizona)">Painted Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Desert_(Wyoming)" title="Red Desert (Wyoming)">Red Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevier_Desert" title="Sevier Desert">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_Creek_Desert" title="Smoke Creek Desert">Smoke Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Desert" title="Tonopah Desert">Tonopah Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Tule Desert (Arizona)">Tule (Arizona)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Nevada)" title="Tule Desert (Nevada)">Tule (Nevada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuha_Desert" title="Yuha Desert">Yuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_Desert" title="Yuma Desert">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Oceania" title="List of deserts">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Australia" title="List of deserts">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sandy_Desert" title="Great Sandy Desert">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sandy_Desert" title="Little Sandy Desert">Little Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(South_Australia)" title="Painted Desert (South Australia)">Painted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedirka_Desert" title="Pedirka Desert">Pedirka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_Desert" title="Simpson Desert">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzelecki_Desert" title="Strzelecki Desert">Strzelecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturt_Stony_Desert" title="Sturt Stony Desert">Sturt Stony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanami_Desert" title="Tanami Desert">Tanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirari_Desert" title="Tirari Desert">Tirari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#New_Zealand" title="List of deserts">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rangipo_Desert" title="Rangipo Desert">Rangipo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#South_America" title="List of deserts">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Guajira_Desert" title="La Guajira Desert">La Guajira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9danos_de_Coro_National_Park" title="Médanos de Coro National Park">Los Médanos de Coro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Desert" title="Monte Desert">Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Desert" title="Patagonian Desert">Patagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechura_Desert" title="Sechura Desert">Sechura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatacoa_Desert" title="Tatacoa Desert">Tatacoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Polar_regions" title="List of deserts">Polar regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Antarctic" title="List of deserts">Antarctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Desert" title="Meyer Desert">Meyer Desert</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Arctic" title="List of deserts">Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deserts" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deserts">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts" title="Category:Deserts">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deserts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deserts">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172691#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2133154075983711860007">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85134504">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531873205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&oldid=1258988044">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thar_Desert&oldid=1258988044</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Rajasthan" title="Category:Geography of Rajasthan">Geography of Rajasthan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Sindh" title="Category:Geography of Sindh">Geography of Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tharparkar_District" title="Category:Tharparkar District">Tharparkar District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Rajasthan" title="Category:Environment of Rajasthan">Environment of Rajasthan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Sindh" title="Category:Environment of Sindh">Environment of Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indomalayan_ecoregions" title="Category:Indomalayan ecoregions">Indomalayan ecoregions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget 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