CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=7,8,10,11,edge" /> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Animal Legal & Historical Center RSS" href="https://www.animallaw.info/rss.xml" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <title>Animal Legal & Historical Center</title> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="/favicons/manifest.json"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicons/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#18453B"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/favicons/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#18453B"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/css/css_lQaZfjVpwP_oGNqdtWCSpJT1EMqXdMiU84ekLLxQnc4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/css/css_DjJCxxTEMZCCrGaX6W17F1YFZwfvwjwbw5ZeoS5Jk8k.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/css/css_LBA3DR6H4niwxnDaMW4asPGqK17PJ1wMzygwUV-MFk8.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/css/css_PGbJgHCUCBf4dg7K9Kt8aAwsApndP4GZ9RuToPy3-Fk.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/css/css_kJ8_-uN1LOoX05Nq8QYFLYrRKszqC_A_mctEygnRsoo.css" media="all" /> <script src="https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/js/js_YD9ro0PAqY25gGWrTki6TjRUG8TdokmmxjfqpNNfzVU.js"></script> <script src="https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/js/js_BN7tF6fvKCOaLfCCu_FKlpBhA7-E8LzUCSzl-OfDeBw.js"></script> <script src="https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/js/js_EFKQBtVABwiCLA5B4ow1OlX4uA015PzmgkShv8x26oQ.js"></script> <script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-53334512-1"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "UA-53334512-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true});</script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"animallaw","theme_token":"5FLn55SwWDsUgtBo9AgbGBbOjtWoQhrC_62sX5zuZGk","js":{"sites\/all\/themes\/animallaw\/js\/enquire.min.js":1,"0":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/animallaw\/js\/script.js":1,"misc\/jquery.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.min.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.widget.min.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.tabs.min.js":1,"misc\/form-single-submit.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/better_exposed_filters\/better_exposed_filters.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/ctools\/js\/dependent.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\/gtag\/js?id=UA-53334512-1":1,"1":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.tabs.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/shortcode_msu\/shortcode_msu.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css?family=Lato":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/animallaw\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/animallaw\/system.messages.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/animallaw\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/animallaw\/css\/styles.css":1}},"better_exposed_filters":{"datepicker":false,"slider":false,"settings":[],"autosubmit":false},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/articles_filters":true,"\/filters":true},"CTools":{"dependent":{"edit-keyword":{"values":{"edit-combine-op":["=","!=","contains","word","allwords","starts","not_starts","ends","not_ends","not","shorterthan","longerthan","regular_expression","not_regular_expression"]},"num":1,"type":"hide"}}},"googleanalytics":{"account":["UA-53334512-1"],"trackOutbound":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"}});</script>  </head> <body class="html front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-first page-node" > <p id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-menu" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Jump to navigation</a> </p>  <div class="al_negative-block"> <div class="al_wrapper al_header-container"> <div class="al_menu-icon"> <a href="#google-search" class="al_button">MENU</a> </div> <header class="al_region_header" role="banner"> <a class="al_logo" href="/" rel="home"> <img class="al_logo_img" src="/sites/all/themes/animallaw/logo.png" alt="Animal Law Legal Center" width="606" height="48" /> </a> </header> </div> </div> <div class="al_wrapper"> <div class="al_image-rotater_container"><img class="aljs_image-rotater_item al_image-rotater_item" src="/sites/all/themes/animallaw/images/banner_dog.png" alt="dog" width="1250" height="104" /> <img class="aljs_image-rotater_item al_image-rotater_item" src="/sites/all/themes/animallaw/images/banner_alligator.png" alt="alligator" width="1250" height="104" /> <img class="aljs_image-rotater_item al_image-rotater_item" src="/sites/all/themes/animallaw/images/banner_seal.png" alt="seal" width="1250" height="104" /> <img class="aljs_image-rotater_item al_image-rotater_item" src="/sites/all/themes/animallaw/images/banner_horse.png" alt="horse" width="1250" height="104" /> <img class="aljs_image-rotater_item al_image-rotater_item" src="/sites/all/themes/animallaw/images/banner_turtle.png" alt="turtle" width="1250" height="104" /> <img class="aljs_image-rotater_item al_image-rotater_item" src="/sites/all/themes/animallaw/images/banner_wolf.png" alt="wolf" width="1250" height="104" /> <img class="aljs_image-rotater_item al_image-rotater_item" src="/sites/all/themes/animallaw/images/banner_lizard.png" alt="lizard" width="1250" height="104" /> <img class="aljs_image-rotater_item al_image-rotater_item" src="/sites/all/themes/animallaw/images/banner_parrot.png" alt="parrot" width="1250" height="104" /></div> </div> <div class="al_wrapper al_content"> <main id="main-content" class="al_main" role="main"> <h1 class="page__title title element-invisible" id="page-title">Animal Law Legal Center home page</h1> <article class="node-9326 node node-page node-promoted node-teaser clearfix" about="/site/animal-legal-and-historical-center-website" typeof="foaf:Document"> <header> <h2 class="node__title node-title"><a href="/site/animal-legal-and-historical-center-website">Animal Legal and Historical Center Website</a></h2> <span property="dc:title" content="Animal Legal and Historical Center Website" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> </header> <section class="al_content_section"> <span class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <span class="field-items"> <span class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p> On this site you will find a comprehensive repository of information about animal law, including: over 1200 full text cases (US, historical, and UK), over 1400 US statutes, over 60 topics and comprehensive explanations, legal articles on a variety of animal topics and an international collection. </p></span> </span> </span> </section> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/site/animal-legal-and-historical-center-website" rel="tag" title="Animal Legal and Historical Center Website">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Animal Legal and Historical Center Website</span></a></li> </ul> </article> <h3>January News</h3><p><strong><img style="float: left;" src="/sites/default/files/thumb_dog%20and%20cat%20outside.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" /></strong>  <strong>Massachusetts bans the sale of cats and dogs at “swap meets” and other public areas.</strong> On January 8<sup>th</sup>, Governor Maura Healey signed <a href="https://perma.cc/6LHS-WEJY" target="_blank">S. 2908</a> into law, creating new sections 141C and 141D of Chapter 140 on dogs. The first section makes it illegal for any person to sell or exchange for permanent physical placement a dog or cat that is less than 8 weeks of age (note that <a href="/topic/table-state-laws-concerning-minimum-age-sale-puppies" target="_blank">other laws and regs</a> only apply to state licensees who import or engage in commerce of dogs). The new law also targets “swap meet sales,” prohibiting anyone from selling or exchanging any dog or cat on “any roadside, public right-of-way, parkway, median, park or other recreation area, flea market or other outdoor market or commercial or retail parking lot.” Violation of either law results in a fine. Curious to learn more about laws on swap meet sales of pets? Check out our <a href="/intro/swap-meet-laws" target="_blank">Topic Intro</a>.</p><p><img style="float: left;" src="/sites/default/files/thumb_elephant_chained_0.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />   <strong>Two more states enact laws restricting the use of certain animals in travelling performances and circuses.</strong> In May 2024, Maryland Governor Wes Moore signed <a href="https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/HB0379?ys=2024RS" target="_blank">SB 547/HB 379</a> into law, which prohibits the use of elephants, big cats, bears, and nonhuman primates in traveling shows and circuses in the state. In August 2024, Massachusetts Gov. Maura Healey signed <a href="https://malegislature.gov/Bills/193/H4915" target="_blank">H 4915</a> into law, prohibiting the use of big cats, bears, elephants, non-human primates, and also giraffes. These states join <a href="/statute/ca-circus-article-5-circus-cruelty-prevention-act" target="_blank">California</a>, <a href="/statute/co-circus-%C2%A7-33-1-126-prohibiting-certain-animals-traveling-animal-act-short-title" target="_blank">Colorado</a>, <a href="/administrative/hi-exotic-wildlife-subchapter-2-non-domestic-animal-introductions#s65" target="_blank">Hawaii</a> (by regulation), <a href="/statute/il-elephant-548-11-unlawful-use-elephant-traveling-animal-act" target="_blank">Illinois</a>, <a href="/administrative/ky-exotic-wildlife-native-wildlife-transportation-and-holding-native-wildlife301-kar#s082" target="_blank">Kentucky</a> (by regulation), <a href="/statute/nj-endangered-chapter-2a-wildlife-generally#s16" target="_blank">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/statute/ny-exotic-chapter-43-b-consolidated-laws-0#s0540" target="_blank">New York</a> in banning the use of certain animals in traveling acts or circuses. According to <a href="https://www.westernmassnews.com/2024/08/12/new-massachusetts-law-bans-use-animals-traveling-shows/" target="_blank">Western Mass News</a>, the Mass. ban was idling in the state legislature for decades, “but the death of an elephant in 2019 during the fair gave it an extra push.” The Maryland law goes into effect on October 1<sup>st</sup> and the Massachusetts law is effective on January 1, 2025.</p><p><strong><img style="float: left;" src="/sites/default/files/thumb_dog_kitten_0.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" /></strong>   <strong>Have you ever heard the term "multispecies family?"</strong> While this term may be new to the U.S., other countries in Latin America like Ecuador, Chile, Peru, Mexico, and Colombia already recognize this legal concept. This expansion of rights has resulted in a shift in how "family" is defined based on the idea of “free development of personality." Relying on the United Nations 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, courts are declaring that everyone has the right to build their lives the way they see fit, so long as it does not harm others, and to have those choices respected. Here, this also includes one’s decision to add and keep animals into their family. There have been multiple landmark cases in Latin American courts that exemplify the courts’ recognition and protection of multispecies families. Learn more about this emerging concept in our new <a href="/intro/multispecies-family-latin-america" target="_blank">Multispecies Family Topic Intro</a>..</p><p><strong><a href="/site/news-archives">News archives</a></strong></p> <h3>Cases</h3><p><strong>Florida cruelty conviction vacated after appellate court holds appellant state law on "good defense for killing dog" applied.</strong> <a href="/case/barnes-v-state" target="_blank"><em>Barnes v. State</em></a>, --- So.3d ----, 2024 WL 5151604 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. Dec. 18, 2024).  In this Florida case, Appellant challenges his judgment and sentence for two counts of misdemeanor animal cruelty, asserting that the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss. The conviction stems from an incident in 2023, where Appellant discovered two dogs who killed three of his chickens. Appellant found the offending dogs a short distance later, where he shot and killed both dogs. At trial, the state did not contest Appellant's evidence and Appellant pleaded no contest to two counts of the lesser-included offense of misdemeanor animal cruelty, while specifically reserving the right to appeal the denial of his motion to dismiss. The trial court withheld adjudication and sentenced Appellant to concurrent terms of 11 months and 29 days of probation. On appeal here, the court observed that the plain language of section 767.03, titled "Good defense for killing dog," provides Appellant with a defense and the trial court should have granted the motion to dismiss. The dogs killed chickens, defined under Florida law as "domestic animals," and section 767.03 constitutes a good defense to killing dogs who were found killing livestock or domestic animals. The court reversed the denial of the motion to dismiss and remanded with instructions to vacate Appellant's judgment and sentences.</p><p><strong>Plain view exception and exigent circumstances supported search of defendant’s curtilage and impoundment of distressed dogs, resulting in upheld cruelty conviction.</strong> <a href="/case/state-v-johnson-0" target="_blank"><em>State v. Johnson</em></a>, --- S.E.2d ----, 2024 WL 5130828 (N.C. Ct. App. Dec. 17, 2024).  Defendant appeals from one count of felony cruelty to animals and two counts of misdemeanor cruelty to animals. The conviction stems from a search of defendant's property. After failing to reach the defendant by phone, animal control officers drove to the property and observed a "very, very strong odor" of ammonia, feces, and "the smell of rot." As the officers walked up the driveway, they encountered a chained dog who presented with an irritated neck, worn down teeth, overgrown nails, and multiple scabs. Other dogs were observed without access to water, including a box filled with puppies and dried feces. After sending photos of the dogs to the magistrate, probable cause was found to charge the defendant with animal cruelty and impound the dogs for their safety. At trial, the court denied defendant's motion to suppress, and defendant was ultimately convicted at trial. On Appeal, defendant argues that the trial court plainly erred by concluding that a warrantless search of his home's curtilage was reasonable. This court found that there was no unreasonable search since it occurred while officers were walking up the driveway and "in a place where the public is allowed to be." Exigent circumstances also existed supporting the seizure of the other dogs. Finally, after the plain view discoveries, there was a substantial basis for probable cause to search the property and its buildings that supported the search warrant that was eventually granted. Accordingly, this court held that the trial court did not err by denying defendant's motion to suppress.</p><p><a href="/site/prior-animal-law-cases-month">Case Archives</a></p><h3>Articles</h3><p><a href="/article/examining-veterinary-client-patient-relationship-united-states-why-abolition-person" target="_blank"><em>Examining the Veterinary Client-Patient Relationship in the United States: Why the Abolition of the In-Person Examination Requirement is Warranted</em></a>, Jeffrey P. Feldmann, 56 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 91 (2023).</p><p><a href="/article/derechos-de-los-animales-en-colombia-una-lectura-crítica-en-perspectiva-ambiental" target="_blank"><em>Derechos de los animales en Colombia: una lectura crítica en perspectiva ambiental</em></a><em>,</em> Carlos Lozano, State Law Magazine, 54 (Nov. 2022), 345–380.</p><p><a href="/article/forgotten-victims-war-animals-and-international-law-armed-conflict" target="_blank"><em>Forgotten Victims of War: Animals and the International Law of Armed Conflict</em></a>, Saba Pipia, 28 Animal L. 175 (2022).</p><p><a href="/article/factory-farming-sustainable-food-system-legislative-approach" target="_blank"><em>From Factory Farming to A Sustainable Food System: A Legislative Approach</em></a>, Michelle Johnson-Weider, 32 Geo. Envtl. L. Rev. 685 (2020).</p><p><a href="/article/when-fido-family-how-landlord-imposed-pet-bans-restrict-access-housing" target="_blank"><em>When Fido is Family: How Landlord-Imposed Pet Bans Restrict Access to Housing</em></a>, Kate O'Reilly-Jones, 52 Colum. J.L. & Soc. Probs. 427 (Spring, 2019).</p><p><span> </span></p> </main> <section class="region region-sidebar-first column sidebar"> <div class="al_intro"><h3 class="element-invisible">Site introduction</h3><p><img style="float: left; padding: 0 1em 1em 0;" src="/sites/default/files/Animal%20law22%20yrs%20final.jpg" alt="20th anniversary" width="213" height="112" />In March 2022, the Animal Legal & Historical Center celebrated its 20th anniversary. Over the years, with the help of many individuals, we've added thousands of files that are accessed across the globe. We believe this site is the largest legal website devoted to animal issues in the world. Unsurprisingly, the website's most sought after materials relate to the many issues that dogs provide our society.</p><p>Our peak usage day (Monday) has well over 9,000 unique visitors. Yet unlike a physical library, we are unable to have casual conversations with our users. So to gain feedback, please share your comments at <a href="mailto:animallaw@law.msu.edu">animallaw@law.msu.edu</a>. Tell us about your use of the site. What could we add to the site? How could the site be easier to use? Any and all thoughts and comments are welcome. Since Michigan State University College of Law is very generous with its financial support of this site, your feedback helps ensure this site's growth and presence for years to come. Thank you!</p><div class="al_tutorial-buttons"><ul><li><a href="/site/first-time-user-tutorial">First-time users</a></li><li><a href="/site/attorney-researcher-tutorial">Attorneys/Researchers</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="al_staff"><div><h3>Editorial staff</h3><ul><li>Professor David Favre <em>Editor-in-Chief</em></li><li>Rebecca Wisch <em>Associate Editor </em></li><li>Angie Vega <em>Latin America Editor<br /></em></li><li>Alice Collinson <em>Contributing Editor, UK Materials</em></li></ul></div></div> <p> </p><div class="al_feature-box"><h3>Topical Introductions (2021 - 2024)</h3><div><a href="/intro/legal-challenges-farm-animal-welfare-laws" target="_blank">Legal Challenges to Farm Animal Welfare Laws</a>, Alexis Andrews (2023)</div><div><a href="/intro/non-therapeutic-procedures-companion-animals" target="_blank">Non-Therapeutic Procedures for Companion Animals</a>, Asia Siev (2022)</div><div><a href="/intro/welfare-concerns-fish-farms-0#overlay-context=intro/non-therapeutic-procedures-companion-animals" target="_blank">Welfare Concerns of Fish Farms</a>, Bradley Varner (2022)</div><div>Updated Topic: <a href="/intro/petcompanion-animal-damages" target="_blank">Pet Damages</a>, Angie Vega (2022)</div><div><a href="/intro/cross-reporting-laws-child-abuse-and-animal-abuse" target="_blank">Cross-Reporting Laws for Child Abuse and Animal Abuse</a>, Tarun Bishop (2021)</div></div> <p> </p><div class="al_feature-box"><div><a href="/policy/world-law"><button class="msu-button" type="button">World Law</button></a>  <a href="/site/frequently-asked-questions-faqs"><button class="msu-button" type="button">FAQs</button></a></div></div> <p> </p><div class="al_feature-box"><div><h3>Upcoming Legal Conferences & Contests</h3><p><strong>The Realities and the Consequences of the Human-companion Animal Bond,</strong> Thursday, October 3, 9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m., MSU College of Law, Castle Board Room (Room 343) and Zoom. Free to attend either in-person or by Zoom. Register at <a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the-realities-and-the-consequences-of-the-human-companion-animal-bond-tickets-1010753810857?aff=oddtdtcreator" target="_blank">https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the-realities-and-the-consequences-of-the-human-companion-animal-bond-tickets-1010753810857?aff=oddtdtcreator</a>.</p><p><strong>Canadian Animal Law Conference</strong>, Sept 27-29, 2024, Toronto Metropolitan University. For more information, please go to <a href="https://www.canadiananimallawconference.ca/">https://www.canadiananimallawconference.ca/</a>.</p><p><strong>The Animal Law Conference</strong>, October 11 – 13, 2024, Portland, Oregon, <a href="https://www.animallawconference.org/" target="_blank">https://www.animallawconference.org/</a>.</p></div></div> <p> </p><div class="al_feature-box"><h3><a href="/policy/animal-law-latin-america" target="_blank">Announcements</a></h3><div><a href="/policy/news-around-world-provided-icfap" target="_blank">News from around the world</a>, provided by the International Coalition for Animal Protection (ICFAP). The ICFAP was founded on the One Health principle that advancing the well-being of animals is critical not just for the animals but also for humans and our shared environment. </div><div>Introducing our latest collection: <a href="https://www.animallaw.info/policy/animal-law-latin-america" target="_blank">Animal Law in Latin America</a>! Dive into the most important legal materials capturing the state of animal law in this region, but particularly in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru.</div></div> <p> </p><div class="al_feature-box"><h3>Animal and Natural Resource Law Review</h3><div><ul><li><a href="/policy/index-journal-animal-and-natural-resource-law">Index of published volumes</a></li><li><a href="http://msujanrl.org/about-us" target="_blank">Information about and article submission</a></li><li><a href="/policy/animal-natural-resource-law-review-volume-xix" target="_blank">Most recent volume</a></li><li><a href="/policy/journals-available-us-and-world">Other journals from the U.S. and around the world</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="al_feature-box"><h3>Newly Added Books in Animal Law</h3><div><p>Olivier Le Bot, <a href="/policy/constitutional-animal-law" target="_blank"><em>Constitutional Animal Law</em></a> (2023).</p><p>David S. Favre, <a href="/policy/future-animal-law"><em>The Future of Animal Law</em></a>, Edward Elgar Publishing (2021).</p><p>Edna Cardozo Dias, <a href="/policy/legal-guardianship-animals"><em>The Legal Guardianship of Animals</em></a> (2019) and <a href="/policy/sos-animal"><em>S.O.S Animal</em></a> (1996).</p><p>Marita Giménez-Candela, <a href="/policy/animal-transition-spain">Transición animal en España (Animal Transition in Spain),</a> Tirant lo Blanch (Valencia) in collaboration with ICALP-UAB (2019).</p><p>Hayden M. Wetzel, <em><a href="/policy/mangy-curs-and-stoned-horses-animal-control-district-columbia-beginnings-about-1940">Mangy Curs and Stoned Horses: Animal control in the District of Columbia from the beginnings to about 1940</a></em> (2019).</p><p><span>David S. Favre, <a href="/policy/respecting-animals-balanced-approach-our-relationship-pets-food-and-wildlife"><em>Respecting Animals: A Balanced Approach to Our Relationship with Pets, Food, and Wildlife</em></a>, Prometheus Books (2018).</span><p>More books <a href="/site/new-books">available here</a>.</p></div></div> <div class="al_feature-box"><h3>Podcasts</h3><div><p><p>Check out links to podcasts featuring interviews with experts in animal law.</p><p>Law, Ethics & Animals Program at Yale Law School's event, <strong>"Convention on Animal Protection: A Global Treaty for Animal Welfare, Public Health & The Environment,"</strong> with Daina Bray, Nigel Blackaby, David Favre, Rajesh Reddy, and Joan Schaffner, available at <a href="https://youtu.be/JN8TTCNXO58" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/JN8TTCNXO58</a>.</p><p><strong>Are pets the new kids? ANIMALISTIC, April 25, 2021:</strong> <a href="https://anchor.fm/animalisticpod/episodes/Are-pets-the-new-kids-evnglp" target="_blank">https://anchor.fm/animalisticpod/episodes/Are-pets-the-new-kids-evnglp</a></p><p><strong>Animal Rights Law: For or Against, The Cambridge Centre for Animal Rights Law, interview with Professor David Favre and other animal law experts:</strong> <a href="https://animalrightslaw.org/animal-rights-interviews" target="_blank">https://animalrightslaw.org/animal-rights-interviews</a></p></div></div> <div class="al_feature-box"><h3>Amazing but True Animal Laws</h3><div><p><p>Baby, it's cold outside, at least in most U.S. states. But what about dogs who are used as "sled dogs?" In Alaska, the cruelty to animals law specifically states that, "[t]his section does not apply to generally accepted dog mushing or pulling contests or practices or rodeos or stock contests." In Michigan, the primary anti-cruelty laws also mentions sled dogs under the subsection prohibiting the cruel transport of animals on vehicles. "As used in this subdivision, for purposes of transportation of sled dogs, ‘stand’ means sufficient vertical distance to allow the animal to stand without its shoulders touching the top of the crate or transportation vehicle." New Jersey has a specific law on sled dog organizations: "The proper care, humane treatment, and protection of a dog participating in a dog sled race, freight race, weight pull, or carting exhibition shall be the responsibility of its owner and all dog sled races, freight race, weight pull, or carting exhibitions shall be conducted in a manner not inconsistent with the provisions . . ."</p><p>For more information on these interesting laws, be sure to check back monthly.</p></div></div> <div class="al_feature-box"> <h3>Become a Fan on Facebook!</h3> <div> <p><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Animal-Legal-Historical-Center/253204748780" target="_TOP"><img style="border: 0px;" src="https://badge.facebook.com/badge/253204748780.4097.871487098.png" alt="" width="100" height="60" /> </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Frequently asked questions</h2> <ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.animallaw.info/article/faq-buying-sick-dog-california" title="" class="menu__link">What can I do if a breeder sold me a sick puppy?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/article/faqs-emotional-support-animals" title="" class="menu__link">What is an emotional support animal?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.animallaw.info/article/overview-states-prohibit-bsl" title="" class="menu__link">What states prohibit local governments from enacting breed-specific legislation?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/topic/table-reporting-animal-cruelty-united-states" title="" class="menu__link">How do I report animal cruelty?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/article/how-can-i-report-animal-abuse-shown-social-media" title="" class="menu__link">How can I report cruelty seen on social media?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/intro/lost-dogs" title="" class="menu__link">What if I find a lost dog?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/topic/table-state-laws-concerning-minimum-age-sale-puppies" title="" class="menu__link">What is the minimum age for selling a puppy?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/topic/table-state-dog-tether-laws" title="" class="menu__link">Which states have dog tethering laws?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/topic/table-state-laws-protect-animals-left-parked-vehicles" title="" class="menu__link">Which states have laws about leaving pets in hot cars?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/article/overview-breed-specific-legislation-bsl-ordinances" title="" class="menu__link">What is breed-specific legislation (BSL)?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/topic/table-dog-bite-strict-liability-statutes" title="" class="menu__link">What if my dog bites someone?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/article/overview-dog-fighting" title="" class="menu__link">What are the signs of a dogfighting operation?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/topic/table-state-dog-leash-laws" title="" class="menu__link">Does my state have a dog leash law?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="https://animallaw.info/intro/wills-and-trusts" title="" class="menu__link">Can I put my dog in my will?</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="al_negative-block"> <div class="al_wrapper"> <div id="google-search" class="al_region_search"> <h2 class="al_search_title">Full Site Search</h2> <div class="al_google-search-box"> <gcse:searchbox-only></gcse:searchbox-only> </div> </div> <nav class="al_region_nav-bar" id="navigation" role="navigation"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Main menu</h2> <ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-expanded first expanded"><a href="/topical-introductions#topic-link" title="" class="menu__link">Legal Topics</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.animallaw.info/policy/topical-introductions" title="" class="menu__link">Topical Introductions</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.animallaw.info/site/comparative-tables" title="" class="menu__link">Comparative Laws Across the U.S.</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="https://www.animallaw.info/site/maps-us-laws" title="" class="menu__link">U.S. Maps of Laws</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/filters" title="" class="menu__link">Search Materials</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/articles_filters" class="menu__link">Articles</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.animallaw.info/site/frequently-asked-questions-faqs" title="" class="menu__link">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="/site/donations" class="menu__link">Donations</a></li> </ul> <form action="/articles_filters" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-clone-of-clone-of--main-navigation-filters-page" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="views-exposed-form"> <div class="views-exposed-widgets clearfix"> <div id="edit-topic-wrapper" class="views-exposed-widget views-widget-filter-tid"> <label for="edit-topic"> Topics </label> <div class="views-widget"> <div class="form-item form-type-select form-item-topic"> <select id="edit-topic" name="topic" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="15719">Ag-gag, Ecoterrorism, Agroterrorism</option><option value="15450">Animal Fighting</option><option value="15523">Animal Rights</option><option value="17335">Animal Welfare Act</option><option value="14605">Anti-Cruelty</option><option value="15848">APA</option><option value="23502">Australia</option><option value="23853">Barking Dogs</option><option value="26770">Biological Diversity</option><option value="17208">Breed Specific Legislation</option><option value="14365">Breeding or Puppy Mills</option><option value="15642">Case or Legislative Summary</option><option value="16203">Cat Issues or Feral Cats</option><option value="16040">Circus, Entertainment, Rodeos</option><option value="14147">CITES</option><option value="16859">Civil Rights or Section 1983</option><option value="24244">Cockfighting</option><option value="24262">Custody of pet</option><option value="24118">Dangerous Animal</option><option value="15761">Dangerous Dog</option><option value="14619">Disability and Animals</option><option value="26794">Disaster Planning</option><option value="18531">Divorce or Custody</option><option value="26796">Docking, Cropping, Declawing</option><option value="24201">Dogfighting</option><option value="25221">Domestic Violence</option><option value="17098">Due Process</option><option value="14171">Eagle Protection</option><option value="14243">Endangered Species</option><option value="14779">Environmental</option><option value="14604">Equine Issues</option><option value="16607">Equine Liability</option><option value="17032">Euthanasia</option><option value="14433">Exotic Pets</option><option value="14185">Farming or Food Production</option><option value="14455">Fish and Wildlife Dept</option><option value="19849">Fur or Trapping</option><option value="17589">Genetic Engineering</option><option value="14432">Great Apes</option><option value="14434">Health</option><option value="26797">Historical</option><option value="15124">Hoarding</option><option value="25186">Horse Slaughter</option><option value="14184">Humane Slaughter</option><option value="17180">Hunter Harassment</option><option value="14437">Hunting Issues</option><option value="23858">Impound or Animal Control</option><option value="17775">Initiatives and Referendums</option><option value="25319">Invasive Species</option><option value="14941">Lacey Act</option><option value="17698">Landlord or Tenant</option><option value="23852">Leash Laws</option><option value="28039">Lien laws</option><option value="18566">Lost Pet</option><option value="24192">Marine Mammals</option><option value="14239">Migratory Bird</option><option value="30485">Multi-species family</option><option value="16284">Municipal Ordinances</option><option value="24243">Nuisance</option><option value="24142">Number of pets restrictions</option><option value="15736">Pet Damages</option><option value="23857">Pet Sales</option><option value="23865">Pet waste</option><option value="30303">Police animals</option><option value="14228">Possession of Wild Animal</option><option value="14442">Primate Issues</option><option value="14581">Rehabilitation, wildlife</option><option value="24250">Research Animals</option><option value="30304">Rights of nature</option><option value="24255">Shooting of dog</option><option value="23856">Spay or Neuter</option><option value="15621">Standing</option><option value="14466">Trade</option><option value="28426">Transport/Vehicle</option><option value="23891">Veterinarian Issues</option><option value="14627">Wildlife</option><option value="16691">Wills and Trusts</option><option value="26799">Zoning</option><option value="14454">Zoos</option></select> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-exposed-widget views-submit-button"> <input type="submit" id="edit-submit-clone-of-clone-of-main-navigation-filters" value="Search" class="form-submit" /> </div> <div class="views-exposed-widget views-reset-button"> <input type="submit" id="edit-reset" name="op" value="Reset" class="form-submit" /> </div> </div> </div> </div></form> <form action="/filters" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-filters-page" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="views-exposed-form"> <div class="views-exposed-widgets clearfix"> <div id="edit-topic-wrapper" class="views-exposed-widget views-widget-filter-tid"> <label for="edit-topic"> Topics </label> <div class="views-widget"> <div class="form-item form-type-select form-item-topic"> <select id="edit-topic" name="topic" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="15719">Ag-gag, Ecoterrorism, Agroterrorism</option><option value="15450">Animal Fighting</option><option value="15523">Animal Rights</option><option value="17335">Animal Welfare Act</option><option value="14605">Anti-Cruelty</option><option value="15848">APA</option><option value="23502">Australia</option><option value="23853">Barking Dogs</option><option value="26770">Biological Diversity</option><option value="17208">Breed Specific Legislation</option><option value="14365">Breeding or Puppy Mills</option><option value="15642">Case or Legislative Summary</option><option value="16203">Cat Issues or Feral Cats</option><option value="16040">Circus, Entertainment, Rodeos</option><option value="14147">CITES</option><option value="16859">Civil Rights or Section 1983</option><option value="24244">Cockfighting</option><option value="24262">Custody of pet</option><option value="24118">Dangerous Animal</option><option value="15761">Dangerous Dog</option><option value="14619">Disability and Animals</option><option value="26794">Disaster Planning</option><option value="18531">Divorce or Custody</option><option value="26796">Docking, Cropping, Declawing</option><option value="24201">Dogfighting</option><option value="25221">Domestic Violence</option><option value="17098">Due Process</option><option value="14171">Eagle Protection</option><option value="14243">Endangered Species</option><option value="14779">Environmental</option><option value="14604">Equine Issues</option><option value="16607">Equine Liability</option><option value="17032">Euthanasia</option><option value="14433">Exotic Pets</option><option value="14185">Farming or Food Production</option><option value="14455">Fish and Wildlife Dept</option><option value="19849">Fur or Trapping</option><option value="17589">Genetic Engineering</option><option value="14432">Great Apes</option><option value="14434">Health</option><option value="26797">Historical</option><option value="15124">Hoarding</option><option value="25186">Horse Slaughter</option><option value="14184">Humane Slaughter</option><option value="17180">Hunter Harassment</option><option value="14437">Hunting Issues</option><option value="23858">Impound or Animal Control</option><option value="17775">Initiatives and Referendums</option><option value="25319">Invasive Species</option><option value="14941">Lacey Act</option><option value="17698">Landlord or Tenant</option><option value="23852">Leash Laws</option><option value="28039">Lien laws</option><option value="18566">Lost Pet</option><option value="24192">Marine Mammals</option><option value="14239">Migratory Bird</option><option value="30485">Multi-species family</option><option value="16284">Municipal Ordinances</option><option value="24243">Nuisance</option><option value="24142">Number of pets restrictions</option><option value="15736">Pet Damages</option><option value="23857">Pet Sales</option><option value="23865">Pet waste</option><option value="30303">Police animals</option><option value="14228">Possession of Wild Animal</option><option value="14442">Primate Issues</option><option value="14581">Rehabilitation, wildlife</option><option value="24250">Research Animals</option><option value="30304">Rights of nature</option><option value="24255">Shooting of dog</option><option value="23856">Spay or Neuter</option><option value="15621">Standing</option><option value="14466">Trade</option><option value="28426">Transport/Vehicle</option><option value="23891">Veterinarian Issues</option><option value="14627">Wildlife</option><option value="16691">Wills and Trusts</option><option value="26799">Zoning</option><option value="14454">Zoos</option></select> </div> </div> </div> <div id="edit-species-wrapper" class="views-exposed-widget views-widget-filter-tid_2"> <label for="edit-species"> Species </label> <div class="views-widget"> <div class="form-item form-type-select form-item-species"> <select id="edit-species" name="species" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="14760">Bears</option><option value="14417">Bird</option><option value="14574">Cats</option><option value="14183">Cattle</option><option value="16383">Chickens</option><option value="16376">Chimpanzee</option><option value="14904">Deer</option><option value="14364">Dogs</option><option value="14200">Dolphins</option><option value="14170">Eagles</option><option value="16137">Elephants or Ivory</option><option value="17699">Ferrets</option><option value="14393">Fish</option><option value="14603">Horses</option><option value="26793">Kangaroo</option><option value="15203">Pigs</option><option value="14293">Polar bears</option><option value="14964">Primates</option><option value="14704">Reptiles</option><option value="26837">Sea Lions</option><option value="26800">Sea Otters</option><option value="26798">Seal</option><option value="26801">Tigers</option><option value="17424">Tuna</option><option value="14199">Whales</option><option value="14379">Wolves</option></select> </div> </div> </div> <div id="edit-type-wrapper" class="views-exposed-widget views-widget-filter-type"> <label for="edit-type"> Legal material type </label> <div class="views-widget"> <div class="form-item form-type-select form-item-type"> <select id="edit-type" name="type" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="administrative">Administrative</option><option value="article">Article</option><option value="case">Case</option><option value="local_ordinance">Local Ordinance</option><option value="pleading">Pleading</option><option value="statute">Statute</option><option value="topic_table">Topic Table</option><option value="topical_introduction">Topical Introduction</option><option value="treaty">Treaty</option></select> </div> </div> </div> <div id="edit-country-wrapper" class="views-exposed-widget views-widget-filter-tid_3"> <label for="edit-country"> Country </label> <div class="views-widget"> <div class="form-item form-type-select form-item-country"> <select id="edit-country" name="country" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="14172">United States</option><option value="28676">Argentina</option><option value="15357">Australia</option><option value="27072">Austria</option><option value="24780">Bangladesh</option><option value="28923">Bolivia</option><option value="15430">Brazil</option><option value="15379">Canada</option><option value="24841">Chile</option><option value="24843">China</option><option value="28602">Colombia</option><option value="24847">Costa Rica</option><option value="30028">Ecuador</option><option value="24858">Egypt</option><option value="28780">England</option><option value="23598">European Union</option><option value="27434">Finland</option><option value="26820">France</option><option value="24854">Germany</option><option value="24918">India</option><option value="27744">Ireland</option><option value="23815">Israel</option><option value="27419">Italy</option><option value="24924">Japan</option><option value="24930">Malawi</option><option value="24933">Malta</option><option value="24942">Mexico</option><option value="27080">Myanmar</option><option value="27418">New Zealand</option><option value="27081">Nigeria</option><option value="28779">Northern Ireland</option><option value="24945">Norway</option><option value="24952">Panama</option><option value="28922">Peru</option><option value="24956">Phillipines</option><option value="24959">Poland</option><option value="24961">Portugal</option><option value="19560">Puerto Rico</option><option value="29073">Russia</option><option value="27420">Scotland</option><option value="26819">South Africa</option><option value="24927">South Korea</option><option value="24859">Spain</option><option value="27090">Sri Lanka</option><option value="26768">Strasbourg</option><option value="24964">Sweden</option><option value="24834">Switzerland</option><option value="24968">Taiwan</option><option value="27092">Tunisia</option><option value="27094">Uganda</option><option value="23604">United Kingdom</option><option value="28778">Wales</option><option value="25007">Zimbabwe</option></select> </div> </div> </div> <div id="edit-jurisdiction-wrapper" class="views-exposed-widget views-widget-filter-tid_1"> <label for="edit-jurisdiction"> State/Federal </label> <div class="views-widget"> <div class="form-item form-type-select form-item-jurisdiction"> <select id="edit-jurisdiction" name="jurisdiction" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="18250">Federal</option><option value="28012">Tribal Laws</option><option value="18553">Alabama</option><option value="18532">Alaska</option><option value="18512">Arizona</option><option value="18607">Arkansas</option><option value="18672">California</option><option value="18434">Colorado</option><option value="18938">Connecticut</option><option value="19071">Delaware</option><option value="18313">District of Columbia</option><option value="20881">Florida</option><option value="19991">Georgia</option><option value="18439">Hawaii</option><option value="19877">Idaho</option><option value="19911">Illinois</option><option value="21220">Indiana</option><option value="21091">Iowa</option><option value="21295">Kansas</option><option value="21321">Kentucky</option><option value="21330">Louisiana</option><option value="21512">Maine</option><option value="21482">Maryland</option><option value="21433">Massachusetts</option><option value="21531">Michigan</option><option value="19391">Minnesota</option><option value="21754">Mississippi</option><option value="21678">Missouri</option><option value="19808">Montana</option><option value="21891">Nebraska</option><option value="22000">Nevada</option><option value="21895">New Hampshire</option><option value="21912">New Jersey</option><option value="21992">New Mexico</option><option value="22014">New York</option><option value="21837">North Carolina</option><option value="21884">North Dakota</option><option value="18467">Ohio</option><option value="22375">Oklahoma</option><option value="18318">Oregon</option><option value="22504">Pennsylvania</option><option value="22610">Rhode Island</option><option value="22615">South Carolina</option><option value="22620">South Dakota</option><option value="22637">Tennessee</option><option value="18285">Texas</option><option value="22897">Utah</option><option value="22946">Vermont</option><option value="22931">Virginia</option><option value="22966">Washington</option><option value="23088">West Virginia</option><option value="23071">Wisconsin</option><option value="23100">Wyoming</option></select> </div> </div> </div> <div id="edit-keyword-wrapper" class="views-exposed-widget views-widget-filter-combine"> <label for="edit-keyword"> Keywords or citation </label> <div class="views-operator"> <div class="form-item form-type-select form-item-combine-op"> <select id="edit-combine-op" name="combine_op" class="form-select"><option value="=">Is equal to</option><option value="!=">Is not equal to</option><option value="contains" selected="selected">Contains</option><option value="word">Contains any word</option><option value="allwords">Contains all words</option><option value="starts">Starts with</option><option value="not_starts">Does not start with</option><option value="ends">Ends with</option><option value="not_ends">Does not end with</option><option value="not">Does not contain</option><option value="shorterthan">Length is shorter than</option><option value="longerthan">Length is longer than</option><option value="regular_expression">Regular expression</option><option value="not_regular_expression">Not regular expression</option></select> </div> </div> <div class="views-widget"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-keyword"> <input type="text" id="edit-keyword" name="keyword" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-exposed-widget views-submit-button"> <input type="submit" id="edit-submit-filters" value="Search" class="form-submit" /> </div> <div class="views-exposed-widget views-reset-button"> <input type="submit" id="edit-reset" name="op" value="Reset" class="form-submit" /> </div> </div> </div> </div></form> </nav> <footer class="al_region_footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="/site/animal-legal-and-historical-center-website" title="" class="menu__link">Site Information</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/site/contact-us" title="" class="menu__link">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/site/donations" title="" class="menu__link">Make a donation</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="/" title="" class="menu__link active">Home</a></li> </ul> <p>The cases and statutes on this site are reprinted from Westlaw and are used with permission of Thomson Reuters. If you wish to access additional animal law content available through Westlaw, you may do so by visiting <a href="http://www.westlaw.com">www.westlaw.com</a>.</p> <p>SITE DISCLAIMER: Opinions expressed on this site are solely those of the authors of the materials. Neither the College of Law nor Michigan State University endorses any of the opinions expressed on this site. Just as neither institution would be considered to endorse a view because the institution included in its library a book which contained a distinct viewpoint, likewise neither institution has adopted any position on the animal issues discussed on this site. The site is provided as an electronic library containing materials expressing a diversity of opinions.</p> <div class="al_law-college-logo"><a href="http://www.law.msu.edu"><img src="/sites/all/themes/animallaw/images/logo-law-college.png" alt="Michigan State University College of Law" width="180" height="28" /></a></div> <div class="al_msu-logo"><a href="http://msu.edu"><img src="/sites/all/themes/animallaw/images/logo-msu.png" alt="Michigan State University" width="339" height="31" /></a></div> <div class="al_copyright"><p>© 2024 Michigan State University <a href="http://www.law.msu.edu/">College of Law</a>. This site is not a law firm and cannot offer legal advice.</p></div> </footer> </div> </div> <script src="https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/js/js_lhJ3b6u2dBv3KQ2aV6GccFybNyjTPa9nTU3cWVO-Yf8.js"></script> <script>(function() {var cx = '008655456331849504881:ks372bgcoak';var gcse = document.createElement('script');gcse.type = 'text/javascript';gcse.async = true;gcse.src = (document.location.protocol == 'https:' ? 'https:' : 'http:') +'//www.google.com/cse/cse.js?cx=' + cx;var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s);})();</script> <script src="https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/js/js_0HCOakOVDf4IlENXRMpVwC4Dr0aAy6LYuOuefZx7_y4.js"></script> </body> </html>