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<li id="toc-Central_Public_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Public_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Central Public Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Public_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lee_Kong_Chian_Reference_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lee_Kong_Chian_Reference_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lee Kong Chian Reference Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lee_Kong_Chian_Reference_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current building</span> 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Library, Singapore</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مكتبة سنغافورة الوطنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتبة سنغافورة الوطنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinqapur_Milli_Kitabxanas%C4%B1" title="Sinqapur Milli Kitabxanası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sinqapur Milli Kitabxanası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη της Σιγκαπούρης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη της Σιγκαπούρης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Singapur" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Singapur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca Nacional de Singapur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_biblioteko_de_Singapuro" title="Nacia biblioteko de Singapuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia biblioteko de Singapuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کتابخانه ملی سنگاپور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتابخانه ملی سنگاپور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8)" title="הספרייה הלאומית (סינגפור) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הספרייה הלאומית (סינגפור)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur_milliy_kutubxonasi" title="Singapur milliy kutubxonasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Singapur milliy kutubxonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Национальная библиотека Сингапура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальная библиотека Сингапура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library,_Singapore" title="National Library, Singapore – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Library, Singapore" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporen_kansalliskirjasto" title="Singaporen kansalliskirjasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Singaporen kansalliskirjasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தேசிய நூலகம், சிங்கப்பூர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேசிய நூலகம், சிங்கப்பூர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Національна бібліотека Сінгапуру – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національна бібліотека Сінгапуру" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8_(%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1)" title="國家圖書館 (新加坡) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國家圖書館 (新加坡)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Library,_Singapore&params=1_17_52_N_103_51_15.2_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°17′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">103°51′15.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.29778°N 103.854222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.29778; 103.854222</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Singapore's national public library</div> <p> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Library,_Singapore&params=1_17_52_N_103_51_15.2_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°17′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">103°51′15.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.29778°N 103.854222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.29778; 103.854222</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">National Library, Singapore</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg/250px-Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg/375px-Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg/500px-Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The National Library in Victoria Street, Singapore</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="14" data-overlays="["_9cf2879e14f3e969c20e2f2075d275309080ba2b"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=National_Library%2C_Singapore&revid=1264812957&groups=_9cf2879e14f3e969c20e2f2075d275309080ba2b" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=National_Library%2C_Singapore&revid=1264812957&groups=_9cf2879e14f3e969c20e2f2075d275309080ba2b 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">100 <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Street,_Singapore" title="Victoria Street, Singapore">Victoria Street</a>, Singapore 188064, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1823<span class="noprint">; 202 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1823</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Other information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Director</th><td class="infobox-data">Ng Cher Pong, CEO<br />Lee Seow Hiang, Chairman<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/">www<wbr />.nlb<wbr />.gov<wbr />.sg</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">National Library, Singapore</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">國家圖書館</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">国家图书馆</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guójiā túshū guǎn</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Malay name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Perpustakaan Negara</i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Tamil name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">தேசிய நூலகம்</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Library, Singapore</b> is the flagship <a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">national library</a> of Singapore. A subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a> (<b>NLB</b>), it is located on an 11,304–square metre site in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Street,_Singapore" title="Victoria Street, Singapore">Victoria Street</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Core" title="Downtown Core">Downtown Core</a>. It is the country's largest <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The library has regional branches throughout the country such as in <a href="/wiki/Jurong_Regional_Library" title="Jurong Regional Library">Jurong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampines_Regional_Library" title="Tampines Regional Library">Tampines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodlands_Regional_Library" title="Woodlands Regional Library">Woodlands</a> as well as affiliations with academic and professional libraries. The branch libraries are open to the general public and consist of <a href="/wiki/Lending_library" title="Lending library">circulating libraries</a>. The National Library also consists of <a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">research libraries</a>, which are also open to the general public. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library,_Singapore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Library traces its history back to 1823 with the establishment of the first national <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a> as suggested by <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a>, the founder of modern Singapore. It was renamed the Hullett Memorial Library in 1923, co-located with Singapore's first school, <a href="/wiki/Raffles_Institution" title="Raffles Institution">Raffles Institution</a>, at a site now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Raffles_City_Singapore" title="Raffles City Singapore">Raffles City</a> complex.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It moved to a separate Library and Museum Building in 1887 under the name of Raffles Library as part of the <a href="/wiki/Raffles_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffles Museum">Raffles Museum</a>, before moving to the <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Road" title="Stamford Road">Stamford Road</a> premises in 1960 under the name of the <a href="/wiki/Old_National_Library_Building" title="Old National Library Building">National Library of Singapore</a> where it was opened by <a href="/wiki/Yusof_Ishak" title="Yusof Ishak">Yusof Ishak</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President of Singapore</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Public_Library">Central Public Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library,_Singapore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Central Public Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formerly known as the Central Lending Library at 91 Stamford Road, the collection was relocated to 100 Victoria Street and opened as the Central Public Library in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2022, the Central Public Library was completely overhauled, and re-opened in January 2024 as a venue offering a myriad of learning experiences for all ages.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lending library is currently home to the Children's Biodiversity Library by S.E.A. Aquarium, and also offers content on Singapore culture, literature and sustainability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lee_Kong_Chian_Reference_Library">Lee Kong Chian Reference Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library,_Singapore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lee Kong Chian Reference Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Previously known as the National Reference Library, the Lee Kong Chian Reference Library adopted its new name after receiving a <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>60 million donation from the <a href="/wiki/Lee_Foundation" title="Lee Foundation">Lee Foundation</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kong_Chian" title="Lee Kong Chian">Dr Lee Kong Chian</a>. It occupies 7 storeys (Levels 7-13) at the National Library Building with a floor area of 14,265 square metres.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_building">Current building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library,_Singapore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current building, a 16-storey, two-block development situated in the city's Civic District, replaces the <a href="/wiki/Old_National_Library_Building" title="Old National Library Building">old National Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Road" title="Stamford Road">Stamford Road</a>, which closed on 31 March 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1999, <a href="/wiki/Swan_%26_Maclaren_Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Swan & Maclaren Architects">Swan & Maclaren Architects</a> won the tender to design the new National Library.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2000, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of National Development (Singapore)">Minister for National Development</a> <a href="/wiki/Mah_Bow_Tan" title="Mah Bow Tan">Mah Bow Tan</a> announced that the old National Library would be demolished and a new National Library built on Victoria Street. </p><p>In January 2001, Malaysian architect <a href="/wiki/Ken_Yeang" title="Ken Yeang">Ken Yeang</a> split from the design team at Swan and Maclaren, resulting in the latter losing the design contract.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yeang joined architectural firm T.R. Hamzah & Yeang and the new firm took over the design contract for the National Library.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The library moved to its new home on 22 July 2005, and was officially opened on 12 November that year by the then <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a> <a href="/wiki/S._R._Nathan" title="S. R. Nathan">S. R. Nathan</a>. It is the flagship building of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>, bringing together the core functions of the old library by incorporating a <a href="/wiki/Reference_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference library">reference library</a>, known as the <b>Lee Kong Chian Reference Library</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">李光前参考图书馆</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">李光前參考圖書館</span>), as well as a <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a>, the <b>Central Public Library</b>, under one roof. </p><p>On the highest 16th level rooftop, there is a large closed area designed like a bubble called The Pod, used for functions and events. Although not a public viewing gallery, it has a panoramic 360-degree view of the city core and Marina bay area. The plaza on the ground floor has a cafe and is often used as an exhibition space. There are escalators on every floor, from Basement 3 to level 14th. The basement carpark has 246 lots. A number of old bricks from the old National Library building has been incorporated into the present building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sections">Sections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library,_Singapore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main collections found at each level of the National Library Building include:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Level B1 – Central Public Library Collection</li> <li>Level 7 – Business, Science and Technology Collections</li> <li>Level 8 – <a href="/wiki/The_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Arts">The Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Sciences">Social Sciences</a> Collections</li> <li>Level 9 – Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> Collection</li> <li>Level 10 – Donors' Collections, Asian Children's Collection</li> <li>Level 11 – Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a> Collection. Microfilms. Maps.</li> <li>Levels 12 and 13 – Rare Materials Collection (limited access, only with permission)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library,_Singapore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 105.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 103.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Librer%C3%ADa_nacional,_Singapur,_2023-08-17,_DD_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View from across the road"><img alt="View from across the road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Librer%C3%ADa_nacional%2C_Singapur%2C_2023-08-17%2C_DD_15.jpg/155px-Librer%C3%ADa_nacional%2C_Singapur%2C_2023-08-17%2C_DD_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Librer%C3%ADa_nacional%2C_Singapur%2C_2023-08-17%2C_DD_15.jpg/233px-Librer%C3%ADa_nacional%2C_Singapur%2C_2023-08-17%2C_DD_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Librer%C3%ADa_nacional%2C_Singapur%2C_2023-08-17%2C_DD_15.jpg/310px-Librer%C3%ADa_nacional%2C_Singapur%2C_2023-08-17%2C_DD_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5991" data-file-height="5792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View from across the road</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 76.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 74.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_library_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Singapore and Asian Collection, Lee Kong Chian Reference Library"><img alt="Singapore and Asian Collection, Lee Kong Chian Reference Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/National_library_interior.jpg/112px-National_library_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/National_library_interior.jpg/169px-National_library_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/National_library_interior.jpg/225px-National_library_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Singapore and Asian Collection, Lee Kong Chian Reference Library</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_5,_Singapore,_Dec_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to the National Library"><img alt="Entrance to the National Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/National_Library_5%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPG/200px-National_Library_5%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/National_Library_5%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPG/300px-National_Library_5%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/National_Library_5%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPG/400px-National_Library_5%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance to the National Library</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Courtyard,_NLB_Bldg.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="National Library Building's "The Retreat""><img alt="National Library Building's "The Retreat"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_Courtyard%2C_NLB_Bldg.JPG/200px-The_Courtyard%2C_NLB_Bldg.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_Courtyard%2C_NLB_Bldg.JPG/300px-The_Courtyard%2C_NLB_Bldg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_Courtyard%2C_NLB_Bldg.JPG/400px-The_Courtyard%2C_NLB_Bldg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">National Library Building's "The Retreat"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CLib-pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view inside Central Public Library"><img alt="Panoramic view inside Central Public Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CLib-pano.jpg/459px-CLib-pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CLib-pano.jpg/688px-CLib-pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CLib-pano.jpg/917px-CLib-pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8656" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view inside Central Public Library </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library,_Singapore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/48px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/64px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Education in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Green library">Green library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_and_state_libraries" title="List of national and state libraries">List of national and state libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library,_Singapore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/About/HistoryofNationalLibrarySingapore.aspx">"History of National Library Singapore"</a>. nlb.gov.sg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+National+Library+Singapore&rft.pub=nlb.gov.sg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlb.gov.sg%2FAbout%2FHistoryofNationalLibrarySingapore.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library%2C+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mci.gov.sg/pressroom/news-and-stories/pressroom/2019/10/new-chairman-and-chief-executive-officer-to-be-appointed-to-the-national-library-board">"New Chairman and Chief Executive Officer to be appointed to the National Library Board"</a>. mci.gov.sg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Chairman+and+Chief+Executive+Officer+to+be+appointed+to+the+National+Library+Board&rft.pub=mci.gov.sg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mci.gov.sg%2Fpressroom%2Fnews-and-stories%2Fpressroom%2F2019%2F10%2Fnew-chairman-and-chief-executive-officer-to-be-appointed-to-the-national-library-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library%2C+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/About/HistoryofNationalLibrarySingapore.aspx">"National Library Board > About > History of National Library Singapore"</a>. <i>www.nlb.gov.sg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nlb.gov.sg&rft.atitle=National+Library+Board+%3E+Central+Public+Library+%3E+About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlb.gov.sg%2Fmain%2Fvisit-us%2Four-libraries-and-locations%2Flibraries%2Fcentral-public-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library%2C+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KT4jhfIzXkk">"NLB to launch 3 new tech prototypes to enhance user experience"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 12 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Library+Board+Singapore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlb.gov.sg%2Fpage%2Fcorporate_page_visitus_AllLibraries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library%2C+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/biztimes19990522-1.2.9.3">"Swan and Maclaren to design National Library"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Times_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Times (Singapore)">Business Times</a></i>. 22 May 1999. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NewspaperSG" title="NewspaperSG">NewspaperSG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Times&rft.atitle=Swan+and+Maclaren+to+design+National+Library&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1999-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fbiztimes19990522-1.2.9.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library%2C+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes20010118-1.2.28.6">"National Library design team splits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i>. 18 January 2001. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NewspaperSG" title="NewspaperSG">NewspaperSG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=National+Library+design+team+splits&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2001-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes20010118-1.2.28.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library%2C+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/newpaper20010118-1.2.7.3.6">"Team splits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Paper" title="The New Paper">The New Paper</a></i>. 18 January 2001. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NewspaperSG" title="NewspaperSG">NewspaperSG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Paper&rft.atitle=Team+splits&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2001-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fnewpaper20010118-1.2.7.3.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library%2C+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, Clifford A.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151012010351/http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/portfolio/archives/0608nathionallibrary.asp">"T.R. Hamzah & Yeang applies its trademark bioclimatic design principles to the new National Library in Singapore"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Record" title="Architectural Record">Architectural Record</a>, August 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130418153408/http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=52385">"Accessing Lee Kong Chian Reference Library's Resources"</a>. www.nl.sg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=52385">the original</a> on 18 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accessing+Lee+Kong+Chian+Reference+Library%27s+Resources&rft.pub=www.nl.sg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibguides.nl.sg%2Fcontent.php%3Fpid%3D52385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library%2C+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library,_Singapore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Library_Building" title="Old National Library Building">Old National Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_libraries_of_Asia438" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Armenia" title="National Library of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Library of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Bangladesh" title="National Library of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Bhutan" title="National Library of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Cambodia" title="National Library of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_China" title="National Library of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Indonesia" title="National Library of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Jordan" title="National Library of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Library of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Kuwait" title="National Library of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Laos" title="National Library of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Malaysia" title="National Library of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Mongolia" title="National Library of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Myanmar" title="National Library of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Russia" title="National Library of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Sri_Lanka" title="National Library of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Syria" title="National Library of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Tajikistan" title="National Library of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Thailand" title="National Library of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Timor-Leste" title="National Library of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Turkey" title="National Library of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Uzbekistan" title="National Library of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Vietnam" title="National Library of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Yemen" title="National Library of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="National Library of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1576" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1576" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890364#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122078544">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/171105256">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128504716">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/31926-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50069598">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35076692">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1391630">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9003982">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=57453">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/65467">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007370196805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01894720?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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