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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_virelai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_virelai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Musical virelai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_virelai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virelai_"ancien"_and_"nouveau"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virelai_"ancien"_and_"nouveau""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Virelai "ancien" and "nouveau"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virelai_"ancien"_and_"nouveau"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Вірэле – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вірэле" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai_(musik)" title="Virelai (musik) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virelai (musik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelay" title="Virelay – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virelay" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%A5%BC%EB%A0%88" title="비를레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비를레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99" title="וירלאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וירלאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC" title="ヴィルレー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィルレー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Виреле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виреле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Віреле – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віреле" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Virelai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_music" title="Category:Medieval music">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:orange"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers" title="List of medieval composers">Composers</a>  / <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">Instruments</a> / <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval music theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">Theorists</a>)</div><hr /></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Movements and schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Saint Gall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Saint Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn" title="Bernart de Ventadorn">Bernart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Vitry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Machaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Landini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Ciconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">Dunstaple</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">Conductus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virelai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">Geisslerlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauda_(song)" title="Lauda (song)">Lauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">Liturgical drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planctus" title="Planctus">Planctus</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music →</a></b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music_sidebar" title="Template:Medieval music sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_music_sidebar" title="Template talk:Medieval music sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_music_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval music sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <i><b>virelai</b></i> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French verse</a> used often in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>. It is one of the three <i><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">formes fixes</a></i> (the others were the <a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">ballade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">rondeau</a>) and was one of the most common verse forms set to music in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> from the late thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries. </p><p>One of the most famous composers of virelai is <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a> (c. 1300–1377), who also wrote his own verse; 33 separate compositions in the form survive by him. Other composers of virelai include <a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Lescurel" title="Jehan de Lescurel">Jehannot de l'Escurel</a>, one of the earliest (d. 1304), and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Dufay">Guillaume Dufay</a> (c. 1400–1474), one of the latest. </p><p>By the mid-15th century, the form had become largely divorced from music, and numerous examples of this form (including the ballade and the rondeau) were written, which were either not intended to be set to music, or for which the music has not survived. </p><p>A virelai with only a single stanza is also known as a <a href="/wiki/Bergerette" title="Bergerette">bergerette</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_virelai">Musical virelai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virelai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Musical virelai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virelai_schema.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Virelai_schema.svg/220px-Virelai_schema.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Virelai_schema.svg/330px-Virelai_schema.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Virelai_schema.svg/440px-Virelai_schema.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>Structural schema of the virelai.</figcaption></figure> <p>The virelai as a song form of the 14th and early 15th century usually has three <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanzas</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">refrain</a> that is stated before the first stanza and again after each. Within each stanza, the structure is that of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_form" title="Bar form">bar form</a>, with two sections that share the same rhymes and music (<i>Stollen</i>), followed by a third (<i>Abgesang</i>). The third section of each stanza shares its rhymes and music with the refrain.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heldt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heldt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it can be schematically represented as AbbaA, where "A" represents the repeated refrain, "a" represents the verse set to the same music as the refrain, and "b" represents the remaining verses set to different music. </p><p>Within this overall structure, the number of lines and the rhyme scheme is variable. The refrain and <i>Abgesang</i> may be of three, four or five lines each, with rhyme schemes such as ABA, ABAB, AAAB, ABBA, or AABBA.<sup id="cite_ref-heldt_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heldt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure often involves an alternation of longer with shorter lines. Typically, all three stanzas share the same set of rhymes, which means that the entire poem may be built on just two rhymes, if the <i>Stollen</i> sections also share their rhymes with the refrain. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie_2.svg/400px-Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie_2.svg/600px-Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie_2.svg/800px-Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/32\/Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie.ogg\/Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"MIDI rendering"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Machaut Douce Dame Jolie.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie.ogg/Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">MIDI rendering</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Machaut_Douce_Dame_Jolie.ogg" title="File:Machaut Douce Dame Jolie.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> </figcaption></figure> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Douce_Dame_Jolie" title="Douce Dame Jolie">Douce Dame Jolie</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a> is an example of a virelai with rhymes AAAB in the refrain, and AAB (with a shortened second verse) in each of the <i>stollen</i> sections. </p> <dl><dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Douce dame jolie,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Pour dieu ne pensés mie</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Que nulle ait signorie</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Seur moy fors vous seulement.</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><span lang="fro" style="font-style: normal;">Qu'adès sans tricherie</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><span lang="fro" style="font-style: normal;">Chierie</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><span lang="fro" style="font-style: normal;">Vous ay et humblement</span></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><span lang="fro" style="font-style: normal;">Tous les jours de ma vie</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><span lang="fro" style="font-style: normal;">Servie</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><span lang="fro" style="font-style: normal;">Sans villain pensement.</span></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><span lang="fro" style="font-style: normal;">Helas! et je mendie</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><span lang="fro" style="font-style: normal;">D'esperance et d'aïe;</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><span lang="fro" style="font-style: normal;">Dont ma joie est fenie,</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><span lang="fro" style="font-style: normal;">Se pité ne vous en prent.</span></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Douce dame jolie,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Pour dieu ne pensés mie</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Que nulle ait signorie</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Seur moy fors vous seulement.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virelai_"ancien"_and_"nouveau""><span id="Virelai_.22ancien.22_and_.22nouveau.22"></span>Virelai "ancien" and "nouveau"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virelai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Virelai "ancien" and "nouveau""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 15th century onwards the virelai was no longer regularly set to music but became a purely literary form, and its structural variety proliferated. The 17th-century prosodist Père Mourgues defined what he called the <i>virelai ancien</i> in a way that has little in common with the musical virelais of the 14th and 15th centuries. His <i>virelai ancien</i> is a structure without a refrain and with an interlocking rhyme scheme between the stanzas: in the first stanza, the rhymes are AAB AAB AAB, with the B lines shorter than the A lines. In the second stanza, the B rhymes are shifted to the longer verses, and a new C rhyme is introduced for the shorter ones (BBC BBC BBC), and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-holmes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another form described by Père Mourgues is the <i>virelai nouveau</i>, which has a two-line refrain at the beginning, with each stanza ending with a repetition of either the first or the second refrain verse in alternation, and the last stanza ending in both refrain verses in reversed order. These forms have occasionally been reproduced in later English poetry, e.g. by <a href="/wiki/John_Payne_(poet)" title="John Payne (poet)">John Payne</a> ("Spring Sadness", a <i>virelai ancien</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Austin_Dobson" title="Henry Austin Dobson">Henry Austin Dobson</a> ("July", a <i>virelai nouveau</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-holmes_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virelai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virelais_by_Guillaume_de_Machaut" class="mw-redirect" title="List of virelais by Guillaume de Machaut">List of virelais by Guillaume de Machaut</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virelai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarding" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harding, Carol E. "Virelai (Virelay)". In Michelle M. Sauer (ed.). <i>The Facts on File Companion to British Poetry Before 1600</i>. p. 450.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virelai+%28Virelay%29&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Companion+to+British+Poetry+Before+1600&rft.pages=450&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Carol+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirelai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heldt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heldt_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heldt_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeldt1916" class="citation book cs1">Heldt, Elisabeth (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franzsischevir00helduoft"><i>Französische Virelais aus dem 15. Jahrhundert: Kritische Ausgabe mit Anmerkungen, Glossar und einer literarhistorischen und metrischen Untersuchung</i></a>. Halle: Niemeyer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franzsischevir00helduoft/page/27">27</a>–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz%C3%B6sische+Virelais+aus+dem+15.+Jahrhundert%3A+Kritische+Ausgabe+mit+Anmerkungen%2C+Glossar+und+einer+literarhistorischen+und+metrischen+Untersuchung&rft.place=Halle&rft.pages=27-34&rft.pub=Niemeyer&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Heldt&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranzsischevir00helduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirelai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holmes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holmes_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holmes_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesScott" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holmes, U. T.; Scott, C. "Virelai". In Roland Greene (ed.). <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 1522.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virelai&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Poetry+and+Poetics&rft.pages=1522&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=U.+T.&rft.au=Scott%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirelai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virelai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_William_Gosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund William Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Virelay"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Virelay">"Virelay" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virelay&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=111&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirelai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins1968" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkins, Nigel (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/epdf/10.1484/J.NMS.3.38">"The Post-Machaut Generation of Poet-Musicians"</a>. <i>Nottingham Medieval Studies</i>. <b>12</b>. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols: 40–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.NMS.3.38">10.1484/J.NMS.3.38</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nottingham+Medieval+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Post-Machaut+Generation+of+Poet-Musicians&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=40-84&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.NMS.3.38&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brepolsonline.net%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1484%2FJ.NMS.3.38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirelai" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_medieval_lyric_forms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_medieval_lyric_forms" title="Template:Western medieval lyric forms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Western_medieval_lyric_forms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Western medieval lyric forms (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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(poetry)">Alba (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlabecca" title="Arlabecca">Arlabecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubade" title="Aubade">Aubade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobla_esparsa" title="Cobla esparsa">Cobla esparsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansa" title="Dansa">Dansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descort" title="Descort">Descort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devinalh" title="Devinalh">Devinalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensenhamen" title="Ensenhamen">Ensenhamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enuig" title="Enuig">Enuig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(song)" title="Gab (song)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Boi%C3%A8r" title="Lo Boièr">Lo Boièr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldit-comiat" title="Maldit-comiat">Maldit-comiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partimen" title="Partimen">Partimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastorela" title="Pastorela">Pastorela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planh" title="Planh">Planh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salut_d%27amor" title="Salut d'amor">Salut d'amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestina" title="Sestina">Sestina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirventes" title="Sirventes">Sirventes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenso" title="Tenso">Tenso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torneyamen" title="Torneyamen">Torneyamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornada_(Occitan_literary_term)" title="Tornada (Occitan literary term)">Tornada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_clus" title="Trobar clus">Trobar clus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_leu" title="Trobar leu">Trobar leu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_ric" title="Trobar ric">Trobar ric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadera" title="Viadera">Viadera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_toile" title="Chanson de toile">Chanson de toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virelai</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_chant" title="Grand chant">Grand chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastourelle" title="Pastourelle">Pastourelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdie" title="Reverdie">Reverdie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondel_(poem)" title="Rondel (poem)">Rondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondelet" title="Rondelet">Rondelet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Italian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballata" title="Ballata">Ballata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_(poetry)" title="Octave (poetry)">Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottava_rima" title="Ottava rima">Ottava rima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrarchan_sonnet" title="Petrarchan sonnet">Petrarchan sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_octave" title="Sicilian octave">Sicilian octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awdl" title="Awdl">Awdl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerdd_dafod" title="Cerdd dafod">Cerdd dafod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cywydd" title="Cywydd">Cywydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traethodl" title="Traethodl">Traethodl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leise" title="Leise">Leise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagelied" title="Tagelied">Tagelied</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Galician-Portuguese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amigo" title="Cantiga de amigo">Cantiga de amigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amor" title="Cantiga de amor">Cantiga de amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_esc%C3%A1rnio_e_maldizer" title="Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer">Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(poetry)" title="Madrigal (poetry)">Madrigal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrielle" title="Kyrielle">Kyrielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triolet" title="Triolet">Triolet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By alphabetical order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba_(poetry)" title="Alba (poetry)">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlabecca" title="Arlabecca">Arlabecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubade" title="Aubade">Aubade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdl" title="Awdl">Awdl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballata" title="Ballata">Ballata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amigo" title="Cantiga de amigo">Cantiga de amigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amor" title="Cantiga de amor">Cantiga de amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_esc%C3%A1rnio_e_maldizer" title="Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer">Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerdd_dafod" title="Cerdd dafod">Cerdd dafod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_toile" title="Chanson de toile">Chanson de toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobla_esparsa" title="Cobla esparsa">Cobla esparsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cywydd" title="Cywydd">Cywydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansa" title="Dansa">Dansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descort" title="Descort">Descort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devinalh" title="Devinalh">Devinalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensenhamen" title="Ensenhamen">Ensenhamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enuig" title="Enuig">Enuig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(song)" title="Gab (song)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_chant" title="Grand chant">Grand chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrielle" title="Kyrielle">Kyrielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leise" title="Leise">Leise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(poetry)" title="Madrigal (poetry)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldit-comiat" title="Maldit-comiat">Maldit-comiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_(poetry)" title="Octave (poetry)">Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partimen" title="Partimen">Partimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastorela" title="Pastorela">Pastorela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastourelle" title="Pastourelle">Pastourelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrarchan_sonnet" title="Petrarchan sonnet">Petrarchan sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planh" title="Planh">Planh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdie" title="Reverdie">Reverdie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondel_(poem)" title="Rondel (poem)">Rondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondelet" title="Rondelet">Rondelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salut_d%27amor" title="Salut d'amor">Salut d'amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestina" title="Sestina">Sestina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_octave" title="Sicilian octave">Sicilian octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirventes" title="Sirventes">Sirventes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagelied" title="Tagelied">Tagelied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenso" title="Tenso">Tenso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornada_(Occitan_literary_term)" title="Tornada (Occitan literary term)">Tornada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torneyamen" title="Torneyamen">Torneyamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traethodl" title="Traethodl">Traethodl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triolet" title="Triolet">Triolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_clus" title="Trobar clus">Trobar clus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_leu" title="Trobar leu">Trobar leu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_ric" title="Trobar ric">Trobar ric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadera" title="Viadera">Viadera</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virelai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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