CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>NASA Heliophysics - NASA Science</title> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://science.nasa.gov/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="preload" href="https://science.nasa.gov/font-face.css" as="style"> <link rel="preload" href="https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/client-mu-plugins/uswds-framework/uswds/fonts/public-sans/PublicSans-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/client-mu-plugins/uswds-framework/uswds/fonts-split/inter/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa1ZL7.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/client-mu-plugins/uswds-framework/uswds/fonts-split/db-mono/aFTU7PB1QTsUX8KYthqQBA.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <meta property="og:title" content="NASA Heliophysics - NASA Science"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/"> <meta name="description" content="Overview The Science Mission Directorate Heliophysics Division studies the nature of the Sun, and how it influences the very nature of space – and, in turn, the atmospheres of planets and the technology that exists there. Space is not, as is often believed, completely empty; instead, we live in the extended atmosphere of an active […]"> <meta property="og:description" content="Overview The Science Mission Directorate Heliophysics Division studies the nature of the Sun, and how it influences the very nature of space – and, in turn, the atmospheres of planets and the technology that exists there. Space is not, as is often believed, completely empty; instead, we live in the extended atmosphere of an active […]"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/1.Home_image_Helio-jpeg.webp?w=1024"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="NASA Heliophysics - NASA Science"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Overview The Science Mission Directorate Heliophysics Division studies the nature of the Sun, and how it influences the very nature of space – and, in turn, the atmospheres of planets and the technology that exists there. Space is not, as is often believed, completely empty; instead, we live in the extended atmosphere of an active […]"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/1.Home_image_Helio-jpeg.webp?w=1024"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Sun in Wavelengths"> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Sun in Wavelengths"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1024"> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="1024"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="576"> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="576"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/"> <meta name="keywords" content="heliophysics,heliophysics division"> <meta name="searchgov_custom3" content="topic"> <meta name="parsely-title" content="NASA Heliophysics - NASA Science"> <meta name="parsely-link" content="https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/"> <meta name="parsely-type" content="post"> <meta name="parsely-image-url" content="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/1.Home_image_Helio-jpeg.webp?w=1024"> <meta name="parsely-pub-date" content="2007-06-10 10:33:00"> <meta name="parsely-section" content="heliophysics"> <meta name="parsely-tags" content="Heliophysics, Heliophysics Division"> <script>window.PARSELY = window.PARSELY || (window.PARSELY = {});PARSELY.cookieDomain = window.location.host;</script> <script id="parsely-cfg" src="//cdn.parsely.com/keys/science.nasa.gov/p.js" async defer></script> <script id="_fed_an_ua_tag" src="https://dap.digitalgov.gov/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=NASA&pua=G-3MLXXCVWWY&subagency=GSFC&yt=true&dclink=true&sp=search,s,q&sdor=false&exts=tif,tiff" async defer></script> <style>:where(.wp-block-button__link){box-shadow:none;border-radius:9999px;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-calendar table:not(.has-background) th){background:#ddd}:where(.wp-block-columns){margin-bottom:1.75em}:where(.wp-block-columns.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(.wp-block-post-comments input[type=submit]){border:none}:where(.wp-block-cover-image,.wp-block-cover){min-height:430px;padding:1em}:where(.wp-block-cover:not(.has-text-color)){color:#fff}:where(.wp-block-cover-image:not(.has-text-color)){color:#fff}:where(.wp-block-cover.is-light:not(.has-text-color)){color:#000}:where(.wp-block-cover-image.is-light:not(.has-text-color)){color:#000}.wp-block-embed{overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-embed figcaption{margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:1em}.wp-block-embed iframe{max-width:100%}.wp-block-embed__wrapper{position:relative}:where(.wp-block-file){margin-bottom:1.5em}:where(.wp-block-file__button){border-radius:2em;padding:.5em 1em;display:inline-block}:where(.wp-block-file__button):-webkit-any(a):hover{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-file__button):-moz-any(a):hover{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):hover{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-file__button):-webkit-any(a):visited{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-file__button):-moz-any(a):visited{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):visited{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-file__button):-webkit-any(a):focus{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-file__button):-moz-any(a):focus{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):focus{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-file__button):-webkit-any(a):active{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-file__button):-moz-any(a):active{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):active{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}.wp-block-image img{vertical-align:bottom;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;height:auto}.wp-block-image figcaption{margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:1em}.wp-block-image :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}.wp-block-image figure{margin:0}@keyframes turn-off-visibility{0%{opacity:1;visibility:visible}99%{opacity:0;visibility:visible}to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-out{0%{visibility:visible;transform:translate(-50%,-50%)scale(1)}99%{visibility:visible}to{visibility:hidden;transform:translate(calc((-100vw + var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width))/2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position)))scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale))}}:where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height] .wp-block-latest-comments__comment)){line-height:1.1}:where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height] .wp-block-latest-comments__comment-excerpt p)){line-height:1.8}ol,ul{box-sizing:border-box}:where(.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation-item a:not(.wp-element-button)){padding:.5em 1em}:where(.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation-submenu a:not(.wp-element-button)){padding:.5em 1em}:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-item a:not(.wp-element-button)){padding:.5em 1em}:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-submenu a:not(.wp-element-button)){padding:.5em 1em}:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-submenu button.wp-block-navigation-item__content){padding:.5em 1em}:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-pages-list__item button.wp-block-navigation-item__content){padding:.5em 1em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}:where(.wp-block-post-excerpt){margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap);margin-bottom:var(--wp--style--block-gap)}:where(.wp-block-preformatted.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(.wp-block-pullquote){margin:0 0 1em;padding:4em 0}@media (max-width:600px){.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px}:where(.wp-block-search__input){font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;text-transform:inherit;font-style:inherit}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #949494;padding:4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px}:where(.wp-block-separator){border:none;border-top:2px solid}.wp-block-table{overflow-x:auto}.wp-block-table table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%}.wp-block-table thead{border-bottom:3px solid}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{border:1px solid;padding:.5em}.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout{table-layout:fixed;width:100%}.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout td,.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout th{word-break:break-word}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width]>*,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] td{border-width:inherit;border-style:inherit}:where(.wp-block-term-description){margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap);margin-bottom:var(--wp--style--block-gap)}:where(pre.wp-block-verse){font-family:inherit}.entry-content{counter-reset:footnotes}.screen-reader-text{clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);clip-path:inset(50%);border:0;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;word-wrap:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{clip-path:none;color:#444;z-index:100000;background-color:#ddd;width:auto;height:auto;padding:15px 23px 14px;font-size:1em;line-height:normal;text-decoration:none;display:block;top:5px;left:5px;clip:auto!important}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){max-width:100%;height:auto}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}.bg-carbon-black{background-color:#000}.bg-spacesuit-white{background-color:#fff}.bg-nasa-red{background-color:#f64137}.bg-carbon-90{background-color:#17171b}.bg-carbon-80{background-color:#2e2e32}.bg-carbon-30{background-color:#b9b9bb}.bg-carbon-10{background-color:#e3e3e3}.bg-carbon-05{background-color:#f6f6f6}.bg-nasa-red-shade{background-color:#b60109}.bg-nasa-blue-tint{background-color:#288bff}.bg-nasa-blue-shade{background-color:#0b3d91}.bg-active-green{background-color:#47da84}.bg-carbon-black-important{background-color:#000!important}.color-carbon-black,.color-carbon-black a,.color-carbon-black div,.color-carbon-black p,.color-carbon-black span,.color-carbon-black svg,div.color-carbon-black,p.color-carbon-black{color:#000;fill:#000}.color-spacesuit-white,.color-spacesuit-white a,.color-spacesuit-white div,.color-spacesuit-white p,.color-spacesuit-white span,.color-spacesuit-white svg,div.color-spacesuit-white,p.color-spacesuit-white{color:#fff;fill:#fff}.color-nasa-red,.color-nasa-red a,.color-nasa-red div,.color-nasa-red p,.color-nasa-red span,.color-nasa-red svg,div.color-nasa-red,p.color-nasa-red{color:#f64137;fill:#f64137}.color-nasa-blue,.color-nasa-blue a,.color-nasa-blue div,.color-nasa-blue p,.color-nasa-blue span,.color-nasa-blue svg,div.color-nasa-blue,p.color-nasa-blue{color:#1c67e3;fill:#1c67e3}.color-carbon-90,.color-carbon-90 a,.color-carbon-90 div,.color-carbon-90 p,.color-carbon-90 span,.color-carbon-90 svg,div.color-carbon-90,p.color-carbon-90{color:#17171b;fill:#17171b}.color-carbon-80,.color-carbon-80 a,.color-carbon-80 div,.color-carbon-80 p,.color-carbon-80 span,.color-carbon-80 svg,div.color-carbon-80,p.color-carbon-80{color:#2e2e32;fill:#2e2e32}.color-carbon-60,.color-carbon-60 a,.color-carbon-60 div,.color-carbon-60 p,.color-carbon-60 span,.color-carbon-60 svg,div.color-carbon-60,p.color-carbon-60{color:#58585b;fill:#58585b}.color-carbon-50,.color-carbon-50 a,.color-carbon-50 div,.color-carbon-50 p,.color-carbon-50 span,.color-carbon-50 svg,div.color-carbon-50,p.color-carbon-50{color:#77777a;fill:#77777a}.color-carbon-40,.color-carbon-40 a,.color-carbon-40 div,.color-carbon-40 p,.color-carbon-40 span,.color-carbon-40 svg,div.color-carbon-40,p.color-carbon-40{color:#959599;fill:#959599}.color-carbon-30,.color-carbon-30 a,.color-carbon-30 div,.color-carbon-30 p,.color-carbon-30 span,.color-carbon-30 svg,div.color-carbon-30,p.color-carbon-30{color:#b9b9bb;fill:#b9b9bb}.color-carbon-20,.color-carbon-20 a,.color-carbon-20 div,.color-carbon-20 p,.color-carbon-20 span,.color-carbon-20 svg,div.color-carbon-20,p.color-carbon-20{color:#d1d1d1;fill:#d1d1d1}.color-carbon-05,.color-carbon-05 a,.color-carbon-05 div,.color-carbon-05 p,.color-carbon-05 span,.color-carbon-05 svg,div.color-carbon-05,p.color-carbon-05{color:#f6f6f6;fill:#f6f6f6}.color-nasa-blue-tint,.color-nasa-blue-tint a,.color-nasa-blue-tint div,.color-nasa-blue-tint p,.color-nasa-blue-tint span,.color-nasa-blue-tint svg,div.color-nasa-blue-tint,p.color-nasa-blue-tint{color:#288bff;fill:#288bff}.color-international-orange,.color-international-orange a,.color-international-orange div,.color-international-orange p,.color-international-orange span,.color-international-orange svg,div.color-international-orange,p.color-international-orange{color:#ea6f24;fill:#ea6f24}.color-carbon-black-important,.color-carbon-black-important a,.color-carbon-black-important div,.color-carbon-black-important p,.color-carbon-black-important span,.color-carbon-black-important svg,div.color-carbon-black-important,p.color-carbon-black-important{color:#000!important;fill:#000!important}.color-spacesuit-white-important,.color-spacesuit-white-important a,.color-spacesuit-white-important div,.color-spacesuit-white-important p,.color-spacesuit-white-important span,.color-spacesuit-white-important svg,div.color-spacesuit-white-important,p.color-spacesuit-white-important{color:#fff!important;fill:#fff!important}.color-nasa-blue-important,.color-nasa-blue-important a,.color-nasa-blue-important div,.color-nasa-blue-important p,.color-nasa-blue-important span,.color-nasa-blue-important svg,div.color-nasa-blue-important,p.color-nasa-blue-important{color:#1c67e3!important;fill:#1c67e3!important}.color-carbon-90-important,.color-carbon-90-important a,.color-carbon-90-important div,.color-carbon-90-important p,.color-carbon-90-important span,.color-carbon-90-important svg,div.color-carbon-90-important,p.color-carbon-90-important{color:#17171b!important;fill:#17171b!important}.color-carbon-60-important,.color-carbon-60-important a,.color-carbon-60-important div,.color-carbon-60-important p,.color-carbon-60-important span,.color-carbon-60-important svg,div.color-carbon-60-important,p.color-carbon-60-important{color:#58585b!important;fill:#58585b!important}.color-carbon-40-important,.color-carbon-40-important a,.color-carbon-40-important div,.color-carbon-40-important p,.color-carbon-40-important span,.color-carbon-40-important svg,div.color-carbon-40-important,p.color-carbon-40-important{color:#959599!important;fill:#959599!important}.color-carbon-30-important,.color-carbon-30-important a,.color-carbon-30-important div,.color-carbon-30-important p,.color-carbon-30-important span,.color-carbon-30-important svg,div.color-carbon-30-important,p.color-carbon-30-important{color:#b9b9bb!important;fill:#b9b9bb!important}.color-carbon-20-important,.color-carbon-20-important a,.color-carbon-20-important div,.color-carbon-20-important p,.color-carbon-20-important span,.color-carbon-20-important svg,div.color-carbon-20-important,p.color-carbon-20-important{color:#d1d1d1!important;fill:#d1d1d1!important}.border-color-carbon-black{border-color:#000}.border-color-carbon-80{border-color:#2e2e32}.border-color-carbon-20{border-color:#d1d1d1}.border-color-carbon-05{border-color:#f6f6f6}.border-color-carbon-black-important{border-color:#000!important}.border-color-carbon-80-important{border-color:#2e2e32!important}.border-color-carbon-60-important{border-color:#58585b!important}.border-color-carbon-30-important{border-color:#b9b9bb!important}.border-color-carbon-20-important{border-color:#d1d1d1!important}.usa-list{margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:1em;padding-left:3ch;line-height:1.8}.usa-list:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.usa-list ol,.usa-list ul{margin-top:.25em}.usa-list li{max-width:68ex;margin-bottom:.25em}.usa-list li:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.usa-table,.usa-table caption{text-align:left;font-family:Public Sans Web,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol}.usa-table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;color:#1b1b1b;margin:1.25rem 0;font-size:1.38rem;line-height:1.8}.usa-table thead th{background-clip:padding-box;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4}.usa-table thead td,.usa-table thead th{color:#1b1b1b;background-color:#dfe1e2}.usa-table tbody th{text-align:left}.usa-table td,.usa-table th{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #1b1b1b;padding:.5rem 1rem;font-weight:400}.usa-table caption{margin-bottom:.75rem;font-size:.94rem;font-weight:700}.usa-table--borderless thead th{color:#1b1b1b;background-color:#0000;border-top:0}.usa-table--borderless td,.usa-table--borderless th{border-left:0;border-right:0}html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-feature-settings:"kern" 1;font-kerning:normal;font-family:Public Sans Web,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15}body{margin:0}details,main{display:block}h1{margin:.67em 0;font-size:2em}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}code{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}a{background-color:#0000}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{vertical-align:baseline;font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative}sub{bottom:-.25em}sup{top:-.5em}img{border-style:none}button,input{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;overflow:visible}button{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=button]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}[type=reset]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}[type=submit]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}button::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}[type=button]:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted buttontext}[type=reset]:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted buttontext}[type=submit]:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted buttontext}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted buttontext}[type=checkbox]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}[hidden],template{display:none}@font-face{font-family:Public Sans Web;font-style:normal;font-weight:200;font-display:fallback;src:url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-ExtraLight.BEmx51-T.woff2)format("woff2"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-ExtraLight.CgSR4KL3.woff)format("woff"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-ExtraLight.DMIB4IYF.ttf)format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:Public Sans Web;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;font-display:fallback;src:url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Light.Cz3DQEvX.woff2)format("woff2"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Light.CzEHfy2N.woff)format("woff"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Light.D1MHZdco.ttf)format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:Public Sans Web;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Regular.Uw5NYfjN.woff2)format("woff2"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Regular.Df1PzLfj.woff)format("woff"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Regular.NaU6Wn75.ttf)format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:Public Sans Web;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Bold.DiWHjTYv.woff2)format("woff2"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Bold.B3Mhse2e.woff)format("woff"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Bold.hjTsv519.ttf)format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:Public Sans Web;font-style:italic;font-weight:200;font-display:fallback;src:url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-ExtraLightItalic.O_MQiunA.woff2)format("woff2"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-ExtraLightItalic.DrZ51es6.woff)format("woff"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-ExtraLightItalic.BKS4eY4E.ttf)format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:Public Sans Web;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;font-display:fallback;src:url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-LightItalic.DTSXHk5a.woff2)format("woff2"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-LightItalic.CPUP_Ilj.woff)format("woff"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-LightItalic.C47Zt0Sr.ttf)format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:Public Sans Web;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Italic.BbKqwlqy.woff2)format("woff2"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Italic.fe38sMgu.woff)format("woff"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-Italic.BNesecPS.ttf)format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:Public Sans Web;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-BoldItalic.mrVGBnK_.woff2)format("woff2"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-BoldItalic.Cvd4Oofz.woff)format("woff"),url(/_nuxt/PublicSans-BoldItalic.SdSgztWI.ttf)format("truetype")}button:not([disabled]):focus,input:not([disabled]):focus,[href]:focus,[tabindex]:focus,iframe:focus{outline-offset:0;outline:.25rem solid #2491ff}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:inherit}var{font-style:normal}body{color:#1b1b1b;background-color:#fff;overflow-x:hidden}.usa-sr-only{position:absolute;left:-999em;right:auto}.usa-button{color:#fff;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;cursor:pointer;text-align:center;background-color:#005ea2;border:0;border-radius:.25rem;width:100%;margin-right:.5rem;padding:.75rem 1.25rem;font-family:Public Sans Web,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:1.38rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block}@media (min-width:30em){.usa-button{width:auto}}.usa-button:visited{color:#fff}.usa-button:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#1a4480;border-bottom:0;text-decoration:none}.usa-button:active{color:#fff;background-color:#162e51}.usa-button:not([disabled]):focus{outline-offset:.25rem}.usa-button:disabled{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;color:#fff;background-color:#c9c9c9}.usa-button:disabled:active,.usa-button:disabled:focus,.usa-button:disabled:hover{box-shadow:none;background-color:#c9c9c9;border:0}.usa-button--secondary{color:#fff;background-color:#d83933}.usa-button--secondary:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#b50909}.usa-button--secondary:active{color:#fff;background-color:#8b0a03}img{max-width:100%}.usa-input,.usa-input-group{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;color:#1b1b1b;border:1px solid #565c65;border-radius:0;width:100%;max-width:30rem;height:2.5rem;margin-top:.5rem;padding:.5rem;font-family:Public Sans Web,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:1.38rem;line-height:1.4;display:block}.usa-label{max-width:30rem;margin-top:1.5rem;font-family:Public Sans Web,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:1.38rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;display:block}[type=file]{border:0;margin-top:.5rem;padding-top:.2rem;padding-left:0}.usa-input-group input:focus{outline:0}.usa-input-group{background-color:#fff;align-items:center;padding:0;display:flex}.usa-input-group input{border:0;width:100%;min-width:0;height:100%;margin-top:0}.usa-input-prefix{color:#71767a;-webkit-user-select:none;user-select:none;white-space:nowrap;padding:0 .5rem;line-height:0}.usa-input-prefix .usa-icon{width:1.5rem;height:1.5rem}.grid-container{max-width:64rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}@media (min-width:64em){.grid-container{padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}}.grid-container-widescreen{max-width:87.5rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}@media (min-width:64em){.grid-container-widescreen{padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}}.grid-row{flex-wrap:wrap;display:flex}.grid-row.grid-gap-2{margin-left:-.5rem;margin-right:-.5rem}.grid-row.grid-gap-2>*{padding-left:.5rem;padding-right:.5rem}.grid-row.grid-gap-lg{margin-left:-.75rem;margin-right:-.75rem}.grid-row.grid-gap-lg>*{padding-left:.75rem;padding-right:.75rem}[class*=grid-col]{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;position:relative}.grid-col{flex:1;width:auto;min-width:1px;max-width:100%}.grid-col-auto{flex:0 auto;width:auto;max-width:100%}.grid-col-1,.grid-col-2{flex:0 auto;width:8.33333%}.grid-col-2{width:16.6667%}.grid-col-3,.grid-col-4{flex:0 auto;width:25%}.grid-col-4{width:33.3333%}.grid-col-5,.grid-col-6{flex:0 auto;width:41.6667%}.grid-col-6{width:50%}.grid-col-7,.grid-col-8{flex:0 auto;width:58.3333%}.grid-col-8{width:66.6667%}.grid-col-9{flex:0 auto;width:75%}.grid-col-11,.grid-col-12{flex:0 auto;width:91.6667%}.grid-col-12{width:100%}@media (min-width:40em){.tablet\:grid-col{flex:1;width:auto;min-width:1px;max-width:100%}.tablet\:grid-col-1{flex:0 auto;width:8.33333%}.tablet\:grid-col-2{flex:0 auto;width:16.6667%}.tablet\:grid-col-3{flex:0 auto;width:25%}.tablet\:grid-col-4{flex:0 auto;width:33.3333%}.tablet\:grid-col-6{flex:0 auto;width:50%}.tablet\:grid-col-8{flex:0 auto;width:66.6667%}.tablet\:grid-col-10{flex:0 auto;width:83.3333%}.tablet\:grid-col-11{flex:0 auto;width:91.6667%}.tablet\:grid-col-12{flex:0 auto;width:100%}}@media (min-width:64em){.desktop\:grid-col{flex:1;width:auto;min-width:1px;max-width:100%}.desktop\:grid-col-1{flex:0 auto;width:8.33333%}.desktop\:grid-col-2{flex:0 auto;width:16.6667%}.desktop\:grid-col-3{flex:0 auto;width:25%}.desktop\:grid-col-4{flex:0 auto;width:33.3333%}.desktop\:grid-col-5{flex:0 auto;width:41.6667%}.desktop\:grid-col-6{flex:0 auto;width:50%}.desktop\:grid-col-7{flex:0 auto;width:58.3333%}.desktop\:grid-col-8{flex:0 auto;width:66.6667%}.desktop\:grid-col-9{flex:0 auto;width:75%}.desktop\:grid-col-10{flex:0 auto;width:83.3333%}.desktop\:grid-col-11{flex:0 auto;width:91.6667%}.desktop\:grid-col-12{flex:0 auto;width:100%}.desktop\:grid-offset-1{margin-left:8.33333%}.desktop\:grid-offset-2{margin-left:16.6667%}.desktop\:grid-offset-3{margin-left:25%}.desktop\:grid-offset-4{margin-left:33.3333%}}.usa-footer__return-to-top a{color:#005ea2;text-decoration:underline}.usa-list--unstyled{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0;list-style-type:none}.usa-accordion>li,.usa-breadcrumb__list>li,.usa-list--unstyled>li{max-width:unset;margin-bottom:0}.usa-accordion{color:#1b1b1b;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;font-family:Public Sans Web,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:1.38rem;line-height:1.8;list-style-type:none}.usa-accordion>ul li ul{list-style:disc}.usa-accordion>ul li ul>li>ul{list-style:circle}.usa-accordion>ul li ul>li>ul>li>ul{list-style:square}.usa-accordion+.usa-accordion{margin-top:.5rem}.usa-accordion__button{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing:inherit;box-shadow:none;text-align:left;color:#1b1b1b;cursor:pointer;background-color:#f0f0f0;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M19%2013H5v-2h14v2z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e"),linear-gradient(#0000,#0000);background-position:right 1.25rem center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.5rem;border:0;border-radius:0;width:100%;margin:0;padding:1rem 3.5rem 1rem 1.25rem;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block}.usa-accordion__button:visited{color:#54278f}.usa-accordion__button:active{color:#162e51}.usa-accordion__button:focus{outline-offset:0;outline:.25rem solid #2491ff}.usa-accordion__button:active,.usa-accordion__button:disabled,.usa-accordion__button:disabled:active,.usa-accordion__button:disabled:focus,.usa-accordion__button:disabled:hover,.usa-accordion__button:hover{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing:inherit;box-shadow:none;background-color:#0000;text-decoration:underline}.usa-accordion__button:disabled{color:#c9c9c9}.usa-accordion__button:hover{color:#1b1b1b;background-color:#dfe1e2;text-decoration:none}@media (forced-colors:active){.usa-accordion__button{forced-color-adjust:none}}.usa-accordion__button[aria-expanded=false]{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M19%2013h-6v6h-2v-6H5v-2h6V5h2v6h6v2z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e"),linear-gradient(#0000,#0000);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.5rem}.usa-breadcrumb{color:#1b1b1b;background-color:#fff;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;font-family:Public Sans Web,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4}@media (min-width:30em){.usa-breadcrumb{padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem}.usa-breadcrumb:not(.usa-breadcrumb--wrap) .usa-breadcrumb__list{white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden}}.usa-breadcrumb__list{margin:0 -.25rem;padding:.25rem;list-style-type:none;display:block}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item{white-space:nowrap;display:inline;position:absolute;left:-999em;right:auto}@media (max-width:29.99em){.usa-breadcrumb__list-item{white-space:normal}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2){position:static}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing:inherit;box-shadow:none;text-align:left;text-indent:-2ex;color:#005ea2;background-color:#0000;border:0;border-radius:0;margin:0;padding:1rem 0 1rem 2ex;font-weight:400;display:inline-block}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:focus{outline-offset:0;outline:.25rem solid #2491ff}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:active,.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:disabled,.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:disabled:active,.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:disabled:focus,.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:disabled:hover,.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:hover{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing:inherit;box-shadow:none;background-color:#0000;text-decoration:underline}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:disabled{color:#c9c9c9}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:before{content:"";vertical-align:baseline;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M20%2011H7.83l5.59-5.59L12%204l-8%208%208%208%201.41-1.41L7.83%2013H20v-2z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;width:2ex;height:2ex;display:inline-block}@supports ((-webkit-mask:url()) or (mask:url())){.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:before{background:#71767a;-webkit-mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M20%2011H7.83l5.59-5.59L12%204l-8%208%208%208%201.41-1.41L7.83%2013H20v-2z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M20%2011H7.83l5.59-5.59L12%204l-8%208%208%208%201.41-1.41L7.83%2013H20v-2z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat}}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:visited{color:#54278f}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:active,.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:hover{color:#1a4480}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:before{height:2ex;position:relative;bottom:-.2em}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link,.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:active,.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:hover{text-decoration:none}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link span{text-decoration:underline}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:nth-last-child(2) .usa-breadcrumb__link:before{margin-right:0}}@media (min-width:30em){.usa-breadcrumb__list-item{position:static}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:not(:last-child):after{content:"";vertical-align:baseline;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M10%206L8.59%207.41%2013.17%2012l-4.58%204.59L10%2018l6-6z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;width:2ex;display:inline-block}@supports ((-webkit-mask:url()) or (mask:url())){.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:not(:last-child):after{background:#71767a;-webkit-mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M10%206L8.59%207.41%2013.17%2012l-4.58%204.59L10%2018l6-6z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M10%206L8.59%207.41%2013.17%2012l-4.58%204.59L10%2018l6-6z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat}}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item:not(:last-child):after{height:2ex;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;position:relative;bottom:-.2em}}.usa-breadcrumb__link{color:#005ea2;text-decoration:none;display:inline}.usa-breadcrumb__link:visited,.usa-footer__return-to-top a:visited{color:#54278f}.usa-breadcrumb__link:active,.usa-breadcrumb__link:hover,.usa-footer__return-to-top a:hover{color:#1a4480}.usa-breadcrumb__link span{text-decoration:underline}.usa-footer{font-family:Public Sans Web,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:1.38rem;line-height:1.8;overflow:hidden}.usa-footer>.grid-container{max-width:64rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-footer>.grid-container{padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}}.usa-footer__return-to-top{padding-top:1.25rem;padding-bottom:1.25rem;line-height:1}.usa-footer__return-to-top a:active{color:#162e51}.usa-footer__return-to-top a:focus{outline-offset:0;outline:.25rem solid #2491ff}.usa-footer__primary-section{background-color:#f0f0f0}.usa-footer__primary-section>.grid-container{max-width:64rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-footer__primary-section>.grid-container{padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}}.usa-header{z-index:300;font-family:Public Sans Web,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:1.38rem;line-height:1.8}.usa-header:after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}.usa-header a{border-bottom:none}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-header .usa-search{float:right}.usa-header [role=search]{float:right;width:100%;max-width:calc(27ch + 3rem)}}.usa-header [type=search]{min-width:0}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-header+main{border-top:1px solid #dfe1e2}}@media (max-width:63.99em){.usa-logo{flex:1;margin-left:1rem;font-size:.88rem;line-height:1}}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-logo{margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:1rem;font-size:1.38rem;line-height:1.2}}.usa-logo a{color:#1b1b1b;text-decoration:none}.usa-nav__primary button:visited{color:#54278f}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-header--basic .usa-nav-container{justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-end;display:flex}.usa-header--basic .usa-nav__link:hover,.usa-header--basic .usa-nav__primary-item>.usa-current{position:relative}.usa-header--basic .usa-nav__link:hover:after,.usa-header--basic .usa-nav__primary-item>.usa-current:after{content:"";background-color:#005ea2;border-radius:0;height:.25rem;display:block;position:absolute;bottom:-.25rem;left:1rem;right:1rem}}@media (min-width:64em) and (forced-colors:active){.usa-header--basic .usa-nav__link:hover:after,.usa-header--basic .usa-nav__primary-item>.usa-current:after{background-color:buttontext}}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-header--basic .usa-nav__link[aria-expanded=true]:after,.usa-header--basic .usa-nav__link[aria-expanded=true]:hover:after{display:none}.usa-header--basic .usa-nav__primary{width:auto}.usa-header--basic .usa-nav__primary-item:last-of-type{position:relative}.usa-header--basic .usa-nav__primary-item:last-of-type .usa-nav__submenu{position:absolute;right:0}.usa-header--basic .usa-search{top:0}}.usa-icon{fill:currentColor;width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;position:relative}.usa-nav__primary button:active{color:#162e51}.usa-megamenu .usa-col{flex:auto}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-megamenu .usa-col{flex:4}.usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{width:auto;padding:2rem 0;left:-33%;right:0}.usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu:after,.usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu:before{content:"";background-color:#162e51;width:100%;display:block;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0}.usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu:before{right:100%}.usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu:after{left:100%}.usa-nav-container{max-width:64rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}.usa-nav-container:after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}}@media (min-width:64em) and (min-width:64em){.usa-nav-container{padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}}@media (max-width:63.99em){.usa-nav__primary{order:2;margin-top:1.5rem;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0;list-style-type:none}.usa-nav__primary>li{max-width:unset;margin-bottom:0}.usa-nav__primary-item{border-top:1px solid #dfe1e2}.usa-nav__primary a:not(.usa-button){padding:.5rem 1rem;text-decoration:none;display:block}.usa-nav__primary a:not(.usa-button):hover{background-color:#f0f0f0;text-decoration:none}.usa-nav__primary a:not(.usa-button):not(.usa-current){color:#565c65}.usa-nav__primary a:not(.usa-button):not(.usa-current):hover{color:#005ea2}.usa-nav__primary a:not(.usa-button):not(.usa-current):focus{outline-offset:0}.usa-nav__primary .usa-current{color:#005ea2;font-weight:700;position:relative}.usa-nav__primary .usa-current:after{content:"";background-color:#005ea2;border-radius:99rem;width:.25rem;display:block;position:absolute;top:.25rem;bottom:.25rem;left:.25rem}}@media (max-width:63.99em) and (forced-colors:active){.usa-nav__primary .usa-current:after{background-color:buttontext}}@media (max-width:63.99em) and (min-width:40em){.usa-nav__primary .usa-current{position:relative}.usa-nav__primary .usa-current:after{content:"";background-color:#005ea2;border-radius:99rem;width:.25rem;display:block;position:absolute;top:.25rem;bottom:.25rem;left:0}}@media (max-width:63.99em) and (min-width:40em) and (forced-colors:active){.usa-nav__primary .usa-current:after{background-color:buttontext}}@media (max-width:63.99em){.usa-nav__primary a{padding-top:.75rem;padding-bottom:.75rem}}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-nav__primary{display:flex}}.usa-nav__primary .usa-nav__primary-item a{text-decoration:none}.usa-nav__primary>.usa-nav__primary-item{line-height:1.2}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-nav__primary>.usa-nav__primary-item{font-size:.88rem;line-height:1}.usa-nav__primary>.usa-nav__primary-item>a{color:#565c65;padding:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;display:block}.usa-nav__primary>.usa-nav__primary-item>a:hover{color:#005ea2}.usa-nav__primary a{padding-top:.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem}}.usa-nav__primary button{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing:inherit;box-shadow:none;text-align:left;color:#565c65;background-color:#0000;border:0;border-radius:0;margin:0;padding:.75rem 1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none;position:relative}.usa-nav__primary button:focus{outline-offset:0;outline:.25rem solid #2491ff}.usa-nav__primary button:active,.usa-nav__primary button:disabled,.usa-nav__primary button:disabled:active,.usa-nav__primary button:disabled:focus,.usa-nav__primary button:disabled:hover,.usa-nav__primary button:hover{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing:inherit;box-shadow:none;background-color:#0000;text-decoration:underline}.usa-nav__primary button:disabled{color:#c9c9c9}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-nav__primary button{padding:1rem;font-size:.88rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1}}@media (forced-colors:active){.usa-nav__primary button{forced-color-adjust:auto}}.usa-nav__primary button:hover{color:#005ea2;background-color:#f0f0f0;text-decoration:none}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-nav__primary button:hover{background-color:#0000}}.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=false],.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true]{background-image:none}.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=false] span:after{content:"";vertical-align:middle;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M19%2013h-6v6h-2v-6H5v-2h6V5h2v6h6v2z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;margin-left:auto;display:inline-block}@supports ((-webkit-mask:url()) or (mask:url())){.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=false] span:after{background:buttontext;-webkit-mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M19%2013h-6v6h-2v-6H5v-2h6V5h2v6h6v2z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M19%2013h-6v6h-2v-6H5v-2h6V5h2v6h6v2z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat}}.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=false] span:after{position:absolute;right:0}.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=false] span:after:hover{background-color:buttontext}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=false] span:after{content:"";vertical-align:middle;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M16.59%208.59L12%2013.17%207.41%208.59%206%2010l6%206%206-6z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;width:1rem;height:1rem;margin-left:auto;display:inline-block}@supports ((-webkit-mask:url()) or (mask:url())){.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=false] span:after{background:buttontext;-webkit-mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M16.59%208.59L12%2013.17%207.41%208.59%206%2010l6%206%206-6z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M16.59%208.59L12%2013.17%207.41%208.59%206%2010l6%206%206-6z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat}}.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=false] span:after{right:.75rem}.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=false]:hover span:after{background-color:#1a4480}}@media (min-width:64em) and (forced-colors:active){.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=false]:hover span:after{background-color:buttontext}}.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true] span:after{content:"";vertical-align:middle;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M19%2013H5v-2h14v2z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;margin-left:auto;display:inline-block}@supports ((-webkit-mask:url()) or (mask:url())){.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true] span:after{background:buttontext;-webkit-mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M19%2013H5v-2h14v2z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M19%2013H5v-2h14v2z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat}}.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true] span:after{position:absolute;right:0}@media (forced-colors:active){.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true] span:after{background-color:buttontext}}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true]{color:#fff;background-color:#162e51;background-image:none}}@media (min-width:64em) and (min-width:64em){.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true] span:after{content:"";vertical-align:middle;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M12%208l-6%206%201.41%201.41L12%2010.83l4.59%204.58L18%2014z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;width:1rem;height:1rem;margin-left:auto;display:inline-block}@supports ((-webkit-mask:url()) or (mask:url())){.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true] span:after{background:buttontext;-webkit-mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M12%208l-6%206%201.41%201.41L12%2010.83l4.59%204.58L18%2014z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M12%208l-6%206%201.41%201.41L12%2010.83l4.59%204.58L18%2014z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat}}.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true] span:after{background-color:#fff;right:.75rem}}@media (min-width:64em) and (min-width:64em) and (forced-colors:active){.usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true] span:after{background-color:buttontext}}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-nav__primary .usa-accordion__button span{margin-right:0;padding-right:1rem}}@media (max-width:63.99em){.usa-nav__submenu{margin:0;padding-left:0;list-style-type:none}.usa-nav__submenu>li{max-width:unset;margin-bottom:0}.usa-nav__submenu-item{border-top:1px solid #dfe1e2;font-size:.88rem}.usa-nav__submenu .usa-current:after{display:none}}@media (max-width:63.99em) and (min-width:40em){.usa-nav__submenu .usa-current:after{display:none}}@media (max-width:63.99em){.usa-nav__submenu a:not(.usa-button){padding-left:2rem}.usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu a:not(.usa-button){padding-left:3rem}.usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu a:not(.usa-button){padding-left:4rem}}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-nav__submenu{z-index:400;background-color:#162e51;width:15rem;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding:1rem;list-style-type:none;position:absolute}}.usa-nav__submenu[aria-hidden=true]{display:none}@media (min-width:64em){.usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item+*{margin-top:.75rem}.usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item a{color:#fff;padding:0;line-height:1.4}.usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item a:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#0000;padding:0;text-decoration:underline}}.usa-nav__submenu-list{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0;list-style-type:none}.usa-nav__submenu-list>li{max-width:unset;margin-bottom:0}.usa-search{font-family:Public Sans Web,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:1.38rem;line-height:1.8;position:relative}.usa-search:after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}.usa-search [role=search],.usa-search[role=search],.usa-search[role=search]>div{display:flex}.usa-search [type=submit]{border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;width:3rem;height:2rem;margin:0;padding:0}@media (min-width:30em){.usa-search [type=submit]{width:auto;padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}}@media (forced-colors:active){.usa-search [type=submit]{border:2px solid #0000}.usa-search [type=submit]:before{content:"";vertical-align:middle;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M15.5%2014h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41%2012.59%2016%2011.11%2016%209.5%2016%205.91%2013.09%203%209.5%203S3%205.91%203%209.5%205.91%2016%209.5%2016c1.61%200%203.09-.59%204.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5%204.99L20.49%2019l-4.99-5zm-6%200C7.01%2014%205%2011.99%205%209.5S7.01%205%209.5%205%2014%207.01%2014%209.5%2011.99%2014%209.5%2014z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;width:1.5rem;height:1.5rem;margin-right:auto;display:inline-block}@supports ((-webkit-mask:url()) or (mask:url())){.usa-search [type=submit]:before{background:buttontext;-webkit-mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M15.5%2014h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41%2012.59%2016%2011.11%2016%209.5%2016%205.91%2013.09%203%209.5%203S3%205.91%203%209.5%205.91%2016%209.5%2016c1.61%200%203.09-.59%204.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5%204.99L20.49%2019l-4.99-5zm-6%200C7.01%2014%205%2011.99%205%209.5S7.01%205%209.5%205%2014%207.01%2014%209.5%2011.99%2014%209.5%2014z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat;mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20height='24'%20viewBox='0%200%2024%2024'%20width='24'%3e%3cpath%20d='M0%200h24v24H0z'%20fill='none'/%3e%3cpath%20d='M15.5%2014h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41%2012.59%2016%2011.11%2016%209.5%2016%205.91%2013.09%203%209.5%203S3%205.91%203%209.5%205.91%2016%209.5%2016c1.61%200%203.09-.59%204.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5%204.99L20.49%2019l-4.99-5zm-6%200C7.01%2014%205%2011.99%205%209.5S7.01%205%209.5%205%2014%207.01%2014%209.5%2011.99%2014%209.5%2014z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") 50%/contain no-repeat}}}@media (forced-colors:active) and (min-width:30em){.usa-search [type=submit]:before{content:none}.usa-search--small [type=submit]:before{content:""}}.usa-search--small [type=submit]{min-width:3rem;padding-left:.75rem;padding-right:.75rem}input[type=search]{box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none}[type=search]{box-sizing:border-box;float:left;border-right:none;border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;height:2rem;margin:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-size:.94rem}[class*=font-mono-]{font-family:DM Mono,Bitstream Vera Sans Mono,Consolas,Courier,monospace}[class*=font-sans-]{font-family:Public Sans Web,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol}.flex-align-start{align-items:flex-start}.flex-align-end{align-items:flex-end}.flex-align-center{align-items:center}.bg-transparent{background-color:#0000}.bg-white{background-color:#fff}.bg-base-lightest{background-color:#f0f0f0}.border-top-1px{border-top:1px solid}.border-bottom-1px{border-bottom:1px solid}.border-left-1px{border-left:1px solid}.border-top-2px{border-top:2px solid}.border-0{border:0 solid}.border-top-0{border-top:0 solid}.border{border:1px solid}.border-top{border-top:1px solid}.border-bottom{border-bottom:1px solid}.border-white{border-color:#fff}.border-base-lightest{border-color:#f0f0f0}.border-base-lighter{border-color:#dfe1e2}.radius-pill{border-radius:99rem}.border-width-1px{border-width:1px}.bottom-0{bottom:0}.shadow-4{box-shadow:0 .75rem 1.5rem #0000001a}.circle-4{border-radius:50%;width:2rem;height:2rem}.circle-6{border-radius:50%;width:3rem;height:3rem}.circle-10{border-radius:50%;width:5rem;height:5rem}.circle-card{border-radius:50%;width:10rem;height:10rem}.text-white{color:#fff}.cursor-pointer{cursor:pointer}.display-block{display:block}.display-flex{display:flex}.display-none{display:none}.display-inline{display:inline}.display-inline-block{display:inline-block}.display-inline-flex{display:inline-flex}.flex-1{flex:1}.flex-11{flex:11}.flex-row{flex-direction:row}.flex-column{flex-direction:column}.float-none{float:none}.font-mono-2xl{font-size:4.97rem}.font-sans-xs{font-size:.94rem}.text-bold{font-weight:700}.height-9{height:4.5rem}.height-0{height:0}.height-auto{height:auto}.height-full{height:100%}.height-viewport{height:100vh}.flex-justify-center{justify-content:center}.flex-justify-start{justify-content:flex-start}.flex-justify-end{justify-content:flex-end}.left-0{left:0}.line-height-heading-1,.line-height-alt-1{line-height:1}.margin-0{margin:0}.margin-y-1{margin-bottom:.5rem}.margin-top-1,.margin-y-1{margin-top:.5rem}.margin-bottom-1{margin-bottom:.5rem}.margin-top-2{margin-top:1rem}.margin-bottom-2{margin-bottom:1rem}.margin-y-3{margin-bottom:1.5rem}.margin-top-3,.margin-y-3{margin-top:1.5rem}.margin-bottom-3{margin-bottom:1.5rem}.margin-y-4{margin-bottom:2rem}.margin-top-4,.margin-y-4{margin-top:2rem}.margin-bottom-4{margin-bottom:2rem}.margin-y-5{margin-bottom:2.5rem}.margin-top-5,.margin-y-5{margin-top:2.5rem}.margin-bottom-5{margin-bottom:2.5rem}.margin-top-6{margin-top:3rem}.margin-bottom-6{margin-bottom:3rem}.margin-bottom-7{margin-bottom:3.5rem}.margin-bottom-10{margin-bottom:5rem}.margin-y-0{margin-bottom:0}.margin-top-0,.margin-y-0{margin-top:0}.margin-bottom-0{margin-bottom:0}.margin-top-auto{margin-top:auto}.margin-bottom-auto{margin-bottom:auto}.margin-right-1{margin-right:.5rem}.margin-left-1{margin-left:.5rem}.margin-x-2{margin-left:1rem}.margin-right-2,.margin-x-2{margin-right:1rem}.margin-left-2{margin-left:1rem}.margin-right-3{margin-right:1.5rem}.margin-right-neg-5{margin-right:-2.5rem}.margin-x-0{margin-left:0}.margin-right-0,.margin-x-0{margin-right:0}.margin-left-0{margin-left:0}.margin-x-auto{margin-left:auto}.margin-right-auto,.margin-x-auto{margin-right:auto}.margin-left-auto{margin-left:auto}.maxh-10{max-height:5rem}.maxh-tablet{max-height:40rem}.maxw-6{max-width:3rem}.maxw-card{max-width:10rem}.maxw-mobile{max-width:20rem}.maxw-mobile-lg{max-width:30rem}.maxw-tablet{max-width:40rem}.maxw-desktop-lg{max-width:75rem}.maxw-widescreen{max-width:87.5rem}.maxw-full{max-width:100%}.minh-4{min-height:2rem}.minh-10{min-height:5rem}.minh-15{min-height:7.5rem}.minh-mobile{min-height:20rem}.minh-tablet{min-height:40rem}.minh-tablet-lg{min-height:55rem}.minw-4{min-width:2rem}.minw-10{min-width:5rem}.opacity-0{opacity:0}.opacity-20{opacity:.2}.opacity-100{opacity:1}.order-last{order:999}.outline-0{outline:0 solid}.outline-05{outline:.25rem solid}.outline-transparent{outline-color:#0000}.outline-blue{outline-color:#0076d6}.overflow-hidden{overflow:hidden}.padding-top-1px{padding-top:1px}.padding-y-05{padding-top:.25rem;padding-bottom:.25rem}.padding-top-05{padding-top:.25rem}.padding-bottom-05{padding-bottom:.25rem}.padding-1{padding:.5rem}.padding-y-1{padding-top:.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem}.padding-top-1{padding-top:.5rem}.padding-right-1{padding-right:.5rem}.padding-bottom-1{padding-bottom:.5rem}.padding-left-1{padding-left:.5rem}.padding-right-105{padding-right:.75rem}.padding-left-105{padding-left:.75rem}.padding-2{padding:1rem}.padding-y-2{padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem}.padding-x-2{padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}.padding-top-2{padding-top:1rem}.padding-right-2{padding-right:1rem}.padding-bottom-2{padding-bottom:1rem}.padding-left-2{padding-left:1rem}.padding-3{padding:1.5rem}.padding-y-3{padding-top:1.5rem;padding-bottom:1.5rem}.padding-x-3{padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem}.padding-top-3{padding-top:1.5rem}.padding-right-3{padding-right:1.5rem}.padding-bottom-3{padding-bottom:1.5rem}.padding-left-3{padding-left:1.5rem}.padding-4{padding:2rem}.padding-y-4{padding-top:2rem;padding-bottom:2rem}.padding-x-4{padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}.padding-top-4{padding-top:2rem}.padding-right-4{padding-right:2rem}.padding-bottom-4{padding-bottom:2rem}.padding-left-4{padding-left:2rem}.padding-y-5{padding-top:2.5rem;padding-bottom:2.5rem}.padding-top-5{padding-top:2.5rem}.padding-right-5{padding-right:2.5rem}.padding-bottom-5{padding-bottom:2.5rem}.padding-left-5{padding-left:2.5rem}.padding-y-6{padding-top:3rem;padding-bottom:3rem}.padding-top-6{padding-top:3rem}.padding-right-6{padding-right:3rem}.padding-y-7{padding-top:3.5rem;padding-bottom:3.5rem}.padding-left-7{padding-left:3.5rem}.padding-y-8{padding-top:4rem;padding-bottom:4rem}.padding-top-8{padding-top:4rem}.padding-bottom-8{padding-bottom:4rem}.padding-y-9{padding-top:4.5rem;padding-bottom:4.5rem}.padding-top-9{padding-top:4.5rem}.padding-bottom-9{padding-bottom:4.5rem}.padding-y-10{padding-top:5rem;padding-bottom:5rem}.padding-top-10{padding-top:5rem}.padding-right-10{padding-right:5rem}.padding-0{padding:0}.padding-y-0{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}.padding-x-0{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.padding-top-0{padding-top:0}.padding-right-0{padding-right:0}.padding-bottom-0{padding-bottom:0}.padding-left-0{padding-left:0}.position-absolute{position:absolute}.position-fixed{position:fixed}.position-relative{position:relative}.right-0{right:0}.square-2{width:1rem;height:1rem}.square-3{width:1.5rem;height:1.5rem}.square-4{width:2rem;height:2rem}.square-10{width:5rem;height:5rem}.text-center{text-align:center}.text-left{text-align:left}.text-no-underline{text-decoration:none}.text-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase}.top-0{top:0}.width-2px{width:2px}.width-8{width:4rem}.width-10{width:5rem}.width-card-lg{width:15rem}.width-mobile{width:20rem}.width-mobile-lg{width:30rem}.width-full{width:100%}.width-auto{width:auto}.z-top{z-index:99999}.z-100{z-index:100}.z-200{z-index:200}.z-300{z-index:300}.z-400{z-index:400}@media (min-width:30em){.mobile-lg\:margin-top-0{margin-top:0}}@media (min-width:40em){.tablet\:border-right-1px{border-right:1px solid}.tablet\:display-block{display:block}.tablet\:display-flex{display:flex}.tablet\:display-none{display:none}.tablet\:margin-bottom-2{margin-bottom:1rem}.tablet\:margin-bottom-3{margin-bottom:1.5rem}.tablet\:margin-bottom-0{margin-bottom:0}.tablet\:margin-left-2{margin-left:1rem}.tablet\:margin-right-neg-5{margin-right:-2.5rem}.tablet\:margin-right-0{margin-right:0}.tablet\:order-first{order:-1}.tablet\:order-last{order:999}.tablet\:order-1{order:1}.tablet\:order-2{order:2}.tablet\:padding-x-05{padding-left:.25rem;padding-right:.25rem}.tablet\:padding-right-2{padding-right:1rem}.tablet\:padding-y-3{padding-top:1.5rem;padding-bottom:1.5rem}.tablet\:padding-x-3{padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem}.tablet\:padding-right-3{padding-right:1.5rem}.tablet\:padding-left-3{padding-left:1.5rem}.tablet\:padding-left-7{padding-left:3.5rem}.tablet\:padding-bottom-10{padding-bottom:5rem}.tablet\:padding-right-0{padding-right:0}.tablet\:padding-left-0{padding-left:0}.tablet\:width-card{width:10rem}}@media (min-width:64em){.desktop\:display-block{display:block}.desktop\:display-flex{display:flex}.desktop\:display-none{display:none}.desktop\:flex-justify-end{justify-content:flex-end}.desktop\:margin-bottom-2{margin-bottom:1rem}.desktop\:margin-bottom-3{margin-bottom:1.5rem}.desktop\:margin-top-neg-6{margin-top:-3rem}.desktop\:margin-bottom-4{margin-bottom:2rem}.desktop\:margin-bottom-5{margin-bottom:2.5rem}.desktop\:margin-y-6{margin-top:3rem;margin-bottom:3rem}.desktop\:margin-bottom-6{margin-bottom:3rem}.desktop\:margin-bottom-10{margin-bottom:5rem}.desktop\:margin-top-0{margin-top:0}.desktop\:margin-bottom-0{margin-bottom:0}.desktop\:margin-right-1{margin-right:.5rem}.desktop\:margin-left-1{margin-left:.5rem}.desktop\:margin-left-2{margin-left:1rem}.desktop\:margin-right-neg-5{margin-right:-2.5rem}.desktop\:margin-right-5{margin-right:2.5rem}.desktop\:margin-left-5{margin-left:2.5rem}.desktop\:margin-right-0{margin-right:0}.desktop\:margin-left-0{margin-left:0}.desktop\:margin-left-auto{margin-left:auto}.desktop\:padding-top-1{padding-top:.5rem}.desktop\:padding-left-105{padding-left:.75rem}.desktop\:padding-x-2{padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}.desktop\:padding-right-2{padding-right:1rem}.desktop\:padding-left-2{padding-left:1rem}.desktop\:padding-3{padding:1.5rem}.desktop\:padding-right-3{padding-right:1.5rem}.desktop\:padding-left-3{padding-left:1.5rem}.desktop\:padding-y-4{padding-top:2rem;padding-bottom:2rem}.desktop\:padding-x-4{padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}.desktop\:padding-top-4{padding-top:2rem}.desktop\:padding-right-4{padding-right:2rem}.desktop\:padding-bottom-4{padding-bottom:2rem}.desktop\:padding-left-4{padding-left:2rem}.desktop\:padding-top-5{padding-top:2.5rem}.desktop\:padding-right-5{padding-right:2.5rem}.desktop\:padding-bottom-5{padding-bottom:2.5rem}.desktop\:padding-left-5{padding-left:2.5rem}.desktop\:padding-y-6{padding-top:3rem;padding-bottom:3rem}.desktop\:padding-right-6{padding-right:3rem}.desktop\:padding-left-6{padding-left:3rem}.desktop\:padding-y-7{padding-top:3.5rem;padding-bottom:3.5rem}.desktop\:padding-top-7{padding-top:3.5rem}.desktop\:padding-bottom-7{padding-bottom:3.5rem}.desktop\:padding-y-8{padding-top:4rem;padding-bottom:4rem}.desktop\:padding-top-8{padding-top:4rem}.desktop\:padding-y-9{padding-top:4.5rem;padding-bottom:4.5rem}.desktop\:padding-right-9{padding-right:4.5rem}.desktop\:padding-bottom-9{padding-bottom:4.5rem}.desktop\:padding-left-9{padding-left:4.5rem}.desktop\:padding-top-10{padding-top:5rem}.desktop\:padding-right-10{padding-right:5rem}.desktop\:padding-left-10{padding-left:5rem}.desktop\:padding-bottom-15{padding-bottom:7.5rem}.desktop\:padding-0{padding:0}.desktop\:padding-top-0{padding-top:0}.desktop\:padding-right-0{padding-right:0}.desktop\:padding-bottom-0{padding-bottom:0}.desktop\:padding-left-0{padding-left:0}.desktop\:width-card-lg{width:15rem}}@media (min-width:75em){.desktop-lg\:margin-left-10{margin-left:5rem}}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:200;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa2JL7SUc.CBYe6022.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+460-52F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:200;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa0ZL7SUc.DHeaknKs.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+301,U+400-45F,U+490-491,U+4B0-4B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:200;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa2ZL7SUc.vpOIeGzY.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+1F??}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:200;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa1pL7SUc.RGdUHdk5.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+370-3FF}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:200;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa2pL7SUc.CZXuW_xV.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+102-103,U+110-111,U+128-129,U+168-169,U+1A0-1A1,U+1AF-1B0,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:200;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa25L7SUc.Wjt_kzju.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+100-24F,U+259,U+1E??,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:200;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa1ZL7.DwMxL0mc.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+??,U+131,U+152-153,U+2BB-2BC,U+2C6,U+2DA,U+2DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcCO3FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMw2boKoduKmMEVuLyfAZJhiI2B.CFvBWp3v.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+460-52F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcCO3FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMw2boKoduKmMEVuLyfAZthiI2B.Q-C3FR23.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+301,U+400-45F,U+490-491,U+4B0-4B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcCO3FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMw2boKoduKmMEVuLyfAZNhiI2B.5_LfLZIP.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+1F??}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcCO3FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMw2boKoduKmMEVuLyfAZxhiI2B.BhkgBvw-.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+370-3FF}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(data:font/woff2;base64,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)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+102-103,U+110-111,U+128-129,U+168-169,U+1A0-1A1,U+1AF-1B0,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcCO3FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMw2boKoduKmMEVuLyfAZFhiI2B.D3hQhSwC.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+100-24F,U+259,U+1E??,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcCO3FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMw2boKoduKmMEVuLyfAZ9hiA.YtgfLPRn.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+??,U+131,U+152-153,U+2BB-2BC,U+2C6,U+2DA,U+2DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa2JL7SUc.CBYe6022.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+460-52F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa0ZL7SUc.DHeaknKs.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+301,U+400-45F,U+490-491,U+4B0-4B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa2ZL7SUc.vpOIeGzY.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+1F??}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa1pL7SUc.RGdUHdk5.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+370-3FF}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa2pL7SUc.CZXuW_xV.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+102-103,U+110-111,U+128-129,U+168-169,U+1A0-1A1,U+1AF-1B0,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa25L7SUc.Wjt_kzju.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+100-24F,U+259,U+1E??,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa1ZL7.DwMxL0mc.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+??,U+131,U+152-153,U+2BB-2BC,U+2C6,U+2DA,U+2DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:dm-mono;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/aFTU7PB1QTsUX8KYthSQBLyM.c68TkzUT.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+100-24F,U+259,U+1E??,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:dm-mono;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/_nuxt/aFTU7PB1QTsUX8KYthqQBA.CHo0K5QI.woff2)format("woff2");unicode-range:U+??,U+131,U+152-153,U+2BB-2BC,U+2C6,U+2DA,U+2DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;scroll-behavior:smooth;line-height:1.15;background-color:#000!important}a{text-decoration:none}p{padding:0;font-size:1rem}img{height:auto}.usa-logo{font-family:inter,sans-serif;font-weight:700}button.usa-accordion__button.usa-nav__link{font-weight:400}.button-primary,.font-weight-bold,.hds-tab-nav-item,.usa-button--secondary,a{font-family:inter}.entry-content>h1,.entry-content>h2,.entry-content>h3,.entry-content>h4{margin:0 auto .25em}.entry-content>p{margin:0 auto .5em}.entry-content>:first-child:not(.hds-module){margin-top:3.5rem}.entry-content>:last-child:not(.hds-module){margin-bottom:3.5rem}.entry-content>.hds-module+:not(.hds-module),.entry-content>:not(.hds-module)+.hds-module{margin-top:2rem}body,p{font-family:Public Sans Web,sans-serif}h1,h2,h3,h4{font-family:inter,sans-serif;line-height:.95em}.page-heading-lg,h1.page-heading-lg{font-size:6.25rem}.page-heading-md,h1.page-heading-md{font-size:5rem}@media (max-width:576px){.page-heading-lg,h1.page-heading-lg{font-size:3.75rem}.page-heading-md,h1.page-heading-md{font-size:3rem}}.section-heading-md,h2,h2.section-heading-md{font-size:3rem}.section-heading-sm,h2.section-heading-sm{font-size:2.5rem}@media (max-width:576px){.section-heading-md,h2.section-heading-md{font-size:2.1rem}.section-heading-sm,h2.section-heading-sm{font-size:1.5rem}}.subtitle,.subtitle-md,h3.subtitle-md{font-size:1.2rem}.subtitle-sm,h3.subtitle-sm{font-size:1rem}@media (max-width:576px){.subtitle,.subtitle-md,h3.subtitle-md{font-size:1.2rem}.subtitle-sm,h3.subtitle-sm{font-size:.9rem}}.p-lg,p.p-lg{font-size:1.1rem;line-height:1.65em}.p-md,.p-sm,body p,p.p-md,p.p-sm{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.65em}.p-sm,p.p-sm{font-size:.875rem}@media (max-width:576px){.p-lg,p.p-lg{font-size:1rem}.p-md,body p,p.p-md{font-size:.9rem}.p-sm,p.p-sm{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.65em}}body .label,body h1.label,body h2.label,body h3.label,body h4.label{letter-spacing:3.5px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:dm-mono;font-size:.7rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:1em}.label-inter{color:#58585b;letter-spacing:.25px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:inter,sans-serif;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:19px}.font-weight-extrabold,.font-weight-extrabold *,.font-weight-extrabold div,.font-weight-extrabold h1,.font-weight-extrabold h2,.font-weight-extrabold h3,.font-weight-extrabold h4,.font-weight-extrabold p,h1.font-weight-extrabold,h2.font-weight-extrabold,h3.font-weight-extrabold,h4.font-weight-extrabold,p.font-weight-extrabold{font-weight:800}.font-weight-bold,.font-weight-bold *,.font-weight-bold div,.font-weight-bold h1,.font-weight-bold h2,.font-weight-bold h3,.font-weight-bold h4,.font-weight-bold p,h1.font-weight-bold,h2.font-weight-bold,h3.font-weight-bold,h4.font-weight-bold,p.font-weight-bold{font-weight:700}.font-weight-regular,.font-weight-regular *,.font-weight-regular div,.font-weight-regular h1,.font-weight-regular h2,.font-weight-regular h3,.font-weight-regular h4,.font-weight-regular p,h1.font-weight-regular,h2.font-weight-regular,h3.font-weight-regular,h4.font-weight-regular,p.font-weight-regular{font-weight:400}.font-weight-light,.font-weight-light *,.font-weight-light div,.font-weight-light h1,.font-weight-light h2,.font-weight-light h3,.font-weight-light h4,.font-weight-light p,h1.font-weight-light,h2.font-weight-light,h3.font-weight-light,h4.font-weight-light,p.font-weight-light{font-weight:300}.font-weight-extralight,.font-weight-extralight *,.font-weight-extralight div,.font-weight-extralight h1,.font-weight-extralight h2,.font-weight-extralight h3,.font-weight-extralight h4,.font-weight-extralight p,h1.font-weight-extralight,h2.font-weight-extralight,h3.font-weight-extralight,h4.font-weight-extralight,p.font-weight-extralight{font-weight:200}.line-height-sm,.line-height-sm *,.line-height-sm div,.line-height-sm h1,.line-height-sm h2,.line-height-sm h3,.line-height-sm h4,.line-height-sm p,h1.line-height-sm,h2.line-height-sm,h3.line-height-sm,h4.line-height-sm,p.line-height-sm{line-height:1}.line-height-md,.line-height-md *,.line-height-md div,.line-height-md h1,.line-height-md h2,.line-height-md h3,.line-height-md h4,.line-height-md p,h1.line-height-md,h2.line-height-md,h3.line-height-md,h4.line-height-md,p.line-height-md{line-height:1.25}.line-height-lg,.line-height-lg *,.line-height-lg div,.line-height-lg h1,.line-height-lg h2,.line-height-lg h3,.line-height-lg h4,.line-height-lg p,h1.line-height-lg,h2.line-height-lg,h3.line-height-lg,h4.line-height-lg,p.line-height-lg{line-height:1.5em}.font-dm-mono{font-family:dm-mono}.skrim-overlay-dark .label,.skrim-overlay-dark label{color:#fff}#primary .button-primary{border:0;align-items:center;line-height:1em;display:inline-flex;background:0 0!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important}.button-primary a,.button-primary span{line-height:1em}#primary .button-primary:hover{background:0 0;border:0}.button-primary,.button-primary .button-primary-circle,.button-primary span{transition:all .2s}.button-primary span{width:calc(100% - 1.2rem)}.button-primary svg{width:1.2rem;height:1.2rem}.button-primary.button-primary-lg,.button-primary.button-primary-lg span{font-size:1.75rem}.button-primary.button-primary-lg span{margin-right:.5em}.button-primary,.button-primary span,.button-primary.button-primary-md,.button-primary.button-primary-md span{font-size:1.4rem;font-weight:700}.button-primary span,.button-primary.button-primary-md span{margin-right:.4em}.button-primary.button-primary-sm,.button-primary.button-primary-sm span{font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none}.button-primary.button-primary-sm span{margin-right:.3em}.button-primary,.button-primary.button-light span{color:#fff}.button-primary span{color:#000}.button-primary .button-primary-circle{fill:#f64137}.button-primary:hover .button-primary-circle{fill:#b60109}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.usa-button{font-size:1.18rem}}.usa-button.button-link{background:0 0;border-bottom:1px dashed #b9b9bb;border-radius:0;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400}.width-fit-content{width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content}.stat-number{font-size:4.5rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:200}@media (max-width:576px){.stat-number{font-size:2.25rem}.stat-value{font-size:.9rem}}.subheading,h1.subheading,h2.subheading,h3.subheading,h4.subheading{letter-spacing:3.5px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:180%}.background-cover,.skrim-overlay{background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover}.skrim-overlay{background-repeat:repeat;width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.color-mode-dark .skrim-overlay,.color-mode-dark>.skrim-overlay,.skrim-overlay{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr="#d4000000",endColorstr="#00000000",GradientType=1);background:linear-gradient(65.99deg,#000 0,#0000 99.04%)}.color-mode-light .skrim-overlay,.color-mode-light>.skrim-overlay{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr="#ffffff",endColorstr="#00ffffff",GradientType=1);background:linear-gradient(45deg,#fff 25%,#fffffffa 26%,#ffffff0f 75%,#fff0 78%)}.grid-container-block-lg{max-width:100rem}@media screen and (min-width:800px){body.fixed #page:before{display:none!important}}body .thumbnail{z-index:2;background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;width:100%;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.usa-article-content .entry-content>h2{margin-bottom:8px;padding-top:2rem;font-size:1.8rem}.usa-article-content h3{margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:8px}.article-header,.usa-article-content .entry-content>:not(.nasa-block-align-wide){max-width:712px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.usa-article-content p{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;padding:0}.usa-list__article-content li{width:100%}.usa-list__article-content li a{word-wrap:break-word;color:#000;padding-top:.1rem;padding-bottom:.1rem;line-height:1.4rem;display:block}.usa-list__article-content li:hover{cursor:pointer;border-left:4px solid #1c67e3!important}.usa-list__article-content li>a:hover{color:#000}.article-color-mode-dark .usa-list__article-content li a,.article-color-mode-dark .usa-list__article-content li>a:hover,.color-mode-dark ul.article-tags .article-tag a{color:#fff}@media screen and (min-width:800px){.usa-article__scroll{height:-moz-fit-content;height:fit-content;position:-webkit-sticky;top:80px;position:sticky!important}}.usa-article-scroll-wrapper{height:calc(100% - 200px)}.social-icons{display:flex}.social-icons a,.social-icons.social-icons-round{border-radius:50%}.social-icons a{background-color:#2e2e32;justify-content:center;width:32px;height:32px;margin:0 10px 0 0}.social-icons .social-icon.social-icon-twitter a,.social-icons .social-icon.social-icon-x a{background-color:#4fb4db}.social-icons .social-icon.social-icon-facebook a{background-color:#5d77ac}.social-icons .social-icon.social-icon-linkedin a{background-color:#318cbc}.social-icons .social-icon.social-icon-share a{background-color:#1c67e3}.social-icons .social-icon.social-icon-rss a{background-color:#f26522}.social-icons.social-icons-monochrome .social-icon a{background-color:#000!important}.color-mode-dark .social-icons.social-icons-monochrome .social-icon a{background-color:#fff!important}.color-mode-dark .social-icons.social-icons-monochrome .social-icon a svg{fill:#000!important}.social-icons,ul.article-tags{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}ul.article-tags .article-tag{margin-bottom:7px;margin-right:7px;display:inline-block}ul.article-tags .article-tag a{color:#58585b;border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-radius:1px;padding:5px 10px;font-size:.9em;line-height:1em;text-decoration:none;display:block}.social-icons a{align-items:center;display:flex}.hds-carousel-wrapper{position:relative}.mission-status-icon{border-radius:50%;width:.8em;height:.8em}.tag-mission{align-items:center;display:flex}.mission-status-icon{margin-right:10px}.border-top-light-opaque{border-color:#ffffff4d!important}.article-color-mode-dark #primary{background-color:#17171b}.article-color-mode-dark .article-meta-item,.article-color-mode-dark .article-meta-item h3,.article-color-mode-dark .article-meta-item label,.article-color-mode-dark .article-meta-item span,.article-color-mode-dark .entry-content .section-heading-sm,.article-color-mode-dark .entry-content p,.article-color-mode-dark .entry-content p a,.article-color-mode-dark .usa-article-content h3,.article-color-mode-dark .wp-block-nasa-blocks-blockquote .blockquote-credit-name,.article-color-mode-dark ul.article-tags .article-tag a{color:#fff}body.article-color-mode-dark{background-color:#17171b}.hds-embed-container embed,.hds-embed-container iframe,.hds-embed-container object{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}svg.hds-video-play-button{pointer-events:none}.hds-media-align-inline{max-width:840px}.hds-media-align-wide{max-width:1100px}.hds-media-align-full{max-width:100%}.hds-media-align-full .hds-media-caption{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}.hds-video-play-button{z-index:999;width:70px;height:70px;transition:all .4s;position:absolute;top:calc(50% - 35px);left:calc(50% - 35px)}.hds-video-play-button:hover{cursor:pointer;transform:scale(1.1)}.hds-video-container{cursor:pointer}.hds-embed-container{max-width:100%;height:auto;padding-bottom:56.25%;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.ratio-1x1{position:relative}.ratio-1x1:after{content:"";padding-bottom:100%;display:block}.gallery-preview-item{flex:1;overflow:hidden}.gallery-preview-item img{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;width:100%;height:100%}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.gallery-preview-item{height:7.5rem}}.gallery-preview-item .hds-video-icon{fill:#fff;z-index:999;width:30px;height:30px;position:absolute;top:20px;left:20px}.hds-subscription input[type=email]{color:#fff;background-color:#000000ad;border:1px solid #d1d1d1;border-radius:2px;width:100%;max-width:313px;padding:14px 16px;font-size:14px}.hds-subscription input[type=email]::placeholder{color:#d1d1d1}.link-underline-dashed,body div.link-underline-dashed,body p.link-underline-dashed{color:#000;border-bottom:1px dashed #f6f6f6;line-height:1.3em}.link-underline-dashed-light,body div.link-underline-dashed-light,body p.link-underline-dashed-light{color:#f6f6f6;border-bottom:1px dashed #b9b9bb;line-height:1.3em}.hds-foreground-wrapper{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.display-120,.display-48,.display-60,.display-72,.heading-12,.heading-14,.heading-16,.heading-18,.heading-22,.heading-29,.heading-36{font-weight:700;line-height:1.05em}.display-120,h1.display-120,h3.display-120,h4.display-120,p.display-120{font-size:7.5rem}.display-72,h1.display-72,h3.display-72,h4.display-72,p.display-72{font-size:4.5rem}.display-60,h1.display-60,h3.display-60,h4.display-60,p.display-60{font-size:3.75rem}.display-48,h1.display-48,h3.display-48,h4.display-48,p.display-48{font-size:3rem}.display-41,h1.display-41,h3.display-41,h4.display-41,p.display-41{font-size:2.562rem}.heading-36,h1.heading-36,h2.heading-36,h3.heading-36,h4.heading-36,p.heading-36{font-size:2.25rem}.heading-29,h1.heading-29,h2.heading-29,h3.heading-29,h4.heading-29,p.heading-29{font-size:1.813rem}.heading-22,h1.heading-22,h2.heading-22,h3.heading-22,h4.heading-22,p.heading-22{font-size:1.375rem}.heading-18,h1.heading-18,h2.heading-18,h3.heading-18,h4.heading-18,p.heading-18{font-size:1.125rem}.heading-16,h1.heading-16,h2.heading-16,h3.heading-16,h4.heading-16,p.heading-16{font-size:1rem}.heading-14,h1.heading-14,h2.heading-14,h3.heading-14,h4.heading-14,p.heading-14{font-size:.875rem}.heading-12,h1.heading-12,h2.heading-12,h3.heading-12,h4.heading-12,p.heading-12{font-size:.75rem}@media (max-width:992px){.display-120,h1.display-120,h3.display-120,h4.display-120,p.display-120{font-size:5rem}.display-72,h1.display-72,h3.display-72,h4.display-72,p.display-72{font-size:3rem}.display-60,h1.display-60,h3.display-60,h4.display-60,p.display-60{font-size:2.25rem}.display-41,.display-48,h1.display-41,h1.display-48,h3.display-41,h3.display-48,h4.display-41,h4.display-48,p.display-41,p.display-48{font-size:1.813rem}.heading-48,h1.heading-48,h2.heading-48,h3.heading-48,h4.heading-48{font-size:2.8rem}.heading-36,h1.heading-36,h2.heading-36,h3.heading-36,h4.heading-36,p.heading-36{font-size:1.813rem}.heading-29,h1.heading-29,h2.heading-29,h3.heading-29,h4.heading-29,p.heading-29{font-size:1.375rem}.heading-22,h1.heading-22,h2.heading-22,h3.heading-22,h4.heading-22,p.heading-22{font-size:1.125rem}.heading-18,h1.heading-18,h2.heading-18,h3.heading-18,h4.heading-18,p.heading-18{font-size:1rem}.heading-16,h1.heading-16,h2.heading-16,h3.heading-16,h4.heading-16,p.heading-16{font-size:.875rem}.heading-12,.heading-14,h1.heading-12,h1.heading-14,h2.heading-12,h2.heading-14,h3.heading-12,h3.heading-14,h4.heading-12,h4.heading-14,p.heading-12,p.heading-14{font-size:.75rem}}@media (max-width:576px){.display-120,h1.display-120,h3.display-120,h4.display-120,p.display-120,.display-72,h1.display-72,h3.display-72,h4.display-72,p.display-72{font-size:3rem}.display-60,h1.display-60,h3.display-60,h4.display-60,p.display-60{font-size:2.25rem}.display-41,.display-48,h1.display-41,h1.display-48,h3.display-41,h3.display-48,h4.display-41,h4.display-48,p.display-41,p.display-48{font-size:1.813rem}.heading-48,h1.heading-48,h2.heading-48,h3.heading-48,h4.heading-48{font-size:2.25rem}.heading-36,h1.heading-36,h2.heading-36,h3.heading-36,h4.heading-36,p.heading-36{font-size:1.813rem}.heading-29,h1.heading-29,h2.heading-29,h3.heading-29,h4.heading-29,p.heading-29{font-size:1.375rem}.heading-22,h1.heading-22,h2.heading-22,h3.heading-22,h4.heading-22,p.heading-22{font-size:1.125rem}.heading-18,h1.heading-18,h2.heading-18,h3.heading-18,h4.heading-18,p.heading-18{font-size:1rem}.heading-16,h1.heading-16,h2.heading-16,h3.heading-16,h4.heading-16,p.heading-16{font-size:.875rem}.heading-12,.heading-14,h1.heading-12,h1.heading-14,h2.heading-12,h2.heading-14,h3.heading-12,h3.heading-14,h4.heading-12,h4.heading-14,p.heading-12,p.heading-14{font-size:.75rem}}p:empty{display:none}.hds-meta-heading{color:#000;margin-bottom:4px}.article-color-mode-dark .hds-meta-heading,.hds-color-mode-dark li.usa-breadcrumb__list-item,.hds-fifty-fifty-item-image-wrapper div,.single.article-color-mode-dark .hds-meta-heading{color:#fff}a.hds-meta-heading,a>.hds-meta-heading{border-bottom:1px dashed #58585b}body.article-color-mode-dark .label,body.article-color-mode-dark h1:not(.wp-block-post-title),body.article-color-mode-dark h2,body.article-color-mode-dark h3,body.article-color-mode-dark h4{color:#fff}body.article-color-mode-dark .article-meta-item,body.article-color-mode-dark .article-meta-item.border-bottom{border-color:#2e2e32}body.article-color-mode-dark .border-left-1px,body.article-color-mode-dark .border-top-1px{border-color:#58585b}body.article-color-mode-dark .article-meta-item span{color:#959599}body.article-color-mode-dark .article-meta-item svg{fill:#959599}.single-post .article-meta-item .hds-meta-subheading,body.article-color-mode-dark .article-meta-item .hds-meta-subheading{color:#959599!important}.article-color-mode-dark .related-article-label span,.article-color-mode-dark .related-article-label svg{fill:#fff;color:#fff}body.single-post .border-bottom{border-color:#d1d1d1}.single-post .border-top-1px{border-color:#2e2e32}.single-post .article-meta-item span{color:#58585b}.single-post .article-meta-item svg{fill:#58585b}.wp-block-embed.is-type-video{width:100%;max-width:85rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.entry-content .wp-block-embed.is-type-video>.wp-block-embed__wrapper{width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;padding-bottom:56.25%;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.entry-content .wp-block-embed.is-type-video>.wp-block-embed__wrapper>iframe,.hds-media-wrapper .hds-media-ratio-cover img{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.nasa-gb-align-full{z-index:300}.hds-secondary-navigation-breadcrumbs li.usa-breadcrumb__list-item.usa-current{margin-top:.13rem;display:inline-flex}.hds-caption,.hds-caption-text{text-align:left;width:100%;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.25rem;display:block}.hds-caption.hds-media-caption{margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:1em}.hds-caption-text{color:#58585b}.hds-tags li:hover a{color:#000}.color-mode-dark .hds-caption,.color-mode-dark .hds-caption-text,.color-mode-dark .hds-credits,.hds-tags.hds-tags-dark li:hover a{color:#fff}.hds-media-inner{width:100%;margin:0;font-size:0;line-height:1em}.hds-cover-wrapper,.hds-media-wrapper .hds-media-ratio-cover{width:100%;display:block;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.hds-media-wrapper .hds-media-ratio-cover:after{content:"";padding-bottom:56.25%;display:block;position:relative}.hds-media-wrapper .hds-media-ratio-cover img{transition:all .4s}.hds-credits{text-align:left;color:#000;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.25rem}.hds-media-ratio-fit img{-o-object-fit:none;object-fit:none;width:100%;height:auto;position:relative}.hds-media-background,.hds-media-background img,.hds-media-inner.hds-cover-wrapper>video{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.hds-video-background{width:100%}.parallax-default img{position:relative}.parallax-default{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;opacity:0;top:0;left:0}.hds-media-background img,.hds-media-background video,.hds-media-inner img,.hds-media-inner video{transition:all .4s}.parallax-default{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute}.entry-content>:not(.hds-module),.nasa-button-link{max-width:52.5rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.entry-content>p{padding:0}@media screen and (max-width:850px){.entry-content>:not(.hds-module){padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem}.entry-content>ul:not(.hds-module),.nasa-button-link{padding-left:3rem;padding-right:3rem}}.simpleParallax{width:100%;height:100%;display:flex;position:absolute}.hds-media .nasa-block-align-inline{max-width:840px}.hds-media .nasa-block-align-full{max-width:100%}.hds-media .nasa-block-align-full figcaption{padding-left:40px;padding-right:40px}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.hds-media .nasa-block-align-full figcaption{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}}.hds-media .nasa-block-align-wide{max-width:1100px}.hds-media .hds-media-inner{width:100%;height:100%;display:flex;overflow:hidden}html:not(.wp-toolbar){scrollbar-gutter:stable;overflow-y:unset}.hds-tags{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.hds-tab-nav li,.hds-tags li,.hds-tags li a{font-size:.825rem;display:inline-block}.hds-tags li{color:#b9b9bb;border:1px solid #58585b;border-radius:.25rem;margin:0 .5rem .5rem 0;padding:0;transition:all .2s}.hds-tab-nav li.hds-tab-active span,.hds-tags li:hover{border-color:#000}.hds-tags.hds-tags-dark li:hover{border-color:#fff}.hds-tags li a{color:#b9b9bb;padding:.25rem .5rem;display:block}.hds-gallery-navbar{border-color:#f4f4f4;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:2px}.hds-tab-nav{border:0;margin:0 0 -2px;padding:0;list-style:none}.hds-tab-nav li{padding:0 .75rem}.hds-tab-nav li:first-child{padding-left:0}.hds-tab-nav li a{color:#1b1b1b}.hds-tab-nav li span{padding:.75rem 0}.hds-filter-selector-title:hover,.hds-tab-nav li:hover{cursor:pointer}.hds-tab-nav svg{fill:#959599;width:1.5rem;height:1.5rem}.hds-tab-nav li.hds-tab-active svg,.hds-tab-nav li:hover svg{fill:#000}.hds-tab-nav.hds-tab-nav-icons li span{padding:.25rem 0}.hds-filter-selector{padding:.75rem}.hds-filter-selector-dropdown-icon{border:1px solid #b9b9bb;border-radius:50%;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;margin-left:.5rem;padding:.25rem;display:flex}.hds-filter-selector-dropdown-icon svg{fill:#959599;width:.75rem}.hds-filter-selector-title{align-items:center;display:flex}.hds-gallery-search input[type=search]{background-position:10px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.25rem;padding-left:2.75rem;padding-right:0}.hds-gallery-navbar{grid-template-columns:max-content 1fr max-content max-content;gap:1rem;display:grid}.hds-gallery-navbar .hds-tab-nav.hds-gallery-type-switcher{min-width:27rem}.hds-gallery-search{text-align:center;margin:0 auto}.hds-gallery-filters{grid-template-columns:max-content max-content;display:grid}.hds-gallery-filters>.hds-filter-selector:last-child{padding-right:0}.hds-filter-dropdown-mobile{display:none}.hds-gallery-mobile-search-trigger{width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:none}.hds-gallery-switcher-search{display:flex}@media (max-width:576px){.hds-gallery-mobile-search-trigger{margin-left:auto;margin-right:0;padding-right:0;display:block}.hds-gallery-navbar .hds-tab-nav.hds-gallery-type-switcher{min-width:1px}.hds-gallery-switcher-search{align-items:center;width:100%;display:flex}.hds-gallery-navbar{gap:0;display:flex}.hds-filter-dropdown-mobile{display:block}.hds-filter-selector.hds-filter-dropdown-mobile,.hds-gallery-layout-switcher{width:50%}.hds-filter-selector.hds-filter-dropdown-mobile{justify-content:flex-end;padding-right:0;display:flex}.hds-gallery-navbar .hds-gallery-search{width:100%}.hds-gallery-filters,.hds-gallery-navbar .hds-gallery-search input[type=search] .hds-gallery-navbar div[role=search]{width:100%;display:block}.hds-gallery-navbar .hds-gallery-filters,.hds-gallery-navbar .hds-gallery-search{display:none}}.hds-filter-selection-title{margin-right:.25rem}.hds-filter-selector .hds-filter-selection,.hds-filter-selector .hds-filter-selection span{color:#000}.hds-gallery-items{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:1rem;width:100%;display:grid}.hds-gallery-item-single{width:100%;min-height:300px;position:relative}.hds-gallery-item-overlay{z-index:100;opacity:0;background:linear-gradient(0deg,#000000c7 0,#0000 27% 100%);flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-end;align-items:flex-start;width:100%;height:100%;transition:all .3s;display:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.hds-gallery-item-single:hover{cursor:pointer}.hds-gallery-item-single:hover .hds-gallery-item-overlay{opacity:1;display:flex}.hds-content-item-thumbnail>img,.hds-gallery-item-single img,.hds-gallery-item-single video{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.hds-gallery-item-caption{color:#fff;width:100%;padding:1rem;font-size:.825rem;display:block}.hds-gallery-item-single .hds-video-icon{fill:#fff;z-index:999;width:30px;height:30px;position:absolute;top:20px;left:20px}@media (max-width:768px){.hds-gallery-items{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}.hds-gallery-items .hds-gallery-item-single{min-height:160px}}@media (max-width:576px){.hds-gallery-items{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.hds-gallery-items .hds-gallery-item-single{min-height:130px}.hds-gallery-items .hds-gallery-item-single:hover .hds-gallery-item-overlay{opacity:0;display:none}}.hds-attachment-single__buttons{position:relative}.usa-button svg{width:1rem;height:1rem;margin-left:.75rem}.hds-button{border-radius:0;align-items:center;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;display:inline-flex}.hds-button.hds-button-download{background-color:#1c67e3;border:2px solid #1c67e3}.hds-button,.hds-button span{font-family:Inter,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-weight:600}.hds-button.hds-button-share{background-color:#0000;border:2px solid #1c67e3}.hds-button.hds-button-share span{color:#fff}.hds-attachment-single__metadata{border-top:1px solid #2e2e32}.hds-attachment-single__meta{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;gap:1.5rem;display:grid}.hds-attachment-single__meta-item>span{display:block}.hds-attachment-single__meta-item-key{margin-bottom:.25rem}.hds-attachment-single__meta-item-value{font-size:.85rem}.hds-pagination{margin:3rem 0;padding:0;font-size:0}.hds-pagination>*,.hds-pagination>*>*{font-size:1rem;line-height:1em}.hds-pagination>*{text-align:center;color:#58585b;border:1px solid #959599;min-width:2.25rem;min-height:2.25rem;margin-right:.75rem;padding:10px;display:inline-block}.hds-pagination span{font-size:1rem}.hds-pagination>span.page-numbers.current,.hds-pagination>span.page-numbers.current>span{font-weight:700}.hds-content-items-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:2rem;display:grid}@media screen and (max-width:1100px){.hds-content-items-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.hds-content-items-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}.hds-content-items.hds-content-items-list .hds-content-item{grid-template-columns:15rem 1fr;gap:2rem;margin-bottom:2.5rem;display:grid}.hds-content-items.hds-content-items-list .hds-content-item-thumbnail{margin-bottom:0}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.hds-content-items.hds-content-items-list .hds-content-item{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:1rem}}.hds-content-item-thumbnail{margin-bottom:1rem;display:block;position:relative}.hds-content-item-thumbnail:after{content:"";padding-bottom:56.25%;display:block}.hds-content-item-heading{color:#000;margin-bottom:.5rem;display:block}.hds-content-item-heading h2,.hds-content-item-heading h3,.hds-content-item-heading h4{color:#000}.hds-pagination>a.page-numbers:hover,.hds-pagination>a.page-numbers:hover>span,.hds-pagination>span.page-numbers.current,.hds-pagination>span.page-numbers.current>span{color:#000;border-color:#000}figure.hds-media-background .hds-video-background{width:100%;height:100%}.entry-content video{max-width:100%}.entry-content ol li,.entry-content ul li{margin-bottom:.75rem}.link-external-true svg{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.hds-404-callout p a{color:#fff;text-underline-offset:.3em;text-decoration:underline}.hds-button{box-sizing:border-box}.hds-button img,.hds-button svg{width:1.1rem;height:1.1rem}.hds-button.hds-button-primary{color:#fff;background-color:#f64137;border:1px solid #f64137}.hds-button.hds-button-primary>svg{color:#fff;fill:#fff}.entry-content ol li ol,.entry-content ol li ul,.entry-content ul li ol,.entry-content ul li ul{margin-top:.75rem}.entry-content ol li::marker{color:#1c67e3}.entry-content ul li::marker{color:#1c67e3}.entry-content h1 a:hover,.entry-content h2 a:hover,.entry-content h3 a:hover,.entry-content h4 a:hover,.entry-content li a:hover,.entry-content p a:hover,.entry-content td a:hover,.entry-content th a:hover{cursor:pointer;text-decoration-style:solid;text-decoration-color:#1b1b1b}.entry-content h1 a,.entry-content h2 a,.entry-content h3 a,.entry-content h4 a,.entry-content li a,.entry-content p a,.entry-content td a,.entry-content th a{color:#1b1b1b;text-underline-offset:.25rem;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dashed #585858;text-decoration:underline dashed #585858;text-decoration-thickness:.05em}.hds-image-download-wrapper{position:relative}.hds-image-download-wrapper .hds-image-download-link{position:absolute;top:1rem;right:1rem}.hds-gallery-preview{margin:0 auto}.hds-gallery-preview-items,.hds-gallery-preview-row{display:flex}.hds-gallery-preview-row.hds-gallery-preview-row-lg{height:20rem;margin-bottom:.85rem}.hds-gallery-preview-row.hds-gallery-preview-row-sm{height:12rem}.hds-gallery-preview-col.hds-gallery-preview-flex-two{flex:2.035}.hds-gallery-preview-col.hds-gallery-preview-flex-three{flex:3}.hds-gallery-preview-grid{flex-direction:column;display:flex}.hds-gallery-preview-grid .hds-gallery-preview-item{flex:unset;width:50%;margin-bottom:.85rem;margin-right:.85rem}.hds-gallery-preview-row-sm .hds-gallery-preview-item{margin-right:.85rem}.hds-gallery-preview-row-sm .hds-gallery-preview-item:last-child{margin-right:0}.hds-gallery-preview-grid .hds-gallery-preview-row{height:50%}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){.hds-gallery-preview-grid .hds-gallery-preview-row:last-child .hds-gallery-preview-item{margin-bottom:0}}.hds-gallery-preview-item{flex:1;overflow:hidden}.hds-gallery-preview-item img{width:100%;height:100%}.hds-gallery-preview-label,.hds-gallery-preview-label span{letter-spacing:.1em}.hds-gallery-preview-label svg{width:1.1rem;height:1.1rem;margin-right:.5rem}@media screen and (max-width:1023px){.hds-gallery-preview-flex-two .hds-gallery-preview-row{grid-gap:.85em;grid-template-columns:auto auto;display:grid}.hds-gallery-preview-flex-two .hds-gallery-preview-row .hds-gallery-preview-item{justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:100%;margin-right:0;display:flex}.hds-gallery-preview-row{height:-moz-fit-content;height:fit-content}.hds-gallery-preview-row-lg{display:block}.hds-gallery-preview-row-2{grid-gap:.85em;grid-template-columns:auto auto;display:grid}.hds-gallery-preview-row-2 .hds-gallery-preview-item{justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:100%;display:flex}.hds-gallery-preview-row.hds-gallery-preview-row-lg,.hds-gallery-preview-row.hds-gallery-preview-row-sm{height:-moz-fit-content;height:fit-content}.hds-gallery-preview-item{height:7.5rem}.hds-gallery-preview-item.hds-gallery-preview-item-featured{height:11rem}}.hds-gallery-preview-item .hds-cover-wrapper{display:flex}.hds-gallery-preview-item .hds-video-icon{fill:#fff;z-index:999;width:30px;height:30px;position:absolute;top:20px;left:20px}.hds-gallery-preview-row:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.hds-topic-card{width:100%;height:auto;min-height:27rem;display:block}.hds-topic-card:after{content:"";padding-bottom:177.78%;display:block}.hds-topic-card-heading{align-items:center;display:flex}.hds-topic-card-heading span{margin-right:.5em}.hds-topic-card-heading svg{width:.9em;min-width:.9em;height:.9em}.news-item-stack{flex-direction:column;display:flex}.news-item-stack .news-item .hds-cover-wrapper{height:100%;min-height:0}.news-item>.hds-cover-wrapper{min-height:410px}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.news-item-stack .news-item .hds-cover-wrapper{min-height:200px}.news-item>.hds-cover-wrapper{min-height:320px}}.latest-news-item a{display:block}.latest-news-items .hds-cover-wrapper{height:100%!important}figure.wp-block-embed.is-type-video figcaption{text-align:left;color:#58585b;width:100%;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:1em;padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.25rem;display:block}.flex-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap}.grid-container-extrawide{max-width:110rem}.usa-header .usa-input[type=search]{color:#fff}.usa-header .usa-search--small:before{display:none!important}.search-mobile{justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:flex;width:22px!important;height:22px!important}.search-mobile img,.search-mobile svg{width:100%;height:auto}.usa-header-primary button span{font-size:1.1rem}.usa-nav__link{background:0 0;border:0}.usa-nav__link span,.usa-nav__link a,.usa-list a,.usa-list span{font-family:inter,sans-serif}.usa-header.usa-header-primary span,.usa-header.usa-header-primary a{width:calc(100% - 12px);font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:600}.usa-header.text-white .usa-nav__primary button,.usa-header.text-white .usa-nav__link span,.usa-header.text-white .usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=false]:hover{color:#fff;background-image:none}.usa-header input[type=search]{max-width:200px}.usa-header .usa-nav__primary .usa-nav__primary-item:hover{cursor:pointer}.usa-header.text-white .usa-nav__link:hover:after,.usa-header.text-white .usa-nav__primary-item>.usa-current:after{background-color:#fff}.usa-header-primary .usa-logo{flex:unset}.usa-list a,.usa-list span{font-size:.95rem;line-height:1em;display:block}.hds-nasa-header.usa-header,#global-navigation{z-index:9999}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item a{align-items:center;width:100%;line-height:1em;display:flex}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item a:hover,.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item a:hover{text-decoration:none}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item>a>span{border-bottom:1px solid #0000;padding-bottom:0}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item>a:hover>span,.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item.usa-current>a>span{border-bottom:1px dashed #fff}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item>a{width:100%;display:inline-flex}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item>a>svg{margin-left:auto;margin-right:0}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item{margin-top:0}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a,.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a{color:#fff;width:100%;padding:.5rem 1rem;line-height:1.4;display:block}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a{border-bottom:1px solid #2e2e32;align-items:center;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;display:flex}.global-nav__secondary-submenu,.global-nav__tertiary-submenu{display:none}.global-nav__secondary-submenu.usa-active,.global-nav__tertiary-submenu.usa-active{display:block}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item svg{display:none}.global-nav__primary-wrapper{max-width:20rem;margin-top:4px}.global-nav__secondary-wrapper{max-width:25rem}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item svg{fill:#fff;width:10px;height:10px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:0}button#global-navigation-trigger svg{transition:all .2s}button#global-navigation-trigger:after,button#global-navigation-trigger:hover:after,button#global-navigation-trigger>span:after,button#global-navigation-trigger:hover>span:after{display:none!important}button#global-navigation-trigger,button#global-navigation-trigger:hover{background-image:none}button[aria-expanded=true]#global-navigation-trigger{background-color:#0000}button[aria-expanded=true]#global-navigation-trigger svg{transform:rotate(-180deg)}.global-nav__secondary-list .usa-nav__submenu-item img{width:24px;height:24px;margin-right:12px}#global-navigation .usa-nav__submenu a:not(.usa-button){padding-left:0!important}.global-nav__mobile-return{display:none}.global-nav__mobile-return:hover{cursor:pointer}.global-nav__mobile-return button.global-nav__back{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;text-align:left;background:0 0;border:0;width:100%;padding:1.1rem 0}.global-nav__mobile-return button.global-nav__back svg{fill:#fff;width:12px;height:12px;margin-right:2px}hr.global-nav__separator{border-color:#58585b}.hds-global-menu-item.hds-global-menu-item-mobile{display:none}.global-nav__secondary-list .usa-nav__submenu-item svg{width:20px;height:20px}.global-nav__secondary-submenu .button-primary{display:flex}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.usa-nav__submenu a:not(.usa-button){display:flex;padding-left:0!important}.global-nav__home.global-nav__features{display:none}.hds-global-menu-item.hds-global-menu-item-mobile{display:block}.global-nav__secondary,.global-nav__tertiary{display:none}.global-nav__mobile-return,.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item svg{display:block}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a,.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a{padding:1rem 0}#global-navigation .global-nav__primary,#global-navigation .global-nav__secondary{background-color:#000;width:100%;position:absolute;top:0}#global-navigation{width:100vw;height:calc(100vh - 100px);position:absolute;left:0;overflow:hidden scroll}#global-navigation .global-nav__primary-wrapper{padding-bottom:3.5rem}.global-nav__secondary{display:block}.global-nav__primary{z-index:999}.global-nav__home{transition:all .4s}.global-nav__primary{transition:all .4s;transform:translate(0)}.global-nav__secondary{transition:all .4s;transform:translate(100%)}.global-nav__wrapper{padding:1.5rem}#global-navigation .usa-nav__submenu-item{border:0}.global-nav__primary-wrapper,.global-nav__secondary-wrapper{max-width:100%}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a,.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a{display:flex}}#global-navigation.usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu:after,#global-navigation.usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu:before{display:none}.hds-nav-primary{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.hds-nav-has-submenu{position:relative}.hds-nav-has-submenu svg{color:#fff;fill:#fff;margin-left:.5rem;transition:all .2s}.hds-nav-has-submenu span:after{display:none!important}.hds-nav__submenu{z-index:-999;background:#000;min-width:18rem;padding:1rem 0;list-style:none;position:absolute;top:100%;right:0}.hds-nav-has-submenu:hover .usa-nav__link:hover:after{display:none!important}.hds-nav__submenu:not([hidden]){z-index:99999;display:block}.usa-nav__primary .hds-nav-has-submenu button[aria-expanded=true]{background:0 0}.hds-submenu-item,.hds-submenu-item>a{list-style:none;display:block}.hds-nav__submenu>li.hds-submenu-item>a{color:#fff;width:100%;padding:.5rem 1.5rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;display:block}.hds-nav__submenu>li.hds-submenu-item>a>span{color:#fff;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400}.hds-nav__submenu .button-primary{align-items:center;margin-bottom:.5rem;padding:.7rem 1.5rem;display:flex}.hds-nav__submenu .button-primary svg{min-width:1.5rem;min-height:1.5rem}.hds-nav__submenu .hds-submenu-item a>span{border-bottom:1px solid #0000;padding-bottom:0}.hds-nav__submenu .hds-submenu-item:hover a>span{border-bottom:1px dashed #fff}.usa-nav__primary .hds-nav-has-submenu button[aria-expanded=true] svg{transform:rotate(-180deg)}.hds-explore-nav-trigger svg{transition:all .2s}.hds-explore-nav-trigger button[aria-expanded=true] svg{transform:rotate(-180deg)}.hds-banner-content{text-align:center;display:block}.hds-banner-content a{color:#fff;text-underline-offset:.3em;text-decoration:underline}.hds-banner-content p{font-weight:400}a.hds-nav__link-nasa-live.usa-nav__link-nasa-live>span{white-space:nowrap;margin-right:0}@keyframes live_pulse{0%,to{opacity:1}50%{opacity:.75}}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__list-item:not(:last-child):after{content:"/";background-color:#0000;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;height:-moz-fit-content;height:fit-content;margin:0 10px;padding:0;font-size:1rem;bottom:0;-webkit-mask:none;mask:none}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__link span{text-decoration:none}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb{max-width:inherit;width:100%}.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items ul li{margin-bottom:0}.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items ul li ul{margin-top:0}.hds-secondary-navigation *{font-family:inter,sans-serif}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary button,.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__link{font-weight:600}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu{padding:0;box-shadow:3px 3px 16px #0000001a}.usa-breadcrumb__list-item.usa-current,.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__link,.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__link:visited,.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__list .usa-breadcrumb__list-item:not(:last-child):after{font-size:.8rem}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item a,.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item a:hover{padding:.5rem 1rem}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item a{text-align:left;margin:0;display:block}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item+*{margin-top:0}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true] span:after,.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary button span:after{display:none!important}.hds-secondary-navigation button.usa-accordion__button.usa-nav__link{align-items:center;display:flex}.hds-secondary-navigation button.usa-accordion__button.usa-nav__link svg{width:10px;min-width:10px;height:10px}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary button,.hds-color-mode-light.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true],.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item a,.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-color-mode-light .usa-nav__primary>.usa-nav__primary-item>a{font-size:.875rem}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb{background:0 0}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary .usa-accordion__button span{padding-right:.65rem}.hds-secondary-navigation button.usa-nav__link svg{transition:all .2s}.hds-secondary-navigation button.usa-nav__link[aria-expanded=true] svg{transform:rotate(-180deg)}.hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items .usa-nav__primary-item{text-align:left}.hds-color-mode-light.hds-secondary-navigation,.hds-color-mode-light.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true],.hds-color-mode-light.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu{background-color:#fff}.hds-color-mode-light.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__link,.hds-color-mode-light.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__link:visited,.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__list .usa-breadcrumb__list-item:not(:last-child):after{color:#58585b}.hds-color-mode-light.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__list-item.usa-current .usa-breadcrumb__link{color:#000}.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-color-mode-light .usa-nav__primary button,.hds-color-mode-light.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true],.hds-color-mode-light.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item a,.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary>.usa-nav__primary-item>a,.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-color-mode-light .usa-nav__primary>.usa-nav__primary-item>a:hover{color:#2e2e32}.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-color-mode-light{border-color:#d1d1d1}.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-color-mode-light button.usa-accordion__button.usa-nav__link svg{fill:#2e2e32}.hds-color-mode-dark.hds-secondary-navigation,.hds-color-mode-dark.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true],.hds-color-mode-dark.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu{background-color:#17171b}.hds-color-mode-dark.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__link,.hds-color-mode-dark.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__link:visited,.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__list .usa-breadcrumb__list-item:not(:last-child):after{color:#959599}.hds-color-mode-dark.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-breadcrumb__list-item.usa-current .usa-breadcrumb__link,.hds-color-mode-dark.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary>.usa-nav__primary-item{color:#fff}.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-color-mode-dark .usa-nav__primary>.usa-nav__primary-item>a:hover{color:#959599}.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-color-mode-dark .usa-nav__primary button,.hds-color-mode-dark.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary button[aria-expanded=true],.hds-color-mode-dark.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item a,.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-color-mode-dark .usa-nav__primary>.usa-nav__primary-item>a{color:#fff}.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-color-mode-dark button.usa-accordion__button.usa-nav__link svg{fill:#fff}.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-color-mode-dark{border-color:#17171b}.usa-breadcrumb__list{justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;display:flex}.hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items{z-index:1000}.hds-secondary-nav-track{align-items:center;display:flex}.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-breadcrumbs,.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-menu-spacer{flex:0 auto;width:25%}.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items{flex:auto;width:50%}.usa-nav__primary>.usa-nav__primary-item>a{padding:1rem .75rem}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary button:hover,.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary a:not(.usa-button):hover{background-color:#0000}.hds-secondary-nav-track{font-size:0;line-height:1em}@media screen and (max-width:1023px){.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-nav-track.grid-container{width:100%;max-width:100%}.hds-secondary-nav-track{padding:0;font-size:0;line-height:1em;display:block}.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items{width:100%}.hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items li a.usa-nav__link,.hds-color-mode-dark.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item a{text-align:left;padding:1rem;font-size:.875rem}.hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items li,.hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items li a.usa-nav__link{border:0}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu a:not(.usa-button){padding-left:1rem!important}.hds-color-mode-dark.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu{background-color:#2e2e32}.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items{display:none}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu{box-shadow:none}.hds-secondary-navigation.hds-color-mode-light .usa-nav__submenu{background-color:#eee}.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item a,.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__submenu .usa-nav__submenu-item a:hover{padding:1rem}.hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items li,.hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items li a.usa-nav__link,.hds-secondary-navigation .usa-nav__primary .usa-accordion__button span{font-weight:400}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){.hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items{position:relative;display:block!important}}@media screen and (min-width:1025px) and (max-width:1600px){.hds-secondary-nav-track{display:block}.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-breadcrumbs,.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items{width:100%;max-width:100%}.hds-secondary-navigation-breadcrumbs{padding:.75rem 2rem .5rem}}.hds-search-panel-mobile{z-index:-9999;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;width:0;height:0}.hds-search-panel-mobile.hds-active{z-index:99999;opacity:1;visibility:visible;width:100vw;height:100vh;animation:.4s forwards panelSlideInLeft;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;overflow:hidden scroll}.hds-search-panel-bar{grid-template-columns:max-content 1fr max-content;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;display:grid}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search input[type=search]{color:#fff;border:0;height:2.5rem}.hds-search input[type=search]::-ms-clear{width:0;height:0;display:none}.hds-search input[type=search]::-ms-reveal{width:0;height:0;display:none}.hds-search input[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{display:none}.hds-search input[type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none}.hds-search input[type=search]::-webkit-search-results-button{display:none}.hds-search input[type=search]::-webkit-search-results-decoration{display:none}ul.hds-search-suggestions{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.hds-search-suggestion>a{border-bottom-color:#d1d1d1;grid-template-columns:max-content 1fr max-content;align-items:center;gap:.75rem;width:100%;display:grid}.hds-search-suggestion.hds-search-suggestion-more>a{grid-template-columns:1fr max-content}.hds-search-suggestion-search-icon{width:1rem;height:1rem}.hds-search-suggestion-go-icon{width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem}.hds-search-panel-bar-search-icon{width:1rem;height:1rem}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search input[type=search]{float:none}body.admin-bar .hds-search-panel-mobile.hds-active{margin-top:32px!important}@media screen and (max-width:782px){body.admin-bar .hds-search-panel-mobile.hds-active{margin-top:46px!important}}.hds-global-menu-toggle,.hds-search-panel-mobile-trigger{border:unset;background:unset;padding:unset}.hds-search-panel-mobile-trigger:hover{cursor:pointer}body .menu-toggle{cursor:pointer;align-items:center;width:18px;height:18px;display:flex}.menu-toggle-icon{flex-direction:column;display:flex;position:relative}.menu-toggle-icon-top{margin-bottom:5px}.menu-toggle-icon-bottom{margin-top:5px}.menu-toggle-icon-top,.menu-toggle-icon-bottom,.menu-toggle-icon-center{content:"";background:#fff;width:20px;height:2px;transition:all .3s;display:inline-block;position:relative}.menu-toggle-active .menu-toggle-icon-center{opacity:0}.menu-toggle-active .menu-toggle-icon-top{margin-bottom:-2px;transform:rotate(135deg)}.menu-toggle-active .menu-toggle-icon-bottom{margin-top:-2px;transform:rotate(-135deg)}.usa-footer__primary-section>.grid-container,.usa-footer>.grid-container{max-width:1400px;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important}.hds-footer-details{max-width:22rem}.hds-footer-menu{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.hds-menu-col-3{-moz-columns:3;columns:3}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.hds-menu-col-3{-moz-columns:2;columns:2}}.hds-footer-menu>li{display:block}.hds-footer-menu>li>a,.hds-footer-menu *{font-size:.9rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.2em}.hds-footer-menu>li>a{padding:.5rem 0;display:block}.hds-footer-menu>li>a:hover>span{text-underline-offset:.3em;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dashed;text-decoration:underline dashed}.hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li{display:inline-block}.hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li>a{padding:.5rem .75rem}.hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li:first-child>a{padding-left:0}.hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li.hds-footer-meta{margin-right:2rem;display:inline-flex}@media screen and (max-width:1200px){.hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li{width:100%;padding:0;display:block}.hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li>a{padding:.35rem 0}.hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal{-moz-columns:3;columns:3}}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal{-moz-columns:2;columns:2}.hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal.hds-menu-meta{-moz-columns:1;columns:1}}.hds-footer-meta .hds-footer-meta-label{padding-right:.5rem}.hds-footer-meta .hds-footer-meta-value{font-weight:600}.hds-footer-secondary{border-color:#58585b}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){.hds-footer-secondary{margin-top:1.5rem}}.social-icons{padding:0;list-style:none;display:flex}.social-icons a{background-color:#2e2e32;border-radius:50%;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:32px;height:32px;margin:0 12px 0 0;display:flex}.social-icons a:hover,.social-icons a:focus{background-color:#58585b}.social-icons a svg{fill:#fff;width:16px;height:16px}.social-icons .social-icon.social-icon-rss a svg{width:24px;height:24px}.color-mode-dark .hds-caption-text.color-carbon-30{color:#b9b9bb}.hds-feature-intro{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.hds-feature-intro-wrapper{grid-template-rows:1fr max-content;display:grid}.hds-feature-intro-content{align-items:center;display:flex;position:relative}.hds-feature-intro-content-inner{max-width:40rem}.hds-feature-intro-label .hds-tag-label-wrapper{justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:flex;position:relative}.hds-feature-intro-label .hds-tag-label-wrapper>svg{width:100%;position:relative}.hds-feature-intro-label .hds-tag-label-wrapper:before{content:"";opacity:1;border:1px dashed #ff5c52;border-radius:50%;width:2rem;height:2rem;animation:1.5s infinite pulse;display:block;position:absolute}@keyframes pulse{0%{opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}50%{opacity:.5;transform:scale(1.2)}to{opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.hds-feature-intro .hds-feature-intro-heading{font-size:3.5rem}}.hds-feature-outro{justify-content:center;align-items:center;min-height:85vh;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.hds-feature-outro-wrapper{z-index:500;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:100%;height:100%;display:flex;position:relative}.hds-feature-outro-image .hds-media-inner{overflow:visible;height:auto!important}.hds-feature-outro-image .hds-media-wrapper .hds-media-inner>img{left:unset;top:unset;width:100%;height:auto;max-height:60vh;-o-object-fit:contain!important;object-fit:contain!important;position:relative!important;transform:none!important}.hds-feature-outro-image *{-o-object-fit:contain;object-fit:contain;left:unset!important;top:unset!important;height:-moz-fit-content!important;height:fit-content!important;position:relative!important}.hds-feature-outro-image .hds-media-wrapper .hds-media-ratio-cover:after{display:none}@media screen and (max-width:1000px){.hds-feature-outro .hds-feature-outro-grid{flex-direction:column-reverse;display:flex}.hds-feature-outro-image .hds-media-wrapper .hds-media-inner>img{max-height:25rem}}@media screen and (max-width:767px){.hds-feature-outro-image .hds-media-wrapper .hds-media-inner>img{max-height:20rem}}.hds-feature-outro-image.hds-feature-outro-image-frontend *{-o-object-fit:contain!important;object-fit:contain!important;position:relative!important}.hds-feature-outro .hds-feature-outro-content-inner p{color:#fff}.hds-chapter-divider{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.hds-tag-label{justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:flex}.hds-chapter-divider-wrapper{grid-template-rows:1fr max-content;display:grid}.hds-chapter-divider-content{align-items:center;display:flex;position:relative}.hds-chapter-divider-content-inner{max-width:35rem}.hds-chapter-tag-wrapper{width:100%;display:flex}.hds-chapter-divider-label .hds-tag-label-wrapper{justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:flex;position:relative}.hds-tag-label .hds-tag-label-wrapper{width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;margin-right:.75rem}.hds-chapter-divider-label .hds-tag-label-wrapper>svg{width:100%;position:relative}.hds-chapter-divider-label .hds-tag-label-wrapper:before{content:"";opacity:1;border:1px dashed #ff5c52;border-radius:50%;width:2rem;height:2rem;animation:1.5s infinite pulse;display:block;position:absolute}.hds-fifty-fifty-item{width:100%;height:auto;overflow:hidden}@media screen and (min-width:800px){.hds-fifty-fifty-item{min-height:85vh}}.hds-fifty-fifty-item>.hds-fifty-fifty-inner{height:100%}.hds-fifty-fifty-item-image-wrapper,.hds-fifty-fifty-item-image-wrapper>.hds-media-wrapper,.hds-fifty-fifty-item-image-wrapper>.hds-media-wrapper>figure{z-index:9;height:100%;display:block}.hds-fifty-fifty-item-image{overflow:hidden}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.hds-fifty-fifty-item-image-wrapper>.hds-media-wrapper>figure{min-height:15rem}}html{overflow-y:unset}body{overflow-x:unset}.grid-container-block{max-width:90rem}.hds-grid-container{max-width:87.5rem}@media (min-width:64em){.desktop\:maxw-tablet-lg{max-width:55rem}.desktop\:flex-align-center{align-items:center}}.BlockWrapper.hds-media.hds-media-align-inline,.BlockWrapper.hds-media.hds-media-align-wide,.BlockWrapper.hds-media.hds-media-align-full,.BlockWrapper.hds-media .nasa-block-align-inline,.BlockWrapper.hds-media .nasa-block-align-wide,.BlockWrapper.hds-media .nasa-block-align-full{max-width:unset}.entry-content{min-height:unset}.hds-tags li{border:none}.hds-tags li a{border:1px solid #58585b;border-radius:.25rem;transition:all .2s}.hds-tags li a:hover{border-color:#000}.hds-tags.hds-tags-dark li{border-color:#959599}.hds-tags.hds-tags-dark li a{color:#959599}.hds-tags.hds-tags-dark li a:hover{color:#f6f6f6;border-color:#f6f6f6}.single.article-color-mode-dark .button-primary,.single.article-color-mode-dark .button-primary span,.single.article-color-mode-dark .grid-row div,.single.article-color-mode-dark .label,.single.article-color-mode-dark .p-lg,.single.article-color-mode-dark .p-md,.single.article-color-mode-dark .p-sm,.single.article-color-mode-dark .page-heading-lg,.single.article-color-mode-dark .page-heading-md,.single.article-color-mode-dark .section-heading-md,.single.article-color-mode-dark .section-heading-sm,.single.article-color-mode-dark .subheading,.single.article-color-mode-dark a.button-primary,.single.article-color-mode-dark h1,.single.article-color-mode-dark h2,.single.article-color-mode-dark h3,.single.article-color-mode-dark h4,.single.article-color-mode-dark p,.single.article-color-mode-dark p a{color:#f6f6f6!important}.article-color-mode-dark .BlockWrapper .label span{color:#f6f6f6}.article-color-mode-dark .BlockWrapper .label svg path{fill:#f6f6f6}.smd-padding-x-responsive{padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:1474px){.smd-padding-x-responsive{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.smd-external-link-warning-icon{vertical-align:middle;margin-left:.125rem}@media screen and (min-width:1474px){.smd-external-link-warning-icon{vertical-align:baseline}}.social-icons li.social-icon a{color:#fff}.social-icons li.social-icon.social-icon-rss svg{width:20px;height:20px}.usa-nav__link-nasa-live span:after{content:"Live";letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #f64137;border-radius:2px;margin-block-start:-.1em;margin-inline-start:.5em;padding:.2em .3em;font-family:DM Mono,monospace;font-size:.65em;font-weight:500;line-height:.9;display:inline-block!important}.usa-nav__link-nasa-live:hover span:after{background-color:#b60109}.is-live .usa-nav__link-nasa-live span:after{color:#fff;background-color:#f64137;animation:3s infinite live_pulse}</style> <style>:root{--swiper-theme-color:#007aff}.swiper{z-index:1;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding:0;list-style:none;display:block;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.swiper-vertical>.swiper-wrapper{flex-direction:column}.swiper-wrapper{z-index:1;transition-property:transform;transition-timing-function:var(--swiper-wrapper-transition-timing-function,initial);box-sizing:content-box;width:100%;height:100%;display:flex;position:relative}.swiper-android .swiper-slide,.swiper-ios .swiper-slide,.swiper-wrapper{transform:translate(0,0)}.swiper-horizontal{touch-action:pan-y}.swiper-vertical{touch-action:pan-x}.swiper-slide{flex-shrink:0;width:100%;height:100%;transition-property:transform;display:block;position:relative}.swiper-slide-invisible-blank{visibility:hidden}.swiper-autoheight,.swiper-autoheight .swiper-slide{height:auto}.swiper-autoheight .swiper-wrapper{align-items:flex-start;transition-property:transform,height}.swiper-backface-hidden .swiper-slide{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;transform:translateZ(0)}.swiper-3d.swiper-css-mode .swiper-wrapper{perspective:1200px}.swiper-3d .swiper-wrapper{transform-style:preserve-3d}.swiper-3d{perspective:1200px}.swiper-3d .swiper-slide,.swiper-3d .swiper-cube-shadow{transform-style:preserve-3d}.swiper-css-mode>.swiper-wrapper{scrollbar-width:none;-ms-overflow-style:none;overflow:auto}.swiper-css-mode>.swiper-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.swiper-css-mode>.swiper-wrapper>.swiper-slide{scroll-snap-align:start start}.swiper-css-mode.swiper-horizontal>.swiper-wrapper{scroll-snap-type:x mandatory}.swiper-css-mode.swiper-vertical>.swiper-wrapper{scroll-snap-type:y mandatory}.swiper-css-mode.swiper-free-mode>.swiper-wrapper{scroll-snap-type:none}.swiper-css-mode.swiper-free-mode>.swiper-wrapper>.swiper-slide{scroll-snap-align:none}.swiper-css-mode.swiper-centered>.swiper-wrapper:before{content:"";flex-shrink:0;order:9999}.swiper-css-mode.swiper-centered>.swiper-wrapper>.swiper-slide{scroll-snap-align:center center;scroll-snap-stop:always}.swiper-css-mode.swiper-centered.swiper-horizontal>.swiper-wrapper>.swiper-slide:first-child{margin-inline-start:var(--swiper-centered-offset-before)}.swiper-css-mode.swiper-centered.swiper-horizontal>.swiper-wrapper:before{width:var(--swiper-centered-offset-after);height:100%;min-height:1px}.swiper-css-mode.swiper-centered.swiper-vertical>.swiper-wrapper>.swiper-slide:first-child{margin-block-start:var(--swiper-centered-offset-before)}.swiper-css-mode.swiper-centered.swiper-vertical>.swiper-wrapper:before{height:var(--swiper-centered-offset-after);width:100%;min-width:1px}.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow,.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-left,.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-right,.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-top,.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom,.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow,.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-left,.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-right,.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-top,.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom{pointer-events:none;z-index:10;width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow{background:#00000026}.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-left{background-image:linear-gradient(270deg,#00000080,#0000)}.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-right{background-image:linear-gradient(90deg,#00000080,#0000)}.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-top{background-image:linear-gradient(#0000,#00000080)}.swiper-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom{background-image:linear-gradient(#00000080,#0000)}.swiper-lazy-preloader{z-index:10;transform-origin:50%;box-sizing:border-box;border:4px solid var(--swiper-preloader-color,var(--swiper-theme-color));border-top-color:#0000;border-radius:50%;width:42px;height:42px;margin-top:-21px;margin-left:-21px;position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%}.swiper:not(.swiper-watch-progress) .swiper-lazy-preloader,.swiper-watch-progress .swiper-slide-visible .swiper-lazy-preloader{animation:1s linear infinite swiper-preloader-spin}.swiper-lazy-preloader-white{--swiper-preloader-color:#fff}.swiper-lazy-preloader-black{--swiper-preloader-color:#000}@keyframes swiper-preloader-spin{0%{transform:rotate(0)}to{transform:rotate(360deg)}}</style> <style>body.admin-bar{margin-top:30px}</style> <style>.BaseButton.button-primary span span,.BaseButton.button-secondary span span,.BaseButton.hds-button-download span span,.BaseButton.hds-button-share span span{margin-right:0}.BaseButton.button-primary span{width:unset;margin-right:0}.BaseButton.button-primary>span>span{margin-right:.65rem}.BaseButton.button-primary svg{flex-shrink:0}.BaseButton.button-primary,.BaseButton.button-primary:hover{text-decoration:none}.BaseButton.button-primary.button-primary-sm>span{margin-right:0}.BaseButton.hds-button-download.color-nasa-blue-important svg path,.BaseButton.hds-button-share.color-nasa-blue-important svg path{fill:#1c67e3}.BaseButton.hds-button-download.color-spacesuit-white-important svg path,.BaseButton.hds-button-share.color-spacesuit-white-important svg path{fill:#fff}</style> <style>.hds-search-panel-mobile[data-v-d5432761]{width:100vw;height:calc(100vh + 20rem);padding-bottom:10rem;top:0;bottom:0;overflow:hidden auto}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search-panel-bar[data-v-d5432761]{grid-template-columns:max-content 1fr max-content;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;display:grid}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search input[type=search][data-v-d5432761]{color:#fff;max-width:unset;border:0;height:2.5rem}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search input[type=search][data-v-d5432761]::-ms-clear{width:0;height:0;display:none}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search input[type=search][data-v-d5432761]::-ms-reveal{width:0;height:0;display:none}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search input[type=search][data-v-d5432761]::-webkit-search-decoration{display:none}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search input[type=search][data-v-d5432761]::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search input[type=search][data-v-d5432761]::-webkit-search-results-button{display:none}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search input[type=search][data-v-d5432761]::-webkit-search-results-decoration{display:none}.hds-search-panel-mobile ul.hds-search-suggestions[data-v-d5432761]{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search-suggestion>a[data-v-d5432761]{border-bottom:1px solid #d1d1d1;grid-template-columns:max-content 1fr max-content;align-items:center;gap:.75rem;width:100%;display:grid}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search-suggestion.hds-search-suggestion-more>a[data-v-d5432761]{grid-template-columns:1fr max-content}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search-suggestion-search-icon[data-v-d5432761]{width:1rem;height:1rem}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search-suggestion-go-icon[data-v-d5432761]{width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-suggested-search-item[data-v-d5432761]{color:#58585b;fill:#58585b;font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:400}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search-panel-bar-search-icon[data-v-d5432761]{fill:#fff;width:1rem;height:1rem}.hds-search-panel-mobile .hds-search input[type=search][data-v-d5432761]{float:none}body.admin-bar .hds-search-panel-mobile.hds-active[data-v-d5432761]{margin-top:32px!important}@media screen and (max-width:782px){body.admin-bar .hds-search-panel-mobile.hds-active[data-v-d5432761]{margin-top:46px!important}}</style> <style>.hds-nav-has-submenu{white-space:nowrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:flex;position:relative}.hds-nav-has-submenu svg{color:#fff;fill:#fff;margin-left:.5rem;transition:all .2s}.hds-nav-has-submenu span:after{display:none!important}.mobile-nav .hds-global-menu-primary.global-nav__primary-list li a{-webkit-user-select:none;user-select:none;margin-bottom:.34em}.mobile-nav .hds-global-menu-primary.global-nav__primary-list li a:focus{outline:none!important}.hds-nav__submenu{z-index:-999;background:#000;min-width:18rem;padding:1rem 0;list-style:none;position:absolute;top:100%;right:0;overflow:hidden;outline-color:#0000!important}.hds-nav__submenu:not([hidden]){margin-top:2px}.hds-nav-has-submenu:hover .usa-nav__link:hover:after{display:none!important}.usa-nav__primary .hds-nav-has-submenu button[aria-expanded=true]{background:0 0}.hds-submenu-item,.hds-submenu-item>a{list-style:none;display:block}.usa-header.usa-header-primary a,.usa-header.usa-header-primary span{font-size:.88rem;line-height:1}@media screen and (min-width:1138px){.usa-header.usa-header-primary a,.usa-header.usa-header-primary span{font-size:1.1rem;line-height:1}}.hds-nav__submenu>li.hds-submenu-item>a{color:#fff;width:98%;margin:0 auto;padding:.7rem 1.5rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1em;display:block}.hds-nav__submenu>li.hds-submenu-item>a>span{color:#fff;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400}.hds-nav__submenu>li.hds-submenu-item .button-primary{align-items:center;margin-bottom:.5rem;padding:.7rem 1.5rem;display:flex}.hds-nav__submenu .button-primary svg{min-width:1.5rem;min-height:1.5rem}.hds-nav__submenu .hds-submenu-item a>span{border-bottom:1px solid #0000;padding-bottom:4px}.hds-nav__submenu .hds-submenu-item:hover a>span,.hds-nav__submenu .hds-submenu-item.usa-current a>span{border-bottom:1px dashed #fff}.usa-nav__primary .hds-nav-has-submenu button[aria-expanded=true] svg{transform:rotate(-180deg)}</style> <style>.NasaLiveIndicator.usa-nav__link-nasa-live span:after{content:"Live";letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #f64137;border-radius:2px;margin-block-start:-.1em;margin-inline-start:.5em;padding:.2em .3em;font-family:DM Mono,monospace;font-size:.65em;font-weight:500;line-height:.9;display:inline-block!important}.NasaLiveIndicator.usa-nav__link-nasa-live:hover span:after{background-color:#b60109}body.is-live .NasaLiveIndicator.usa-nav__link-nasa-live span:after{color:#fff;background-color:#f64137;animation:3s infinite live_pulse}@keyframes live_pulse{0%,to{opacity:1}50%{opacity:.75}}</style> <style>.menu-toggle{align-items:center;width:18px;height:18px;display:flex;cursor:pointer!important}.menu-toggle .menu-toggle-icon{flex-direction:column;display:flex;position:relative;cursor:pointer!important}.menu-toggle .menu-toggle-icon-top{margin-bottom:5px}.menu-toggle .menu-toggle-icon-bottom{margin-top:5px}.menu-toggle .menu-toggle-icon-bottom,.menu-toggle .menu-toggle-icon-center,.menu-toggle .menu-toggle-icon-top{content:"";background:#fff;width:20px;height:2px;transition:all .3s;display:inline-block;position:relative}.menu-toggle.menu-toggle-active .menu-toggle-icon-center{opacity:0}.menu-toggle.menu-toggle-active .menu-toggle-icon-top{margin-bottom:-2px;transform:rotate(135deg)}.menu-toggle.menu-toggle-active .menu-toggle-icon-bottom{margin-top:-2px;transform:rotate(-135deg)}</style> <style>#headlessui-portal-root{z-index:1000;position:relative}#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .hds-global-menu-item a{align-items:center;display:flex}#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .hds-global-menu-item a span{margin-right:.5rem;font-weight:400}@media screen and (min-width:639px){#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .hds-global-menu-item a span{white-space:nowrap}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .hds-global-menu-item a span{margin-left:.8rem;font-size:.8rem}}@media screen and (min-width:1240px){#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .hds-global-menu-item a span{margin-top:.35rem;font-size:1rem}}@media screen and (min-width:1760px){#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .hds-global-menu-item a span{margin-left:0}}#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item{border-top:0;margin-top:0}#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item a{align-items:center;width:100%;font-weight:400;line-height:1em;display:flex}#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item a:hover{text-decoration:none}#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item a .global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list{overflow-y:auto}#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item a .global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item a span{border-bottom:1px solid #0000;padding-bottom:4px}.dialog-backdrop{background:#000;position:fixed;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0}@media (min-width:768px){.dialog-backdrop{opacity:.8}}div#headlessui-portal-root{position:relative}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list{flex-direction:column;width:100%;display:flex}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item{border-top:0;flex-direction:row;width:100%;margin-top:0;display:flex}.NasaHeader{transition:all .12s ease-in-out;position:relative;top:0}.NasaHeader.usa-header.usa-header-primary a.usa-logo{width:unset}.NasaHeader .hds-search-panel-mobile-trigger{color:#d1d1d1}.NasaHeader .search-mobile{justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding-top:0;display:flex;width:22px!important;height:22px!important}.NasaHeader .hds-nav-primary{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.NasaHeader .usa-header.usa-header-primary a,.NasaHeader .usa-header.usa-header-primary span{font-weight:400}.NasaHeader .usa-header.usa-header-primary a{flex-direction:row;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;display:flex;cursor:pointer!important}.NasaHeader .usa-header.usa-header-primary a span{white-space:nowrap;font-weight:600}.NasaHeader .usa-header.usa-header-primary a svg{width:1.5rem;height:1.5rem}.NasaHeader input[type=search]{box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none}.NasaHeader [type=search]{box-sizing:border-box;float:left;border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;height:2rem;margin:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-size:.94rem}.NasaHeader .usa-search:after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}.NasaHeader .usa-search [role=search],.NasaHeader .usa-search[role=search],.NasaHeader .usa-search[role=search]>div{display:flex}.NasaHeader .usa-search [type=submit]{border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;width:3rem;height:2rem;margin:0;padding:0}.NasaHeader .usa-search--small [type=submit]{min-width:3rem;padding-left:.75rem;padding-right:.75rem}@media (min-width:30em){.usa-search [type=submit]{width:auto;padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}}@media (forced-colors:active) and (min-width:30em){.usa-search [type=submit]:before{content:none}.usa-search--small [type=submit]:before{content:""}}button#global-navigation-trigger svg{transition:all .2s}button#global-navigation-trigger:after,button#global-navigation-trigger:hover:after,button#global-navigation-trigger>span:after,button#global-navigation-trigger:hover>span:after{display:none!important}button#global-navigation-trigger,button#global-navigation-trigger:hover{cursor:pointer;background-image:none}button[aria-expanded=true]#global-navigation-trigger{background-color:#0000}button[aria-expanded=true]#global-navigation-trigger svg{transform:rotate(-180deg)}.hds-explore-nav-trigger svg{shape-rendering:geometricprecision;max-width:12px;transition:all .2s}@media screen and (min-width:1138px){.hds-explore-nav-trigger svg{max-width:16px}}.hds-explore-nav-trigger button[aria-expanded=true] svg{transform:rotate(-180deg)}.mobile-search-popover{-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;position:fixed;top:0;left:0}.mobile-search-popover::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}a.hds-nav__link-nasa-live.usa-nav__link-nasa-live{align-items:center}a.hds-nav__link-nasa-live.usa-nav__link-nasa-live>span{margin-right:.7rem}.hds-global-menu-item.hds-nav__link-nasa-live a>span{margin-right:.5rem}.hds-global-menu-item.hds-nav__link-nasa-live>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.hds-search-panel-mobile-trigger{color:#d1d1d1}.hds-search-panel-mobile-trigger:hover{cursor:pointer}.search-mobile img,.search-mobile svg{width:100%;height:auto}</style> <style>.GlobalNavSecondarySubmenu.global-nav__secondary-wrapper{max-width:none}.GlobalNavSecondarySubmenu .button-primary{display:flex;padding-left:0!important}.GlobalNavSecondarySubmenu .global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list{width:100%;max-width:90vw;padding-bottom:4rem}@media (min-width:439px){.GlobalNavSecondarySubmenu .global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list{max-width:50rem}}.GlobalNavSecondarySubmenu .global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item{max-width:30rem}.global-nav__tertiary{display:none;position:relative}@media screen and (min-width:639px){.global-nav__tertiary.content-card__single{padding:0 2rem;display:block}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){.global-nav__tertiary{-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;max-height:28rem;padding-right:10px;display:block;right:-25px;overflow-y:auto}.global-nav__tertiary::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}}@media screen and (min-width:1240px){.global-nav__tertiary{max-height:78rem}}@media screen and (min-width:64em){.global-nav__tertiary .usa-nav__submenu{z-index:400;background-color:#162e51;width:15rem;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding:1rem;list-style-type:none;position:absolute}}</style> <style>.global-nav__mobile-return button.global-nav__back{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;text-align:left;background:0 0;border:0;width:100%;padding:1.1rem 0;outline:none!important}.global-nav__mobile-return{overflow:hidden}.global-nav__mobile-return button.global-nav__back svg{fill:#fff;width:12px;height:12px;margin-right:2px}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item a:hover .usa-nav__submenu-item a:hover,.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item a:hover{text-decoration:none}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item>a>span{border-bottom:1px solid #0000;padding-bottom:2px}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item>a>span.dashed-border{padding-bottom:2px;border-bottom:1px dashed #fff!important}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item>a>span{border-bottom:1px solid #0000;margin-bottom:-2px;padding-bottom:2px}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item{border-top-color:#0000;border-bottom-color:#2e2e32!important}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item>a:hover>span,.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item.usa-current>a{border-bottom:1px dashed #fff}#global-navigation{-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;max-width:100vw;height:100vh;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;overflow:hidden auto}#global-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){#global-navigation{height:-moz-fit-content;height:fit-content;max-height:calc(80vh - 1px)}}#global-navigation .global-nav__primary-wrapper{padding:0}.global-nav__home.global-nav__features{display:block}@media screen and (min-width:639px){.global-nav__home.global-nav__features{min-height:-moz-fit-content;min-height:fit-content}}@media screen and (max-width:800px){#global-navigation .global-nav__primary{width:25%;position:relative}#global-navigation .global-nav__secondary{position:relative;transform:none}.global-nav__wrapper{padding:0 1rem 8rem}}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item>a:hover>span,.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item.usa-current>a>span{border-bottom:1px dashed #565c65}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item>a:hover>span:focus,.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item.usa-current>a>span:focus{border-bottom:1px dashed #fff}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item>a:hover>span:active,.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list li.usa-nav__submenu-item.usa-current>a>span:active{border-bottom:1px solid #fff}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item>a{width:100%;display:inline-flex}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item>a>svg{margin-left:auto;margin-right:0}@media screen and (min-width:768px){#headlessui-portal-root .global-navigation .global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item{max-width:300px}}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item{margin-top:0}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a,.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a{color:#fff;width:100%;display:block}.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a{padding:.35rem 1rem}@media screen and (max-width:1023px){.global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a{padding-top:.8rem;padding-bottom:.8rem;padding-left:1rem!important}}.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a{border-bottom:1px solid #2e2e32;align-items:center;max-width:94vw;padding:.4rem 0;display:flex}@media screen and (min-width:506px){.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}@media screen and (max-width:1023px){.global-nav__secondary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list>.usa-nav__submenu-item a{padding-top:.8rem;padding-bottom:.8rem}}.global-nav__primary-wrapper{max-width:97vw;margin-top:2px}@media (max-width:20.8rem){.global-nav__primary-wrapper{max-width:20.8rem}}.global-nav__secondary-list .usa-nav__submenu-item img{width:24px;height:24px;margin-right:12px}hr.global-nav__separator{border-color:#58585b}.hds-global-menu-item.hds-global-menu-item-mobile{display:none}.global-nav__secondary-list .usa-nav__submenu-item svg{width:20px;height:20px}.usa-header+main{border-top:none}#global-navigation.usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu:after,#global-navigation.usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu:before{display:none}body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{height:-moz-fit-content;height:fit-content;margin-top:0;padding-bottom:1em}@media screen and (min-width:406px){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{padding-top:1.2em}}@media screen and (min-width:577px){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:2em}}@media screen and (min-width:714px){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:.5em}}@media screen and (min-width:805px){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:1em}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:2em;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:1.65em}}@media screen and (min-width:1560px){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:2.5em}}@media screen and (min-width:1600px){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:1.5em;padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:1.8em}}@media only screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:812px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:.2em}}@media only screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:667px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:.16em}}@media only screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:736px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:.6em}}@media only screen and (device-width:390px) and (device-height:844px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:4em;padding-bottom:4em}}@media only screen and (device-width:428px) and (device-height:926px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:6em}}@media only screen and (width:393px) and (height:852px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3){body .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:5em}}body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:5.5em;padding-bottom:19em}@media screen and (min-width:406px){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:5em;padding-top:0}}@media screen and (min-width:503px){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:5.5em}}@media screen and (min-width:577px){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:5em}}@media screen and (min-width:805px){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:4.75em}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:5em;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:1.25em}}@media screen and (min-width:1560px){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:2.5em}}@media screen and (min-width:1600px){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:5em;padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:1.5em}}@media only screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:812px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:2.6em}}@media only screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:667px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:2.8em}}@media only screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:736px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:1.8em}}@media only screen and (device-width:390px) and (device-height:844px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:2.75em}}@media only screen and (device-width:428px) and (device-height:926px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3){body.has-banner .usa-megamenu.usa-nav__submenu{margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:6em}}@media screen and (min-width:783px){body.admin-bar.has-banner{margin-top:32px}}body.admin-bar.has-banner #global-navigation{margin-top:8em;padding-top:.2em}@media screen and (min-width:768px){body.admin-bar.has-banner #global-navigation{margin-top:7.5em}}@media screen and (min-width:783px){body.admin-bar.has-banner #global-navigation{margin-top:6.6em}}@media screen and (min-width:805px){body.admin-bar.has-banner #global-navigation{margin-top:6.6em}}@media (min-width:1024px){body.admin-bar.has-banner #global-navigation{margin-top:7em}}@media (min-width:1600px){body.admin-bar.has-banner #global-navigation{margin-top:7em}}body.admin-bar{margin-top:46px}@media screen and (min-width:783px){body.admin-bar{margin-top:30px}}body.admin-bar #global-navigation{margin-top:3.7em}@media screen and (min-width:783px){body.admin-bar #global-navigation{margin-top:3.6em}}@media (min-width:1024px){body.admin-bar #global-navigation{margin-top:4em}}@media (min-width:1600px){body.admin-bar #global-navigation{margin-top:3.8em}}.mobile-nav{padding:1.25rem .25rem 10rem}@media screen and (min-width:499px){.mobile-nav{padding-top:.25rem;padding-bottom:14em}}@media screen and (min-width:639px){.mobile-nav{padding-top:.25rem;padding-bottom:5em}}.mobile-nav .global-nav__primary-list.usa-nav__submenu-list .usa-nav__submenu-item svg{fill:#fff;width:10px;height:10px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:0;display:flex}</style> <style>.home-highlights .hds-content-card:first-of-type{display:block!important}.home-highlights .hds-content-card{display:none!important}@media (min-width:1024px){.home-highlights .hds-content-card{display:block!important}}</style> <style>#headlessui-portal-root{z-index:1000}</style> <style>.icon[data-v-f0820886]{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}</style> <style>.preview-indicator .preview-icon[data-v-f0c77a69]{color:#a7aaad;margin-top:-3px;padding-left:.3rem;padding-right:.3rem}.preview-indicator .preview-text[data-v-f0c77a69]{color:#f0f0f1}</style> <style>#wpadminbar .toolbar-node-skeleton-wrapper{--toolbar-node-skeleton-gradient--dark:#f0f6fc1a;--toolbar-node-skeleton-gradient--light:#f0f6fc4d;box-sizing:border-box;height:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height);cursor:progress;min-width:100px;padding:7px}#wpadminbar .toolbar-node-skeleton{background:linear-gradient(-90deg,var(--toolbar-node-skeleton-gradient--dark)0%,var(--toolbar-node-skeleton-gradient--light)50%,var(--toolbar-node-skeleton-gradient--dark)100%);background-size:400% 400%;border-radius:3px;width:100%;height:100%;animation:1.2s ease-in-out infinite pulse}@media (prefers-reduced-motion){#wpadminbar .toolbar-node-skeleton{animation:none}}@keyframes pulse{0%{background-position:0 0}to{background-position:-135% 0}}body.admin-bar{margin-top:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height)}</style> <style>#wpadminbar .hds-admin-bar-logo{width:30px;height:30px;margin-top:2px}html{--wp-admin--admin-bar--height:32px;scroll-padding-top:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height)}#wpadminbar *{text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;letter-spacing:normal;box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-font-smoothing:subpixel-antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:auto;border-radius:0;width:auto;height:auto;margin:0;padding:0;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:2.46154;transition:none;position:static}#wpadminbar .ab-empty-item{cursor:default}#wpadminbar .ab-empty-item,#wpadminbar a.ab-item,#wpadminbar>#wp-toolbar span.ab-label{color:#f0f0f1}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-sites a.ab-item,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-site-name a.ab-item{white-space:nowrap}#wpadminbar ul li:after,#wpadminbar ul li:before{content:normal}#wpadminbar a,#wpadminbar a img,#wpadminbar a img:hover,#wpadminbar a:hover{box-shadow:none;background:0 0;border:none;text-decoration:none}#wpadminbar a:active,#wpadminbar a:focus,#wpadminbar div,#wpadminbar input[type=email],#wpadminbar input[type=number],#wpadminbar input[type=search],#wpadminbar input[type=text],#wpadminbar input[type=url]{box-shadow:none}#wpadminbar a:focus{outline-offset:-1px}#wpadminbar{direction:ltr;color:#c3c4c7;z-index:99999;background:#1d2327;width:100%;min-width:600px;height:32px;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;line-height:2.46154;position:fixed;top:0;left:0}#wpadminbar .ab-sub-wrapper,#wpadminbar ul,#wpadminbar ul li{clear:none;text-indent:0;z-index:99999;background:0 0;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;position:relative}#wpadminbar ul#wp-admin-bar-root-default>li{margin-right:0}#wpadminbar .quicklinks ul{text-align:left}#wpadminbar li{float:left}#wpadminbar .ab-empty-item{outline:0}#wpadminbar .quicklinks .ab-top-secondary>li{float:right}#wpadminbar .quicklinks .ab-empty-item,#wpadminbar .quicklinks a,#wpadminbar .shortlink-input{height:32px;margin:0;padding:0 10px;display:block}#wpadminbar .quicklinks>ul>li>a{padding:0 8px 0 7px}#wpadminbar .menupop .ab-sub-wrapper,#wpadminbar .shortlink-input{float:none;background:#2c3338;margin:0;padding:0;display:none;position:absolute;box-shadow:0 3px 5px #0003}#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu>.menupop>.ab-sub-wrapper{min-width:100%}#wpadminbar .ab-top-secondary .menupop .ab-sub-wrapper{left:auto;right:0}#wpadminbar .ab-submenu{padding:6px 0}#wpadminbar .selected .shortlink-input{display:block}#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li{float:none}#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li a strong{font-weight:600}#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li .ab-item,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li a strong,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop.hover ul li .ab-item,#wpadminbar .shortlink-input{white-space:nowrap;min-width:140px;height:26px;line-height:2}#wpadminbar .shortlink-input{width:200px}#wpadminbar li.hover>.ab-sub-wrapper{display:block}#wpadminbar .menupop li.hover>.ab-sub-wrapper,#wpadminbar .menupop li:hover>.ab-sub-wrapper{margin-top:-32px;margin-left:100%}#wpadminbar .ab-top-secondary .menupop li.hover>.ab-sub-wrapper,#wpadminbar .ab-top-secondary .menupop li:hover>.ab-sub-wrapper{left:inherit;margin-left:0;right:100%}#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu>li.hover>.ab-item,#wpadminbar.nojq .quicklinks .ab-top-menu>li>.ab-item:focus,#wpadminbar:not(.mobile) .ab-top-menu>li:hover>.ab-item,#wpadminbar:not(.mobile) .ab-top-menu>li>.ab-item:focus{color:#72aee6;background:#2c3338}#wpadminbar:not(.mobile)>#wp-toolbar a:focus span.ab-label,#wpadminbar:not(.mobile)>#wp-toolbar li:hover span.ab-label,#wpadminbar>#wp-toolbar li.hover span.ab-label{color:#72aee6}#wpadminbar .ab-icon,#wpadminbar .ab-item:before,#wpadminbar>#wp-toolbar>#wp-admin-bar-root-default .ab-icon,.wp-admin-bar-arrow{float:left;speak:never;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;margin-right:6px;padding:4px 0;position:relative;background-image:none!important}#wpadminbar .ab-icon:before,#wpadminbar .ab-item:before{color:#f0f6fc99;transition:color .1s ease-in-out;position:relative}#wpadminbar .ab-label{height:32px;display:inline-block}#wpadminbar .ab-submenu .ab-item,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li a,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li a strong,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop.hover ul li a{color:#f0f6fcb3}#wpadminbar .quicklinks .ab-sub-wrapper .menupop.hover>a,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li a:focus,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li a:focus strong,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li a:hover,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li a:hover strong,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop.hover ul li a:focus,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop.hover ul li a:hover,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop.hover ul li div[tabindex]:focus,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop.hover ul li div[tabindex]:hover,#wpadminbar li .ab-item:focus .ab-icon:before,#wpadminbar li .ab-item:focus:before,#wpadminbar li a:focus .ab-icon:before,#wpadminbar li.hover .ab-icon:before,#wpadminbar li.hover .ab-item:before,#wpadminbar li:hover .ab-icon:before,#wpadminbar li:hover .ab-item:before{color:#72aee6}#wpadminbar.mobile .quicklinks .ab-icon:before,#wpadminbar.mobile .quicklinks .ab-item:before{color:#c3c4c7}#wpadminbar.mobile .quicklinks .hover .ab-icon:before,#wpadminbar.mobile .quicklinks .hover .ab-item:before{color:#72aee6}#wpadminbar .ab-top-secondary .menupop .menupop>.ab-item:before,#wpadminbar .menupop .menupop>.ab-item .wp-admin-bar-arrow:before{speak:never;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;position:absolute}#wpadminbar .menupop .menupop>.ab-item{padding-right:2em;display:block}#wpadminbar .menupop .menupop>.ab-item .wp-admin-bar-arrow:before{content:"";color:inherit;padding:4px 0;top:1px;right:10px}#wpadminbar .ab-top-secondary .menupop .menupop>.ab-item{padding-left:2em;padding-right:1em}#wpadminbar .ab-top-secondary .menupop .menupop>.ab-item .wp-admin-bar-arrow:before{content:"";top:1px;left:6px}#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul.ab-sub-secondary{box-shadow:none;margin:0;display:block;position:relative;right:auto}#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul.ab-sub-secondary,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul.ab-sub-secondary .ab-submenu{background:#3c434a}#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop .ab-sub-secondary>li .ab-item:focus a,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop .ab-sub-secondary>li>a:hover{color:#72aee6}#wpadminbar .quicklinks a span#ab-updates{color:#2c3338;background:#f0f0f1;border-radius:10px;padding:2px 5px;font-size:10px;font-weight:600;display:inline}#wpadminbar .quicklinks a:hover span#ab-updates{color:#000;background:#fff}#wpadminbar .ab-top-secondary{float:right}#wpadminbar ul li:last-child,#wpadminbar ul li:last-child .ab-item{box-shadow:none}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-recovery-mode,#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu>#wp-admin-bar-recovery-mode.hover>.ab-item,#wpadminbar.nojq .quicklinks .ab-top-menu>#wp-admin-bar-recovery-mode>.ab-item:focus,#wpadminbar:not(.mobile) .ab-top-menu>#wp-admin-bar-recovery-mode:hover>.ab-item,#wpadminbar:not(.mobile) .ab-top-menu>#wp-admin-bar-recovery-mode>.ab-item:focus{color:#fff;background-color:#d63638}#wp-admin-bar-my-account>ul{min-width:198px}#wp-admin-bar-my-account:not(.with-avatar)>.ab-item{display:inline-block}#wp-admin-bar-my-account>.ab-item:before{content:"";float:right;margin-left:6px;margin-right:0;top:2px}#wp-admin-bar-my-account.with-avatar>.ab-item:before{content:none;display:none}#wp-admin-bar-my-account.with-avatar>ul{min-width:270px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-actions>li{margin-left:16px;margin-right:16px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-actions.ab-submenu{padding:6px 0 12px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-account.with-avatar #wp-admin-bar-user-actions>li{margin-left:88px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-info{background:0 0;height:auto;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:15px}#wp-admin-bar-user-info .avatar{width:64px;height:64px;position:absolute;top:4px;left:-72px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-info a{background:0 0;height:auto}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-info span{background:0 0;height:18px;padding:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-info .display-name,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-info .username{display:block}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-info .username{color:#a7aaad;font-size:11px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-account.with-avatar>.ab-empty-item img,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-account.with-avatar>a img{vertical-align:middle;float:none;background:#f0f0f1;border:1px solid #8c8f94;width:auto;height:16px;margin:-4px 0 0 6px;padding:0;line-height:1.84615;display:inline}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo>.ab-item .ab-icon{width:15px;height:20px;margin-right:0;padding:6px 0 5px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo>.ab-item{padding:0 7px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo>.ab-item .ab-icon:before{content:"";top:2px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-appearance{margin-top:-12px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-comments .ab-icon{margin-right:6px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-new-content .ab-icon:before{content:"";top:4px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-updates .ab-icon:before{content:"";top:2px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-search .ab-item{background:0 0;padding:0}#wpadminbar .screen-reader-text,#wpadminbar .screen-reader-text span{clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);clip-path:inset(50%);border:0;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;word-wrap:normal!important}#wpadminbar .screen-reader-shortcut{color:#2271b1;z-index:100000;background:#f0f0f1;width:auto;height:auto;padding:15px 23px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;line-height:normal;text-decoration:none;display:block;position:absolute;top:-1000em;left:6px}#wpadminbar .screen-reader-shortcut:focus{background:#f0f0f1;top:7px;box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px #0009}@media screen and (max-width:782px){html{--wp-admin--admin-bar--height:46px}html #wpadminbar{min-width:240px;height:46px}#wpadminbar *{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:2.28571}#wpadminbar .quicklinks .ab-empty-item,#wpadminbar .quicklinks>ul>li>a{width:auto;height:46px;padding:0;line-height:3.28571}#wpadminbar .ab-icon{text-align:center;width:52px;height:46px;margin:0;padding:0}#wpadminbar .ab-icon:before{text-align:center}#wpadminbar .ab-submenu{padding:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-account a.ab-item,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-sites a.ab-item,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-site-name a.ab-item{text-overflow:clip}#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li .ab-item,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop ul li a strong,#wpadminbar .quicklinks .menupop.hover ul li .ab-item,#wpadminbar .shortlink-input{line-height:1.6}#wpadminbar .ab-label{clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);clip-path:inset(50%);border:0;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;word-wrap:normal!important}#wpadminbar .menupop li.hover>.ab-sub-wrapper,#wpadminbar .menupop li:hover>.ab-sub-wrapper{margin-top:-46px}#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu .menupop .ab-sub-wrapper .menupop>.ab-item{padding-right:30px}#wpadminbar .menupop .menupop>.ab-item:before{top:10px;right:6px}#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu>.menupop>.ab-sub-wrapper .ab-item{padding:8px 16px;font-size:16px}#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu>.menupop>.ab-sub-wrapper a:empty{display:none}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo>.ab-item{padding:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo>.ab-item .ab-icon{text-align:center;vertical-align:top;width:52px;height:46px;padding:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo>.ab-item .ab-icon:before{top:-3px}#wpadminbar .ab-icon,#wpadminbar .ab-item:before{padding:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-customize>.ab-item,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-edit>.ab-item,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-sites>.ab-item,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-site-editor>.ab-item,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-site-name>.ab-item{text-indent:0;white-space:nowrap;width:auto;padding:0 10px;position:relative}#wpadminbar .ab-icon,#wpadminbar .ab-item:before,#wpadminbar>#wp-toolbar>#wp-admin-bar-root-default .ab-icon{margin-right:0;padding:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-customize>.ab-item:before,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-edit>.ab-item:before,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-account>.ab-item:before,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-sites>.ab-item:before,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-site-editor>.ab-item:before,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-site-name>.ab-item:before{text-indent:0;speak:never;text-align:center;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;width:52px;display:block;top:7px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-appearance{margin-top:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-search{display:none}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-new-content .ab-icon:before{text-align:center;width:52px;line-height:1.33333;display:block;top:0;height:46px!important}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-updates{text-align:center}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-updates .ab-icon:before{top:3px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-comments .ab-icon{margin:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-comments .ab-icon:before{height:46px;font-size:34px;line-height:1.38235;display:block;top:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-account>a{white-space:nowrap;text-indent:150%;width:28px;padding:0 10px;position:relative;overflow:hidden}#wpadminbar .quicklinks li#wp-admin-bar-my-account.with-avatar>a img{width:26px;height:26px;position:absolute;top:13px;right:10px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-actions.ab-submenu{padding:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-actions.ab-submenu img.avatar{display:none}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-account.with-avatar #wp-admin-bar-user-actions>li{margin:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-info .display-name{color:#f0f0f1;height:auto;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-info a{padding-top:4px}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-user-info .username{margin-bottom:-2px;line-height:.8!important}#wp-toolbar>ul>li{display:none}#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-comments,#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-customize,#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-edit,#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-menu-toggle,#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-my-account,#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-my-sites,#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-new-content,#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-site-editor,#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-site-name,#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-updates,#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-wp-logo{display:block}#wpadminbar li.hover ul li,#wpadminbar li:hover ul li,#wpadminbar li:hover ul li:hover ul li{display:list-item}#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu>.menupop>.ab-sub-wrapper{min-width:-moz-fit-content;min-width:fit-content}#wpadminbar ul#wp-admin-bar-root-default>li{margin-right:0}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-comments,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-edit,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-account,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-sites,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-new-content,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-site-name,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-updates,#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo,#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu,#wpadminbar .ab-top-secondary{position:static}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-my-account{float:right}#wpadminbar .ab-top-secondary .menupop .menupop>.ab-item:before{top:10px;left:0}}@media screen and (max-width:600px){#wpadminbar{position:absolute}#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu>.menupop>.ab-sub-wrapper{width:100%;left:0}#wpadminbar .menupop .menupop>.ab-item:before{display:none}#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo.menupop .ab-sub-wrapper{margin-left:0}#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu>.menupop li>.ab-sub-wrapper{width:100%;margin:0;position:relative;top:auto;left:auto}#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu>.menupop li>.ab-sub-wrapper .ab-item{padding:6px 15px 19px 30px;font-size:16px}#wpadminbar li:hover ul li ul li{display:list-item}#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-updates,#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-wp-logo{display:none}#wpadminbar .ab-top-menu>.menupop li>.ab-sub-wrapper{box-shadow:none;position:static}}@media screen and (max-width:400px){#wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-comments{display:none}}</style> <style>.error-404 .BaseButton.hds-button.hds-button-share{border-color:#fff}</style> <style>.page-enter-active,.page-leave-active{transition:all .3s}.page-enter-from,.page-leave-to{opacity:0;filter:blur(.3rem)}.page-enter,.page-leave-active{opacity:0}</style> <style>.skip-link{position:absolute}.skip-link:focus{z-index:999999;top:1rem;left:1rem}</style> <style>#primary.site-main{z-index:99;min-height:50vh;position:relative}</style> <style>.NasaFooter[data-v-21bfe27b]{z-index:9998;position:relative}.NasaFooter .usa-header-primary button span[data-v-21bfe27b]{font-size:1.1rem}.NasaFooter .usa-list a[data-v-21bfe27b],.NasaFooter .usa-list span[data-v-21bfe27b],.NasaFooter .usa-nav__link a[data-v-21bfe27b],.NasaFooter .usa-nav__link span[data-v-21bfe27b]{font-family:inter,sans-serif}.NasaFooter.usa-footer .usa-header.usa-header-primary a[data-v-21bfe27b],.NasaFooter.usa-footer .usa-header.usa-header-primary span[data-v-21bfe27b]{font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:600}.NasaFooter .usa-header input[type=search][data-v-21bfe27b]{max-width:200px}.NasaFooter .usa-header .usa-nav__primary .usa-nav__primary-item[data-v-21bfe27b]:hover{cursor:pointer}.NasaFooter .usa-header.text-white .usa-nav__primary-item>.usa-current[data-v-21bfe27b]:after{background-color:#fff}.NasaFooter .usa-header-primary .usa-logo[data-v-21bfe27b]{flex:unset}.NasaFooter .usa-list a[data-v-21bfe27b],.NasaFooter .usa-list span[data-v-21bfe27b]{font-size:.95rem;line-height:1em;display:block}.NasaFooter .grid-container-block[data-v-21bfe27b]{max-width:85rem}.NasaFooter .grid-container-extrawide[data-v-21bfe27b]{max-width:110rem}.NasaFooter .grid-container-block-lg[data-v-21bfe27b]{max-width:100rem}.NasaFooter.usa-footer>.grid-container[data-v-21bfe27b],.NasaFooter.usa-footer__primary-section>.grid-container[data-v-21bfe27b]{max-width:1400px;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important}.NasaFooter .social-icons a[data-v-21bfe27b]{background-color:#2e2e32;border-radius:50%;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:32px;height:32px;margin:0 10px 0 0;display:flex}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-details[data-v-21bfe27b]{max-width:22rem}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu[data-v-21bfe27b]{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.NasaFooter .hds-menu-col-3[data-v-21bfe27b]{-moz-columns:3;columns:3}@media (max-width:768px){.NasaFooter .hds-menu-col-3[data-v-21bfe27b]{-moz-columns:2;columns:2}}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu[data-v-21bfe27b] *,.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu>li>a[data-v-21bfe27b]{font-size:.9rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.2em}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu>li>a[data-v-21bfe27b]{padding:.5rem 0;display:block}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu>li>a:hover>span[data-v-21bfe27b]{text-underline-offset:.3em;text-decoration:underline}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li[data-v-21bfe27b]{display:inline-block}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li>a[data-v-21bfe27b]{padding:.5rem .75rem}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li.hds-footer-meta[data-v-21bfe27b]{margin-right:2rem;display:inline-flex}@media screen and (max-width:1200px){.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li[data-v-21bfe27b]{width:100%;padding:0;display:block}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li>a[data-v-21bfe27b]{padding:.35rem 0}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal[data-v-21bfe27b]{-moz-columns:3;columns:3}}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal[data-v-21bfe27b]{-moz-columns:2;columns:2}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal.hds-menu-meta[data-v-21bfe27b]{-moz-columns:1;columns:1}}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-meta .hds-footer-meta-label[data-v-21bfe27b]{padding-right:.5rem}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-meta .hds-footer-meta-value[data-v-21bfe27b]{font-weight:600}.NasaFooter .hds-footer-secondary[data-v-21bfe27b]{border-color:#58585b}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){.NasaFooter .hds-footer-secondary[data-v-21bfe27b]{margin-top:1.5rem}}@media screen and (min-width:1199px){.NasaFooter .hds-footer-menu.hds-footer-menu-horizontal>li:first-child>a[data-v-21bfe27b]{padding-left:0}}</style> <style>.TemplateGeneric .smd-plain-title+.GutenbergBlocks>.BlockLayout:first-child{margin-top:0}</style> <style>.BlockLayout .hds-caption{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0}.BlockLayout.margin-y-3:first-child{margin-top:3rem}.BlockLayout.margin-y-3:last-child{margin-bottom:3rem}.BlockLayout.margin-bottom-2+.BlockLayout.margin-y-3{margin-top:1rem}.BlockLayout.margin-full-bleed+.BlockLayout.margin-y-3,.BlockLayout.margin-y-3+.BlockLayout.margin-full-bleed{margin-top:3rem}.BlockLayout p a,.BlockLayout li a,.BlockLayout h1 a,.BlockLayout h2 a,.BlockLayout h3 a,.BlockLayout h4 a{color:#17171b;text-underline-offset:4px;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dashed #58585b;text-decoration:underline dashed #58585b;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.BlockLayout p a:focus,.BlockLayout li a:focus,.BlockLayout h1 a:focus,.BlockLayout h2 a:focus,.BlockLayout h3 a:focus,.BlockLayout h4 a:focus{outline:1px dashed #58585b;text-decoration:none}.BlockLayout p a:hover,.BlockLayout li a:hover,.BlockLayout h1 a:hover,.BlockLayout h2 a:hover,.BlockLayout h3 a:hover,.BlockLayout h4 a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline #17171b;text-decoration:underline #17171b;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout p a,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout li a,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h1 a,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h2 a,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h3 a,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h4 a{color:#f6f6f6;text-decoration-color:#b9b9bb}.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout p a:focus,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout li a:focus,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h1 a:focus,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h2 a:focus,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h3 a:focus,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h4 a:focus{outline-color:#b9b9bb}.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout p a:hover,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout li a:hover,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h1 a:hover,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h2 a:hover,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h3 a:hover,.article-color-mode-dark .BlockLayout h4 a:hover{text-decoration-color:#f6f6f6}</style> <style>.NasaBlocksSecondaryNavigationDesktopBlock{z-index:1000;position:relative}.NasaBlocksSecondaryNavigationDesktopBlock.hds-secondary-navigation{text-align:left}@media screen and (min-width:1601px){.NasaBlocksSecondaryNavigationDesktopBlock.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-has-breadcrumbs .hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items{flex:0 auto;width:50%}.NasaBlocksSecondaryNavigationDesktopBlock.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-has-breadcrumbs .hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items .usa-nav__primary-item>a,.NasaBlocksSecondaryNavigationDesktopBlock.hds-secondary-navigation .hds-secondary-navigation-has-breadcrumbs .hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items .usa-nav__primary-item>button{white-space:nowrap}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){.NasaBlocksSecondaryNavigationDesktopBlock.hds-secondary-navigation{display:block!important}}</style> <style>.NavSecondaryDesktopDropdownDesktop .usa-nav__submenu ul.nested-menu{margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none}.NavSecondaryDesktopDropdownDesktop .usa-nav__submenu ul.nested-menu li>a{padding-left:2rem;display:block}.NavSecondaryDesktopDropdownDesktop .usa-nav__submenu ul.nested-menu li>a:hover{padding-left:2rem}</style> <style>.NavSecondaryMobileBlock{font-size:1rem!important;line-height:1.25rem!important}.NavSecondaryMobileBlock nav{width:100%}.NavSecondaryMobileBlock nav button{padding:.625rem 1.25rem}.NavSecondaryMobileBlock nav .mobile-nav-toggle-icon{transition:transform .3s;transform:rotate(0)}.NavSecondaryMobileBlock nav .mobile-nav-toggle-icon.open{transform:rotate(-180deg)}.NavSecondaryMobileBlock .nav-secondary-border{border-style:solid;border-width:0 0 1px}.NavSecondaryMobileBlock .nav-secondary-dark{background-color:#17171b;border-color:#2e2e32;color:#fff!important}.NavSecondaryMobileBlock .nav-secondary-light{background-color:#fff;border-color:#d1d1d1;color:#17171b!important}.NavSecondaryMobileBlock .dark-mode-nav-link{color:#17171b!important}</style> <style>.NavSecondaryMobile .nav-link{padding:.625rem 1.25rem;display:block}</style> <style>.NavSecondaryMobileDropdown button{border:0}.NavSecondaryMobileDropdown .dropdown-panel .dropdown-sublink{padding:.625rem 2.5rem;display:block}</style> <style>.quick-facts-slider .quick-facts-slider-image{border-radius:50%;width:6rem;height:6rem;display:block;overflow:hidden}.quick-facts-slider-image .hds-media-background{position:relative}@media screen and (max-width:1279px) and (min-width:1175px){.quick-facts-slider .quick-facts-slider-image{width:5rem;height:5rem}}@media screen and (max-width:1174px){.quick-facts-slider .quick-facts-slider-image{width:4.5rem;height:4.5rem}}@media screen and (max-width:480px){.quick-facts-slider .quick-facts-slider-image{width:3.5rem;height:3.5rem}}@media screen and (max-width:400px){.quick-facts-slider .quick-facts-slider-image{width:3rem;height:3rem}}.hds-carousel-wrapper-relative .hds-carousel-nav{bottom:unset;left:unset;justify-content:start;position:relative}.hds-carousel-nav-arrow{box-sizing:border-box;background:#fff;border:1px solid #b9b9bb;border-radius:50%;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:40px;height:40px;margin-right:8px;transition:all .2s;display:flex}.hds-carousel-nav-arrow:hover{cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #000}.hds-page-intro-image-1,.hds-page-intro-image-2,.hds-page-intro-image-3{min-height:320px}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.hds-page-intro-image-1{min-height:200px}.hds-page-intro-image-2,.hds-page-intro-image-3{min-height:120px}}.quick-facts-slider .quick-facts-slider-image figure img{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.quick-facts-slider .quick-facts-slider-image figure{border-radius:50%;width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;display:block;overflow:hidden}</style> <style>.CoreHeadingBlock h2,.CoreHeadingBlock h3,.CoreHeadingBlock h4{margin:0}</style> <style>.hds-media .nasa-block-align-inline{max-width:840px}.hds-media .nasa-block-align-full{max-width:100%}.hds-media .nasa-block-align-full figcaption{padding-left:40px;padding-right:40px}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.hds-media .nasa-block-align-full figcaption{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}}.hds-media .nasa-block-align-wide{max-width:1100px}.hds-media .hds-media-inner{width:100%;height:100%;display:flex;overflow:hidden}</style> <style>.NasaBlocksRelatedLinkBlock.nasa-button-link{max-width:none;margin:0}</style> <style>.news-item-stack .news-item .hds-cover-wrapper{height:100%;min-height:0}.news-item>.hds-cover-wrapper{min-height:410px}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.news-item-stack .news-item .hds-cover-wrapper{min-height:200px}.news-item>.hds-cover-wrapper{min-height:320px}}.news-item-stack{flex-direction:column;display:flex}.latest-news-items .hds-cover-wrapper{height:100%!important}.latest-news-item a{display:block}</style> <style>.hds-tab-nav{border-bottom:1px solid #b9b9bb}.hds-tabbed-section .hds-tab-nav-item{border-bottom:4px solid #0000;margin-right:40px;padding:10px 0;font-size:18px;font-weight:600;line-height:1em}.hds-tab-nav-item:hover{cursor:pointer}.hds-tab-nav-item.usa-active{border-bottom-color:#000;font-weight:600}.hds-tab-nav-item button{font-feature-settings:"kern";background-color:unset;border:none;padding:0;font-size:18px;font-weight:600;line-height:1em}.hds-tab-nav-item button:hover{cursor:pointer}.hds-tabbed-section-tab:not(.usa-active){display:none}@media screen and (max-width:800px){.hds-tabbed-section .hds-tab-nav-item{margin-right:20px}}</style> <style>.hds-featured-link-list-button{width:2rem;height:2rem}</style> <style>.featured-mission-countdown{display:flex}.countdown-item{align-items:flex-start;display:flex}.countdown-item h3{color:#288bff;align-items:center;margin:0 auto;font-family:dm-mono,mono;font-size:3rem;font-weight:300;display:flex}.countdown-item span{color:#959599}.countdown-item:after{color:#288bff;content:":";opacity:1;visibility:visible;margin:0 15px;font-size:3rem;display:block;top:0}.countdown-item:last-child:after{display:none}</style> <style>.NasaBlocksTopicCardsBlock .swiper:not(.swiper-initialized) .topic-card{width:calc(25% - 22.5px);margin-right:30px}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/entry.CGfWGV5B.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/style-index.DcH8Kg-2.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/NavSecondaryDesktopBlock.sfNfmpJt.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/BaseBreadcrumbs.QyjX-RkR.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/NavSecondaryDesktopDropdown.tJDJ0NFE.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/NavSecondaryMobileBlock.B9SVoust.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/NavSecondaryMobile.PKlJOVsG.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/MobileDropdown.85bdEfbx.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/style-index.C80Ur6rI.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/PlayPauseButton.CWCCCydN.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/BlockLayout.BuQOopRv.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/PageIntroAnchorLinks.CrDShpZ1.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/navigation.BmH1KO7C.css"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DrE9Aad1.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DcpR-k4v.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/7_S1lHiS.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/CiLuMPUt.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DmsEfwXR.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BjC1_Bcv.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BjzgeM02.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BssNYgBO.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BJDJwwXR.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BVq2VXvH.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BbyX9d8J.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/aquQJVie.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/Fj2nhwXu.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DuAp6OL0.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/hw53fwqu.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/Cq_VgtID.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/B948gGfB.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DybeNREo.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DmUbSKId.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BCrLyG-P.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BC_yaFFL.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DaUVLlv9.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BFZ8M1Bb.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BdyH2v6i.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/Dd5M-5gc.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/CZoECnjj.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/ByK41qJF.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/CDdMNi1c.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DRZxNoQ6.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/TVUeoPSJ.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BRPgUHS1.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DzyK-anx.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DC5zEBp6.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/YwWda-J_.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/Cc0RIIH4.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/CbrnUQkx.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/nVYabUvE.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/B09aaT8w.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/CUMnBSqD.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/3cMPLcct.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/Dor82rfw.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DP4kohqj.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BDDCjWOc.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/Zf_yh2jW.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BnbvSdJT.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/YFA8x4hK.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/IGQRmJIF.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DaVadcJ0.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DhZc5WLo.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/gfMl4g9-.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/C1PZ3pHj.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BqzJ8K68.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DXNR3O3K.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/B4PXBh0i.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DMwFr4QN.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DuPjtcUR.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/F6hUaW97.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/D3teVL9B.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/B5GWGnZM.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/Bb2v063I.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/Cxak0ztL.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/QlR_q3t8.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BQu82gvJ.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BsJYnfI9.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DfKa7I3n.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/C7cFC2q2.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/JbyY0nsY.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/wIJuUp4b.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/D4cEOlgd.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/Vw-ajG-X.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/CrFyujPu.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/CikmRlzc.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BOn3ncr0.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BBhgOfes.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/CVo1ZnJA.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BCaw5prP.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DLFtKeo7.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/794oYnmE.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/CWfOHsD9.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/O-aBwWl5.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/kiv7BZuc.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/ArxE11iU.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/flsCTfNu.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/G0ovAWek.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DBDLvwqm.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/C08d6kHK.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/BVmItpn2.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/_nuxt/DTLaH6y_.js"> <link rel="prefetch" as="image" type="image/jpeg" href="/_nuxt/404-bg.B-eOJ4h_.jpg"> <link rel="prefetch" as="image" type="image/svg+xml" href="/_nuxt/nasa-logo.CFKB7Wqh.svg"> <link rel="prefetch" as="image" type="image/png" href="/_nuxt/nasa-logo_2x.C0A3w2m0.png"> <link rel="prefetch" as="image" type="image/png" href="/_nuxt/admin-bar-logo-color.ziwswd3d.png"> <link rel="prefetch" as="image" type="image/jpeg" href="/_nuxt/default-thumbnail.fCFQV2Qj.jpg"> <link rel="prefetch" as="image" type="image/jpeg" href="/_nuxt/featured-story-sample.B9kAi8zl.jpg"> <script type="module" src="/_nuxt/DrE9Aad1.js" crossorigin></script></head><body class="topic-template-default single single-topic"><div id="__nuxt"><div><a class="skip-link usa-button usa-button--secondary usa-sr-only" href="#primary"> Skip to main content </a><nav class="usa-sr-only" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Hidden nav for search engines"><ul><li>Missions <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/" tabindex="-1">Search All NASA Missions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/a-to-z-of-nasa-missions/" tabindex="-1">A to Z List of Missions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/events/" tabindex="-1">Upcoming Launches and Landings</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/spaceships-and-rockets/" tabindex="-1">Spaceships and Rockets</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/communicating-with-missions/" tabindex="-1">Communicating with Missions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/artemis/" tabindex="-1">Artemis</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/" tabindex="-1">James Webb Space Telescope</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/" tabindex="-1">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/" tabindex="-1">International Space Station</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/" tabindex="-1">OSIRIS-REx</a></li></ul></li><li>Humans in Space <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/why-go-to-space/" tabindex="-1">Why Go to Space</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/astronauts/" tabindex="-1">Astronauts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/" tabindex="-1">Commercial Space</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/destinations/" tabindex="-1">Destinations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/spaceships-and-rockets/" tabindex="-1">Spaceships and Rockets</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/living-in-space/" tabindex="-1">Living in Space</a></li></ul></li><li>Earth &amp; Climate <ul><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/explore/" tabindex="-1">Explore Earth Science</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/" tabindex="-1">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/" tabindex="-1">Earth, Our Planet</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/in-action/" tabindex="-1">Earth Science in Action</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/multimedia/" tabindex="-1">Earth Multimedia</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/data/" tabindex="-1">Earth Data</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/" tabindex="-1">Earth Science Researchers</a></li></ul></li><li>About NASA <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-impacts/" tabindex="-1">NASA's Impacts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-centers-and-facilities/" tabindex="-1">Centers and Facilities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-directorates/" tabindex="-1">Directorates</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-organization/" tabindex="-1">Organizations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people-of-nasa/" tabindex="-1">People of NASA</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/careers/" tabindex="-1">Careers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/nasa-internship-programs/" tabindex="-1">Internships</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/history/" tabindex="-1">Our History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/doing-business-with-nasa/" tabindex="-1">Doing Business with NASA</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/get-involved/" tabindex="-1">Get Involved</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/contact-nasa/" tabindex="-1">Contact</a></li></ul></li><li>Learning Resources <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/" tabindex="-1">For Kids and Students</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-educators/" tabindex="-1">For Educators</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/colleges-and-universities/" tabindex="-1">For Colleges and Universities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-professionals/" tabindex="-1">For Professionals</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/for-everyone/" tabindex="-1">Science for Everyone</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/requests-for-exhibits-artifacts-or-speakers/" tabindex="-1">Request an Exhibit or Speaker</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/stem-engagement-at-nasa/" tabindex="-1">STEM Engagement at NASA</a></li></ul></li><li>Aeronautics <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/science-in-the-air/" tabindex="-1">Science in the Air</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/aircraft/" tabindex="-1">NASA Aircraft</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/flight-innovation/" tabindex="-1">Flight Innovation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/supersonic-flight/" tabindex="-1">Supersonic Flight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/air-traffic-solutions/" tabindex="-1">Air Traffic Solutions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/green-aero-tech/" tabindex="-1">Green Aviation Tech</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/drones-and-you/" tabindex="-1">Drones & You</a></li></ul></li><li>Technology <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology-transfer-spinoffs/" tabindex="-1">Technology Transfer & Spinoffs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-travel-technology/" tabindex="-1">Space Travel Technology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-living-technology/" tabindex="-1">Technology Living in Space</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/manufacturing-and-materials/" tabindex="-1">Manufacturing and Materials</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/robotics/" tabindex="-1">Robotics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/science-instruments/" tabindex="-1">Science Instruments</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/computing/" tabindex="-1">Computing</a></li></ul></li><li>The Universe <ul><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanets/" tabindex="-1">Exoplanets</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/search-for-life/" tabindex="-1">The Search for Life in the Universe</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/stars/" tabindex="-1">Stars</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/galaxies/" tabindex="-1">Galaxies</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/black-holes/" tabindex="-1">Black Holes</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/the-big-bang/" tabindex="-1">The Big Bang</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/dark-matter-dark-energy/" tabindex="-1">Dark Matter &amp; Dark Energy</a></li></ul></li><li>The Solar System <ul><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/sun/" tabindex="-1">The Sun</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mercury/" tabindex="-1">Mercury</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/venus/" tabindex="-1">Venus</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/" tabindex="-1">Earth</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/moon/" tabindex="-1">The Moon</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mars/" tabindex="-1">Mars</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/jupiter/" tabindex="-1">Jupiter</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/saturn/" tabindex="-1">Saturn</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/uranus/" tabindex="-1">Uranus</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/neptune/" tabindex="-1">Neptune</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/" tabindex="-1">Pluto &amp; Dwarf Planets</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-meteors/" tabindex="-1">Asteroids, Comets &amp; Meteors</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/" tabindex="-1">The Kuiper Belt</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/" tabindex="-1">The Oort Cloud</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/skywatching/" tabindex="-1">Skywatching</a></li></ul></li><li>Español <ul><li><a href="https://ciencia.nasa.gov/" tabindex="-1">Ciencia</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/espanol/aeronautica-en-espanol/" tabindex="-1">Aeronáutica</a></li><li><a href="https://ciencia.nasa.gov/tierra" tabindex="-1">Ciencias Terrestres</a></li><li><a href="https://ciencia.nasa.gov/sistema-solar" tabindex="-1">Sistema Solar</a></li><li><a href="https://ciencia.nasa.gov/universo" tabindex="-1">Universo</a></li></ul></li><li>Science <ul><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/" tabindex="-1">All NASA Science</a></li><li><a href="/earth-science/" tabindex="-1">Earth Science</a></li><li><a href="/planetary-science/" tabindex="-1">Planetary Science</a></li><li><a href="/astrophysics/" tabindex="-1">Astrophysics & Space Science</a></li><li><a href="/heliophysics/" tabindex="-1">The Sun & Heliophysics</a></li><li><a href="/biological-physical/" tabindex="-1">Biological & Physical Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/lunar-science/" tabindex="-1">Lunar Science</a></li><li><a href="/citizen-science/" tabindex="-1">Citizen Science</a></li><li><a href="/astromaterials/" tabindex="-1">Astromaterials</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics-research/" tabindex="-1">Aeronautics Research</a></li><li><a href="/human-space-travel-research/" tabindex="-1">Human Space Travel Research</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav><div><div class="absolute z-top"><header class="NasaHeader z-top display-block desktop:display-none hds-nasa-header usa-header usa-header-mobile color-spacesuit-white bg-carbon-black padding-x-3 padding-y-2" aria-label="Mobile global header" data-headlessui-state><div class="usa-nav-container grid-row padding-y-05"><div class="grid-col-5 display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-start"><button class="hds-global-menu-toggle menu-toggle menu-mobile-toggle bg-carbon-black color-spacesuit-white border-0 outline-transparent padding-x-0" aria-expanded="false" type="button" aria-label="Toggle menu"><span class="menu-toggle-icon"><span class="menu-toggle-icon-top"></span><span class="menu-toggle-icon-center"></span><span class="menu-toggle-icon-bottom"></span></span></button></div><div class="grid-col-2 display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-center"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="usa-logo display-block margin-0 width-fit-content text-center"><img fetchpriority="high" class="margin-y-0 margin-x-auto display-block" width="60" height="50.58" alt="NASA Logo" src="/_nuxt/nasa-logo_2x.C0A3w2m0.png" srcset="/_nuxt/nasa-logo.CFKB7Wqh.svg" draggable="false" style="-webkit-user-drag:none;" ondragstart="return false;"></a></div><div class="grid-col-5 display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-end"><div class="hds-search-panel-mobile-trigger search-mobile color-carbon-20 menu-toggle" id="headlessui-popover-button-2224143" aria-expanded="false" data-headlessui-state><svg width="12" height="12" viewbox="0 0 12 12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 10.643L8.804 7.447a4.8 4.8 0 10-1.357 1.357L10.642 12 12 10.643zM1.36 4.8a3.44 3.44 0 116.879 0 3.44 3.44 0 01-6.879 0z"></path></svg></div></div></div></header></div><div hidden style="position:fixed;top:1;left:1;width:1;height:0;padding:0;margin:-1;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;display:none;"></div><header class="NasaHeader usa-header-primary usa-header usa-header--basic color-spacesuit-white border-top-2px padding-top-1px border-color-carbon-black-important desktop:display-block display-none padding-y-2 padding-x-2 bg-carbon-black hds-nasa-header z-top" aria-label="Desktop global header"><div class="padding-0 grid-container grid-container-extrawide grid-row"><div class="grid-col-5 display-flex flex-align-center"><ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"><li class="hds-explore-nav-trigger usa-nav__primary-item margin-right-2"><button id="global-navigation-trigger" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link display-flex flex-align-center" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span>Explore</span><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="16px" height="17px" viewbox="0 0 16 17" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 17;" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><path d="M8,16.5c-4.4,0-8-3.6-8-8s3.6-8,8-8s8,3.6,8,8S12.4,16.5,8,16.5z M8,1.5c-3.9,0-7,3.1-7,7c0,3.9,3.1,7,7,7 s7-3.1,7-7C15,4.6,11.9,1.5,8,1.5z"></path></g><g><path d="M8,10l2.6-2.6L11.2,8L8,11.2L4.8,8l0.6-0.6L8,10z"></path></g></g></svg></button></li></ul><form action="https://www.nasa.gov/" class="usa-search usa-search--small float-none" role="search" style="float:none !important;"><label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-field-en-small">Search</label><input id="search-field-en-small" class="usa-input border bg-carbon-black border-color-carbon-80-important" type="search" name="search" value="" placeholder="Search..."><input type="hidden" name="language" value="en-US"><button class="usa-button display-none" type="submit"><span class="usa-sr-only">Submit</span></button></form></div><div class="grid-col-2 display-flex flex-justify-center flex-align-center"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="NASA homepage" class="usa-logo tablet:display-block margin-0 outline-0"><img fetchpriority="high" class="margin-y-0 margin-x-auto display-block" width="60" height="50.58" alt="NASA Logo" src="/_nuxt/nasa-logo_2x.C0A3w2m0.png" srcset="/_nuxt/nasa-logo.CFKB7Wqh.svg" draggable="false" style="-webkit-user-drag:none;" ondragstart="return false;"></a></div><nav aria-label="Secondary" class="grid-col-5 color-spacesuit-white"><div class="usa-nav__inner hds-nav__inner"><ul class="hds-nav-primary color-spacesuit-white usa-nav__primary flex-justify-end"><li class="hds-nav-has-submenu usa-nav__primary-item"><div data-headlessui-state><button class="usa-nav__link heading-16 color-spacesuit-white padding-y-2 padding-x-2 display-flex flex-align-center" id="headlessui-popover-button-2224148" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-headlessui-state><span>News & Events</span><svg version="1.1" fill="#fff" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="12px" height="12px" viewBox="0 0 306 306" style="enable-background:new 0 0 306 306;max-width:12px;" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="270.3,58.65 153,175.95 35.7,58.65 0,94.35 153,247.35 306,94.35 "></polygon></g></svg></button></div><div hidden style="position:fixed;top:1;left:1;width:1;height:0;padding:0;margin:-1;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;display:none;"></div></li><li class="hds-nav-has-submenu usa-nav__primary-item"><div data-headlessui-state><button class="usa-nav__link heading-16 color-spacesuit-white padding-y-2 padding-x-2 display-flex flex-align-center" id="headlessui-popover-button-2224150" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-headlessui-state><span>Multimedia</span><svg version="1.1" fill="#fff" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="12px" height="12px" viewBox="0 0 306 306" style="enable-background:new 0 0 306 306;max-width:12px;" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="270.3,58.65 153,175.95 35.7,58.65 0,94.35 153,247.35 306,94.35 "></polygon></g></svg></button></div><div hidden style="position:fixed;top:1;left:1;width:1;height:0;padding:0;margin:-1;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;display:none;"></div></li><li class="hds-nav-has-submenu usa-nav__primary-item"><a href="https://plus.nasa.gov/" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="NasaLiveIndicator button hds-nav__link-nasa-live usa-nav__link-nasa-live usa-nav__link heading-16 color-spacesuit-white display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center"><span>NASA+</span></a></li></ul></div></nav></div></header><div hidden style="position:fixed;top:1;left:1;width:1;height:0;padding:0;margin:-1;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;display:none;"></div></div><div><main id="primary" class="site-main"><div class="TemplateGeneric topic type-topic hentry"><div class="GutenbergBlocks hds-module"><div class="BlockLayout margin-y-0"><div><div class="display-none desktop:display-block"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center tablet:display-flex flex-align-center desktop:display-block hds-color-mode-dark wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav NasaBlocksSecondaryNavigationDesktopBlock"><div class="hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2"><div class="hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items margin-0"><nav aria-label="Section" class="NavSecondaryDesktop"><ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center"><li class="NavSecondaryDesktopDropdownDesktop usa-nav__primary-item"><button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link font-weight-bold" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown_0-link_id_0"><span>Overview</span><svg alt="" enable-background="new 0 0 400 400" viewBox="0 0 400 400" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z"></path></svg></button><ul style="display:none;" id="dropdown_0-link_id_0" class="usa-nav__submenu"><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/heliophysics-leadership/" class="link-external-false"><span>Heliophysics Leadership</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/heliophysics-org-chart/" class="link-external-false"><span>Heliophysics Org Chart</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/science-questions/" class="link-external-false"><span>Science Questions</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="NavSecondaryDesktopDropdownDesktop usa-nav__primary-item"><button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link font-weight-bold" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown_1-link_id_0"><span>Focus Area</span><svg alt="" enable-background="new 0 0 400 400" viewBox="0 0 400 400" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z"></path></svg></button><ul style="display:none;" id="dropdown_1-link_id_0" class="usa-nav__submenu"><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/focus-areas/" class="link-external-false"><span>Focus Area Overview</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/focus-areas/solar-science/" class="link-external-false"><span>Solar Science</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/focus-areas/magnetosphere-ionosphere/" class="link-external-false"><span>Magnetospheres</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/focus-areas/ionosphere_thermosphere_mesosphere/" class="link-external-false"><span>Ionosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/focus-areas/heliosphere/" class="link-external-false"><span>Heliosphere</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/focus-areas/space-weather/" class="link-external-false"><span>Space Weather</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/focus-areas/recent-research/" class="link-external-false"><span>Recent Research</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="NavSecondaryDesktopDropdownDesktop usa-nav__primary-item"><button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link font-weight-bold" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown_2-link_id_0"><span>Programs</span><svg alt="" enable-background="new 0 0 400 400" viewBox="0 0 400 400" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z"></path></svg></button><ul style="display:none;" id="dropdown_2-link_id_0" class="usa-nav__submenu"><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/programs/research/" class="link-external-false"><span>Heliophysics Research</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/programs/solar-terrestrial-probes/" class="link-external-false"><span>Solar Terrestrial Probes</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/programs/explorers/" class="link-external-false"><span>Explorers</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/programs/living-with-a-star/" class="link-external-false"><span>Living With a Star</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/programs/sounding-rockets/" class="link-external-false"><span>Sounding Rockets</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/programs/working-groups/" class="link-external-false"><span>Working Groups</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/programs/citizen-science/" class="link-external-false"><span>Citizen Science</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/programs/technology/" class="link-external-false"><span>Technology Program</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__primary-item"><a href="/heliophysics/data/" class="link-external-false"><span>Data</span></a></li><li class="NavSecondaryDesktopDropdownDesktop usa-nav__primary-item"><button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link font-weight-bold" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown_4-link_id_0"><span>Missions</span><svg alt="" enable-background="new 0 0 400 400" viewBox="0 0 400 400" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z"></path></svg></button><ul style="display:none;" id="dropdown_4-link_id_0" class="usa-nav__submenu"><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/missions/mission-fleet-diagram/" class="link-external-false"><span>Mission Fleet Chart</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="NavSecondaryDesktopDropdownDesktop usa-nav__primary-item"><button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link font-weight-bold" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown_5-link_id_0"><span>Resources</span><svg alt="" enable-background="new 0 0 400 400" viewBox="0 0 400 400" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z"></path></svg></button><ul style="display:none;" id="dropdown_5-link_id_0" class="usa-nav__submenu"><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/resources/" class="link-external-false"><span>Resources Overview</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/resources/2024_decadal_survey/" class="link-external-false"><span>2024 Decadal Survey</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/resources/informational-briefs/" class="link-external-false"><span>Supplemental Information</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/resources/heliophysics-2050-workshop/" class="link-external-false"><span>2050 Workshop</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/heliophysics/resources/heliophysics-strategic-mission-programs/" class="link-external-false"><span>Strategic Mission Programs</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li><li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"><a href="/ems/" class="link-external-false"><span>Electromagnetic Spectrum Series</span></a><ul class="nested-menu"></ul></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div><div class="display-block desktop:display-none"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav NavSecondaryMobileBlock"><nav aria-label="Section" class="nav-secondary-dark padding-top-05 padding-bottom-05 nav-secondary-border"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="secondary-nav-heliophysics" class="text-white display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-full bg-transparent border-0"><div class="width-full text-left text-bold">Explore This Section</div><svg class="mobile-nav-toggle-icon" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M0.5 10C0.5 4.75329 4.75329 0.5 10 0.5C15.2467 0.5 19.5 4.75329 19.5 10C19.5 15.2467 15.2467 19.5 10 19.5C4.75329 19.5 0.5 15.2467 0.5 10Z" fill="none" stroke="#959599"></path><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10 11.0552L13.2328 7.80005L14 8.57249L10 12.6L6 8.57249L6.76716 7.80005L10 11.0552Z" fill="#ffffff"></path></svg></button><div style="display:none;" id="secondary-nav-heliophysics" class=""><div class="NavSecondaryMobile"><div><div><div class="NavSecondaryMobileDropdown width-full"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown_0-link_id_0" class="nav-secondary-dark display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-full"><div class="text-white text-left width-full text-bold">Overview</div><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7.5" fill="#0B3D91" stroke="white"></circle><rect x="4" y="7.6001" width="8" height="0.8" fill="white"></rect><rect x="7.59998" y="12" width="8" height="0.8" transform="rotate(-90 7.59998 12)" fill="white"></rect></svg></button></div></div><div><div class="NavSecondaryMobileDropdown width-full"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown_1-link_id_0" class="nav-secondary-dark display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-full"><div class="text-white text-left width-full text-bold">Focus Area</div><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7.5" fill="#0B3D91" stroke="white"></circle><rect x="4" y="7.6001" width="8" height="0.8" fill="white"></rect><rect x="7.59998" y="12" width="8" height="0.8" transform="rotate(-90 7.59998 12)" fill="white"></rect></svg></button></div></div><div><div class="NavSecondaryMobileDropdown width-full"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown_2-link_id_0" class="nav-secondary-dark display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-full"><div class="text-white text-left width-full text-bold">Programs</div><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7.5" fill="#0B3D91" stroke="white"></circle><rect x="4" y="7.6001" width="8" height="0.8" fill="white"></rect><rect x="7.59998" y="12" width="8" height="0.8" transform="rotate(-90 7.59998 12)" fill="white"></rect></svg></button></div></div><div><a href="/heliophysics/data/" class="link-external-false nav-link text-bold text-white"><span class="text-carbon-90">Data</span></a></div><div><div class="NavSecondaryMobileDropdown width-full"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown_4-link_id_0" class="nav-secondary-dark display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-full"><div class="text-white text-left width-full text-bold">Missions</div><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7.5" fill="#0B3D91" stroke="white"></circle><rect x="4" y="7.6001" width="8" height="0.8" fill="white"></rect><rect x="7.59998" y="12" width="8" height="0.8" transform="rotate(-90 7.59998 12)" fill="white"></rect></svg></button></div></div><div><div class="NavSecondaryMobileDropdown width-full"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown_5-link_id_0" class="nav-secondary-dark display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-full"><div class="text-white text-left width-full text-bold">Resources</div><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7.5" fill="#0B3D91" stroke="white"></circle><rect x="4" y="7.6001" width="8" height="0.8" fill="white"></rect><rect x="7.59998" y="12" width="8" height="0.8" transform="rotate(-90 7.59998 12)" fill="white"></rect></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div></nav></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GutenbergBlocks hds-module"><div class="BlockLayout margin-full-bleed"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-0 wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro NasaBlocksPageIntroBlock"><div class="padding-0 bg-spacesuit-white wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro"><div class="hds-page-intro hds-page-intro-banner width-full maxw-full padding-0 hds-cover-wrapper minh-tablet"><div class="hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex"><div class="grid-row grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto margin-bottom-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-top-9 padding-x-3 z-400"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h1 class="page-heading-md line-height-sm color-spacesuit-white-important margin-0">NASA Heliophysics</h1></div></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0"></div></div></div><div class="skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200"></div><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"><img width="1920" height="1920" alt loading="eager" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:19% 37%;object-position:19% 37%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GutenbergBlocksCustomFields hds-module"><div class="GutenbergBlocks hds-module"><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-top-5 margin-bottom-2"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div id="h-overview" class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreHeadingBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><h2><span>Overview</span></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-3"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">The Science Mission Directorate Heliophysics Division studies the nature of the Sun, and how it influences the very nature of space – and, in turn, the atmospheres of planets and the technology that exists there. Space is not, as is often believed, completely empty; instead, we live in the extended atmosphere of an active star. Our Sun sends out a steady outpouring of particles and energy – the solar wind – as well as a constantly writhing magnetic system. This extensive, dynamic solar atmosphere surrounds the Sun, Earth, the planets, and extends far out into the solar system.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-3"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Studying this system not only helps us understand fundamental information about how the universe works, but also helps protect our technology and astronauts in space. NASA seeks knowledge of near-Earth space, because – when extreme – space weather can interfere with our communications, satellites and power grids. The study of the Sun and space can also teach us more about how stars contribute to the habitability of planets throughout the universe.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-3"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Mapping out this interconnected system requires a holistic study of the Sun’s influence on space, Earth, and other planets.  NASA has a fleet of spacecraft strategically placed throughout our heliosphere – from Parker Solar Probe at the Sun observing the very start of the solar wind, to satellites around Earth, to the farthest human-made object, Voyager, which is sending back observations on interstellar space. Each mission is positioned at a critical, well-thought out vantage point to observe and understand the flow of energy and particles throughout the solar system – all helping us untangle the effects of the star we live with.  </p></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-5 desktop:margin-y-6"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-media wp-block-image CoreImageBlock"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="1280" height="720" alt="Chart showing the spacecraft in orbit that support the Heliophysics Division. The Sun is on the left and missions throughout the solar system are on the right." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=320&format=jpeg 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=640&format=jpeg 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=768&format=jpeg 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=1024&format=jpeg 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=1280&format=jpeg 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=1536&format=jpeg 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=2048&format=jpeg 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=2560&format=jpeg 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=3072&format=jpeg 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg 4096w"></picture></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-top-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Chart showing the spacecraft in orbit that support the Heliophysics Division. <em>Updated January 24, 2024</em></div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-3"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module nasa-gb-align-center nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 wp-block-nasa-related-links NasaBlocksRelatedLinkBlock"><a href="/heliophysics/missions/mission-fleet-diagram/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>See the Mission Fleet</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout margin-full-bleed"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 bg-spacesuit-white color-mode-dark wp-block-nasa-blocks-news-automated"><div class="grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3"><div class="desktop:grid-col margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><h2 class="section-heading-md margin-0">Heliophysics Stories</h2></div><div class="desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end"><a href="/heliophysics/stories" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Explore All Heliophysics Stories</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div><div class="grid-row latest-news-items"><div class="grid-col mobile:grid-col tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-7 latest-news-item-0 margin-bottom-2 -tablet:margin-bottom-0 desktop:margin-bottom-0 padding-right-0 tablet:padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/general/ready-set-action-our-sun-is-the-star-in-dazzling-simulation/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false maxw-full width-full latest-news-item news-item news-item"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black"><div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-column flex-align-start flex-justify-start z-200"><div class="display-flex flex-align-center label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-auto"><svg version="1.1" class="square-2 margin-right-1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 16 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><path d="M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z"></path><path d="M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z"></path></g></g></svg><span>Article</span></div><div class="display-block maxw-tablet"><div class="label margin-bottom-1">3 min read</div><p class="heading-22 color-spacesuit-white margin-0"><span>Ready, Set, Action! Our Sun is the Star in Dazzling Simulation</span></p></div></div><figure class="hds-media-background z-100"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=320&format=jpeg 320w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=640&format=jpeg 640w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=768&format=jpeg 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=1024&format=jpeg 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=1280&format=jpeg 1280w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=1536&format=jpeg 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=2048&format=jpeg 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=2560&format=jpeg 2560w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=3072&format=jpeg 3072w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg 4096w"></picture></figure></div></a></div><div class="tablet:grid-col desktop:grid-col-5 grid-row latest-news-items"><a href="/science-research/heliophysics/5-surprising-nasa-heliophysics-discoveries-not-related-to-the-sun/" class="link-external-false maxw-full width-full latest-news-item news-item tablet:grid-col latest-news-item latest-news-item-1 news-item margin-bottom-2 tablet:margin-bottom-0 desktop:margin-bottom-0 padding-right-0"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black"><div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-column flex-align-start flex-justify-start z-200"><div class="display-flex flex-align-center label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-auto"><svg version="1.1" class="square-2 margin-right-1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 16 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><path d="M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z"></path><path d="M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z"></path></g></g></svg><span>Article</span></div><div class="display-block maxw-tablet"><div class="label margin-bottom-1">5 min read</div><p class="heading-22 color-spacesuit-white margin-0"><span>5 Surprising NASA Heliophysics Discoveries Not Related to the Sun</span></p></div></div><figure class="hds-media-background z-100"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=320&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=640&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=768&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=1024&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=1280&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=1536&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=2048&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=2560&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=3072&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=4096&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"><img width="1024" height="576" alt="In this illustration, an exploding star powers jets of material. The star is shown as an almost flower-like shape. The purple �petals� represent clouds of material created in the explosion. The bluish-white and yellow center shows where the newly formed black hole begins driving the jets. The core of the jet pointed toward us is whitish and the broader regions are magenta. In the distance, on the far side of the star, you can see the opposite side of the jet disappearing into space." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=320&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=640&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=768&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=1024&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=1280&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=1536&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=2048&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=2560&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=3072&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"></picture></figure></div></a></div></div><div class="grid-row padding-top-2 desktop:padding-top-5"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/general/six-ways-supercomputing-advances-our-understanding-of-the-universe/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false maxw-full width-full mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0 padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2"><div class="display-flex"><div class="padding-right-3"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black circle-10 minw-10 maxh-10 minh-10"><figure class="hds-media-background z-100"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=320&format=jpeg 320w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=640&format=jpeg 640w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=768&format=jpeg 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=1024&format=jpeg 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=1280&format=jpeg 1280w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=1536&format=jpeg 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=2048&format=jpeg 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=2560&format=jpeg 2560w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=3072&format=jpeg 3072w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div><div><div class="label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-black">7 min read</div><p class="heading-14 color-carbon-black line-height-md margin-top-1 margin-bottom-1">Six Ways Supercomputing Advances Our Understanding of the Universe</p><div class="display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto"><svg version="1.1" class="square-2 margin-right-1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 16 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><path d="M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z"></path><path d="M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z"></path></g></g></svg><span>Article</span><span class="margin-left-2">1 week ago</span></div></div></div></a><a href="/feature/nasas-guide-to-finding-and-photographing-auroras/" class="link-external-false maxw-full width-full mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0 padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2"><div class="display-flex"><div class="padding-right-3"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black circle-10 minw-10 maxh-10 minh-10"><figure class="hds-media-background z-100"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=320&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=640&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=768&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=1024&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=1280&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=1536&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=2048&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=2560&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=3072&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=4096&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"><img width="2048" height="1365" alt="At night, a camera is on top of a tripod. The camera is pointing upward toward the sky. Filling the sky are stars and swaths of green aurora. Trees fill the lower background." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=320&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=640&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=768&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=1024&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=1280&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=1536&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=2048&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=2560&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=3072&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div><div><div class="label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-black">1 min read</div><p class="heading-14 color-carbon-black line-height-md margin-top-1 margin-bottom-1"></p><div class="display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto"><svg class="square-2 margin-right-1" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" style="enable-background:new 0 0 20 20;" xml:space="preserve"><g><path d="M10,0C4.5,0,0,4.5,0,10c0,5.5,4.5,10,10,10c5.5,0,10-4.5,10-10C20,4.5,15.5,0,10,0z M10,19c-5,0-9-4-9-9 c0-5,4-9,9-9c5,0,9,4,9,9C19,15,15,19,10,19z"></path><path d="M11.4,8.2c-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.1-0.1L10,4L8.7,8.1c0,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.1l0,0l-4.1,0l3.3,2.5c0,0,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.2h0 L6.6,15l3.3-2.5c0,0,0.1,0,0.2,0l3.3,2.5l-1.3-4.1c0-0.1,0-0.1,0.1-0.2l0,0l3.3-2.5L11.4,8.2z"></path></g></svg><span>Feature</span></div></div></div></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-program/voyager-2/mining-old-data-from-nasas-voyager-2-solves-several-uranus-mysteries/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false maxw-full width-full mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0 padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2"><div class="display-flex"><div class="padding-right-3"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black circle-10 minw-10 maxh-10 minh-10"><figure class="hds-media-background z-100"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=320&format=jpeg 320w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=640&format=jpeg 640w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=768&format=jpeg 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=1024&format=jpeg 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=1280&format=jpeg 1280w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=1536&format=jpeg 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=2048&format=jpeg 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=2560&format=jpeg 2560w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=3072&format=jpeg 3072w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div><div><div class="label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-black">4 min read</div><p class="heading-14 color-carbon-black line-height-md margin-top-1 margin-bottom-1">Mining Old Data From NASA’s Voyager 2 Solves Several Uranus Mysteries</p><div class="display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto"><svg version="1.1" class="square-2 margin-right-1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 16 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><path d="M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z"></path><path d="M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z"></path></g></g></svg><span>Article</span><span class="margin-left-2">2 weeks ago</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout margin-full-bleed"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-tabbed-section color-mode-light padding-y-6 padding-x-3 wp-block-nasa-blocks-tabbed-section NasaBlocksTabbedSectionBlock"><div class="grid-container grid-container-block"><ul class="hds-tab-nav usa-list usa-list--unstyled grid-row" role="tablist"><li role="presentation" class="usa-active hds-tab-nav-item" data-tab-id="0"><button id="tab-0-the-sun" role="tab" type="button" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="panel-0-the-sun"><span>The Sun</span></button></li><li role="presentation" class="hds-tab-nav-item" data-tab-id="1"><button id="tab-1-space-weather" role="tab" type="button" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-1-space-weather"><span>Space Weather</span></button></li><li role="presentation" class="hds-tab-nav-item" data-tab-id="2"><button id="tab-2-magnetospheres" role="tab" type="button" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-2-magnetospheres"><span>Magnetospheres</span></button></li><li role="presentation" class="hds-tab-nav-item" data-tab-id="3"><button id="tab-3-ionosphere,-thermosphere-&amp;-mesosphere" role="tab" type="button" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-3-ionosphere,-thermosphere-&amp;-mesosphere"><span>Ionosphere, Thermosphere & Mesosphere</span></button></li><li role="presentation" class="hds-tab-nav-item" data-tab-id="4"><button id="tab-4-heliosphere" role="tab" type="button" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-4-heliosphere"><span>Heliosphere</span></button></li><li role="presentation" class="hds-tab-nav-item" data-tab-id="5"><button id="tab-5-solar-eclipses" role="tab" type="button" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-5-solar-eclipses"><span>Solar Eclipses</span></button></li></ul><div class="hds-tabbed-section-tabs margin-top-6"><div id="panel-0-the-sun" class="usa-active hds-tabbed-section-tab desktop:display-flex" data-tab-id="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-0-the-sun"><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-right-5 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-29 margin-0">The Sun </h2></div><p class="heading-16">The sun is a dynamic star, made of super-hot ionized gas called plasma.</p><p class="p-md">The sun's surface and atmosphere change continually, driven by the magnetic forces generated by this constantly-moving plasma. The sun releases energy in two ways: the usual flow of light that illuminates the Earth and makes life possible; but also in more violent and dramatic ways--it gives off bursts of light, particles, and magnetic fields that can have ripple effects all the way out to the solar system's magnetic edge.</p><a href="/heliophysics/focus-areas/solar-science/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span class="line-height-alt-1">Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-left-5"><div class="display-block"><div class="hds-tabbed-section-image margin-bottom-2 minh-mobile"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:52% 97%;object-position:52% 97%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-top-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Solar activity follows a roughly 11-year cycle. This composite image shows the sun in extreme ultraviolet wavelengths about once a year over the course of a complete solar cycle.</div><div class="hds-credits">ESA / NASA / SOHO</div></figcaption></div></div></div></div></div><div id="panel-1-space-weather" class="hds-tabbed-section-tab desktop:display-flex" data-tab-id="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-1-space-weather"><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-right-5 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-29 margin-0">Space Weather</h2></div><p class="heading-16">Though space is about a thousand times emptier than even the best laboratory vacuums on Earth, it’s not completely devoid of matter.</p><p class="p-md">The sun’s constant outflow of solar wind fills space with a thin and tenuous wash of particles, fields, and plasma. This solar wind, along with other solar events like giant explosions called coronal mass ejections, influences the very nature of space and can interact with the magnetic systems of Earth and other worlds. Such effects also change the radiation environment through which our spacecraft – and, one day, our astronauts headed to Mars – travel. </p><a href="/heliophysics-2/space-weather-ybutu/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span class="line-height-alt-1">Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-left-5"><div class="display-block"><div class="hds-tabbed-section-image margin-bottom-2 minh-mobile"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt="An artist's illustration of events on the sun changing the conditions in Near-Earth space." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-top-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">An artist's illustration of events on the sun changing the conditions in Near-Earth space.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div></div></div><div id="panel-2-magnetospheres" class="hds-tabbed-section-tab desktop:display-flex" data-tab-id="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-2-magnetospheres"><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-right-5 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-29 margin-0">Magnetospheres</h2></div><p class="heading-16">A magnetosphere is the region around a planet dominated by the planet's magnetic field.</p><p class="p-md">Other planets in our solar system have magnetospheres, but Earth has the strongest one of all the rocky planets: Earth's magnetosphere is a vast, comet-shaped bubble, which has played a crucial role in our planet's habitability. Life on Earth initially developed and continues to be sustained under the protection of this magnetic environment.</p><a href="/heliophysics/focus-areas/magnetosphere-ionosphere/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span class="line-height-alt-1">Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-left-5"><div class="display-block"><div class="hds-tabbed-section-image margin-bottom-2 minh-mobile"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-top-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Earth is surrounded by a giant magnetic bubble called the magnetosphere, which is is part of a dynamic, interconnected system that responds to solar, planetary, and interstellar conditions.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div></div></div><div id="panel-3-ionosphere,-thermosphere-&amp;-mesosphere" class="hds-tabbed-section-tab desktop:display-flex" data-tab-id="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-3-ionosphere,-thermosphere-&amp;-mesosphere"><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-right-5 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-29 margin-0">Ionosphere, Thermosphere and Mesosphere</h2></div><p class="heading-16">NASA’s heliophysics researches the ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere region where our neutral atmosphere transitions into the ionized plasma of space.</p><p class="p-md">In this thin shell that surrounds our home planet, the atmosphere is in constant motion, shaped by the influence of both solar activity and changes in the lower atmosphere and in near-Earth space. But this region is more than just a passive boundary — energy is not only deposited but also transformed in and transported through this region, and it’s an active source of energy and plasma into the magnetosphere.</p><a href="/heliophysics/focus-areas/ionosphere_thermosphere_mesosphere/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span class="line-height-alt-1">Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-left-5"><div class="display-block"><div class="hds-tabbed-section-image margin-bottom-2 minh-mobile"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt="Graphic diagram of the Ionosphere" loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-top-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Stretching from roughly 50 to 400 miles above the surface, this region, called the ionosphere, is an electrified layer of the upper atmosphere, generated by extreme ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center / Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith</div></figcaption></div></div></div></div></div><div id="panel-4-heliosphere" class="hds-tabbed-section-tab desktop:display-flex" data-tab-id="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-4-heliosphere"><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-right-5 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-29 margin-0">Heliosphere</h2></div><p class="heading-16">The sun sends out a constant flow of charged particles called the solar wind, which ultimately travels past all the planets to some three times the distance to Pluto before being impeded by the interstellar medium.</p><p class="p-md">This forms a giant bubble around the sun and its planets, known as the heliosphere. NASA studies the heliosphere to better understand the fundamental physics of the space surrounding us - which, in turn, provides information regarding space throughout the rest of the universe, as well as regarding what makes planets habitable.</p><a href="/heliophysics/focus-areas/heliosphere/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span class="line-height-alt-1">Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-left-5"><div class="display-block"><div class="hds-tabbed-section-image margin-bottom-2 minh-mobile"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt="2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg.jpg" loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-top-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The sun sends out a constant flow of solar material called the solar wind, which creates a bubble around the planets called the heliosphere. The heliosphere acts as a shield that protects the planets from interstellar radiation.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div></div></div><div id="panel-5-solar-eclipses" class="hds-tabbed-section-tab desktop:display-flex" data-tab-id="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-5-solar-eclipses"><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-right-5 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-29 margin-0">Solar Eclipses</h2></div><p class="heading-16">NASA studies solar eclipses on the ground, in our atmosphere, and in space, influencing solar and Earth science.</p><p class="p-md">Sometimes when the moon orbits Earth, it moves between the sun and Earth. This doesn't happen every month, because the moon doesn't orbit in the exact same plane that the sun and Earth do – but it does happen occasionally. When it happens, the moon blocks the light of the sun from reaching Earth. This causes an eclipse of the sun<em>, </em>or solar eclipse. During a solar eclipse, the moon casts a shadow onto Earth.</p><a href="/eclipses/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span class="line-height-alt-1">Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div><div class="grid-col desktop:padding-left-5"><div class="display-block"><div class="hds-tabbed-section-image margin-bottom-2 minh-mobile"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=320&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=640&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=768&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=1024&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=1280&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=1536&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=2048&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=2560&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=3072&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=4096&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"><img width="760" height="605" alt="A black circle representing the Moon, surrounded by bright light from the Sun's atmosphere" loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=320&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=640&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=768&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=1024&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=1280&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=1536&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=2048&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=2560&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=3072&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"></picture></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-top-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">A total solar eclipse is seen on Monday, Aug. 21, 2017, above Madras, Oregon. During a total solar eclipse, the Moon will completely block the visible surface of the Sun, revealing the star’s outer atmosphere.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA / Aubrey Gemignani</div></figcaption></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module bg-spacesuit-white padding-x-2 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-4 wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-link-list NasaBlocksFeaturedLinkListBlock"><div class="grid-container grid-container-block padding-0"><div class="margin-bottom-4"><h2 class="heading-22 margin-0">Science Questions </h2></div><ul class="margin-0 padding-0"><li class="grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important"><div class="grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full"><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5"><div class="width-full"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt="This atmospheric Picture of the Week, taken with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows a dark, gloomy scene in the constellation of Gemini (The Twins). The subject of this image confused astronomers when it was first studied — rather than being classified as a single object, it was instead recorded as two objects, owing to its symmetrical lobed structure (known as NGC 2371 and NGC 2372, though sometimes referred to together as NGC 2371/2). These two lobes are visible to the upper right and lower left of the frame, and together form something known as a planetary nebula. Despite the name, such nebulae have nothing to do with planets; NGC 2371/2 formed when a Sun-like star reached the end of its life and blasted off its outer layers, shedding the constituent material and pushing it out into space to leave just a superheated stellar remnant behind. This remnant is visible as the orange-tinted star at the centre of the frame, sitting neatly between the two lobes. The structure of this region is complex. It is filled with dense knots of gas, fast-moving jets that appear to be changing direction over time, and expanding clouds of material streaming outwards on diametrically opposite sides of the remnant star. Patches of this scene glow brightly as the remnant star emits energetic radiation that excites the gas within these regions, causing it to light up. This scene will continue to change over the next few thousand years; eventually the knotty lobes will dissipate completely, and the remnant star will cool and dim to form a white dwarf. Links: Image of NGC 2371 published in 2008 Image of NGC 2371 published 1997" loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:100% 0%;object-position:100% 0%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><h3 class="heading-36 margin-0"><span>What causes the sun to vary?</span></h3></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><p class="p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black"></p></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end"><a href="/heliophysics/science-questions/how-and-why-does-the-sun-vary-and-what-are-the-consequences/" class="link-external-false" aria-label="What causes the sun to vary?"><svg class="hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></a></div></div></li><li class="grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important"><div class="grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full"><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5"><div class="width-full"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt="This atmospheric Picture of the Week, taken with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows a dark, gloomy scene in the constellation of Gemini (The Twins). The subject of this image confused astronomers when it was first studied — rather than being classified as a single object, it was instead recorded as two objects, owing to its symmetrical lobed structure (known as NGC 2371 and NGC 2372, though sometimes referred to together as NGC 2371/2). These two lobes are visible to the upper right and lower left of the frame, and together form something known as a planetary nebula. Despite the name, such nebulae have nothing to do with planets; NGC 2371/2 formed when a Sun-like star reached the end of its life and blasted off its outer layers, shedding the constituent material and pushing it out into space to leave just a superheated stellar remnant behind. This remnant is visible as the orange-tinted star at the centre of the frame, sitting neatly between the two lobes. The structure of this region is complex. It is filled with dense knots of gas, fast-moving jets that appear to be changing direction over time, and expanding clouds of material streaming outwards on diametrically opposite sides of the remnant star. Patches of this scene glow brightly as the remnant star emits energetic radiation that excites the gas within these regions, causing it to light up. This scene will continue to change over the next few thousand years; eventually the knotty lobes will dissipate completely, and the remnant star will cool and dim to form a white dwarf. Links: Image of NGC 2371 published in 2008 Image of NGC 2371 published 1997" loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:100% 0%;object-position:100% 0%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><h3 class="heading-36 margin-0"><span>How do Earth, the planets, and the heliosphere respond?</span></h3></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><p class="p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black"></p></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end"><a href="/heliophysics/science-questions/what-are-the-fundamental-physical-processes-of-the-space-environment/" class="link-external-false" aria-label="How do Earth, the planets, and the heliosphere respond?"><svg class="hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></a></div></div></li><li class="grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important"><div class="grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full"><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5"><div class="width-full"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt="This atmospheric Picture of the Week, taken with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows a dark, gloomy scene in the constellation of Gemini (The Twins). The subject of this image confused astronomers when it was first studied — rather than being classified as a single object, it was instead recorded as two objects, owing to its symmetrical lobed structure (known as NGC 2371 and NGC 2372, though sometimes referred to together as NGC 2371/2). These two lobes are visible to the upper right and lower left of the frame, and together form something known as a planetary nebula. Despite the name, such nebulae have nothing to do with planets; NGC 2371/2 formed when a Sun-like star reached the end of its life and blasted off its outer layers, shedding the constituent material and pushing it out into space to leave just a superheated stellar remnant behind. This remnant is visible as the orange-tinted star at the centre of the frame, sitting neatly between the two lobes. The structure of this region is complex. It is filled with dense knots of gas, fast-moving jets that appear to be changing direction over time, and expanding clouds of material streaming outwards on diametrically opposite sides of the remnant star. Patches of this scene glow brightly as the remnant star emits energetic radiation that excites the gas within these regions, causing it to light up. This scene will continue to change over the next few thousand years; eventually the knotty lobes will dissipate completely, and the remnant star will cool and dim to form a white dwarf. Links: Image of NGC 2371 published in 2008 Image of NGC 2371 published 1997" loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:100% 0%;object-position:100% 0%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><h3 class="heading-36 margin-0"><span>What are the impacts on humanity?</span></h3></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><p class="p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black"></p></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end"><a href="/heliophysics/science-questions/how-does-solar-variability-affect-human-society-technological-systems-and-the-habitability-of-planets/" class="link-external-false" aria-label="What are the impacts on humanity?"><svg class="hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></a></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module bg-spacesuit-white padding-x-2 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-4 wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-link-list NasaBlocksFeaturedLinkListBlock"><div class="grid-container grid-container-block padding-0"><div class="margin-bottom-4"><h2 class="heading-22 margin-0">Helpful Links </h2></div><ul class="margin-0 padding-0"><li class="grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important"><div class="grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full"><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5"><div class="width-full"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:0% 0%;object-position:0% 0%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><h3 class="heading-36 margin-0"><span>Missions</span></h3></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><p class="p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black"></p></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end"><a href="/science-missions/" class="link-external-false" aria-label="Missions"><svg class="hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></a></div></div></li><li class="grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important"><div class="grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full"><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5"><div class="width-full"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:0% 0%;object-position:0% 0%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><h3 class="heading-36 margin-0"><span>Senior Reviews </span></h3></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><p class="p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black"></p></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end"><a href="/heliophysics/resources/senior-review/" class="link-external-false" aria-label="Senior Reviews "><svg class="hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></a></div></div></li><li class="grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important"><div class="grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full"><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5"><div class="width-full"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:0% 0%;object-position:0% 0%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><h3 class="heading-36 margin-0"><span>Heliophysics Mission Fleet Chart</span></h3></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><p class="p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black"></p></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end"><a href="/heliophysics/missions/mission-fleet-diagram/" class="link-external-false" aria-label="Heliophysics Mission Fleet Chart"><svg class="hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></a></div></div></li><li class="grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important"><div class="grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full"><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5"><div class="width-full"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:0% 0%;object-position:0% 0%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><h3 class="heading-36 margin-0"><span>Heliophysics Organization Charts</span></h3></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><p class="p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black"></p></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end"><a href="/heliophysics/heliophysics-org-chart/" class="link-external-false" aria-label="Heliophysics Organization Charts"><svg class="hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></a></div></div></li><li class="grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important"><div class="grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full"><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5"><div class="width-full"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=320&format=webp&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=640&format=webp&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=768&format=webp&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1024&format=webp&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1280&format=webp&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1536&format=webp&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2048&format=webp&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2560&format=webp&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=3072&format=webp&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=webp&crop=1 4096w"><img width="150" height="150" alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:0% 0%;object-position:0% 0%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=320&format=png&crop=1 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=640&format=png&crop=1 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=768&format=png&crop=1 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1024&format=png&crop=1 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1280&format=png&crop=1 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=1536&format=png&crop=1 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2048&format=png&crop=1 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=2560&format=png&crop=1 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=3072&format=png&crop=1 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=4096&format=png&crop=1 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><h3 class="heading-36 margin-0"><span>National Space Weather Program </span></h3></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6"><p class="p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black"></p></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end"><a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/portal/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false" aria-label="National Space Weather Program "><svg class="hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></a></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout margin-full-bleed"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-featured-story minh-tablet bg-carbon-black flex-column position-relative wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-story NasaBlocksFeaturedStoryBlock"><div class="display-flex flex-column padding-y-9 padding-x-3"><div class="grid-row grid-container grid-container-widescreen margin-bottom-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-0 z-400"><div class="display-flex flex-align-center heading-12 text-uppercase z-400 color-spacesuit-white"><svg class="margin-right-1" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 500 500" style="enable-background:new 0 0 500 500;" xml:space="preserve"><g><path d="M490.4,19.2c-27.5,0-55,0-82.5,0c-43.4,0-86.7,0-130.1,0c-36.7,0-73.3,0-110,0c-43.4,0-86.7,0-130.1,0 c-8.6,0-17.1,0-25.7,0c-0.5,0-1.1,0-1.7,0c0,0.6-0.1,1-0.1,1.5c0,74.2,0,148.4,0,222.6c0,79,0,158,0,237c0,0.2,0,0.4,0,0.6 c-0.1,0-0.3-0.1-0.3-0.1c0-0.4,0-0.8,0-1.2c0-153.6,0-307.1,0-460.7c159.7,0,319.3,0,479,0C489.5,18.9,489.9,19.1,490.4,19.2z"></path><g><path d="M243.5,1.4C108,4.8-2.5,117.7,1.4,257.4C5.2,391.1,115.8,501,254.5,498.6c135.9-2.4,245.1-113.6,244.1-250.8 C497.2,108.9,382.9-2,243.5,1.4z M249.9,473.7c-122.8,0-222.5-99.1-223.6-221.6c-1.1-124.5,99-224.7,221.4-225.9 c124.3-1.2,224.9,98.6,226.1,221.5C474.9,373.1,373.5,473.9,249.9,473.7z"></path><path d="M384.2,205.3c-32.8,0.1-65.5,0.1-98.3,0.2c-3.1,0-3.9-0.6-4.8-3.6c-2.1-6.9-4.2-13.7-6.3-20.6 c-7.7-24.9-15.3-49.9-23-74.8c-0.5-1.8-1.1-3.5-1.8-5.5c-0.2,0.6-0.4,0.9-0.4,1.1c-10.2,33.1-20.3,66.3-30.5,99.4 c-1,3.3-1.7,3.9-5.3,3.9c-10.8,0-21.5,0-32.3-0.1c-14.2,0-28.4-0.1-42.6-0.1c-8.4,0-16.7,0-25.6,0c0.9,0.7,1.4,1.1,1.9,1.5 c26.6,20.3,53.3,40.5,79.9,60.8c2.2,1.7,2.6,2.9,1.8,5.5c-9.1,29.1-18.1,58.2-27.2,87.3c-1.4,4.5-2.8,9-4.2,13.7 c0.6-0.4,1-0.6,1.3-0.9c26.6-20.4,53.1-40.8,79.7-61.1c3.1-2.4,3.8-2.4,6.9,0c26.5,20.3,53,40.7,79.5,61c0.4,0.3,0.8,0.5,1.5,1 c-0.3-1-0.4-1.6-0.6-2.2c-10.2-32.7-20.4-65.5-30.5-98.2c-1.1-3.5-0.8-4.3,2.1-6.6c26.1-19.8,52.1-39.6,78.2-59.5 c0.9-0.7,1.8-1.4,3.1-2.4C385.5,205.3,384.8,205.3,384.2,205.3z"></path></g></g></svg><span class="label">Featured Story</span></div></div><div class="grid-row grid-container grid-container-widescreen width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-0 z-400"><div class="grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 z-400"><div class="margin-0"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h1 class="display-60 color-spacesuit-white-important margin-0">Unlocking the Sun’s X-rays</h1></div><p class="p-lg color-spacesuit-white-important">PROJECT Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) SNAPSHOT NASA has developed a new type of instrument that can provide key…</p><a href="/science-research/science-enabling-technology/technology-highlights/unlocking-the-suns-x-rays/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span class="color-spacesuit-white-important">Read the Story</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div><div class="grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 z-400"></div></div></div><div class="skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200"></div><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="544" height="407" alt="Photo of a large metal instrument in a lab" loading="eager" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div></div><div class="GutenbergBlocks hds-module"><div class="BlockLayout margin-full-bleed"></div></div></div></main></div><div class="NasaFooter" data-v-21bfe27b><footer class="usa-footer bg-carbon-black-important padding-x-3 padding-y-7" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="grid-container maxw-widescreen usa-footer__return-to-top display-none" data-v-21bfe27b><a href="#top" data-v-21bfe27b>Return to top</a></div><div class="usa-footer__primary-section bg-carbon-black-important" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="grid-container grid-container-widescreen padding-x-0" data-v-21bfe27b><img fetchpriority="low" width="63.99" height="53.94" class="width-8 margin-bottom-2" alt="NASA Logo" src="/_nuxt/nasa-logo_2x.C0A3w2m0.png" srcset="/_nuxt/nasa-logo.CFKB7Wqh.svg" data-v-21bfe27b></div><div class="grid-container grid-container-widescreen" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="grid-row" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 padding-right-0 tablet:padding-right-2 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0 color-spacesuit-white" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="hds-footer-details" data-v-21bfe27b><h2 class="heading-22 line-height-md" data-v-21bfe27b>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</h2><p class="p-sm color-carbon-30" data-v-21bfe27b>NASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.</p><ul class="hds-footer-menu usa-unstyled-list" data-v-21bfe27b><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/about/" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>About NASA's Mission</span></a></li></ul><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/get-involved/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-sm color-spacesuit-white-important" aria-label="Join us: Learn how to get involved with NASA" data-v-21bfe27b><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span data-v-21bfe27b>Join Us</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div><div class="grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-6 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0 padding-0" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="desktop:padding-left-5 desktop:padding-right-5 grid-row color-spacesuit-white" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="grid-col" data-v-21bfe27b><ul class="hds-footer-menu hds-menu-col-3 usa-unstyled-list" data-v-21bfe27b><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Home</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>News & Events</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Multimedia</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://plus.nasa.gov/" class="usa-nav__link-nasa-live display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>NASA+</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-missions/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Missions</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Humans in Space</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Earth & Climate</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>The Solar System</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>The Universe</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Science</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Aeronautics</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Technology</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Learning Resources</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/about/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>About NASA</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/es/" class="display-flex desktop:flex-row flex-align-center" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>NASA en Español</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-4 desktop:grid-col-2 color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-5 tablet:margin-bottom-0 padding-right-5 desktop:padding-right-0" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="width-fit-content margin-left-0 desktop:margin-left-auto" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="hds-footer-socials margin-bottom-2" data-v-21bfe27b><h3 class="heading-16 color-carbon-40 margin-bottom-2" data-v-21bfe27b>Follow NASA</h3><ul class="social-icons margin-bottom-3" data-v-21bfe27b><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NASA" aria-label="NASA on Facebook" target="_blank" data-v-21bfe27b><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" class="icon" data-v-21bfe27b style="" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24" data-v-f0820886><path fill="currentColor" d="M15.12 5.32H17V2.14A26 26 0 0 0 14.26 2c-2.72 0-4.58 1.66-4.58 4.7v2.62H6.61v3.56h3.07V22h3.68v-9.12h3.06l.46-3.56h-3.52V7.05c0-1.05.28-1.73 1.76-1.73"/></svg></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.instagram.com/nasa/" aria-label="NASA on Instagram" target="_blank" data-v-21bfe27b><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" class="icon" data-v-21bfe27b style="" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-v-f0820886><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9S287.7 141 224.1 141m0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7s74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7s-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7m146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8c-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8s26.8 12 26.8 26.8m76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9c-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2c-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0c-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9c1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0c35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2c26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9c2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8M398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6c-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6c-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6c29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6c11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1"/></svg></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://x.com/NASA" aria-label="NASA on X" target="_blank" data-v-21bfe27b><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" class="icon" data-v-21bfe27b style="" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 512 512" data-v-f0820886><path fill="currentColor" d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2L487 464H345L233.7 318.6L106.5 464H35.8l164.9-188.5L26.8 48h145.6l100.5 132.9zm-24.8 373.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42z"/></svg></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@NASA" aria-label="NASA on YouTube" target="_blank" data-v-21bfe27b><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" class="icon" data-v-21bfe27b style="" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24" data-v-f0820886><path fill="currentColor" d="M21.593 7.203a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.762-1.766C18.265 5.007 12 5 12 5s-6.264-.007-7.831.404a2.56 2.56 0 0 0-1.766 1.778c-.413 1.566-.417 4.814-.417 4.814s-.004 3.264.406 4.814c.23.857.905 1.534 1.763 1.765c1.582.43 7.83.437 7.83.437s6.265.007 7.831-.403a2.52 2.52 0 0 0 1.767-1.763c.414-1.565.417-4.812.417-4.812s.02-3.265-.407-4.831M9.996 15.005l.005-6l5.207 3.005z"/></svg></a></li></ul></div><ul class="hds-footer-menu usa-unstyled-list" data-v-21bfe27b><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/socialmedia/" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>More NASA Social Accounts</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-newsletters/" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>NASA Newsletters</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-12 margin-bottom-2 padding-top-3 border-top-1px hds-footer-secondary" data-v-21bfe27b><ul class="color-carbon-30-important hds-footer-menu hds-footer-menu-horizontal usa-unstyled-list" data-v-21bfe27b><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sitemap/" title="Sitemap" target="_self" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Sitemap</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news/nasa-media-contacts/" title="For Media" target="_self" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>For Media</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-web-privacy-policy-and-important-notices/" title="Privacy Policy" target="_self" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Privacy Policy</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/foia/" title="FOIA" target="_self" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>FOIA</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/no-fear-act/" title="No FEAR Act" target="_self" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>No FEAR Act</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="http://oig.nasa.gov/" title="Office of the IG" target="_self" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Office of the IG</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/budgets-plans-and-reports/" title="Budget & Annual Reports" target="_self" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Budget & Annual Reports</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/organizations/budget-annual-reports/agency-financial-reports/" title="Agency Financial Reports" target="_self" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Agency Financial Reports</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/contact-nasa/" title="Contact NASA" target="_self" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Contact NASA</span></a></li><li data-v-21bfe27b><a href="https://nasa.gov/accessibility/" title="Accessibility" target="_self" data-v-21bfe27b><span data-v-21bfe27b>Accessibility</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="margin-top-4 desktop:margin-top-0 grid-col-12" data-v-21bfe27b><ul class="color-carbon-40-important hds-footer-menu hds-footer-menu-horizontal hds-menu-meta usa-unstyled-list" data-v-21bfe27b><li class="hds-footer-meta" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="hds-footer-meta-label" data-v-21bfe27b>Page Last Updated:</div><div title="Page Last Updated: Wed Nov 06 2024 08:35:28 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)" class="hds-footer-meta-value" data-v-21bfe27b>3 weeks ago</div></li><li class="hds-footer-meta" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="hds-footer-meta-label" data-v-21bfe27b>Page Editor:</div><div class="hds-footer-meta-value" data-v-21bfe27b>SMD Content Editors</div></li><li class="hds-footer-meta" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="hds-footer-meta-label" data-v-21bfe27b>Responsible NASA Official for Science:</div><div class="hds-footer-meta-value" data-v-21bfe27b>Dana Bolles</div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></footer></div></div></div><div id="teleports"></div><script type="application/json" id="__NUXT_DATA__" data-ssr="true">[["Reactive",1],{"data":2,"state":1086,"once":1099,"_errors":1100,"serverRendered":127,"path":1101,"pinia":1102},{"ZmaeLz3BeE":3,"AWUXVp57yf":648},{"type":4,"value":5},"post",{"id":6,"post_type":7,"title":8,"authors":9,"categories":30,"classes":41,"color_mode":49,"date":50,"date_gmt":51,"modified_date_gmt":52,"manualExcerpt":27,"preview":28,"permalink":36,"purge":53,"readTime":56,"seo":57,"template":70,"timeAgo":71,"blocks":72},20905,"topic","NASA Heliophysics",[10],{"id":11,"first-name":12,"last-name":12,"display-name":13,"email":12,"biography":12,"images":14,"location":24,"phone":25,"job-title":12,"country":26,"read-more":27,"on-contract":28,"social-links":29},5760,"","NASA Science Editorial Team",{"medium":15,"full":16,"metadata":17},"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/NASA_logo.png?w=300","https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/NASA_logo.png",{"id":18,"image":12,"title":19,"caption":12,"description":12,"alt-text":12,"mime-type":20,"dimensions":21,"credits":12,"original-date":12,"nasa-id":12,"center":12,"image-article":23},25441,"NASA_logo","image/png",{"width":22,"height":22},900,[],[],[],"US",null,false,[],[31,37],{"term_id":32,"taxonomy":33,"name":34,"slug":35,"link":36},1872,"category","Heliophysics","heliophysics","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/",{"term_id":38,"taxonomy":33,"name":39,"slug":40,"link":36},1737,"Heliophysics Division","heliophysics-division",[42,7,43,44,45,46,47,48],"post-20905","type-topic","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-heliophysics","category-heliophysics-division","light","2007-06-10 10:33:00","2007-06-10 18:33:00","2024-11-06 08:35:28",[54,55],"https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-json/smd/v1/router/heliophysics","https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-json/smd/v1/router/heliophysics/",2,{"canonical":36,"meta":58,"opengraph":59,"title":69},{"description":12},{"description":60,"image":61,"title":8,"type":68},"Overview The Science Mission Directorate Heliophysics Division studies the nature of the Sun, and how it influences the very nature of space – and, in turn, the atmospheres of planets and the technology that exists there. Space is not, as is often believed, completely empty; instead, we live in the extended atmosphere of an active […]",{"alt":62,"size":63,"type":66,"url":67},"Sun in Wavelengths",{"width":64,"height":65},1024,576,"image","https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/1.Home_image_Helio-jpeg.webp?w=1024","article","NASA Heliophysics - NASA Science","default","17 years",[73,153,331,335,339,343,346,349,363,369,471,551,584,618,642],{"name":74,"attributes":75},"nasa-blocks/page-intro",{"align":76,"anchor":12,"anchorLinks":77,"banner_bg":98,"banner_description":12,"description":110,"heading":8,"image_1":111,"image_2":117,"image_3":121,"linkId":125,"more_link":129,"show_images":130,"show_stats":130,"slider_heading":131,"slides":132,"stat_1_label":143,"stat_1_value":144,"stat_2_label":145,"stat_2_value":146,"stat_3_label":147,"stat_3_value":148,"stat_4_label":149,"stat_4_value":150,"tagline":151,"variation":152},"full",[78,80,82,84,86,88,90,92,94,96],{"link_text":79,"linkId":27},"Agriculture",{"link_text":81,"linkId":27},"Human Health",{"link_text":83,"linkId":27},"Ecosystems & Biodiversity",{"link_text":85,"linkId":27},"Fire",{"link_text":87,"linkId":27},"Disasters",{"link_text":89,"linkId":27},"Energy",{"link_text":91,"linkId":27},"Forest Management",{"link_text":93,"linkId":27},"Urban Growth",{"link_text":95,"linkId":27},"Carbon & Climate",{"link_text":97,"linkId":27},"Water",{"id":99,"url":100,"alt":12,"caption":101,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":104,"parallax":107,"detail_link":108,"contentType":66,"width":109,"height":109},49288,"https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001435~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint","Caption: This image from June 20, 2013, at 11:15 p.m. EDT shows the bright light of a solar flare on the left side of the sun and an eruption of solar material shooting through the sun’s atmosphere, called a prominence eruption. Shortly thereafter, this same region of the sun sent a coronal mass ejection out into space. --- On June 20, 2013, at 11:24 p.m., the sun erupted with an Earth-directed coronal mass ejection or CME, a solar phenomenon that can send billions of tons of particles into space that can reach Earth one to three days later. These particles cannot travel through the atmosphere to harm humans on Earth, but they can affect electronic systems in satellites and on the ground. Experimental NASA research models, based on observations from NASA’s Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory and ESA/NASA’s Solar and Heliospheric Observatory show that the CME left the sun at speeds of around 1350 miles per second, which is a fast speed for CMEs. Earth-directed CMEs can cause a space weather phenomenon called a geomagnetic storm, which occurs when they funnel energy into Earth's magnetic envelope, the magnetosphere, for an extended period of time. The CME’s magnetic fields peel back the outermost layers of Earth's fields changing their very shape. Magnetic storms can degrade communication signals and cause unexpected electrical surges in power grids. They also can cause aurora. Storms are rare during solar minimum, but as the sun’s activity ramps up every 11 years toward solar maximum – currently expected in late 2013 -- large storms occur several times per year. In the past, geomagnetic storms caused by CMEs of this strength and direction have usually been mild. Read more: \u003Ca href=\"http://1.usa.gov/14OxuEe\" rel=\"nofollow\">1.usa.gov/14OxuEe\u003C/a> Credit: NASA/Goddard/SDO \u003Cb>\u003Ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/audience/formedia/features/MP_Photo_Guidelines.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">NASA image use policy.\u003C/a>\u003C/b> \u003Cb>\u003Ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/home/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center\u003C/a>\u003C/b> enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. \u003Cb>Follow us on \u003Ca href=\"http://twitter.com/NASA_GoddardPix\" rel=\"nofollow\">Twitter\u003C/a>\u003C/b> \u003Cb>Like us on \u003Ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/pages/Greenbelt-MD/NASA-Goddard/395013845897?ref=tsd\" rel=\"nofollow\">Facebook\u003C/a>\u003C/b> \u003Cb>Find us on \u003Ca href=\"http://instagram.com/nasagoddard?vm=grid\" rel=\"nofollow\">Instagram\u003C/a>\u003C/b>","cover",0,{"x":105,"y":106},0.19,0.37,"no","https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-gsfc_20171208_archive_e001435/",1920,"NASA uses robots and robotic technology to explore other planets and objects in our solar system, assist astronauts on the Space Station, study the universe, and much more. Right now there are NASA robots are millions of miles away helping us better understand what’s out there.",{"id":103,"url":112,"alt":113,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":114,"focalPoint":115,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27},"https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/49797993848_5314da8448_h.jpg","Special delivery to ISS",20,{"x":116,"y":116},".50",{"id":103,"url":118,"alt":119,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":114,"focalPoint":120,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27},"https://live.staticflickr.com/4115/4858568740_6632dc4f4c_h.jpg","An early shuttle launch",{"x":116,"y":116},{"id":103,"url":122,"alt":123,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":114,"focalPoint":124,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27},"https://live.staticflickr.com/1611/25524892462_a030e841bb_h.jpg","Blurry satellite against the blackness of space",{"x":116,"y":116},{"id":103,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":126,"external":127,"target":128},"https://science.nasa.gov/location/goddard-space-flight-center/",true,"_self","Learn More","yes","Quick Facts",[133,138],{"slide_image":134,"slide_text":137},{"id":103,"url":135,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":114,"focalPoint":136,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27},"https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/image-carousel-example-01.jpg",{"x":116,"y":116},"Ranger 7 was the first robotic probe to successfully transmit close images of the lunar surface back to Earth.",{"slide_image":139,"slide_text":142},{"id":103,"url":140,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":56,"focalPoint":141,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27},"https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/image-carousel-example-02.jpeg",{"x":116,"y":116},"Ranger 7 sent 4,316 stunning images before crashing into the Moon on the northern rim of the Sea of Clouds.","Location","Greenbelt, MD","Founded","May 1, 1959","People","10,000+","Director","Dennis J. Andrucyk","Impact & Benefits","banner_image",{"name":154,"attributes":155},"nasa-blocks/secondary-navigation",{"align":76,"anchor":12,"colorMode":156,"enable_breadcrumbs":157,"post_id":158,"breadcrumbs":27,"hdsnav_color_mode":49,"navLinks":159,"postDetails":329},"dark","false","19648",[160,184,226,271,290,299],{"link_title":161,"linkType":162,"linkId":163,"subMenus":165},"Overview","dropdown-menu",{"id":103,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":164,"external":127,"target":128},"https://science.nasa.gov/",[166,173,179],{"link_title":167,"linkType":168,"linkId":169},"Heliophysics Leadership","link",{"id":170,"title":167,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":172,"external":127,"target":128},20967,"post-type","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/heliophysics-leadership/",{"link_title":174,"linkType":168,"linkId":175},"Heliophysics Org Chart",{"id":176,"title":177,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":178,"external":127,"target":128},21028,"Heliophysics Organization Charts","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/heliophysics-org-chart/",{"link_title":180,"linkType":168,"linkId":181},"Science Questions",{"id":182,"title":180,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":183,"external":127,"target":128},20910,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/science-questions/",{"link_title":185,"linkType":162,"linkId":186,"subMenus":188},"Focus Area",{"id":103,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":187,"external":127,"target":128},"https://science.nasa.gov/menu-link-url",[189,195,200,205,211,216,221],{"link_title":190,"linkType":168,"linkId":191},"Focus Area Overview",{"id":192,"title":193,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":194,"external":127,"target":128},20920,"What We Study","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/",{"link_title":196,"linkType":168,"linkId":197},"Solar Science",{"id":198,"title":196,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":199,"external":127,"target":128},20955,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/solar-science/",{"link_title":201,"linkType":168,"linkId":202},"Magnetospheres",{"id":203,"title":201,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":204,"external":127,"target":128},20937,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/magnetosphere-ionosphere/",{"link_title":206,"linkType":168,"linkId":207},"Ionosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere",{"id":208,"title":209,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":210,"external":127,"target":128},20932,"Ionosphere, Thermosphere & Mesosphere","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/ionosphere_thermosphere_mesosphere/",{"link_title":212,"linkType":168,"linkId":213},"Heliosphere",{"id":214,"title":212,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":215,"external":127,"target":128},20929,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/heliosphere/",{"link_title":217,"linkType":168,"linkId":218},"Space Weather",{"id":219,"title":217,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":220,"external":127,"target":128},21042,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/space-weather/",{"link_title":222,"linkType":168,"linkId":223},"Recent Research",{"id":224,"title":222,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":225,"external":127,"target":128},20938,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/recent-research/",{"link_title":227,"linkType":162,"anchorId":12,"linkId":228,"subMenus":229},"Programs",{"id":103,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":164,"external":127,"target":128},[230,235,240,245,250,255,260,265],{"link_title":231,"linkType":168,"linkId":232},"Heliophysics Research",{"id":233,"title":231,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":234,"external":127,"target":128},21022,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/programs/research/",{"link_title":236,"linkType":168,"linkId":237},"Solar Terrestrial Probes",{"id":238,"title":236,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":239,"external":127,"target":128},21023,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/programs/solar-terrestrial-probes/",{"link_title":241,"linkType":168,"linkId":242},"Explorers",{"id":243,"title":241,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":244,"external":127,"target":128},20922,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/programs/explorers/",{"link_title":246,"linkType":168,"linkId":247},"Living With a Star",{"id":248,"title":246,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":249,"external":127,"target":128},21021,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/programs/living-with-a-star/",{"link_title":251,"linkType":168,"linkId":252},"Sounding Rockets",{"id":253,"title":251,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":254,"external":127,"target":128},21025,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/programs/sounding-rockets/",{"link_title":256,"linkType":168,"linkId":257},"Working Groups",{"id":258,"title":256,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":259,"external":127,"target":128},21026,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/programs/working-groups/",{"link_title":261,"linkType":168,"linkId":262},"Citizen Science",{"id":263,"title":261,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":264,"external":127,"target":128},21020,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/programs/citizen-science/",{"link_title":266,"linkType":168,"linkId":267},"Technology Program",{"id":268,"title":269,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":270,"external":127,"target":128},21005,"Heliophysics Technology Program","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/programs/technology/",{"link_title":272,"linkType":168,"anchorId":12,"linkId":273,"subMenus":277},"Data",{"id":274,"title":275,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":276,"external":127,"target":128},20958,"Heliophysics Data","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/data/",[278,284],{"link_title":279,"linkType":168,"linkId":280},"Resources Overview",{"id":281,"title":282,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":283,"external":127,"target":128},20907,"Resources","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/resources/",{"link_title":285,"linkType":168,"linkId":286},"2024 Decadal Survey",{"id":287,"title":288,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":289,"external":127,"target":128},20908,"Heliophysics 2024 Decadal Survey","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/resources/2024_decadal_survey/",{"link_title":291,"linkType":162,"anchorId":12,"linkId":292,"subMenus":293},"Missions",{"id":103,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":164,"external":127,"target":128},[294],{"link_title":295,"linkType":168,"linkId":296},"Mission Fleet Chart",{"id":297,"title":295,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":298,"external":127,"target":128},21161,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/missions/mission-fleet-diagram/",{"link_title":282,"linkType":162,"anchorId":12,"linkId":300,"subMenus":301},{"id":103,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":164,"external":127,"target":128},[302,304,306,311,317,323],{"link_title":279,"linkType":168,"linkId":303},{"id":281,"title":282,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":283,"external":127,"target":128},{"link_title":285,"linkType":168,"linkId":305},{"id":287,"title":288,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":289,"external":127,"target":128},{"link_title":307,"linkType":168,"linkId":308},"Supplemental Information",{"id":309,"title":307,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":310,"external":127,"target":128},20968,"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/resources/informational-briefs/",{"link_title":312,"linkType":168,"linkId":313},"2050 Workshop",{"id":314,"title":315,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":316,"external":127,"target":128},20957,"Heliophysics 2050 Workshop","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/resources/heliophysics-2050-workshop/",{"link_title":318,"linkType":168,"linkId":319},"Strategic Mission Programs",{"id":320,"title":321,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":322,"external":127,"target":128},20909,"Heliophysics Strategic Mission Programs","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/resources/heliophysics-strategic-mission-programs/",{"link_title":324,"linkType":168,"linkId":325},"Electromagnetic Spectrum Series",{"id":326,"title":327,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":328,"external":127,"target":128},33198,"The Electromagnetic Spectrum Video Series & Companion Book","https://science.nasa.gov/ems/",{"title":34,"url":330},"https://science.nasa.gov/?hdsnav=heliophysics",{"name":332,"attributes":333},"core/heading",{"anchor":334,"content":161,"level":56,"stripped_content":161},"h-overview",{"name":336,"attributes":337},"core/spacer",{"anchor":12,"height":338},"21px",{"name":340,"attributes":341},"core/paragraph",{"anchor":12,"content":342,"dropCap":28},"The Science Mission Directorate Heliophysics Division studies the nature of the Sun, and how it influences the very nature of space – and, in turn, the atmospheres of planets and the technology that exists there. Space is not, as is often believed, completely empty; instead, we live in the extended atmosphere of an active star. Our Sun sends out a steady outpouring of particles and energy – the solar wind – as well as a constantly writhing magnetic system. This extensive, dynamic solar atmosphere surrounds the Sun, Earth, the planets, and extends far out into the solar system.",{"name":340,"attributes":344},{"anchor":12,"content":345,"dropCap":28},"Studying this system not only helps us understand fundamental information about how the universe works, but also helps protect our technology and astronauts in space. NASA seeks knowledge of near-Earth space, because – when extreme – space weather can interfere with our communications, satellites and power grids. The study of the Sun and space can also teach us more about how stars contribute to the habitability of planets throughout the universe.",{"name":340,"attributes":347},{"anchor":12,"content":348,"dropCap":28},"Mapping out this interconnected system requires a holistic study of the Sun’s influence on space, Earth, and other planets.  NASA has a fleet of spacecraft strategically placed throughout our heliosphere – from Parker Solar Probe at the Sun observing the very start of the solar wind, to satellites around Earth, to the farthest human-made object, Voyager, which is sending back observations on interstellar space. Each mission is positioned at a critical, well-thought out vantage point to observe and understand the flow of energy and particles throughout the solar system – all helping us untangle the effects of the star we live with.  ",{"name":350,"attributes":351},"core/image",{"alt":352,"background":353,"image_align":361,"migrated":127,"url":362},"Chart showing the spacecraft in orbit that support the Heliophysics Division. The Sun is on the left and missions throughout the solar system are on the right.",{"id":354,"url":355,"alt":352,"caption":356,"credits":357,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":358,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":359,"height":360},300009,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg?w=1280","Chart showing the spacecraft in orbit that support the Heliophysics Division. \u003Cem>Updated January 24, 2024\u003C/em>","NASA",{"x":116,"y":116},1280,720,"inline","https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hpd-fleet-chart-jan-2024.jpg",{"name":364,"attributes":365},"nasa-blocks/related-link",{"align":366,"anchor":12,"linkId":367,"more_link":368},"center",{"id":27,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":298,"external":127,"target":128},"See the Mission Fleet",{"name":370,"attributes":371},"nasa-blocks/news-automated",{"align":76,"anchor":12,"category":372,"heading":373,"linkId":374,"more_link":376,"news_tags":377,"number_news_items":378,"show_link":127,"source":12,"latest_news":379},"1872","Heliophysics Stories",{"id":27,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":375,"external":127,"target":128},"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/stories","Explore All Heliophysics Stories","all","5",[380,391,404,413,427,436,449,460],{"id":381,"post_type":382,"title":383,"featuredImg":384,"time_ago":388,"read_time":389,"link":390},435694,"post-ext","Ready, Set, Action! Our Sun is the Star in Dazzling Simulation",{"id":27,"url":385,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":386,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27},"https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11-kitiashvili-i-sc24-sunhelicitytour0.jpg",{"x":387,"y":387},0.5,"2 days ago",3,"https://www.nasa.gov/general/ready-set-action-our-sun-is-the-star-in-dazzling-simulation/",{"id":392,"post_type":4,"title":393,"featuredImg":394,"time_ago":401,"read_time":402,"link":403},434976,"5 Surprising NASA Heliophysics Discoveries Not Related to the Sun",{"id":395,"url":396,"alt":397,"caption":398,"credits":399,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":400,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":64,"height":65},195000,"https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/internal_resources/691/GRB_Jet.jpeg?w=1024&h=576&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint","In this illustration, an exploding star powers jets of material. The star is shown as an almost flower-like shape. The purple �petals� represent clouds of material created in the explosion. The bluish-white and yellow center shows where the newly formed black hole begins driving the jets. The core of the jet pointed toward us is whitish and the broader regions are magenta. In the distance, on the far side of the star, you can see the opposite side of the jet disappearing into space.","As a star explodes, narrow beams (white) of gamma rays are emitted first, followed by wider beams (magenta).","NASA/Swift/Cruz deWilde",{"x":387,"y":387},"3 days ago",5,"https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/heliophysics/5-surprising-nasa-heliophysics-discoveries-not-related-to-the-sun/",{"id":405,"post_type":382,"title":406,"featuredImg":407,"time_ago":410,"read_time":411,"link":412},434832,"Six Ways Supercomputing Advances Our Understanding of the Universe",{"id":27,"url":408,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":409,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27},"https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/08-degrendele-exh-liq-v04-4k-h265.jpg",{"x":387,"y":387},"1 week ago",7,"https://www.nasa.gov/general/six-ways-supercomputing-advances-our-understanding-of-the-universe/",{"id":414,"post_type":415,"title":12,"featuredImg":416,"time_ago":410,"read_time":425,"link":426},433622,"feature",{"id":417,"url":418,"alt":419,"caption":420,"credits":421,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":422,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":423,"height":424},433693,"https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/itm/Neil%20Zeller_Tripod%20Aurora.jpg?w=2048&h=1365&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint","At night, a camera is on top of a tripod. The camera is pointing upward toward the sky. Filling the sky are stars and swaths of green aurora. Trees fill the lower background.","A tripod stabilizes a DLSR camera while it images the night sky.","Neil Zeller",{"x":387,"y":387},2048,1365,1,"https://science.nasa.gov/feature/nasas-guide-to-finding-and-photographing-auroras/",{"id":428,"post_type":382,"title":429,"featuredImg":430,"time_ago":433,"read_time":434,"link":435},433968,"Mining Old Data From NASA’s Voyager 2 Solves Several Uranus Mysteries",{"id":27,"url":431,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":432,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27},"https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-pia18182-uranus-globe.jpg",{"x":387,"y":387},"2 weeks ago",4,"https://www.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-program/voyager-2/mining-old-data-from-nasas-voyager-2-solves-several-uranus-mysteries/",{"id":437,"post_type":4,"title":438,"featuredImg":439,"time_ago":433,"read_time":56,"link":448},433022,"Hurricane Helene’s Gravity Waves Revealed by NASA’s AWE",{"id":440,"url":441,"alt":442,"caption":443,"credits":444,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":445,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":446,"height":447},433101,"https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/awe/AWE-Hurricane-Helene-blueDarkRed_Still2.jpg?w=1040&h=704&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint","Against the outline of the southeastern United States, a circular shape moves from the center of the view (around Tennessee) to the southeast toward Florida. Inside the circular shape are bands of blues, yellows, and reds that change as the circle moves.","As the International Space Station traveled over the southeastern United States on Sept. 26, 2024, AWE observed atmospheric gravity waves generated by Hurricane Helene as the storm slammed into the gulf coast of Florida. The curved bands extending to the northwest of Florida, artificially colored red, yellow, and blue, show changes in brightness (or radiance) in a wavelength of infrared light produced by airglow in Earth’s mesosphere. The small black circles on the continent mark the locations of cities.","Utah State University",{"x":387,"y":387},1040,704,"https://science.nasa.gov/earth/hurricane-helenes-gravity-waves-revealed-by-nasas-awe/",{"id":450,"post_type":4,"title":451,"featuredImg":452,"time_ago":458,"read_time":389,"link":459},432938,"Bundling the Best of Heliophysics Education: DigiKits for Physics and Astronomy Teachers",{"id":453,"url":454,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":455,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":456,"height":457},432944,"https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/learn/science-activation-stories/2024/DigiKit_Auroral_Currents-Carolyn_Y_Ng.png?w=1953&h=1055&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint",{"x":387,"y":387},1953,1055,"3 weeks ago","https://science.nasa.gov/learning-resources/science-activation/bundling-the-best-of-heliophysics-education-digikits-for-physics-and-astronomy-teachers/",{"id":461,"post_type":4,"title":462,"featuredImg":463,"time_ago":458,"read_time":434,"link":470},432718,"Final Venus Flyby for NASA’s Parker Solar Probe Queues Closest Sun Pass",{"id":464,"url":465,"alt":466,"caption":467,"credits":468,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":469,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":64,"height":65},432720,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/wispr-magellan-4thflyby.gif?w=1024","An animated gif showing a side-by-side comparison reveals Venus surface images. The left, labeled \"WISPR,\" is captured via the Parker Solar Probe, showcasing a blurry grayscale view. The right, labeled \"RADAR,\" presents a vibrant surface map in green, blue, and reddish hues using visible light imaging.","Left: A series of WISPR images of the nightside of Venus from Parker Solar Probe’s fourth flyby showing near infrared emissions from the surface. In these images, lighter shades represent warmer temperatures and darker shades represent cooler. Right: A combined mosaic of radar images of Venus’ surface from NASA’s Magellan mission, where the brightness indicates radar properties from smooth (dark) to rough (light), and the colors indicate elevation from low (blue) to high (red). ","NASA/APL/NRL (left), Magellan Team/JPL/USGS (right)",{"x":387,"y":387},"https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/heliophysics/final-venus-flyby-for-nasas-parker-solar-probe-queues-closest-sun-pass/",{"name":472,"attributes":473},"nasa-blocks/tabbed-section",{"activeTab":474,"align":76,"anchor":12,"tabs":475,"tabbedSectionId":550},6,[476,492,502,511,523,533],{"tab_title":477,"heading":478,"subtitle":479,"content":480,"image":481,"more_link":490,"linkId":491},"The Sun","The Sun ","The sun is a dynamic star, made of super-hot ionized gas called plasma.","The sun's surface and atmosphere change continually, driven by the magnetic forces generated by this constantly-moving plasma. The sun releases energy in two ways: the usual flow of light that illuminates the Earth and makes life possible; but also in more violent and dramatic ways--it gives off bursts of light, particles, and magnetic fields that can have ripple effects all the way out to the solar system's magnetic edge.",{"id":482,"url":483,"alt":12,"caption":484,"credits":485,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":486,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},53356,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2c.solarscience-image-0-jpg.webp?w=150&h=150&crop=1","Solar activity follows a roughly 11-year cycle. This composite image shows the sun in extreme ultraviolet wavelengths about once a year over the course of a complete solar cycle.","ESA / NASA / SOHO",{"x":487,"y":488},0.52,0.97,"150","Read More",{"id":198,"title":196,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":199,"external":127,"target":128},{"tab_title":217,"heading":217,"subtitle":493,"content":494,"image":495,"more_link":490,"linkId":500},"Though space is about a thousand times emptier than even the best laboratory vacuums on Earth, it’s not completely devoid of matter.","The sun’s constant outflow of solar wind fills space with a thin and tenuous wash of particles, fields, and plasma. This solar wind, along with other solar events like giant explosions called coronal mass ejections, influences the very nature of space and can interact with the magnetic systems of Earth and other worlds. Such effects also change the radiation environment through which our spacecraft – and, one day, our astronauts headed to Mars – travel. ",{"id":496,"url":497,"alt":498,"caption":498,"credits":357,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":499,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},53367,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/sw1-jpg.webp?w=150&h=150&crop=1","An artist's illustration of events on the sun changing the conditions in Near-Earth space.",{"x":116,"y":116},{"id":27,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":501,"external":127,"target":128},"https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/heliophysics-2/space-weather-ybutu/",{"tab_title":201,"heading":201,"subtitle":503,"content":504,"image":505,"more_link":490,"linkId":510},"A magnetosphere is the region around a planet dominated by the planet's magnetic field.","Other planets in our solar system have magnetospheres, but Earth has the strongest one of all the rocky planets: Earth's magnetosphere is a vast, comet-shaped bubble, which has played a crucial role in our planet's habitability. Life on Earth initially developed and continues to be sustained under the protection of this magnetic environment.",{"id":506,"url":507,"alt":12,"caption":508,"credits":357,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":509,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},53362,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/2e.magnetosphere-image-jpg.webp?w=150&h=150&crop=1","Earth is surrounded by a giant magnetic bubble called the magnetosphere, which is is part of a dynamic, interconnected system that responds to solar, planetary, and interstellar conditions.",{"x":116,"y":116},{"id":203,"title":201,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":204,"external":127,"target":128},{"tab_title":209,"heading":512,"subtitle":513,"content":514,"image":515,"more_link":490,"linkId":522},"Ionosphere, Thermosphere and Mesosphere","NASA’s heliophysics researches the ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere region where our neutral atmosphere transitions into the ionized plasma of space.","In this thin shell that surrounds our home planet, the atmosphere is in constant motion, shaped by the influence of both solar activity and changes in the lower atmosphere and in near-Earth space. But this region is more than just a passive boundary — energy is not only deposited but also transformed in and transported through this region, and it’s an active source of energy and plasma into the magnetosphere.",{"id":516,"url":517,"alt":518,"caption":519,"credits":520,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":521,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},26342,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ITM-jpg.webp?w=150&h=150&crop=1","Graphic diagram of the Ionosphere","Stretching from roughly 50 to 400 miles above the surface, this region, called the ionosphere, is an electrified layer of the upper atmosphere, generated by extreme ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.","NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center / Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith",{"x":116,"y":116},{"id":208,"title":209,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":210,"external":127,"target":128},{"tab_title":212,"heading":212,"subtitle":524,"content":525,"image":526,"more_link":490,"linkId":532},"The sun sends out a constant flow of charged particles called the solar wind, which ultimately travels past all the planets to some three times the distance to Pluto before being impeded by the interstellar medium.","This forms a giant bubble around the sun and its planets, known as the heliosphere. NASA studies the heliosphere to better understand the fundamental physics of the space surrounding us - which, in turn, provides information regarding space throughout the rest of the universe, as well as regarding what makes planets habitable.",{"id":527,"url":528,"alt":529,"caption":530,"credits":357,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":531,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},26346,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg-jpg.webp?w=150&h=150&crop=1","2g.Heliosphere_Image_main_BoundariesLg.jpg","The sun sends out a constant flow of solar material called the solar wind, which creates a bubble around the planets called the heliosphere. The heliosphere acts as a shield that protects the planets from interstellar radiation.",{"x":116,"y":116},{"id":214,"title":212,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":215,"external":127,"target":128},{"tab_title":534,"heading":534,"subtitle":535,"content":536,"image":537,"more_link":490,"linkId":546},"Solar Eclipses","NASA studies solar eclipses on the ground, in our atmosphere, and in space, influencing solar and Earth science.","Sometimes when the moon orbits Earth, it moves between the sun and Earth. This doesn't happen every month, because the moon doesn't orbit in the exact same plane that the sun and Earth do – but it does happen occasionally. When it happens, the moon blocks the light of the sun from reaching Earth. This causes an eclipse of the sun\u003Cem>, \u003C/em>or solar eclipse. During a solar eclipse, the moon casts a shadow onto Earth.",{"id":538,"url":539,"alt":540,"caption":541,"credits":542,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":543,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":544,"height":545},66110,"https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/6075/Total_eclipse.jpeg?w=760&h=605&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint","A black circle representing the Moon, surrounded by bright light from the Sun's atmosphere","A total solar eclipse is seen on Monday, Aug. 21, 2017, above Madras, Oregon. During a total solar eclipse, the Moon will completely block the visible surface of the Sun, revealing the star’s outer atmosphere.","NASA / Aubrey Gemignani",{"x":116,"y":116},760,605,{"id":547,"title":548,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":549,"external":127,"target":128},48124,"Eclipses","https://science.nasa.gov/eclipses/","tabbed-section-2873620455-2207136096",{"name":552,"attributes":553},"nasa-blocks/featured-link-list",{"align":76,"anchor":12,"links":554,"more_text":583},[555,567,575],{"link_title":556,"link_text":12,"linkId":557,"link_image":561},"What causes the sun to vary?",{"id":558,"title":559,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":560,"external":127,"target":128},20912,"What drives the constant change we observe on our sun?","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/science-questions/how-and-why-does-the-sun-vary-and-what-are-the-consequences/",{"id":562,"url":563,"alt":564,"caption":565,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":566,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},52727,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/potw1933a-0-jpg.webp?w=150&h=150&crop=1","This atmospheric Picture of the Week, taken with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows a dark, gloomy scene in the constellation of Gemini (The Twins). The subject of this image confused astronomers when it was first studied — rather than being classified as a single object, it was instead recorded as two objects, owing to its symmetrical lobed structure (known as NGC 2371 and NGC 2372, though sometimes referred to together as NGC 2371/2). These two lobes are visible to the upper right and lower left of the frame, and together form something known as a planetary nebula. Despite the name, such nebulae have nothing to do with planets; NGC 2371/2 formed when a Sun-like star reached the end of its life and blasted off its outer layers, shedding the constituent material and pushing it out into space to leave just a superheated stellar remnant behind. This remnant is visible as the orange-tinted star at the centre of the frame, sitting neatly between the two lobes. The structure of this region is complex. It is filled with dense knots of gas, fast-moving jets that appear to be changing direction over time, and expanding clouds of material streaming outwards on diametrically opposite sides of the remnant star. Patches of this scene glow brightly as the remnant star emits energetic radiation that excites the gas within these regions, causing it to light up. This scene will continue to change over the next few thousand years; eventually the knotty lobes will dissipate completely, and the remnant star will cool and dim to form a white dwarf. Links: Image of NGC 2371 published in 2008 Image of NGC 2371 published 1997","This atmospheric Picture of the Week, taken with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows a dark, gloomy scene in the constellation of Gemini (The Twins). The subject of this image confused astronomers when it was first studied — rather than being classified as a single object, it was instead recorded as two objects, owing to its symmetrical lobed structure (known as NGC 2371 and NGC 2372, though sometimes referred to together as NGC 2371/2). These two lobes are visible to the upper right and lower left of the frame, and together form something known as a planetary nebula. Despite the name, such nebulae have nothing to do with planets; NGC 2371/2 formed when a Sun-like star reached the end of its life and blasted off its outer layers, shedding the constituent material and pushing it out into space to leave just a superheated stellar remnant behind. This remnant is visible as the orange-tinted star at the centre of the frame, sitting neatly between the two lobes. The structure of this region is complex. It is filled with dense knots of gas, fast-moving jets that appear to be changing direction over time, and expanding clouds of material streaming outwards on diametrically opposite sides of the remnant star. Patches of this scene glow brightly as the remnant star emits energetic radiation that excites the gas within these regions, causing it to light up. This scene will continue to change over the next few thousand years; eventually the knotty lobes will dissipate completely, and the remnant star will cool and dim to form a white dwarf. Links: Image of NGC 2371 published in 2008 Image of NGC 2371 published 1997",{"x":425,"y":103},{"link_title":568,"link_text":12,"linkId":569,"link_image":573},"How do Earth, the planets, and the heliosphere respond?",{"id":570,"title":571,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":572,"external":127,"target":128},20914,"What drives the changes in near-Earth space, the planetary space environments, the heliosphere, and the interstellar medium?","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/science-questions/what-are-the-fundamental-physical-processes-of-the-space-environment/",{"id":562,"url":563,"alt":564,"caption":565,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":574,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},{"x":425,"y":103},{"link_title":576,"link_text":12,"linkId":577,"link_image":581},"What are the impacts on humanity?",{"id":578,"title":579,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":580,"external":127,"target":128},20913,"What are the impacts of this dynamic space system on humanity?","https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/science-questions/how-does-solar-variability-affect-human-society-technological-systems-and-the-habitability-of-planets/",{"id":562,"url":563,"alt":564,"caption":565,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":582,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},{"x":425,"y":103},"Science Questions ",{"name":552,"attributes":585},{"align":76,"anchor":12,"links":586,"more_text":617},[587,596,602,607,611],{"link_title":291,"link_text":12,"linkId":588,"link_image":592},{"id":589,"title":590,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":591,"external":127,"target":128},47243,"Science Missions","https://science.nasa.gov/science-missions/",{"id":593,"url":594,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":595,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},52183,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/26298228022-d252b460fa-o.webp?w=150&h=150&crop=1",{"x":103,"y":103},{"link_title":597,"link_text":12,"linkId":598,"link_image":600},"Senior Reviews ",{"id":27,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":599,"external":127,"target":128},"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/resources/senior-review/",{"id":593,"url":594,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":601,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},{"x":103,"y":103},{"link_title":603,"link_text":12,"linkId":604,"link_image":605},"Heliophysics Mission Fleet Chart",{"id":297,"title":295,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":298,"external":127,"target":128},{"id":593,"url":594,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":606,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},{"x":103,"y":103},{"link_title":177,"link_text":12,"linkId":608,"link_image":609},{"id":176,"title":177,"kind":171,"type":7,"url":178,"external":127,"target":128},{"id":593,"url":594,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":610,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},{"x":103,"y":103},{"link_title":612,"link_text":12,"linkId":613,"link_image":615},"National Space Weather Program ",{"id":27,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":614,"external":127,"target":128},"https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/portal/",{"id":593,"url":594,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":616,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":489,"height":489},{"x":103,"y":103},"Helpful Links ",{"name":619,"attributes":620},"nasa-blocks/featured-story",{"align":76,"anchor":12,"background":621,"countdown":624,"excerpt":625,"linkId":626,"more_link":628,"post_id":629,"title":630,"post_content":631},{"contentType":66,"id":103,"url":622,"zoom":114,"focalPoint":623},"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp",{"x":116,"y":116},"true","PROJECT Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) SNAPSHOT NASA has developed a new type of instrument that can provide key...",{"id":627,"title":27,"kind":27,"type":27,"url":27,"external":127,"target":128},773,"All Crewed Missions","37513","Unlocking the Sun’s X-rays",{"id":629,"excerpt":632,"featured_image":633,"title":630,"url":641},"PROJECT Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) SNAPSHOT NASA has developed a new type of instrument that can provide key…",{"id":634,"url":635,"alt":636,"caption":637,"credits":12,"fit":102,"zoom":103,"focalPoint":638,"parallax":107,"detail_link":27,"contentType":66,"width":639,"height":640},37512,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/magixs_3-jpg.webp?w=544","Photo of a large metal instrument in a lab","The MaGIXS instrument that lies internal to the rocket skins. (Credit: Patrick Champey, MSFC)",{"x":387,"y":387},544,407,"https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/science-enabling-technology/technology-highlights/unlocking-the-suns-x-rays/",{"name":643,"attributes":644},"nasa-blocks/topic-cards",{"align":76,"anchor":12,"heading":645,"label":646,"cards":647},"Discover More Topics From NASA","Keep Exploring",[],{"type":649,"value":650},"global-nav",[651,699,727,761,812,846,880,914,948,1017,1043],{"id":652,"title":291,"slug":653,"location":654,"menu_items":655},3850,"missions","global-nav-missions",[656,660,664,668,672,676,680,684,689,694],{"id":657,"title":658,"url":659,"order":425},131284,"Search All NASA Missions","https://www.nasa.gov/missions/",{"id":661,"title":662,"url":663,"order":56},222998,"A to Z List of Missions","https://www.nasa.gov/a-to-z-of-nasa-missions/",{"id":665,"title":666,"url":667,"order":389},52235,"Upcoming Launches and Landings","https://www.nasa.gov/events/",{"id":669,"title":670,"url":671,"order":434},52234,"Spaceships and Rockets","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/spaceships-and-rockets/",{"id":673,"title":674,"url":675,"order":402},52236,"Communicating with Missions","https://www.nasa.gov/communicating-with-missions/",{"id":677,"title":678,"url":679,"order":474},131266,"Artemis","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/artemis/",{"id":681,"title":682,"url":683,"order":411},131278,"James Webb Space Telescope","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/",{"id":685,"title":686,"url":687,"order":688},131280,"Hubble Space Telescope","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/",8,{"id":690,"title":691,"url":692,"order":693},131271,"International Space Station","https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/",9,{"id":695,"title":696,"url":697,"order":698},131275,"OSIRIS-REx","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/",10,{"id":700,"title":701,"slug":702,"location":703,"menu_items":704},3854,"Humans in Space","humans-in-space","global-nav-humans-in-space",[705,709,713,717,721,723],{"id":706,"title":707,"url":708,"order":425},52205,"Why Go to Space","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/why-go-to-space/",{"id":710,"title":711,"url":712,"order":56},52206,"Astronauts","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/astronauts/",{"id":714,"title":715,"url":716,"order":389},52207,"Commercial Space","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/",{"id":718,"title":719,"url":720,"order":434},52208,"Destinations","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/destinations/",{"id":722,"title":670,"url":671,"order":402},52209,{"id":724,"title":725,"url":726,"order":474},52210,"Living in Space","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/living-in-space/",{"id":728,"title":729,"slug":730,"location":731,"menu_items":732},3855,"Earth & Climate","earth-climate","global-nav-earth-climate",[733,737,741,745,749,753,757],{"id":734,"title":735,"url":736,"order":425},114924,"Explore Earth Science","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/explore/",{"id":738,"title":739,"url":740,"order":56},114925,"Climate Change","https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/",{"id":742,"title":743,"url":744,"order":389},114938,"Earth, Our Planet","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/",{"id":746,"title":747,"url":748,"order":434},114940,"Earth Science in Action","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/in-action/",{"id":750,"title":751,"url":752,"order":402},114999,"Earth Multimedia","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/multimedia/",{"id":754,"title":755,"url":756,"order":474},115011,"Earth Data","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/data/",{"id":758,"title":759,"url":760,"order":411},115015,"Earth Science Researchers","https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/",{"id":762,"title":763,"slug":764,"location":765,"menu_items":766},3856,"About NASA","about-nasa","global-nav-about-nasa",[767,771,775,779,783,787,791,795,799,803,807],{"id":768,"title":769,"url":770,"order":425},52224,"NASA's Impacts","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-impacts/",{"id":772,"title":773,"url":774,"order":56},52225,"Centers and Facilities","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-centers-and-facilities/",{"id":776,"title":777,"url":778,"order":389},52226,"Directorates","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-directorates/",{"id":780,"title":781,"url":782,"order":434},52227,"Organizations","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-organization/",{"id":784,"title":785,"url":786,"order":402},52228,"People of NASA","https://www.nasa.gov/people-of-nasa/",{"id":788,"title":789,"url":790,"order":474},52229,"Careers","https://www.nasa.gov/careers/",{"id":792,"title":793,"url":794,"order":411},52230,"Internships","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/nasa-internship-programs/",{"id":796,"title":797,"url":798,"order":688},52231,"Our History","https://www.nasa.gov/history/",{"id":800,"title":801,"url":802,"order":693},114913,"Doing Business with NASA","https://www.nasa.gov/doing-business-with-nasa/",{"id":804,"title":805,"url":806,"order":698},52232,"Get Involved","https://www.nasa.gov/get-involved/",{"id":808,"title":809,"url":810,"order":811},52233,"Contact","https://www.nasa.gov/contact-nasa/",11,{"id":813,"title":814,"slug":815,"location":816,"menu_items":817},3857,"Learning Resources","learning-resources","global-nav-learning-resources",[818,822,826,830,834,838,842],{"id":819,"title":820,"url":821,"order":425},52240,"For Kids and Students","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/",{"id":823,"title":824,"url":825,"order":56},52241,"For Educators","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-educators/",{"id":827,"title":828,"url":829,"order":389},52242,"For Colleges and Universities","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/colleges-and-universities/",{"id":831,"title":832,"url":833,"order":434},52243,"For Professionals","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-professionals/",{"id":835,"title":836,"url":837,"order":402},114336,"Science for Everyone","https://science.nasa.gov/for-everyone/",{"id":839,"title":840,"url":841,"order":474},52246,"Requests for Exhibits, Artifacts, or Speakers","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/requests-for-exhibits-artifacts-or-speakers/",{"id":843,"title":844,"url":845,"order":411},52247,"STEM Engagement at NASA","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/stem-engagement-at-nasa/",{"id":847,"title":848,"slug":849,"location":850,"menu_items":851},3858,"Aeronautics","aeronautics","global-nav-aeronautics",[852,856,860,864,868,872,876],{"id":853,"title":854,"url":855,"order":425},52249,"Science in the Air","https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/science-in-the-air/",{"id":857,"title":858,"url":859,"order":56},52250,"NASA Aircraft","https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/aircraft/",{"id":861,"title":862,"url":863,"order":389},52251,"Flight Innovation","https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/flight-innovation/",{"id":865,"title":866,"url":867,"order":434},52252,"Supersonic Flight","https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/supersonic-flight/",{"id":869,"title":870,"url":871,"order":402},52253,"Air Traffic Solutions","https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/air-traffic-solutions/",{"id":873,"title":874,"url":875,"order":474},52254,"Green Aviation Tech","https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/green-aero-tech/",{"id":877,"title":878,"url":879,"order":411},52255,"Drones & You","https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/drones-and-you/",{"id":881,"title":882,"slug":883,"location":884,"menu_items":885},3859,"Technology","technology","global-nav-technology",[886,890,894,898,902,906,910],{"id":887,"title":888,"url":889,"order":425},52256,"Technology Transfer & Spinoffs","https://www.nasa.gov/technology-transfer-spinoffs/",{"id":891,"title":892,"url":893,"order":56},52257,"Space Travel Technology","https://www.nasa.gov/space-travel-technology/",{"id":895,"title":896,"url":897,"order":389},52258,"Technology Living in Space","https://www.nasa.gov/space-living-technology/",{"id":899,"title":900,"url":901,"order":434},52259,"Manufacturing and Materials","https://www.nasa.gov/manufacturing-and-materials/",{"id":903,"title":904,"url":905,"order":402},52260,"Robotics","https://www.nasa.gov/robotics/",{"id":907,"title":908,"url":909,"order":474},52261,"Science Instruments","https://www.nasa.gov/science-instruments/",{"id":911,"title":912,"url":913,"order":411},52262,"Computing","https://www.nasa.gov/computing/",{"id":915,"title":916,"slug":917,"location":918,"menu_items":919},3860,"The Universe","the-universe","global-nav-universe",[920,924,928,932,936,940,944],{"id":921,"title":922,"url":923,"order":425},52263,"Exoplanets","https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanets/",{"id":925,"title":926,"url":927,"order":56},108346,"The Search for Life in the Universe","https://science.nasa.gov/universe/search-for-life/",{"id":929,"title":930,"url":931,"order":389},52265,"Stars","https://science.nasa.gov/universe/stars/",{"id":933,"title":934,"url":935,"order":434},52266,"Galaxies","https://science.nasa.gov/universe/galaxies/",{"id":937,"title":938,"url":939,"order":402},52267,"Black Holes","https://science.nasa.gov/universe/black-holes/",{"id":941,"title":942,"url":943,"order":474},52268,"The Big Bang","https://science.nasa.gov/universe/the-big-bang/",{"id":945,"title":946,"url":947,"order":411},52269,"Dark Matter & Dark Energy","https://science.nasa.gov/universe/dark-matter-dark-energy/",{"id":949,"title":950,"slug":951,"location":952,"menu_items":953},3861,"The Solar System","the-solar-system","global-nav-solar-system",[954,957,961,965,969,973,977,981,985,989,993,997,1002,1007,1012],{"id":955,"title":477,"url":956,"order":425},52270,"https://science.nasa.gov/sun/",{"id":958,"title":959,"url":960,"order":56},52271,"Mercury","https://science.nasa.gov/mercury/",{"id":962,"title":963,"url":964,"order":389},52272,"Venus","https://science.nasa.gov/venus/",{"id":966,"title":967,"url":968,"order":434},113728,"Earth","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/",{"id":970,"title":971,"url":972,"order":402},52274,"The Moon","https://science.nasa.gov/moon/",{"id":974,"title":975,"url":976,"order":474},52275,"Mars","https://science.nasa.gov/mars/",{"id":978,"title":979,"url":980,"order":411},52276,"Jupiter","https://science.nasa.gov/jupiter/",{"id":982,"title":983,"url":984,"order":688},52277,"Saturn","https://science.nasa.gov/saturn/",{"id":986,"title":987,"url":988,"order":693},52278,"Uranus","https://science.nasa.gov/uranus/",{"id":990,"title":991,"url":992,"order":698},52279,"Neptune","https://science.nasa.gov/neptune/",{"id":994,"title":995,"url":996,"order":811},108345,"Pluto & Dwarf Planets","https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/",{"id":998,"title":999,"url":1000,"order":1001},52281,"Asteroids, Comets & Meteors","https://science.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-meteors/",12,{"id":1003,"title":1004,"url":1005,"order":1006},112851,"The Kuiper Belt","https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/",13,{"id":1008,"title":1009,"url":1010,"order":1011},112863,"The Oort Cloud","https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/",14,{"id":1013,"title":1014,"url":1015,"order":1016},52282,"Skywatching","https://science.nasa.gov/skywatching/",15,{"id":1018,"title":1019,"slug":1020,"location":1021,"menu_items":1022},4437,"Español","espanol","global-nav-espanol",[1023,1027,1031,1035,1039],{"id":1024,"title":1025,"url":1026,"order":425},112664,"Ciencia","https://ciencia.nasa.gov/",{"id":1028,"title":1029,"url":1030,"order":56},112675,"Aeronáutica","https://www.nasa.gov/espanol/aeronautica-en-espanol/",{"id":1032,"title":1033,"url":1034,"order":389},112683,"Ciencias Terrestres","https://ciencia.nasa.gov/tierra",{"id":1036,"title":1037,"url":1038,"order":434},112687,"Sistema Solar","https://ciencia.nasa.gov/sistema-solar",{"id":1040,"title":1041,"url":1042,"order":402},112691,"Universo","https://ciencia.nasa.gov/universo",{"id":1044,"title":1045,"slug":1046,"location":1047,"menu_items":1048},4905,"Science","science","global-nav-science",[1049,1052,1056,1060,1063,1067,1071,1074,1078,1082],{"id":1050,"title":1051,"url":760,"order":425},215635,"Earth Science",{"id":1053,"title":1054,"url":1055,"order":56},215647,"Planetary Science","https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/",{"id":1057,"title":1058,"url":1059,"order":389},215649,"Astrophysics & Space Science","https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/",{"id":1061,"title":1062,"url":36,"order":434},215656,"The Sun & Heliophysics",{"id":1064,"title":1065,"url":1066,"order":402},215661,"Biological & Physical Sciences","https://science.nasa.gov/biological-physical/",{"id":1068,"title":1069,"url":1070,"order":474},215663,"Lunar Science","https://science.nasa.gov/lunar-science/",{"id":1072,"title":261,"url":1073,"order":411},215668,"https://science.nasa.gov/citizen-science/",{"id":1075,"title":1076,"url":1077,"order":688},215671,"Astromaterials","https://science.nasa.gov/astromaterials/",{"id":1079,"title":1080,"url":1081,"order":693},215677,"Aeronautics Research","https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics-research/",{"id":1083,"title":1084,"url":1085,"order":698},215679,"Human Space Travel Research","https://www.nasa.gov/human-space-travel-research/",{"$sicons":1087},{"uil:facebook-f":1088,"fa6-brands:instagram":1091,"fa6-brands:x-twitter":1095,"bxl:youtube":1097},{"left":103,"top":103,"width":1089,"height":1089,"rotate":103,"vFlip":28,"hFlip":28,"body":1090},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M15.12 5.32H17V2.14A26 26 0 0 0 14.26 2c-2.72 0-4.58 1.66-4.58 4.7v2.62H6.61v3.56h3.07V22h3.68v-9.12h3.06l.46-3.56h-3.52V7.05c0-1.05.28-1.73 1.76-1.73\"/>",{"left":103,"top":103,"width":1092,"height":1093,"rotate":103,"vFlip":28,"hFlip":28,"body":1094},448,512,"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9S287.7 141 224.1 141m0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7s74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7s-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7m146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8c-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8s26.8 12 26.8 26.8m76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9c-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2c-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0c-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9c1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0c35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2c26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9c2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8M398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6c-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6c-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6c29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6c11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1\"/>",{"left":103,"top":103,"width":1093,"height":1093,"rotate":103,"vFlip":28,"hFlip":28,"body":1096},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2L487 464H345L233.7 318.6L106.5 464H35.8l164.9-188.5L26.8 48h145.6l100.5 132.9zm-24.8 373.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42z\"/>",{"left":103,"top":103,"width":1089,"height":1089,"rotate":103,"vFlip":28,"hFlip":28,"body":1098},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M21.593 7.203a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.762-1.766C18.265 5.007 12 5 12 5s-6.264-.007-7.831.404a2.56 2.56 0 0 0-1.766 1.778c-.413 1.566-.417 4.814-.417 4.814s-.004 3.264.406 4.814c.23.857.905 1.534 1.763 1.765c1.582.43 7.83.437 7.83.437s6.265.007 7.831-.403a2.52 2.52 0 0 0 1.767-1.763c.414-1.565.417-4.812.417-4.812s.02-3.265-.407-4.831M9.996 15.005l.005-6l5.207 3.005z\"/>",["Set"],{"ZmaeLz3BeE":27,"tPoN58zXc8":27,"L1SOwoJ3rr":27,"tAFcReNkzA":27,"AWUXVp57yf":27},"/heliophysics/",{"data":1103},{"responseType":4,"responseValue":5}]</script> <script>window.__NUXT__={};window.__NUXT__.config={public:{ENVIRONMENT:"production",SITENAME:"nasa-smd",SMD_WP:"https://smd-cms.nasa.gov",SMD_FRONTEND:"https://science.nasa.gov",FRONTEND:"https://science.nasa.gov",BACKEND:"https://smd-cms.nasa.gov",NASA:"https://www.nasa.gov",NASAPLUS:"https://plus.nasa.gov",SITELANG:"en-US",PARSELY_ID:"science.nasa.gov",FED_ANALYTICS_AGENCY:"NASA",GOOGLE_ANALYTICS_ID:"G-3MLXXCVWWY",FED_ANALYTICS_SUBAGENCY:"GSFC",gtag:{enabled:true,id:"G-3MLXXCVWWY",initCommands:[],config:{},tags:[],loadingStrategy:"defer",url:"https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js"}},app:{baseURL:"/",buildAssetsDir:"/_nuxt/",cdnURL:""}}</script> <script> // Verint Embed Script v2.01 ;(function (g) { var d = document, am = d.createElement('script'), h = d.head || d.getElementsByTagName("head")[0], fsr = 'fsReady', aex = { "src": "//eex-gateway.fr011.ttecfed.com/sites/nasa-gov/production/gateway.min.js", "type": "text/javascript", "async": "true", "data-vendor": "fs", "data-role": "gateway" }; for (var attr in aex) { am.setAttribute(attr, aex[attr]); } h.appendChild(am); g[fsr] || (g[fsr] = function () { var aT = '__' + fsr + '_stk__'; g[aT] = g[aT] || []; g[aT].push(arguments); }); })(window); </script></body></html>