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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Black rot (grape disease)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guignardia_bidwellii" title="Guignardia bidwellii – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guignardia bidwellii" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guignardia_bidwellii" title="Guignardia bidwellii – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Guignardia bidwellii" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guignardia_bidwellii" title="Guignardia bidwellii – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guignardia bidwellii" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Species of fungus</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><i>Guignardia bidwellii</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Guignardia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dothideomycetes" title="Dothideomycetes">Dothideomycetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Botryosphaeriales" title="Botryosphaeriales">Botryosphaeriales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Botryosphaeriaceae" title="Botryosphaeriaceae">Botryosphaeriaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guignardia" title="Guignardia"><i>Guignardia</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>G. bidwellii</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Guignardia bidwellii</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Job_Bicknell_Ellis" title="Job Bicknell Ellis">Ellis</a>) Viala & Ravaz (1892)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Naemospora ampelicida</i> <small> <a href="/wiki/Engelm." class="mw-redirect" title="Engelm.">Engelm.</a> [as 'Naemaspora'] (1863)</small><br /> <i>Sphaeria bidwellii</i> <small> Ellis (1880)</small><br /> <i>Physalospora bidwellii</i> <small> (Ellis) <a href="/wiki/Sacc." class="mw-redirect" title="Sacc.">Sacc.</a> (1882)</small><br /> <i>Laestadia bidwellii</i> <small> (Ellis) <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Viala" title="Pierre Viala">Viala</a> & <a href="/wiki/Louis_Etienne_Ravaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Etienne Ravaz">Ravaz</a> (1888)</small><br /> <i>Phyllostictina uvicola</i> <small> (<a href="/wiki/Berk." class="mw-redirect" title="Berk.">Berk.</a> & <a href="/wiki/M.A.Curtis" class="mw-redirect" title="M.A.Curtis">M.A.Curtis</a>) <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6hn." class="mw-redirect" title="Höhn.">Höhn.</a> (1919)</small><br /> <i>Botryosphaeria bidwellii</i> <small> (Ellis) <a href="/wiki/Franz_Petrak" title="Franz Petrak">Petr.</a> (1958)</small><br /> <i>Phyllosticta ampelicida</i> <small> (Engelm.) Aa (1973)</small><br /> <i>Carlia bidwellii</i> <small> (Ellis) Prunet (1989)</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Black rot of grape</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Guignardia_bidwellii_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guignardia_bidwellii_04.jpg/220px-Guignardia_bidwellii_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guignardia_bidwellii_04.jpg/330px-Guignardia_bidwellii_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guignardia_bidwellii_04.jpg/440px-Guignardia_bidwellii_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="921" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">damages on fruits</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causal agents</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Guignardia bidwellii</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hosts</th><td class="infobox-data">Grapevine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Vectors</th><td class="infobox-data">rain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO Code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GUIGBI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">originated from eastern North America, but now occurs in portions of Europe, South America and Asia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symptoms</th><td class="infobox-data">small, brown circular lesions on leaves, "mummies" on fruits</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">choice of right cultivars, mixture of cultural and chemical control practices</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guignardia_bidwellii_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Guignardia_bidwellii_08.jpg/220px-Guignardia_bidwellii_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Guignardia_bidwellii_08.jpg/330px-Guignardia_bidwellii_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Guignardia_bidwellii_08.jpg/440px-Guignardia_bidwellii_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>damages on leaves</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Grape black rot</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_fungus" title="Pathogenic fungus">fungal disease</a> caused by an <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">ascomycetous</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, <i><b>Guignardia bidwellii</b></i>, that attacks <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a> vines during hot and humid weather. “Grape black rot originated in eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, but now occurs in portions of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. It can cause complete crop loss in warm, humid climates, but is virtually unknown in regions with arid summers.”<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name comes from the black fringe that borders growing brown patches on the leaves. The disease also attacks other parts of the plant, “all green parts of the vine: the shoots, leaf and fruit stems, tendrils, and fruit. The most damaging effect is to the <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-ries_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grape black rot affects many grape growers throughout the World, therefore, it is important to understand the disease life cycle and environmental conditions to best manage the disease. Once infection takes place, different methods are available to control the disease. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease_cycle">Disease cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_rot_(grape_disease)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Disease cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The disease cycle begins with the overwintering structures. The grape black rot <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Overwinter" class="mw-redirect" title="Overwinter">overwinters</a> in many parts of the grape vine, especially mummies and lesions, and is able to overwinter on the vineyard floor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, "Viable lesions capable of producing conidia can persist in wood for at least 2 years."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spring rains release the ascospores and conidia contained in the overwintering structures and these spores are “spread by wind and rain-splash to infect leaves, blossoms and young fruit”.<sup id="cite_ref-ellis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the mummies on the ground can have a significant discharge of ascospores that begins about two to three weeks after bud breaks and will mature one to two weeks after the start of bloom.<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the presence of moisture, these <a href="/wiki/Ascospore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascospore">ascospores</a> <a href="/wiki/Germinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinate">germinate</a> slowly, taking 36 to 48 hours, but eventually penetrate the young leaves and fruit stems (pedicels). The infections become visible after 8 to 25 days. The period that overwintering spores require to cause infection depends on the inoculum source. If there is a large source of inoculum, the infection will set in earlier. The second type of spore, <a href="/wiki/Conidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conidia">conidia</a>, “are dispersed short distances (centimetres to metres/inches to feet) by splashing rain drops" in rain storms throughout the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infection occurs when either of the two spore types lands on green grape tissue and the tissue remains wet for a "sufficient length of time, which is dependent on temperature."<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, at 7 °C (45 °F) no infection will occur regardless of moisture, while at 10 °C (50 °F) it takes 24 hours of leaf wetness for a spore to germinate and infect the green grape tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a leaf or berry becomes infected, pycnidia form and produce conidia, contributing to repeated cycles of infections in summer rains.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the season, the fungus overwinters as pycnidia or pseudothecia within cane lesions or mummified fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring, the pycnidia will produce conidia once again and the pseudothecia produce ascospores.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_conditions_for_infection">Environmental conditions for infection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_rot_(grape_disease)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Environmental conditions for infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the weather is moist, ascospores are produced and released throughout the entire spring and summer, providing continuous primary infection. The black rot fungus requires warm weather for optimal growth; cool weather slows its growth. A period of two to three days of rain, drizzle, or fog is also required for infection.<sup id="cite_ref-ries_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Conidia spores can also form, within cane lesions or on mummies that have remained within the trellis, and these are dispersed by splashing rain drops.”<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raindrops transfer these spores by moving the spores to different plant parts, especially susceptible young leaves. “If water is present, the conidia germinate in 10 to 15 hours and penetrate young tissue. New black rot infections continue into late spring and summer during prolonged periods of warm, rainy weather. The conidia are capable of <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germinating</a> and causing infection several months after being formed. During August, the <a href="/wiki/Pycnidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnidia">pycnidia</a> are transformed into an overwintering stage that, in turn, gives rise to <a href="/wiki/Ascocarp" title="Ascocarp">pseudothecia</a> within which the spring spores (ascospores) are produced. This ascospore is "forcibly discharged into the air and can travel considerable distances."<sup id="cite_ref-ellis_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Research has shown that ascospores are an important source of primary infections in the spring."<sup id="cite_ref-ellis_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring during wet weather, the "<a href="/wiki/Pycnidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnidia">pycnidia</a> on infected tissues absorb water and conidia are squeezed out."<sup id="cite_ref-ellis_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Conidia are splashed about randomly by rain and can infect any young tissue in less than 12 hours at temperatures between 20 to 30 °C (60 to 90 °F)."<sup id="cite_ref-ellis_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A film of water on the vine surface is necessary for the infection to <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ellis_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This completes the disease cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symptoms">Symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_rot_(grape_disease)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relatively small, brown circular <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a> develop on infected leaves and within a few days tiny black spherical fruiting bodies (<a href="/wiki/Pycnidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnidia">pycnidia</a>) protrude from them. Elongated black lesions on the <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> may eventually girdle these organs, causing the affected leaves to wilt. Shoot infection results in large black elliptical lesions. These lesions may contribute to breakage of shoots by wind, or in severe cases, may girdle and kill young shoots altogether. This fungus bides its time. Most plants show very little signs of infection until it's too late. They will look very healthy until fruit sets. Even flowering will be normal.<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infection of the fruit is the most serious phase of the disease and may result in substantial economic loss. Infected berries first appear light or chocolate brown; it will have a spot that looks very round, like the eye of a bird. That spot will get larger and infect more of the fruit bunch and more of the plant. This creates masses of black pycnidia developing on the surface. Finally, infected berries shrivel and turn into hard black <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisin</a>-like bodies that are called mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_and_management">Control and management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_rot_(grape_disease)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Control and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A mixture of cultural and chemical control practices can manage grape black rot disease caused by <i>Guignardia bidwellii</i>. Cultural control aspects involve the basics in plant care and field sanitation as well as cleanup after an infectious outbreak. Chemical control has a large influence to prevent but not eliminate disease.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Cultural control</b> </p><p>Cultural control consists of the management of the fields and sanitation methods to optimally grow grape crops.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many universities and professors suggest the following cultural control practices:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first cultural control method is to choose the right grape cultivar for the region that the grape will be grown in. Grape cultivars differ in their susceptibility to diseases, including differences in the disease black rot. Some varieties are less susceptible, while others are more prone to the disease when the right environmental conditions occur. Through research, many lists of grapes varieties will show the amount of resistance a variety has to disease and how the variety should be grown. A <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">list of grape varieties</a> is a good place to start for selecting the right grape variety. </p><p>Proper grape management in the field is important to control black rot disease. The placement of the grape plants is important to provide for proper <a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a> and lighting. “Choose a planting site where the vines will be exposed to full sun and good air circulation.”<sup id="cite_ref-ries_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper training of grape vines should be practiced. Many people use <a href="/wiki/Trellising" class="mw-redirect" title="Trellising">trellising</a> to keep the vines off the ground. Trellising is a form of plant training, which is the arrangement of plant parts spatially to optimize productivity. Having the grape vines off the ground “reduces the time that vines remain wet from <a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a> and rain and thus limits the amount of infection”.<sup id="cite_ref-ries_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the current seasons growth occurs, tie the new growth in a spatial manner to allow for air circulation and sunlight to affect the whole grape plant. </p><p>A proper <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">pruning</a> technique is another cultural control method to limit diseases. Prune each vine every year during the dormant period. This dormant pruning is heavily researched to provide the term-balanced pruning. This is done by using the weight of the previous year’s cane growth (1- yr-old canes) to determine how many buds should be retained for the current production year. Up to 2 kg (4 lb) of pruning can occur during the season. Remove excess growth, diseased and overwintering berries, leaves, and tendrils from the vineyard, and burn or otherwise destroy them.<sup id="cite_ref-ries_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice reduces <a href="/wiki/Propagule" title="Propagule">inoculum</a> of the fungus, thus limiting disease. During the season, minor pruning to train the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">canopy</a> growth may occur to help with aeration. </p><p>The last cultural control method would be to maintain clean fields once infected. Keep the field well managed, do not allow overgrowth of weeds or plants near the grapes. Once the plants have been infected “Remove all mummies from the canopy during the dormant pruning process. Mummies produce spores next to the susceptible grapevine tissues throughout the season; even relatively few can cause significant damage.”<sup id="cite_ref-bordelon_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordelon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another technique to rid of infection can be to “cultivate the vineyard before bud-break to bury the mummified berries. Diseased berries covered with soil do not produce spores that will reach the developing vines”.<sup id="cite_ref-ries_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Chemical control</b> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">chemical control</a> is widely available for agricultural purposes. To apply chemical applications, look at the <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicide</a> label for proper use. Be sure that the conditions are optimal to spray to avoid drift and inefficiencies of the fungicide due to application. Fungicide guidelines must be followed. There are a wide variety of chemicals that are available for both regular and organic growers. </p><p>Commercially, application of fungicides may be costly. To cut down on costs, one must understand the life cycle of the pathogens. Different fungicides are more effective at certain infection stages. Understand that throughout the development of the plant, different fungicides should be considered to protect plant health. In order to cut down on spraying costs, it is important to understand life cycle of the pathogen. “Research in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> demonstrated berries of most varieties become resistant to black rot infection 3-4 weeks after bloom, therefore, sprays for black rot should not be needed at this time”.<sup id="cite_ref-bordelon_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordelon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding times to limit application is important for good production practices. This shows that preventative chemical measures before the three to four weeks would be optimal. Each region should develop their own fungicide application program in correlation with cultural practices. </p><p>The most common fungicides that prove to be excellent for certain regions of the United States for controlling black rot are Sovran 50WG, Flint 50WG, Abound Flowable (2.08F), and Pristine 38WDG. Some of these fungicides may only be available for commercial use, however homeowners may go to a hardware store or fungicide distributor for similar fungicides. </p><p>Sovran 50WG is registered for control of black rot. The Sovran label gives different use rates for control of different diseases. For black rot the rate is 220–340 g/ha (3.2–4.8 oz/acre). Sovran is excellent for control of black rot.<sup id="cite_ref-bordelon_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordelon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flint 50WG is in the same general class of chemistry as Abound and Sovran. It is registered for the control of black rot, <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> and suppression of <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a>. For black rot the rate is 140 g/ha (2 oz/acre).<sup id="cite_ref-bordelon_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordelon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abound is in the same general class of chemistry as Sovran and Flint (strobilurin). Abound is recommended at the rate of 800–1,130 ml/ha (11–15.4 US fl oz/acre). In university tests, the rate of 800–880 ml/ha (11–12 US fl oz/acre) provided good control of the mentioned diseases above. Abound Flowable is very <a href="/wiki/Phototoxicity" title="Phototoxicity">phototoxic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a> of the variety <a href="/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh</a> or related varieties. Do not allow spray to drift from grapes to apples.<sup id="cite_ref-bordelon_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordelon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pristine 38WDG contains a combination of two active ingredients (<a href="/wiki/Pyraclostrobin" title="Pyraclostrobin">pyraclostrobin</a>, 12.8% and <a href="/wiki/Boscalid" title="Boscalid">boscalid</a> 25.2%).Pyraclostrobin, a <a href="/wiki/Strobilurin" title="Strobilurin">strobilurin</a>, is in the same general class of chemicals as Abound, Sovran, and Flint (strobilurin Pristine is registered for use at the rates of 6-10.5 oz/A. A maximum of six applications may be made per season). The label states, “Do not use on <a href="/wiki/Concord_grape" title="Concord grape">Concord</a>, Worden, Fredonia, or related varieties due to possible <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">foliar</a> injury. Experience in New York suggests that <a href="/wiki/Corot_noir" title="Corot noir">Corot noir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noiret" title="Noiret">Noiret</a> may also be sensitive to Pristine.”<sup id="cite_ref-bordelon_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordelon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Black Rot Control for Organic Growers</b><i></i> </p><p><i>Excerpt from Dr. Wayne Wilcox’s Grape Disease Notes, 2009 suggests a possible way for controlling black rot on grapes in <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a>.</i> </p><p>Black rot is probably the <a href="/wiki/Achilles%27_heel" title="Achilles' heel">“Achilles heel”</a> for organic grape production in the East. In the only good trial that we’ve run with <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, it provided 40% disease control when applied at 2-week intervals, versus essentially 100% control with Nova. To try to avoid this, implement a rigorous program to remove mummies during pruning, and spray copper once a week throughout much of the growing season. This was hard on some of the hybrid vines and runs counter to the thinking of many with a “sustainable” orientation (after all, copper is an element and doesn’t break down into anything else, so it stays in the soil forever), but it did control the disease in an organically acceptable manner. Limit inoculum within the vineyard. Ideally, this would include removing or burying any mummies that you might encounter at the site. All mummified clusters should be removed from the trellis during pruning and from 2 to 6 weeks after cap fall and prune out any affected clusters before they allow the disease to spread, all the better (spores for disease spread are dispersed by rain primarily within the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a>, so should pose little risk of causing new infections if said clusters are simply dropped to the ground). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_rot_(grape_disease)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="cite-bracket" style="column-width: <sup id=" id="cite_ref-ellis_5-6"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wilcox-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilcox, Wayne F. "Black rot Guignardia bidwellii." Disease Identification Sheet No. 102GFSG-D4. 2003. Cornell. 24 Oct. 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/grapes/diseases/grape_br.pdf">http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/grapes/diseases/grape_br.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ries-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ries_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ries_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ries_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ries_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ries_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ries_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ries_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ries, Stephen M. "IPM : Reports on Plant Diseases : Black Rot of Grape." Integrated Pest Management at the University of Illinois. Dec. 1999. 24 Oct. 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ipm.illinois.edu/diseases/series700/rpd703/">http://ipm.illinois.edu/diseases/series700/rpd703/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grapesandwine.cals.cornell.edu/newsletters/appellation-cornell/2014-newsletters/issue-17/managing-black-rot/">"Managing Black Rot | Viticulture and Enology"</a>. <i>grapesandwine.cals.cornell.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grapesandwine.cals.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=Managing+Black+Rot+%7C+Viticulture+and+Enology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrapesandwine.cals.cornell.edu%2Fnewsletters%2Fappellation-cornell%2F2014-newsletters%2Fissue-17%2Fmanaging-black-rot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+rot+%28grape+disease%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosnowskiEmmettWilcoxWicks2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sosnowski, M. R.; Emmett, R. W.; Wilcox, W. F.; Wicks, T. J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3059.2012.02595.x">"Eradication of black rot (Guignardia bidwellii) from grapevines by drastic pruning"</a>. <i>Plant Pathology</i>. <b>61</b> (6): 1093–1102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3059.2012.02595.x">10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02595.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3059">1365-3059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Pathology&rft.atitle=Eradication+of+black+rot+%28Guignardia+bidwellii%29+from+grapevines+by+drastic+pruning&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1093-1102&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3059.2012.02595.x&rft.issn=1365-3059&rft.aulast=Sosnowski&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Emmett%2C+R.+W.&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Wicks%2C+T.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3059.2012.02595.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+rot+%28grape+disease%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Michael A. "Fact sheet Agricultural and Natural Resources: Grape Black Rot." Department of Plant Pathology. The University of Ohio State Extension. 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/HYG_3004_08.pdf">http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/HYG_3004_08.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcoxGublerUyemoto2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox, Wayne F.; Gubler, Walter D.; Uyemoto, Jerry K. (2015-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/book/10.1094/9780890544815"><i>Compendium of Grape Diseases, Disorders, and Pests, Second Edition</i></a>. Diseases and Pests Compendium Series. The American Phytopathological Society. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1094%2F9780890544815">10.1094/9780890544815</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89054-481-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89054-481-5"><bdi>978-0-89054-481-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Grape+Diseases%2C+Disorders%2C+and+Pests%2C+Second+Edition&rft.series=Diseases+and+Pests+Compendium+Series&rft.pub=The+American+Phytopathological+Society&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1094%2F9780890544815&rft.isbn=978-0-89054-481-5&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Wayne+F.&rft.au=Gubler%2C+Walter+D.&rft.au=Uyemoto%2C+Jerry+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapsjournals.apsnet.org%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1094%2F9780890544815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+rot+%28grape+disease%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bordelon-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bordelon_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bordelon_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bordelon_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bordelon_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bordelon_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bordelon_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bordelon_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bordelon, Bruce, Mike Ellis, and Celeste Welty. "Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide." 2010. Ohio State University and Purdue University. 27 Oct. 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202032/http://www.ag.purdue.edu/hla/Hort/Documents/ID-169-2010.pdf%3E">https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202032/http://www.ag.purdue.edu/hla/Hort/Documents/ID-169-2010.pdf%3E</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_rot_(grape_disease)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Molitor2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daniel Molitor (2009), <i>Untersuchungen zur Biologie und Bekämpfung der Schwarzfäule (Guignardia bidwellii) an Weinreben</i> (in German), Dissertation Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untersuchungen+zur+Biologie+und+Bek%C3%A4mpfung+der+Schwarzf%C3%A4ule+%28Guignardia+bidwellii%29+an+Weinreben&rft.pub=Dissertation+Justus-Liebig-Universit%C3%A4t+Gie%C3%9Fen&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Daniel+Molitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+rot+%28grape+disease%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorst_Diedrich_Mohr2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Horst Diedrich Mohr (2005), <i>Farbatlas Krankheiten, Schädlinge und Nützlinge an der Weinrebe</i> (in German), Stuttgart: Eugen Ulmer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8001-4148-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-8001-4148-5"><bdi>3-8001-4148-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farbatlas+Krankheiten%2C+Sch%C3%A4dlinge+und+N%C3%BCtzlinge+an+der+Weinrebe&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Eugen+Ulmer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-8001-4148-5&rft.au=Horst+Diedrich+Mohr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+rot+%28grape+disease%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Galet1977" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Galet" title="Pierre Galet">Pierre Galet</a> (1977), <i>Les maladies et les parasites de la vigne, Band 1</i> (in German), Montpellier: Imprimerie du Paysan du Midi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87777-038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87777-038-5"><bdi>978-2-87777-038-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+maladies+et+les+parasites+de+la+vigne%2C+Band+1&rft.place=Montpellier&rft.pub=Imprimerie+du+Paysan+du+Midi&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-2-87777-038-5&rft.au=Pierre+Galet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+rot+%28grape+disease%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_rot_(grape_disease)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipm.illinois.edu/diseases/series700/rpd703/">Black Rot</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viticulture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viticulture" title="Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viticulture" title="Template talk:Viticulture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viticulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology and<br /> horticulture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">Ampelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">Hybrid grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grape_Genome_Program" title="International Grape Genome Program">International Grape Genome Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripening</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">Rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br /> variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">Soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">slope</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> planting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Grapevine planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Row orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">Vine training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_(vineyard)" title="Clos (vineyard)">Clos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost damage prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture#Green_harvest" title="Viticulture">Green harvest (<i>Vendange verte</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klopotec" title="Klopotec">Klopotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pests and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis bunch rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae" title="Lasiodiplodia theobromae">Bot canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_arm_of_grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead arm of grapevine">Dead arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_yellows" title="Grapevine yellows">Grapevine yellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_pest_nematode_species" title="List of agricultural pest nematode species">Nematodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Pierce's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Uncinula necator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">Red spider mite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupoecilia_ambiguella" title="Eupoecilia ambiguella">Vine moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">Adaptive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Viticulture" title="Category:Viticulture">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Guignardia bidwellii</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q604793" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q604793">Q604793</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3HKS2">3HKS2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2611406">2611406</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/560143">560143</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">IndexFungorum</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=119997">119997</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10646755">10646755</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/119997">119997</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000016096">NBNSYS0000016096</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/23a233d3-726a-4661-ae70-79188b658f5d">23a233d3-726a-4661-ae70-79188b658f5d</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/157266/">157266</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">SpeciesFungorum</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=119997">119997</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Sphaeria bidwellii</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59511556" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q59511556">Q59511556</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4YMLR">4YMLR</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2611408">2611408</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">IndexFungorum</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=142591">142591</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10119872">10119872</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/142591">142591</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b8d85c32-9945-4652-9c74-55e013d6d8a3">b8d85c32-9945-4652-9c74-55e013d6d8a3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">SpeciesFungorum</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=142591">142591</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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