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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depopulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depopulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Depopulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depopulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Second occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_from_foraging_to_farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_from_foraging_to_farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transition from foraging to farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_from_foraging_to_farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="تل أبو هريرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تل أبو هريرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tell Abu Hureyra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" title="Abu Hureyra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abu Hureyra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tell Abu Hureyra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tell Abu Hureyra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tell Abu Hureyra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tell Abu Hureyra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tell Abu Hureyra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="תל אבו הוריירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תל אבו הוריירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hurayra" title="Abū Hurayra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abū Hurayra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87" title="تل ابو هريره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تل ابو هريره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9" title="テル・アブ・フレイラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テル・アブ・フレイラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" title="Abu Hureyra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abu Hureyra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tell Abu Hureyra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hurejra" title="Abu Hurejra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abu Hurejra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tell Abu Hureyra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83-%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Абу-Хурейра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абу-Хурейра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_Abu_Huraira" title="Tall Abu Huraira – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tall Abu Huraira" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81" title="تل ابو ہریرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تل ابو ہریرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1754526#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="View the content page [c]" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&params=35.866_N_38.4_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°51′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">38°24′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.866°N 38.400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.866; 38.400</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Abu Hureyra" redirects here. For the companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, see <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurairah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hurairah">Abu Hurairah</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tell Abu Hureyra</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">تل أبو هريرة</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_East_non_political.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tell Abu Hureyra is located in Near East"><img alt="Tell Abu Hureyra is located in Near East" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/300px-Near_East_non_political.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/450px-Near_East_non_political.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/600px-Near_East_non_political.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="842" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.339%;left:36.224%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tell Abu Hureyra"><img alt="Tell Abu Hureyra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Near East</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Near East</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tell Abu Hureyra is located in Syria"><img alt="Tell Abu Hureyra is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/300px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/450px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/600px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.964%;left:44.872%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tell Abu Hureyra"><img alt="Tell Abu Hureyra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Tell Abu Hureyra (Syria)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Syria</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Assad" title="Lake Assad">Lake Assad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&params=35.866_N_38.4_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°51′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">38°24′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.866°N 38.400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.866; 38.400</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 11,000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 5,000 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic_(Levant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic (Levant)">Epipaleolithic</a>—<a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1972–1973</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_M._T._Moore" title="Andrew M. T. Moore">Andrew M. T. Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hillman" title="Gordon Hillman">Gordon Hillman</a>, Anthony Legge</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">flooded by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Assad" title="Lake Assad">Lake Assad</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tell Abu Hureyra</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تل أبو هريرة</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> in the Upper <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> valley in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a> was inhabited between 13,300 and 7,800 <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_calibration" title="Radiocarbon calibration">cal.</a> <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in two main phases: Abu Hureyra 1, dated to the <a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic_Near_East" title="Epipalaeolithic Near East">Epipalaeolithic</a>, was a village of sedentary <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>; Abu Hureyra 2, dated to the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a>, was home to some of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farmers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This almost continuous sequence of occupation through the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> has made Abu Hureyra one of the most important sites in the study of the origins of agriculture. </p><p>The site is significant because the inhabitants of Abu Hureyra started out as <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> but gradually moved to farming, making them the earliest known farmers in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultivation started at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> period at Abu Hureyra. Evidence uncovered at Abu Hureyra suggests that <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> was the first cereal crop to be systematically cultivated. In light of this, it is now believed that the first systematic cultivation of cereal crops was around 13,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillman_et_al_2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillman_et_al_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Glacial_Interstadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Glacial Interstadial">Late Glacial Interstadial</a>, Abu Hureyra site experienced climatic change.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2000_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to lake level changes and aridity, the vegetation expanded into lower areas of the fields. Abu Hureyra accumulated vegetation that consisted of grasses, oaks, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pistacia_atlantica" title="Pistacia atlantica">Pistacia atlantica</a></i> trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2000_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The climate changed from warm and dry months to abruptly cold and dry months.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillman_et_al_2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillman_et_al_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_research">History of research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site was excavated as a rescue operation before it was flooded by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Assad" title="Lake Assad">Lake Assad</a>, the reservoir of the <a href="/wiki/Tabqa_Dam" title="Tabqa Dam">Tabqa Dam</a> which was being built at that time. The site was excavated by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_M._T._Moore" title="Andrew M. T. Moore">Andrew M. T. Moore</a> in 1972 and 1973. It was limited to only two seasons of fieldwork. Despite the limited time frame, a large amount of material was recovered and studied over the following decades. It was one of the first archaeological sites to use modern methods of excavation such as "flotation", which preserved even the tiniest and most fragile plant remains.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2000_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mithen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mithen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A preliminary report was published in 1983 and a final report in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2000_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Hureyra_meltglass.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Meltglass from Abu Hureyra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Abu_Hureyra_meltglass.png/330px-Abu_Hureyra_meltglass.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Abu_Hureyra_meltglass.png/495px-Abu_Hureyra_meltglass.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Abu_Hureyra_meltglass.png/660px-Abu_Hureyra_meltglass.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Vitrified_sand" title="Vitrified sand">meltglass</a> from <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tell Abu Hureyra</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Abu_Hureyra_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Hureyra-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since around 2012 Moore and others have published several papers reporting on meltglass, nanodiamonds, microspherules, and charcoal and high concentrations of iridium, platinum, nickel, and cobalt from the site of Abu Hureyra, which they attribute to an <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact event</a> that destroyed the village around 10,800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Abu_Hureyra_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Hureyra-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this impact hypothesis has been comprehensively refuted by experts in archaeology, astronomy, and impact science.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_description">Location and description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location and description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abu Hureyra is a <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a>, or ancient settlement mound, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa Governorate</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. It is on a plateau near the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, 120 kilometres (75 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. The tell is a massive accumulation of collapsed houses, debris, and lost objects accumulated over the course of the habitation of the ancient village. The mound is nearly 500 metres (1,600 ft) across, 8 metres (26 ft) deep, and contained over 1,000,000 cubic metres (35,000,000 cu ft) of archaeological deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-Mithen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mithen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> Today the tell is inaccessible, submerged beneath the waters of Lake Assad.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupation_history">Occupation history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occupation history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Special:EditPage/Tell Abu Hureyra">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_occupation">First occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NatufianSpread.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NatufianSpread.svg/220px-NatufianSpread.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NatufianSpread.svg/330px-NatufianSpread.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NatufianSpread.svg/440px-NatufianSpread.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Tell Abu Hureyra was at the northern end of the area of <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a> (12,000 to 9,500 BC), near <a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The village of Abu Hureyra had two separate periods of occupation: An Epipalaeolithic settlement and a Neolithic settlement. The Epipaleolithic, or <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a>, settlement was established c. 13,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">years ago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2000_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first settlement, the village consisted of small round huts, cut into the soft sandstone of the terrace. The roofs were supported with wooden posts, and roofed with brushwood and reeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Mithen_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mithen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40–41">: 40–41 </span></sup> Huts contained underground storage areas for food. The houses that they lived in were subterranean pit dwellings.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillman_et_al_2016_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillman_et_al_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inhabitants are probably most accurately described as "hunter-collectors", as they didn't only forage for immediate consumption, but built up stores for longterm food security. They settled down around their <a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">larder</a> to protect it from animals and other humans. From the distribution of wild food plant remains found at Abu Hureyra it seems that they lived there year-round. The population was small, housing a few hundred people at most—but perhaps the largest collection of people permanently living in one place anywhere at that time. </p><p>The inhabitants of Abu Hureyra obtained food by hunting, fishing, and gathering of wild plants. <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazelle</a> was hunted primarily during the summer, when vast herds passed by the village during their annual migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Mithen_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mithen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41–42">: 41–42 </span></sup> These would probably be hunted communally, as mass killings also required mass processing of meat, skin, and other parts of the animal. The huge amount of food obtained in a short period was a reason for settling down permanently: it was too heavy to carry and would need to be kept protected from weather and pests. </p><p>Other prey included large wild animals such as <a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">onager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, and smaller animals such as <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, which were hunted throughout the year. Different plant species were collected, from three different eco-zones within walking distance (river, forest, and steppe). Plant foods were also harvested from "wild gardens" with species gathered including wild cereal grasses such as <a href="/wiki/Einkorn_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Einkorn wheat">einkorn wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmer_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmer wheat">emmer wheat</a>, and two varieties of <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mithen_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mithen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> Several large stone tools for grinding grain were found at the site. </p><p>Abu Hureyra 1 had a variety of crops that made up the system. Their resources consisted of 41% <i>Rumex</i> and <i>Polygonum</i>, 43% rye and <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">einkorn</a>, and the remaining 16% lentils.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depopulation">Depopulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Depopulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1,300 years the hunter-gatherers of the first occupation mostly abandoned Abu Hureyra, probably because of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>, an intense and relatively abrupt return to glacial climate conditions which lasted over 1,000 years,<sup id="cite_ref-Mithen_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mithen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or because of the purported <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abu_Hureyra_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Hureyra-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drought disrupted the migration of the gazelle and destroyed forageable plant food sources. The inhabitants might have moved to <a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a>, less than 50 km to the northeast on the other side of the Euphrates,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which expanded dramatically at this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_occupation">Second occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></div><p> In comparison to Abu Hureyra 1, Abu Hureyra 2 had a different accumulation of resources, consisting of 25% <i>Rumex</i>/<i>Polygonum</i>, 3.7% rye/einkorn, 29% barley, 23.5% <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a>, 9.4% wheat-free threshing, and 9.4% lentils.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/260px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/390px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/520px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> c. 7500 BC, with main <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> sites. Central and southern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> lacked sufficient rainfall to be settled by humans yet.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calibrated_Carbon_14_dates_for_Abu_Hureyra_as_of_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Calibrated_Carbon_14_dates_for_Abu_Hureyra_as_of_2013.jpg/260px-Calibrated_Carbon_14_dates_for_Abu_Hureyra_as_of_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Calibrated_Carbon_14_dates_for_Abu_Hureyra_as_of_2013.jpg/390px-Calibrated_Carbon_14_dates_for_Abu_Hureyra_as_of_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Calibrated_Carbon_14_dates_for_Abu_Hureyra_as_of_2013.jpg/520px-Calibrated_Carbon_14_dates_for_Abu_Hureyra_as_of_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="127" /></a><figcaption>Earliest calibrated Carbon 14 dates for Neolithic Abu Hureyra as of 2013. This is about 1,000 years after <a href="/wiki/Gesher_(archaeological_site)" title="Gesher (archaeological site)">Gesher</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is from the early part of the Younger Dryas that the first indirect evidence of agriculture was detected in the excavations at Abu Hureyra, although the cereals themselves were still of the wild variety.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during the intentional sowing of cereals in more favourable refuges like Mureybet that these first farmers developed domesticated strains during the centuries of drought and cold of the Younger Dryas. When the climate abated about 9500 BCE they spread all over the Middle East with this new bio-technology, and Abu Hureyra grew to a large village eventually with several thousand people. The second occupation grew domesticated varieties of rye, wheat and barley, and kept sheep as livestock. The hunting of gazelle decreased sharply, probably due to <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> that eventually left them extinct in the Middle East. At Abu Hureyra they were replaced by meat from domesticated animals. The second occupation lasted for about 2,000 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_from_foraging_to_farming">Transition from foraging to farming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transition from foraging to farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some evidence has been found for cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> from 11050 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2000_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the sudden rise of pollen from weed plants that typically infest newly disturbed soil. Peter Akkermans and Glenn Schwartz found this claim about epipaleolithic rye, "difficult to reconcile with the absence of cultivated cereals at Abu Hureyra and elsewhere for thousands of years afterwards".<sup id="cite_ref-AkkermansSchwartz2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AkkermansSchwartz2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could have been an early experiment that didn't survive and continue. It has been suggested that drier climate conditions resulting from the beginning of the Younger Dryas caused wild cereals to become scarce, leading people to begin cultivation as a means of securing a food supply. Results of recent analysis of the rye grains from this level suggest that they may actually have been domesticated during the Epipalaeolithic. It is speculated that the permanent population of the first occupation was fewer than 200 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-foodfuel_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodfuel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individuals occupied several tens of square kilometers, a rich resource base of several different ecosystems. On this land they hunted, harvested food and wood, made charcoal, and may have cultivated cereals and grains for food and fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-foodfuel_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodfuel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first domesticated morphologic cereals came about at the Abu Hureyra site around 10,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Hureyra_-_grinding_stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abu_Hureyra_-_grinding_stone.jpg/300px-Abu_Hureyra_-_grinding_stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abu_Hureyra_-_grinding_stone.jpg/450px-Abu_Hureyra_-_grinding_stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abu_Hureyra_-_grinding_stone.jpg/600px-Abu_Hureyra_-_grinding_stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3911" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption>Stones used to grind cereal grains, Abu Hureyra, c. 9500–9000 BC. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The village of Abu Hureyra had impressive agricultural advances for the time period. The rapid growth of farming led to the development of two different domesticated forms of wheat, barley, rye, lentils, and more due in part to a sudden cool period in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cool period affected the supply of wild animals such as gazelle, which at the time was their main source of protein. Since their food supply became scarce it was critical that they find a way to provide for the population, this led to extensive agricultural efforts as well as the domestication of sheep and goats to provide a steady protein source.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another helpful factor was the ability to grow legumes, which fix nitrogen levels in the soil. This improved the fertility of the soil and allowed for the crop plants to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This massive increase in agriculture had a cost. Those who lived in the village of Abu Hureyra experienced several injuries and skeletal abnormalities. These injuries mostly came from the way the crops were harvested. In order to harvest the crops the people of Abu Hureyra would kneel for several hours on end. The act of kneeling for long durations would put the individuals at risk for injuring the big toes, hips, and lower back.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was cartilage damage in the toe that was so severe the metatarsal bones would rub together. In addition to this injury another common injury was for the last dorsal vertebra to be damaged, crushed, or out of alignment due to the pressure used during the grinding of grains.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These skeletal abnormalities also can be found on the teeth of the Abu Hureyra people. Since the grain was stone ground many flakes of stone would still be left in the grain which over time would wear down the teeth. In rare cases women would have large grooves in their front teeth which suggests they used their mouth as a third hand while weaving baskets. This dates basket weaving as far back as 6500 BC and the fact so few women had these grooves shows that basket weaving was a rare skill to have.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These baskets were extremely important to the success of the agriculture because the baskets were used to collect or spread seeds, and were also used to collect or distribute water.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a> (657 CE, First Fitna). Siffin has been identified with Abu Hureyra.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Hureyra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHai_Cheng2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hai Cheng; et al. (8 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2007869117">"Timing and structure of the Younger Dryas event and its underlying climate dynamics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>. <b>117</b> (38): 23408–23417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2007869117">10.1073/pnas.2007869117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F240073">10261/240073</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32900942">32900942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Timing+and+structure+of+the+Younger+Dryas+event+and+its+underlying+climate+dynamics&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=23408-23417&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F240073&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32900942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2007869117&rft.au=Hai+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1073%252Fpnas.2007869117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2000_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2000_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2000_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2000_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2000_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2000_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreHillman,_Gordon_C.Legge,_Anthony_J.2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_M.T._Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew M.T. Moore">Moore, Andrew M. T.</a>; Hillman, Gordon C.; Legge, Anthony J. (2000). <i>Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510806-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510806-X"><bdi>0-19-510806-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+on+the+Euphrates%3A+From+Foraging+to+Farming+at+Abu+Hureyra&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-510806-X&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.+T.&rft.au=Hillman%2C+Gordon+C.&rft.au=Legge%2C+Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillman_et_al_2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillman_et_al_2016_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillman_et_al_2016_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillman_et_al_2016_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillmanHedgesMooreColledge2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hillman, Gordon; Hedges, Robert; Moore, Andrew; Colledge, Susan; Pettitt, Paul (27 July 2016). "New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates". <i>The Holocene</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 383–393. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Holoc..11..383H">2001Holoc..11..383H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F095968301678302823">10.1191/095968301678302823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84930632">84930632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.atitle=New+evidence+of+Lateglacial+cereal+cultivation+at+Abu+Hureyra+on+the+Euphrates&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=383-393&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84930632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F095968301678302823&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Holoc..11..383H&rft.aulast=Hillman&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Hedges%2C+Robert&rft.au=Moore%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Colledge%2C+Susan&rft.au=Pettitt%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mithen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mithen_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mithen_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mithen_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mithen_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mithen_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mithen_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithen2006" class="citation book cs1">Mithen, Steven (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftericeglobalhu00mith"><i>After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20000-5000 BC</i></a></span> (paperback ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01570-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01570-3"><bdi>0-674-01570-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Ice%3A+A+Global+Human+History%2C+20000-5000+BC&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-01570-3&rft.aulast=Mithen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faftericeglobalhu00mith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu_Hureyra-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Hureyra_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Hureyra_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Hureyra_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreKennettNapierBunch2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_M._T._Moore" title="Andrew M. T. Moore">Moore AM</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_P._Kennett" title="James P. Kennett">Kennett JP</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Napier_(astronomer)" title="William Napier (astronomer)">Napier WM</a>, Bunch TE, Weaver JC, LeCompte M, Adedeji AV, Hackley P, et al. (6 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-60867-w.pdf">"Evidence of Cosmic Impact at Abu Hureyra, Syria at the Younger Dryas Onset (~12.8 ka): High-temperature melting at >2200 °C"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a></i>. <b>10</b> (1) (published 6 March 2020): 4185. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10.4185M">2020NatSR..10.4185M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2FS41598-020-60867-W">10.1038/S41598-020-60867-W</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7060197">7060197</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32144395">32144395</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q90119243" class="extiw" title="d:Q90119243">Q90119243</a>. <q>The wide range of evidence supports the hypothesis that a cosmic event occurred at Abu Hureyra ~12,800 years ago, coeval with impacts that deposited high-temperature meltglass, melted microspherules, and/or platinum at other YDB sites on four continents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+Cosmic+Impact+at+Abu+Hureyra%2C+Syria+at+the+Younger+Dryas+Onset+%28~12.8+ka%29%3A+High-temperature+melting+at+%26%2362%3B2200%E2%80%89%C2%B0C&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4185&rft.date=2020-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7060197%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..10.4185M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32144395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2FS41598-020-60867-W&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.+T.&rft.au=Kennett%2C+James+P.&rft.au=Napier%2C+William+M.&rft.au=Bunch%2C+Ted+E.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+James+C.&rft.au=LeCompte%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Adedeji%2C+A.+Victor&rft.au=Hackley%2C+Paul&rft.au=Kletetschka%2C+Gunther&rft.au=Hermes%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Wittke%2C+James+H.&rft.au=Razink%2C+Joshua+J.&rft.au=Gaultois%2C+Michael+W.&rft.au=West%2C+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-020-60867-w.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez2020" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Fernandez S (6 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2020/019823/fire-sky">"Fire from the Sky"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706231340/https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2020/019823/fire-sky">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>Based on materials collected before the site was flooded, Kennett and his colleagues contend Abu Hureyra is the first site to document the direct effects of a fragmented comet on a human settlement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire+from+the+Sky&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara&rft.date=2020-03-06&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.ucsb.edu%2F2020%2F019823%2Ffire-sky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollidayDaultonBartleinBoslough2023" class="citation journal cs1">Holliday, Vance T.; Daulton, Tyrone L.; Bartlein, Patrick J.; Boslough, Mark B.; Breslawski, Ryan P.; Fisher, Abigail E.; Jorgeson, Ian A.; Scott, Andrew C.; Koeberl, Christian; Marlon, Jennifer; Severinghaus, Jeffrey; Petaev, Michail I.; Claeys, Philippe (26 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825223001915">"Comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH)"</a>. <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>: 104502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104502">10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104502</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+refutation+of+the+Younger+Dryas+Impact+Hypothesis+%28YDIH%29&rft.pages=104502&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104502&rft.aulast=Holliday&rft.aufirst=Vance+T.&rft.au=Daulton%2C+Tyrone+L.&rft.au=Bartlein%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=Boslough%2C+Mark+B.&rft.au=Breslawski%2C+Ryan+P.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Abigail+E.&rft.au=Jorgeson%2C+Ian+A.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Andrew+C.&rft.au=Koeberl%2C+Christian&rft.au=Marlon%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Severinghaus%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Petaev%2C+Michail+I.&rft.au=Claeys%2C+Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0012825223001915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2018" class="citation web cs1">Becker, Jeffrey (18 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/456814175">"Tell Abu Hureyra: a Pleiades place resource"</a>. <i>Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places</i>. Clifflena Tiah<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pleiades%3A+a+gazetteer+of+past+places&rft.atitle=Tell+Abu+Hureyra%3A+a+Pleiades+place+resource&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F456814175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wilcox, George (February 2009). "Late Pleistocene and early Holocene climate and the beginnings of cultivation in northern Syria". <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 156. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Holoc..19..151W">2009Holoc..19..151W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959683608098961">10.1177/0959683608098961</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129444462">129444462</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/220530920">220530920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Late+Pleistocene+and+early+Holocene+climate+and+the+beginnings+of+cultivation+in+northern+Syria&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=156&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129444462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959683608098961&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Holoc..19..151W&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mithen, <i>After the Ice</i>, p. 62: "It seems likely that those who abandoned Abu Hureyra simply crossed the river and began a new village at Mureybet"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillman2000" class="citation book cs1">Hillman, Gordon C. (2000). "Overview". <i>Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra</i>. By Moore, A.M.T.; Hillman, G.C.; Legge, A.J. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 420–421.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overview&rft.btitle=Village+on+the+Euphrates%3A+From+Foraging+to+Farming+at+Abu+Hureyra&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=420-421&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hillman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Yosef2002" class="citation book cs1">Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2002). "The Natufian culture and the early Neolithic: Social and economic trends in Southwestern Asia". In Bellwood, P.; Renfrew, C. (eds.). <i>Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis</i>. McDonald Institute Monographs. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. pp. 113–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Natufian+culture+and+the+early+Neolithic%3A+Social+and+economic+trends+in+Southwestern+Asia&rft.btitle=Examining+the+Farming%2FLanguage+Dispersal+Hypothesis&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=McDonald+Institute+Monographs&rft.pages=113-126&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bar-Yosef&rft.aufirst=Ofer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Yosef2002" class="citation book cs1">Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2002). "Natufian". In Fitzhugh, B.; Habu, J. (eds.). <i>Beyond Foraging and Collecting: Evolutionary Change in Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems</i>. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 91–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Natufian&rft.btitle=Beyond+Foraging+and+Collecting%3A+Evolutionary+Change+in+Hunter-Gatherer+Settlement+Systems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=91-149&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bar-Yosef&rft.aufirst=Ofer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dow, Olewiler and Reed 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AkkermansSchwartz2003-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AkkermansSchwartz2003_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_M._M._G._AkkermansGlenn_M._Schwartz2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter M. M. G. Akkermans; Glenn M. Schwartz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4oqvpAHDEoC&pg=PA72"><i>The archaeology of Syria: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c. 16,000–300 BC)</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79666-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79666-8"><bdi>978-0-521-79666-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+Syria%3A+from+complex+hunter-gatherers+to+early+urban+societies+%28c.+16%2C000%E2%80%93300+BC%29&rft.pages=72-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79666-8&rft.au=Peter+M.+M.+G.+Akkermans&rft.au=Glenn+M.+Schwartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4oqvpAHDEoC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foodfuel-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foodfuel_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foodfuel_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillmanA._J._LeggeP._A._Rowle-Conwy1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hillman, Gordon C.; A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Abu+Hureyra%3A+Agriculture+in+the+Euphrates+Valley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fabu-hureyra-syria-170017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808050607/https://docgo.net/the-eloquent-bones-of-abu-hureyra">"The Eloquent Bones of Abu Hureyra – Documents – The Best Way to Share & Discover Documents"</a>. <i>DocGo.Net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docgo.net/the-eloquent-bones-of-abu-hureyra">the original</a> on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DocGo.Net&rft.atitle=The+Eloquent+Bones+of+Abu+Hureyra+%E2%80%93+Documents+%E2%80%93+The+Best+Way+to+Share+%26+Discover+Documents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocgo.net%2Fthe-eloquent-bones-of-abu-hureyra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi960.htm">"No. 960: Grain in Abu Hureyra"</a>. <i>www.uh.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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British Archaeology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba51/ba51news.html#farming">the original</a> on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+first+farming+found+in+Near+East&rft.pub=British+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britarch.ac.uk%2Fba%2Fba51%2Fba51news.html%23farming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATell+Abu+Hureyra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/489449.stm">"First farmers discovered"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 October 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Archaeological culture">Cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran_culture" title="Kebaran culture">Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebekian_culture" title="Nebekian culture">Nebekian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalkhan_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qalkhan culture (page does not exist)">Qalkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_Kebaran_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric Kebaran culture">Geometric Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizzanian_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizzanian culture (page does not exist)">Nizzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramonian_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramonian culture (page does not exist)">Ramonian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamran_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamran culture (page does not exist)">Hamran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harifian_culture" title="Harifian culture">Harifian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_al-Buhira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ain al-Buhira (page does not exist)">Ain al-Buhira</a> (WHS 618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAyn_Qasiyya" title="ʿAyn Qasiyya">ʿAyn Qasiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaneh_IV" title="Kharaneh IV">Kharaneh IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebara_Cave" title="Kebara Cave">Kebara Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPS-75" title="KPS-75">KPS-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo_II" title="Ohalo II">Ohalo II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_Sageer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tor Sageer (page does not exist)">Tor Sageer</a> (WHNBS 242)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uwaynid_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uwaynid 14 (page does not exist)">Uwaynid 14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uwaynid_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uwaynid 18 (page does not exist)">Uwaynid 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Hammeh_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Hammeh 26 (page does not exist)">Wadi Hammeh 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Jilat_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Jilat 6">Wadi Jilat 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Madamagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Madamagh (page does not exist)">Wadi Madamagh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yutil_al-Hasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yutil al-Hasa (page does not exist)">Yutil al-Hasa</a> (WHS 784)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neve_David" title="Neve David">Neve David</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Hamra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Hamra (page does not exist)">Jebel Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaneh_IV" title="Kharaneh IV">Kharaneh IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaqat_al-Buma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaqat al-Buma (page does not exist)">Tabaqat al-Buma</a> (WZ 200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFUyun_al-Hammam" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿUyun al-Hammam">ʿUyun al-Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Jilat_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Jilat 10">Wadi Jilat 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Jilat_22" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Jilat 22">Wadi Jilat 22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Mataha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Mataha (page does not exist)">Wadi Mataha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WZ_148&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WZ 148 (page does not exist)">WZ 148</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAin_Mallaha" title="ʿAin Mallaha">ʿAin Mallaha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BFAyn_al-Saratan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ʿAyn al-Saratan (page does not exist)">ʿAyn al-Saratan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azraq_18" title="Azraq 18">Azraq 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Wad" title="El Wad">El Wad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgal_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilgal II (page does not exist)">Gilgal II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilazon_Tachtit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilazon Tachtit (page does not exist)">Hilazon Tachtit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_ed-Dubb" title="Iraq ed-Dubb">ʿIraq ed-Dubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubayqa_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubayqa 1 (page does not exist)">Shubayqa 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubayqa_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubayqa 6 (page does not exist)">Shubayqa 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaqa_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaqa (archaeological site) (page does not exist)">Tabaqa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Tell es-Sultan</a> (Jericho)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Qarassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Qarassa (page does not exist)">Tell Qarassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hammeh_27" title="Wadi Hammeh 27">Wadi Hammeh 27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neolithic_Southwest_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Southwest_Asia" title="Template:Neolithic Southwest Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neolithic_Southwest_Asia" title="Template talk:Neolithic Southwest Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic_Southwest_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic Southwest Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neolithic_Southwest_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Western_Asia" title="Neolithic">Neolithic Southwest Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> (10,500–7500 BP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Neolithic" title="Late Neolithic">Late Neolithic</a> (8000–6100 BP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Pottery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (PPNA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (PPNB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic C">Pre-Pottery Neolithic C</a> (PPNC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Neolithic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zagros Neolithic (page does not exist)">Zagros Neolithic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuq_A-B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuq A-B (page does not exist)">Amuq A-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarmoan_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarmoan culture (page does not exist)">Jarmoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodian_culture" title="Lodian culture">Lodian</a> (Jericho XI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizzanim_culture" title="Nizzanim culture">Nizzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rabah_culture" title="Wadi Rabah culture">Wadi Rabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Pottery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hudhud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hudhud (page does not exist)">Abu Hudhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">ʿAin Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ja" title="Ba'ja">Ba'ja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basta_(archaeological_site)" title="Basta (archaeological site)">Basta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bawwab_al-Ghazal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bawwab al-Ghazal (page does not exist)">Bawwab al-Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beidha_(archaeological_site)" title="Beidha (archaeological site)">Beidha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beisamoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Beisamoun">Beisamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boncuklu_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Boncuklu Höyük">Boncuklu Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boncuklu_Tarla" title="Boncuklu Tarla">Boncuklu Tarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouqras" title="Bouqras">Bouqras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chia_Jani" title="Chia Jani">Chia Jani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chia_Sabz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chia Sabz (page does not exist)">Chia Sabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuweila" title="Dhuweila">Dhuweila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dja%27de_el_Mughara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dja'de el Mughara (page does not exist)">Dja'de el Mughara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Ganj Dareh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgal_I" title="Gilgal I">Gilgal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_ed-Dubb" title="Iraq ed-Dubb">Iraq ed-Dubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerf_el_Ahmar" title="Jerf el Ahmar">Jerf el Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karahan_Tepe" title="Karahan Tepe">Karahan Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_al-%27Abr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell al-'Abr (page does not exist)">Tell 'Abr 3</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Tell es-Sultan</a> (Jericho)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qaramel" title="Tell Qaramel">Tell Qaramel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Qarassa_North&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Qarassa North (page does not exist)">Tell Qarassa North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taybeh,_Marjayoun" title="Taybeh, Marjayoun">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tepe_Abdul_Hosein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tepe Abdul Hosein (page does not exist)">Tepe Abdul Hosein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tepe_Asiab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tepe Asiab (page does not exist)">Tepe Asiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27lefaat" title="M'lefaat">M'lefaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Hemar_Cave" title="Nahal Hemar Cave">Nahal Hemar Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaGdud_(archaeological_site)" title="Netiv HaGdud (archaeological site)">Netiv HaGdud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachcharini" title="Nachcharini">Nachcharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qermez_Dere" title="Qermez Dere">Qermez Dere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabra_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabra 1 (page does not exist)">Sabra 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_e-Abad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheikh e-Abad (page does not exist)">Sheikh e-Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shkarat_Msaeid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shkarat Msaeid (page does not exist)">Shkarat Msaeid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubayqa_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubayqa 6 (page does not exist)">Shubayqa 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Faynan_16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Faynan 16 (page does not exist)">Wadi Faynan 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Shu%CA%BFeib_(archaeological_site)" title="Wadi Shuʿeib (archaeological site)">Wadi Shuʿeib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiftahel" title="Yiftahel">Yiftahel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zumlat_Arus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zumlat Arus (page does not exist)">Zumlat Arus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hamid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hamid (page does not exist)">Abu Hamid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Masiyad_al-Gharbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Masiyad al-Gharbi (page does not exist)">Abu Masiyad al-Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Masiyad_al-Sharqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Masiyad al-Sharqi (page does not exist)">Abu Masiyad al-Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Jammam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn Jammam (page does not exist)">Ayn Jammam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rahub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn Rahub (page does not exist)">Ayn Rahub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestansur" title="Bestansur">Bestansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuweila" title="Dhuweila">Dhuweila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Hemmeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El-Hemmeh (page does not exist)">El-Hemmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghuwayr_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghuwayr 1 (page does not exist)">Ghuwayr 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnig" title="Ginnig">Ginnig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallan_%C3%87emi" title="Hallan Çemi">Hallan Çemi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hibabiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hibabiya (page does not exist)">Hibabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_el_Ghazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn el Ghazi (page does not exist)">Ibn el Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabal_Na%27ja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabal Na'ja (page does not exist)">Jabal Na'ja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabal_Quweisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabal Quweisa (page does not exist)">Jabal Quweisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Abu_Thawwab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Abu Thawwab (page does not exist)">Jebel Abu Thawwab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Qurma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Qurma (page does not exist)">Jebel Qurma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Subhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Subhi (page does not exist)">Jebel Subhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_HaHoresh_(archaeological_site)" title="Kfar HaHoresh (archaeological site)">Kfar HaHoresh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khabrat_Abu_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khabrat Abu Hussein (page does not exist)">Khabrat Abu Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khallat_Anaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khallat Anaza (page does not exist)">Khallat Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaysin" title="Kharaysin">Kharaysin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukaba" title="Kaukaba">Kaukaba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Hammam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbet Hammam (page does not exist)">Khirbet Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_al-Dharih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbet al-Dharih (page does not exist)">Khirbet al-Dharih</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matarrah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matarrah (page does not exist)">Matarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugharat_al-Jawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugharat al-Jawa (page does not exist)">Mugharat al-Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munhata" title="Munhata">Munhata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraybet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muraybet (page does not exist)">Muraybet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mushash_163&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mushash 163 (page does not exist)">Mushash 163</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayyeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayyeh (page does not exist)">Sayyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaGolan_(archaeological_site)" title="Sha'ar HaGolan (archaeological site)">Sha'ar HaGolan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaqat_al-B%C3%BBma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaqat al-Bûma (page does not exist)">Tabaqat al-Bûma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Suwwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Abu Suwwan (page does not exist)">Tell Abu Suwwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ghoraif%C3%A9" title="Tell Ghoraifé">Tell Ghoraifé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hassuna" title="Tell Hassuna">Tell Hassuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shemshara" title="Tell Shemshara">Tell Shemshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sawwan" title="Tell es-Sawwan">Tell es-Sawwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleilat_el_Ghassul" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleilat el Ghassul">Teleilat el Ghassul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Dabaghiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Dabaghiyah (page does not exist)">Umm Dabaghiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Jilat_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Jilat 7 (page does not exist)">Wadi Jilat 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Shu%CA%BFeib_(archaeological_site)" title="Wadi Shuʿeib (archaeological site)">Wadi Shuʿeib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zumlat_Arus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zumlat Arus (page does not exist)">Zumlat Arus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_demographic_transition" title="Neolithic demographic transition">Neolithic demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_decline" title="Neolithic decline">Neolithic decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavilov_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vavilov centre">Vavilov centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wheat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: wheat"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wheat" title="Template:Wheat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wheat" title="Template talk:Wheat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wheat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wheat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wheat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_wheat" title="Taxonomy of wheat">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Common</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_wheat" title="Marquis wheat">Marquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter wheat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_wheat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/120px-USDA_wheat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/180px-USDA_wheat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/240px-USDA_wheat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="3151" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Agronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_diseases" title="Wheat diseases">Wheat diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wheat_diseases" title="List of wheat diseases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_mildew" title="Wheat mildew">Wheat mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fly" title="Hessian fly">Hessian fly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWB_Limited" title="AWB Limited">Australian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_exchange" title="Corn exchange">Corn exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grains_Council" title="International Grains Council">International Wheat Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wheat" title="Peak wheat">Peak wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Production statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_premium" title="Protein premium">Protein premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pools in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Plant parts and their uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stalk</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">Bran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">Germ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">Chaff</a> (husk)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">Gluten</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Germinated_wheat" title="Germinated wheat">Sprouts</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Basic preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>None</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_berry" title="Wheat berry">Berries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groats" class="mw-redirect" title="Groats">groats</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farina_(food)" title="Farina (food)">Farina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">Flour</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_middlings" title="Wheat middlings">Middlings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">Semolina</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">As an ingredient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">Cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">Flatbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_germ_oil" title="Wheat germ oil">Wheat germ oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Wheat gluten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Associated human diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">Gluten-related disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_riot" title="Food riot">Bread riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_grains" title="Refined grains">Refined grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatpaste" title="Wheatpaste">Wheatpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">Shattering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: wheat"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wheat" title="Category:Wheat">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754526#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754526#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754526#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/237458235">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534091905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/456814175">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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