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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#His_first_stay_in_Brazil_and_the_Avanti!"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>His first stay in Brazil and the <i>Avanti!</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-His_first_stay_in_Brazil_and_the_Avanti!-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approximation_with_revolutionary_syndicalism_and_the_Parma_strike_of_1908" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approximation_with_revolutionary_syndicalism_and_the_Parma_strike_of_1908"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Approximation with revolutionary syndicalism and the Parma strike of 1908</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approximation_with_revolutionary_syndicalism_and_the_Parma_strike_of_1908-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_second_time_in_Brazil_and_La_Scure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_second_time_in_Brazil_and_La_Scure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The second time in Brazil and <i>La Scure</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_second_time_in_Brazil_and_La_Scure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Italy,_participation_in_the_First_World_War_and_Fiume_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Italy,_participation_in_the_First_World_War_and_Fiume_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Return to Italy, participation in the First World War and Fiume expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Italy,_participation_in_the_First_World_War_and_Fiume_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_and_last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_and_last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exile and last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_and_last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian syndicalist (1874–1934)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alceste De Ambris</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alceste_de_Ambris_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Alceste_de_Ambris_1930.jpg/220px-Alceste_de_Ambris_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Alceste_de_Ambris_1930.jpg/330px-Alceste_de_Ambris_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Alceste_de_Ambris_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="475" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Between 1925 and 1934</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1874-09-15</span>)</span>September 15, 1874<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Licciana_Nardi" title="Licciana Nardi">Licciana Nardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massa-Carrara" title="Province of Massa-Carrara">Massa-Carrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 9, 1934<span style="display:none">(1934-12-09)</span> (aged 60)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Brive-la-Gaillarde" title="Brive-la-Gaillarde">Brive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limousin" title="Limousin">Limousin</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Italian (1874–1926)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Parma" title="University of Parma">University of Parma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Carnaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Carnaro">Charter of Carnaro</a>, the constitution of Fiume (Coauthored with <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a>)</i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Manifesto_of_the_Italian_Fasces_of_Combat" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat">The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat</a> (Coauthored with <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Marinetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippo Marinetti">Filippo Marinetti</a>)</i></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alceste De Ambris</b> (15 September 1874 – 9 December 1934) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social activism">socialist activist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalist</a>, considered one of the greatest representatives of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary syndicalism">revolutionary syndicalism</a> in Italy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_involvement_with_socialism">Early life and involvement with socialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_De_Ambris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and involvement with socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Ambris was born in <a href="/wiki/Licciana_Nardi" title="Licciana Nardi">Licciana Nardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massa-Carrara" title="Province of Massa-Carrara">province of Massa-Carrara</a>, as the first of the eight children of Francesco De Ambris and Valeria Ricci. His father was a <a href="/wiki/Mazzinianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazzinianism">Mazzinian Republican</a> and from an early age De Ambris showed an interest in politics. The miserable condition of the <a href="/wiki/Lunigiana" title="Lunigiana">Lunigiana</a> workers and their struggles led him to join socialism at the age of 18, becoming a militant and propagandist for the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> in 1892 and taking part in the formation of numerous socialist circles in his region, especially those in <a href="/wiki/Aulla" title="Aulla">Aulla</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>, of which he was a member.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004166_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004166-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, at the age of 19, he enrolled in the law course at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Parma" title="University of Parma">University of Parma</a> and stood out for his participation in the political life of the province, helping to organize the workers movement in the region. De Ambris had some socialist professors at the university and lived in the working class district of <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, Oltretorrente. He enrolled in the law course between 1893 and 1895, but didn't complete it because of his political militancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004168_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004168-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, he joined the workers and other students of Parma in protests against the <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian colonial empire">Italian colonial wars in Africa</a> and in 1896 he was targeted by the authorities and accused of defamation in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004167_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004167-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1897, he was called up for compulsory military service in La Spezia, where he tried to <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desert</a> to join a group of Italian Republicans who went to fight for Greece in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_of_1897" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War of 1897">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a>. De Ambris believed that Greece had established "a community of the free and equal, animated by fraternity and solidarity and capable of sacrifice", representing what he wanted to build in Italy. He used the Greek example in opposition to conservative Italian nationalism, affirming an idea of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> with oppressed peoples fighting for freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004170_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004170-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some sources claim that De Ambris was arrested for attempted desertion, others claim that he was not punished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004253_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004253-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, he was involved in writing the newspaper <i>La Terra</i>, whose articles denounced the conditions of the peasants of Massa-Carrara, who had almost all their time taken up by work, to which they devoted 10 hours in winter and 15 in summer, on land that was not always <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004166_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004166-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, a series of popular protests against the rising price of bread took place in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004103-104_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004103-104-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Ambris was once again called up for military service to suppress the protests, but he didn't show up and, to escape arrest, he expatriated clandestinely to <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, where he met other Italians fleeing repression. He went to <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, where he worked for a few months in the port and lived with difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004171_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004171-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Florence Military Court sentenced him to a year's imprisonment for desertion. De Ambris then left for Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004172_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004172-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="His_first_stay_in_Brazil_and_the_Avanti!"><span id="His_first_stay_in_Brazil_and_the_Avanti.21"></span>His first stay in Brazil and the <i>Avanti!</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_De_Ambris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: His first stay in Brazil and the Avanti!"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avanti!_1%C2%AA_edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Avanti%21_1%C2%AA_edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg/220px-Avanti%21_1%C2%AA_edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Avanti%21_1%C2%AA_edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>1st edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Avanti!_(newspaper)" title="Avanti! (newspaper)">Avanti!</a></i> The periodical was first published in São Paulo on October 20, 1900 and ran until 1919, with some interruptions.</figcaption></figure> <p>De Ambris arrived in <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Brazil</a> illegally on a ship from Italy, along with other poor immigrants attracted by the promises of the Brazilian government, which at the time was encouraging European immigration. Alceste initially intended to go to <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, but spent some time in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> living with his brothers Alfredo and Angelo, who had already been in Brazil since 1894, and was convinced by them to remain in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004172_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004172-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later settled in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>. Shaken by the torments he saw during the 25-day journey by ship, he decided to study the living and working conditions of the Italian immigrants on the <a href="/wiki/Coffee_plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee plantation">coffee plantations</a> and travelled on one of the trains that took the workers to the plantations, departing from the Hospedaria dos Imigrantes, in <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1s" title="Brás">Brás</a>, and helped the immigrants to organize themselves into associations and <a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">syndicates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004172–173_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004172–173-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, he took part in the founding of the socialist newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Avanti!_(newspaper)" title="Avanti! (newspaper)">Avanti<b>!</b></a></i>, which took its name from its Italian namesake and intended to be an organ at the service of workers and social struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004173_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004173-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newspaper had a good circulation among the Italian community in São Paulo and, in general, advocated <a href="/wiki/Social_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reforms">social reforms</a> that could benefit the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> and the formation of workers associations of resistance aimed at improving workers living conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004174–175_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004174–175-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Avanti!</i> was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Periodicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodicals">periodicals</a> to be published in Brazil, and its editors sought to unite their efforts with the various socialist tendencies, so that in the pages of the newspaper there was room for more reformist positions, such as those of Alcebíades Bertolotti, and also for more radical positions, such as those of De Ambris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004175_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004175-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of September 1901, when the newspaper was about to complete a year in circulation, De Ambris published an article in which he invited workers in Brazil to organize themselves autonomously, claiming that many improvements could be achieved directly through the <a href="/wiki/Political_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Political action">action</a> and organization of the working class. In the following issue, Bertolotti, in response, argued that workers organizations had the aim of raising wages and improving the lives of the working class, but that this should not lead to the conclusion that economic associations should disregard the role of the state and the party and that workers organizations could not and should not, in a way, exert pressure on them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004189–190_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004189–190-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemics</a>, the socialist idea of the need for a <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> for economic struggles and a party for political struggles prevailed in <i>Avanti!</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004175_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004175-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Ambris himself, at a socialist congress held between May 30 and June 2, 1902, defended electoral action, declaring the need for socialists to register on electoral lists and inviting foreigners to abandon <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and become naturalized in order to enjoy the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004191–192_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004191–192-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also an active member of the <i>Lega Democratica Italiana</i> and the <i>Circolo Socialista Avanti!</i> in the same period, and held several conferences in the city of São Paulo. He also made a number of propaganda trips to the interior of the state, where he helped to found socialist leagues and clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004180–181_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004180–181-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 12, 1901, <i>Avanti!</i> announced the first efforts to set up a socialist party, and in February, the militants gathered around the newspaper observed with great enthusiasm the <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a> that broke out in São Paulo, especially after the strike at the <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_%C3%81lvares_Penteado" class="extiw" title="pt:Armando Álvares Penteado">Álvares Penteado</a> <a href="/wiki/Textile_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile factory">textile factory</a>, which spread to other categories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004186_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004186-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victory of the strikers at the Penteado textile factory, who were demanding the reinstatement of the old tariff, a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a> and measures to put an end to mistreatment, was seen as a great triumph by the newspaper. De Ambris and Bertolotti, who on behalf of <i>Avanti!</i> acted as intermediaries during the negotiations, went to Brás to tell the strikers about the victory as soon as they heard the news.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004187_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004187-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Avanti!</i> also ran a campaign on behalf of Angelo Longaretti, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> who killed the owner of the factory where he worked, Diogo Eugenio Sales, brother of <a href="/wiki/Campos_Sales" title="Campos Sales">Campos Sales</a>, then <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil#Office-holders" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic of Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004188_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004188-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alceste and his brother Angelo were in São Paulo when they received the news that their mother had died unexpectedly. The editors of <i>Avanti!</i> sent affectionate greetings to both of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004189_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004189-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1901, he stepped down as editor of the newspaper, arguing that he wanted to devote more time to propaganda and start work on the <i>Socialist Almanac</i> for 1902, which was published a few months later with texts, portraits and caricatures. This almanac featured an introduction written by De Ambris, a text entitled "<i>Integral Socialism</i>" by the socialist <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Ferri_(criminologist)" title="Enrico Ferri (criminologist)">Enrico Ferri</a>, a text on socialism by Estevam Estrella, some poetry and short stories by Giovanni Cena, <a href="/wiki/Raul_Pompeia" title="Raul Pompeia">Raul Pompeia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmondo_De_Amicis" title="Edmondo De Amicis">Edmondo De Amicis</a> and De Ambris himself, entitled "<i>La rivolta</i> (scene della vita di fazenda)", which told the story of Angelo Longaretti and the difficulties of rural work, which led this settler to the extreme gesture of murdering the farmer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004190–191_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004190–191-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, he returned to the management of <i>Avanti!</i> and took part in a socialist congress held between the end of May and the beginning of June that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004191_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004191-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1903, the São Paulo court sentenced him to 4 months and 20 days in prison for defamation through the press against industrialist Nicola Matarazzo. His brother Alfredo, who was a lawyer, defended Alceste during the expulsion process, seeking to have the case reviewed by the Supreme Court in Rio de Janeiro so that the sentence could be overturned. However, given that his conviction for desertion had been amnestied, De Ambris preferred to return to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004192_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004192-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approximation_with_revolutionary_syndicalism_and_the_Parma_strike_of_1908">Approximation with revolutionary syndicalism and the Parma strike of 1908</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_De_Ambris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Approximation with revolutionary syndicalism and the Parma strike of 1908"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Brazil</a>, De Ambris became an experienced organizer and a journalist famous for his tenacity and the strength of his polemics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004193_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004193-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Back in Italy, he went on to hold important positions in syndicalism associations. As soon as he returned, he became secretary of the Chamber of Labor in <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, working mainly with <a href="/wiki/Metalworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalworkers">metalworkers</a>. At the end of 1904, he moved from Savona to the secretariat of the National Glassmakers' Federation, based in <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, then one of the most militant associations in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004193_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004193-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even from a distance, he also coordinated the work of Italian socialists in Brazil and was a correspondent for the newspaper <i>Fanfulla</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196613_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196613-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004196_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004196-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, he became close to <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary syndicalism">revolutionary syndicalism</a>, a concept that was gaining strength among the workers and radicalized elements of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196612_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196612-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially after the <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> of 1904, driven by revolutionary syndicalists and radical socialists who were gaining strength in the Parma Chamber of Labor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004194_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004194-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commenting on a congress of Italian socialists held in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in an article for the periodical <i>Fanfulla</i> in 1905, De Ambris noted the strength that this conception was gaining within the Italian Socialist Party. The syndicalist proposals had been defeated, but by a difference of 363 votes against 402 for the reformists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of that year, De Ambris was in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and began collaborating with Enrico Leone's <i>Divenire Sociale</i>, <i>La Gioventù Socialista</i>, the organ of the National Socialist Youth Federation, and <i>Il Sindacato Operaio</i>, writing articles that made clear his stance in favor of revolutionary syndicalism, affirming that the trade union was the instrument that would bring about the transformation of society and enable the proletariat to manage power, determining through struggle the transition from the state to the economic organization of the class, and defending the autonomy of <a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">syndicates</a> from political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004194–195_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004194–195-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For De Ambris, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary socialism">parliamentary socialism</a> had abandoned its <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletarian</a> and aggressive character to stagnate in a legalism and "<a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petty bourgeois</a>" <a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">humanitarianism</a> with the pretension of representing "general interests", sacrificing the interests of the working class in whose name it had arisen and asserted itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004199–200_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004199–200-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process had been going on since 1901, when the Italian Socialist Party began to collaborate with the liberal governments of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanardelli" title="Giuseppe Zanardelli">Giuseppe Zanardelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004104–105_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004104–105-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revolutionary syndicalism thus appeared as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Reformist_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist socialism">reformist socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004199_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004199-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Ambris spent a brief period in <a href="/wiki/Bagnone" title="Bagnone">Bagnone</a> with his father and some of his brothers in 1906, where he gave lectures and collaborated with the newspaper <i>La Terra</i>, which was re-founded that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was with his family in Lunigiana when some friends wrote to him in 1907, asking him to take up the post of secretary of the Parma Chamber of Labor. De Ambris enthusiastically accepted the invitation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in November, he became editor of the periodical <i>L'Internazionale</i>, considered the "great mouthpiece of revolutionary syndicalism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004194_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004194-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before his arrival, the Chamber of Labor was still controlled by the reformists, but most of the workers who were part of it had been adopting more radical stances since the 1904 strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he took over as general secretary of the organization, the workers movement in the province of Parma was going through a period of crisis, after successive defeats and because of the split between the moderate and radical socialists and between the city and country leagues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004198–199_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004198–199-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invitation to De Ambris to head the Chamber of Labour was conceived as an attempt to reorganize the movement, given the great prestige he had in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004199_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004199-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to respond to the workers desire to democratize the unions, De Ambris, as secretary of the Parma Chamber of Labour, tried to create instruments that would guarantee members the possibility of effectively influencing the choices that involved them. Representations and meetings multiplied and referendums were used in the case of the most important decisions, such as whether or not to start a strike. In just a few months, the Chamber's membership grew to 30,000. In addition, De Ambris did his best to avoid political divisions within the union, considering that if the workers considered it useful to launch the organization into the electoral struggle, this decision should be taken unanimously among the workers organized in the Chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004203_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004203-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, after De Ambris took over as secretary of the Parma Chamber of Labor, the association won some victories over the Agrarian Association, which brought together <a href="/wiki/Landowners" class="mw-redirect" title="Landowners">landowners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenants">tenants</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004113_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004113-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the leadership of Alceste De Ambris, the Parma Chamber of Labor declared a general strike on May 1, 1908, in response to the owners who were trying to disregard the gains made the previous year, such as the enforcement of contracts, <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wage</a> increases, better <a href="/wiki/Working_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Working conditions">working conditions</a> and the recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of association">right of association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004113–114_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004113–114-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike involved around 30,000 workers from various municipalities in the province of Parma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004114_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004114-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> and landowners reacted violently to the movement, clashing with the workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004113_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004113-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first days of the strike, the Socialist Party, the <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Italy)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Italy)">General Confederation of Labor</a> (CGL) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Agricultural_Workers_(Italy)" title="National Federation of Agricultural Workers (Italy)">National Federation of Agricultural Workers</a> (Federterra) took positions in support of the strikers, but avoided intervening in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004115_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004115-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paralyzed workers, for their part, refused to negotiate with the owners through representatives of the CGL and Federterra, adopting methods of <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> to obtain the improvements and rights they were demanding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004114_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004114-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 50 days on strike, the owners hired workers from other regions to replace the strikers. There were clashes around the train station, where some demonstrators tried to prevent the scabs from disembarking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004115_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004115-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the working class district of Oltretorrente, the police clashed with the workers, who declared a general strike. Workers from the countryside also went to the city and there were clashes with the <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>. The Socialist Party and the CGL tried unsuccessfully to convince the workers not to join the call for a general strike. In the face of the repression that followed the movement, the union <a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">headquarters</a> were raided and all those present were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004115_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004115-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of July, the Agrarian Association made it possible to return to work, and only a few areas remained in turmoil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004116_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004116-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, De Ambris received the news of the death of his only sister, Irma, at the age of 30.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004259_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004259-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the strike, the Parma Royal Prosecutor's Office prosecuted the syndicalists, accusing them of having promoted and attempted an <a href="/wiki/Armed_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed insurrection">armed insurrection</a> against the state during the strike. De Ambris was accused of being the head of the association and of throwing stones at a policeman from a window. In view of the tension that had built up between workers in the city and the countryside during the months of unrest, the trial was transferred from Parma to <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004117_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004117-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the defense lawyers for the accused syndicalists and workers were <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Labriola" title="Arturo Labriola">Arturo Labriola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gori" title="Pietro Gori">Pietro Gori</a> and some socialist deputies. The police themselves, a delegate and a commissioner, ended up defending the strikers, claiming that the movement had no insurrectionary character, but only an economic objective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004118_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004118-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1909, all the accused were acquitted and released. The prosecuted syndicalists and workers were welcomed with parties in Parma, where people carried portraits of Alceste De Ambris, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereni1979100_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereni1979100-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_second_time_in_Brazil_and_La_Scure">The second time in Brazil and <i>La Scure</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_De_Ambris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The second time in Brazil and La Scure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Ambris managed to avoid arrest during the repression that followed the Parma strike and left for <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in July 1908. From there, he went to <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, where he took part with <a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Edmondo Rossoni</a>, Pulvio Zocchi and Ottavio Dinale in the 10th Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Travail" class="mw-redirect" title="Confédération Générale du Travail">C<i>onfédération Générale du Travail</i></a> (CGT), held in October 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGestri1977215_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGestri1977215-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then came to <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Brazil</a> for the second time, invited by Vitaliano Rotellini to run the newspaper <i>La Tribuna Italiana</i>, guaranteeing respect for his ideas and principles. Rotellini sent the money and De Ambris arrived in Brazil at the end of 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004207_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004207-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Ambris remained at the helm of <i>La Tribuna Italiana</i> for ten months, receiving criticism from Italian industrialists based in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> and anarchist militants, who denounced his complicity with the "bourgeois press". When Rotellini decided to control De Ambris's direction of the newspaper, he left the paper and, in 1910, founded <i>La Scure</i>, whose first issue came out in April. Noticing the demobilization of the São Paulo workers movement, he gave the newspaper a direction that would bring together all groups with a democratic tendency, who defended the political rights of citizens, freedom to organize and strike, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of Press">press</a>. It declared itself to be the only Italian-language newspaper published in Brazil that was absolutely independent and free of any interest or party ties, criticizing the consular and diplomatic representatives maintained by Italy in Brazil and its institutions, such as the Chamber of Commerce, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%A9gio_Dante_Alighieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colégio Dante Alighieri (page does not exist)">Dante Alighieri school</a> and the Colonial Institute, controlled by conservative monarchists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004207–208_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004207–208-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as running <i>La Scure</i>, De Ambris made a series of propaganda trips to the interior of the state of São Paulo, giving talks in <a href="/wiki/Campinas" title="Campinas">Campinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribeir%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Ribeirão Preto">Ribeirão Preto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jardin%C3%B3polis,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Jardinópolis, São Paulo">Jardinópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sert%C3%A3ozinho" title="Sertãozinho">Sertãozinho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaboticabal" title="Jaboticabal">Jaboticabal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Araraquara" title="Araraquara">Araraquara</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Carlos" title="São Carlos">São Carlos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauru" title="Bauru">Bauru</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Manuel" title="São Manuel">São Manuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botucatu" title="Botucatu">Botucatu</a>, where he spoke on topics such as <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a>, resistance, cooperation and syndicalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004208–209_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004208–209-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the issue of May 21, 1910, <i>La Scure</i> announced that, for work reasons, De Ambris was going to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, where he would only stay for a few weeks. However, he ended up staying in Rio for longer, where he continued to write <i>La Scure</i> and worked at the Havas Information Agency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004221_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004221-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in Rio, he joined a group of <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian</a> writers that included <a href="/wiki/Olavo_Bilac" title="Olavo Bilac">Olavo Bilac</a>, and even wrote a novel, which was published in chapters in São Paulo's <i>Avanti!.</i> After his stay in Rio de Janeiro and shaken by the death of his brother Alfredo from <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, De Ambris left for France in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Italy,_participation_in_the_First_World_War_and_Fiume_expedition"><span id="Return_to_Italy.2C_participation_in_the_First_World_War_and_Fiume_expedition"></span>Return to Italy, participation in the First World War and Fiume expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_De_Ambris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to Italy, participation in the First World War and Fiume expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USI_fundadores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/USI_fundadores.jpg/220px-USI_fundadores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/USI_fundadores.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Corridoni" title="Filippo Corridoni">Filippo Corridoni</a>, Alceste De Ambris, Tullio Masotti, Pulvio Zocchi, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Meschi" title="Alberto Meschi">Alberto Meschi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a>, the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Unione_Sindacale_Italiana" title="Unione Sindacale Italiana">Unione Sindacale Italiana</a> (USI) in 1912.</figcaption></figure> <p>On arriving in Europe, De Ambris was in <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, between 1911 and 1912, from where he took over the management of <i>L'Internazionale</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before returning to Italy, he entered into controversy with syndicalists in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Libya" title="Italian invasion of Libya">Libyan War</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Labriola" title="Arturo Labriola">Arturo Labriola</a>. While Labriola tried to justify the colonial war as an economic and national necessity, accusing the syndicalists against it of being in agreement with the reformists, De Ambris accused Labriola and the pro-war syndicalists of being in agreement with the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giolitti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">king</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bankers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004223_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004223-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For him, <a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">national syndicalism</a> that tried to identify the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> with those of <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> "was already condemned to death".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004224_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004224-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with the controversy caused between pro-war and anti-war syndicalists, a bloc formed with the Parma group that was inclined to split from the CGL and form a new syndicalism body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004122_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004122-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a considerable part of the syndicalism movement considered it important to save the unity of the workers organization, the advocates of separation reached a consensus throughout 1912, which was consummated in November with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Unione_Sindacale_Italiana" title="Unione Sindacale Italiana">Unione Sindacale Italiana</a> (USI), which was initially joined by 80,000 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004123_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004123-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alceste De Ambris was one of its leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alceste_De_Ambris_speaking_in_Parma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Alceste_De_Ambris_speaking_in_Parma.png/220px-Alceste_De_Ambris_speaking_in_Parma.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Alceste_De_Ambris_speaking_in_Parma.png/330px-Alceste_De_Ambris_speaking_in_Parma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Alceste_De_Ambris_speaking_in_Parma.png/440px-Alceste_De_Ambris_speaking_in_Parma.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Alceste De Ambris, center, speaking at a socialist <a href="/wiki/Political_rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Political rally">rally</a> in Parma in 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1913, he was elected to the legislature of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy">Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy</a>, with popular plebiscitary vote in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a> - <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Partito Socialista Italiano</a> for a term that would last until September 1919. With parliamentary immunity, he was able to return to Italy, where he was welcomed by a crowd in Parma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">mandate</a>, he devoted himself above all to syndicalism organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004224_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004224-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, after the death of three anti-militarist demonstrators, outbreaks of insurrection spread across much of Italy for a week, which became known as "<a href="/wiki/Red_Week_(Italy)" title="Red Week (Italy)">Red Week</a>". In several regions, public buildings were stormed and telegraph and railway lines were sabotaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004157_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004157-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalists</a> took part in the unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004123_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004123-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alceste De Ambris called on the workers of Parma to sell their bicycles and buy revolvers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuriozzi197755–56_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuriozzi197755–56-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the failure of the movement discouraged De Ambris, who was disillusioned by the unpreparedness of the workers and the revolutionary forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004224_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004224-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regretting the disputes between the various <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> currents, he began to support a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalist</a> and republican program that could bring together all the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive forces">progressive forces</a>. His project, however, received criticism from all sides, especially the syndicalists, who saw it as a move away from De Ambris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004225_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004225-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the leading group of the USI decided to support the military efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. De Ambris was one of the most determined supporters of <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionism</a>, he engineered the split within the Milanese Syndical Union (USM) through his August 18, 1914, public speech, arguing that interventionism was in favor of the fundamental freedoms of <a href="/wiki/Western_democratic_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Western democratic nations">Western democratic nations</a>, and was followed by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Corridoni" title="Filippo Corridoni">Filippo Corridoni</a>. As a partisan of <a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">national syndicalism</a>, he believed the war to represent an opportunity equal to the impact of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and took his supporters (USM and Parma Labor Chamber) out of the <i><a href="/wiki/Unione_Sindacale_Italiana" title="Unione Sindacale Italiana">Unione Sindacale Italiana</a></i> to found the <i><a href="/wiki/Fascio_Rivoluzionario_d%27Azione_Internazionalista" title="Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Internazionalista</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> of the new movement attracted <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, who led his own movement, the <i>Fasci Autonomi d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</i>, into a merger that gave birth to <i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></i>. The pro-war leaders and factions ended up abandoning the USI, whose secretariat passed to the anarchist Armando Borghi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004123–124_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004123–124-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, the syndicalists who had left the USI formed the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Labour_Union_(1918-1925)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Labour Union (1918-1925)">Unione Italiana del Lavoro</a> (UIL), which aimed to unite workers who wanted to develop their action independently of any political party and taking into account the general conditions of development and freedom in Italy, stating that they should not renounce their homeland, "but conquer it by radically renewing its institutions". This organization was initially supported by De Ambris, and <a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Edmondo Rossoni</a> was its secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004231_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004231-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the UIL's leaders and militants, including Rossoni, converted to fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004232_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004232-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, in co-authorship with the poet <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Tommaso Marinetti</a> he wrote <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto"><b>The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat</b></a>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy entered the war</a>, De Ambris enlisted as a <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">volunteer</a>, believing that the conflict could trigger a revolutionary transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004227–228_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004227–228-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> seemed to confirm his thesis, and he said that, like Russia, Italy could rid itself of "<a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">foreigners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrants</a>, the temporal power of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a>" and "carry out all the most daring political and social liberations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004229–230_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004229–230-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the war, he became close to the poet <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele d'Annunzio</a>, accompanying him on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro#Impresa_di_Fiume" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">expedition to Fiume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004233_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004233-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was the subject of a dispute between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and in September 1919, some rebel military sectors, with some groups of volunteers, under the command of d'Annunzio, occupied Fiume, which was under international control, and declared its annexation to Italy. De Ambris was one of d'Annunzio's political advisors and was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Fiume">constitution of Fiume</a>, the so-called <i>Carta del Carnaro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004234_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004234-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labaro_Reggenza_Italiana_del_Carnaro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Labaro_Reggenza_Italiana_del_Carnaro.svg/220px-Labaro_Reggenza_Italiana_del_Carnaro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Labaro_Reggenza_Italiana_del_Carnaro.svg/330px-Labaro_Reggenza_Italiana_del_Carnaro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Labaro_Reggenza_Italiana_del_Carnaro.svg/440px-Labaro_Reggenza_Italiana_del_Carnaro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Italian Regency of Carnaro</a>, bearing the mythical snake <a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>De Ambris's text for the constitution of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Italian Regency of Carnaro</a> guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedoms of thought</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">civil equality between the sexes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular character of the state</a>, universal secret, <a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">direct</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proportional_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportional voting">proportional voting</a>, the possibility of revoking the offices of those invested with public functions, <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> and considered <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> to be a <a href="/wiki/Social_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Social function">social function</a>, not an <a href="/wiki/Individual_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual right">individual right</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">privilege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196679–87_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196679–87-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All citizens, including women, had to do <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004236_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004236-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regime installed in Fiume was to be a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> based on productive work, with local and functional <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> as its organic criterion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004235_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004235-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another striking feature of the <i>Carta del Carnaro</i> was <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>. Fiume's constitution stated that all citizens who contributed to the material <a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">prosperity</a> and civil development of the Republic through continuous manual and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual work">intellectual work</a> were considered productive citizens and had to be compulsorily enrolled in guilds of <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a>, administrators, <a href="/wiki/Civil_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servants">civil servants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teachers</a> and liberal professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004236_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004236-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guilds were to have full autonomy in terms of their organization and internal workings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004237_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004237-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its corporatism, some historians have established a link between the <i>Carta del Carnaro</i> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. However, other researchers see it as a kind of synthesis of the concepts adopted by De Ambris during his socialist and syndicalist activism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004238_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004238-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The draft constitution was approved by D'Annunzio on March 18, 1920. The English and French workers' organizations saw Fiume's expedition as an <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> undertaking and called on Italian workers to <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a>. The UIL, influenced by De Ambris, however, declared its support for Fiume's enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004237_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004237-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> leaders showed some sympathy for Fiume. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, who distrusted D'Annunzio, considered that his movement had appreciable popular elements, and <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> advised an alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> with Carnaro's Italian Regency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004239_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004239-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to drafting the Fiume constitution, De Ambris was also the secretary for civil affairs of the Liberation Army Command and was appointed chief of staff of the Dannunzian command on June 10, 1920. He worked to disrupt relations between the Fiume legionnaires and the fascists, seeking the support of the workers movement. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> and the repression of the Fiume expedition on December 24, 1920, De Ambris tried to keep the former legionaries together, trying to prevent them from falling under fascist and nationalist influence. However, D'Annunzio himself ended up converting to fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004239_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004239-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_and_last_years">Exile and last years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_De_Ambris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exile and last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Ambris had collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> during the war and for a brief period afterwards. However, he never joined the <a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Combattimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasci di Combattimento">Fasci di Combattimento</a> and soon took a clearly <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascist</a> stance, associating with <a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004240–241_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004240–241-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of fascism, De Ambris took part in the clashes between the workers of Parma and <a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Italo Balbo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">fascist squads</a> in August 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004240_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004240-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 20, 1922, he was violently removed from the streetcar he was on in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, beaten up and taken to the police station, accused of anti-fascist incitement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004241–242_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004241–242-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, he went into exile in <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, together with his partner Maria, her daughter and her husband. Mussolini still tried to convince him to collaborate with fascism between 1923 and 1924, but De Ambris refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004243_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004243-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his last exile, he lived in poverty and worked as a <a href="/wiki/Book_seller" class="mw-redirect" title="Book seller">book seller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004243_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004243-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon became involved in the anti-fascist activities carried out by other Italian exiles, taking part in the <i>Lega Italiana dei Diritti dell'Uomo</i> (LIDU), together with Luigi Campolonghi, his long-time companion. The organization dealt with helping new arrivals obtain documents and jobs, as well as helping exiles threatened with expulsion and serving as a forum for discussion. De Ambris also founded the weekly <i>Il Mezzogiorno</i> in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> and was a contributor to the newspaper <i>Il Corriere degli Italiani</i>, where he published various writings against fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004245_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004245-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, he wrote a <a href="/wiki/Brochure" title="Brochure">brochure</a> in which he commented on the case of the murder of the socialist deputy <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti" title="Giacomo Matteotti">Giacomo Matteotti</a>, highlighting Mussolini's responsibility for the murder with documents and arguing that "it was shameful to tolerate Italy being governed <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorially</a> by a murderer and that the disgust aroused by this shame should find the will and the strength to eliminate it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004244_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004244-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September of the same year, De Ambris lost his <a href="/wiki/Italian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian citizenship">Italian citizenship</a> because of his anti-fascist activities. Between 1927 and 1934, he maintained constant correspondence with his niece Irma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004245_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004245-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many of his letters, he wrote under a false name, as he was constantly under surveillance by the fascist government and his correspondence was often intercepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004246_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004246-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alceste_De_Ambris_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Alceste_De_Ambris_grave.jpg/220px-Alceste_De_Ambris_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Alceste_De_Ambris_grave.jpg/330px-Alceste_De_Ambris_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Alceste_De_Ambris_grave.jpg/440px-Alceste_De_Ambris_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Alceste De Ambris.</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 9, 1934, De Ambris invited a group of friends to his home to discuss a work plan for the LIDU, bringing together anarchists, socialists and Italian republicans in exile. A few hours after the meeting, he died. The Paris newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Peuple" title="Le Peuple">Le Peuple</a></i> reported his death on December 13, 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004249_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004249-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the tomb that the Parma workers built for De Ambris in the Brive-la-Gaillarde cemetery, Campolonghi wrote the following epigraph:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004250_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004250-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Alceste De Ambris. Writer. Orator. Fighter. Heroic conductor of crowds. Licciana 1874 - Brive 1934. He refused comfort and bent over misery to console and redeem it. Born an Italian, he died a citizen of the world. A wandering knight of the ideal, he remained in exile here, where the stone that protects his body cries out in his name love for rebels, hatred for tyrants.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1964, his remains were taken from <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a> to the Della Villetta cemetery in Italy, with celebrations being held in the city of Parma, attended by local authorities and syndicalist organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004251_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004251-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004251_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004251-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_De_Ambris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004166-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004166_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004166_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004168-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004168_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004167-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004167_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004170-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004170_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004253-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004253_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004103-104-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004103-104_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 103-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004171-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004171_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004172-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004172_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004172_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004172–173-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004172–173_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004173-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004173_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004174–175-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004174–175_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004175-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004175_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004175_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004189–190-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004189–190_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004191–192-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004191–192_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004180–181-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004180–181_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004186-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004186_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004187-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004187_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004188-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004188_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004189-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004189_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004190–191-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004190–191_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004191-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004191_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004192-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004192_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004193-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004193_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004193_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196613-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196613_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Felice1966">De Felice 1966</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004196-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004196_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196612-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196612_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Felice1966">De Felice 1966</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004194-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004194_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004194_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004197_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004194–195-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004194–195_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004199–200-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004199–200_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004104–105-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004104–105_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004199-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004199_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004199_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004198–199-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004198–199_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004203-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004203_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004113-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004113_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004113_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004113–114-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004113–114_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004114-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004114_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004114_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004115-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004115_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004115_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004115_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004116-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004116_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004259-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004259_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004117-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004117_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004118-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004118_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESereni1979100-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereni1979100_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSereni1979">Sereni 1979</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGestri1977215-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGestri1977215_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGestri1977">Gestri 1977</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004207-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004207_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004207–208-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004207–208_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 207–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004208–209-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004208–209_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004221-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004221_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004222_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004223-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004223_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004224-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004224_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004224_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004224_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004122-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004122_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004123-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004123_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004123_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004157-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004157_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuriozzi197755–56-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuriozzi197755–56_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuriozzi1977">Furiozzi 1977</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004225-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004225_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004123–124-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004123–124_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004231-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004231_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004232-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004232_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004227–228-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004227–228_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 227–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004229–230-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004229–230_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004233-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004233_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004234-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004234_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196679–87-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Felice196679–87_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Felice1966">De Felice 1966</a>, pp. 79–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004236-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004236_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004236_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004235-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004235_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004237-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004237_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004237_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004238-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004238_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004239-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004239_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004239_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004240–241-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004240–241_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004240-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004240_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004241–242-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004241–242_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004243-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004243_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004243_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004245-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004245_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004245_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004244-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004244_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004246-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004246_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004249-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004249_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004250-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004250_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo2004251-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004251_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToledo2004251_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToledo2004">Toledo 2004</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_De_Ambris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDe_Felice1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Felice, Renzo (1966). <i>Sindacalismo rivoluzionario e fiumanesimo nel carteggio De Ambris-D'Annunzio</i> (in Italian). Brescia: Morcelliana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindacalismo+rivoluzionario+e+fiumanesimo+nel+carteggio+De+Ambris-D%27Annunzio&rft.place=Brescia&rft.pub=Morcelliana&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=De+Felice&rft.aufirst=Renzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlceste+De+Ambris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuriozzi1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Furiozzi, Gian Bagio (1977). <i>Il sindacalismo rivoluzionario italiano</i> (in Italian). Milão: Mursia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8842593560" title="Special:BookSources/978-8842593560"><bdi>978-8842593560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+sindacalismo+rivoluzionario+italiano&rft.place=Mil%C3%A3o&rft.pub=Mursia&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-8842593560&rft.aulast=Furiozzi&rft.aufirst=Gian+Bagio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlceste+De+Ambris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGestri1977" class="citation journal cs1">Gestri, Lorenzo (1977). "Note bibliographiche, appunti provvisori, un testo e un documento per servire ad una biografia di Alceste de Ambris". <i>Cronaca e storia di Val di Magra</i>. <b>VI</b>: 181–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cronaca+e+storia+di+Val+di+Magra&rft.atitle=Note+bibliographiche%2C+appunti+provvisori%2C+un+testo+e+un+documento+per+servire+ad+una+biografia+di+Alceste+de+Ambris&rft.volume=VI&rft.pages=181-232&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Gestri&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlceste+De+Ambris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSereni1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sereni, Umberto (1979). <i>Il processo ai sindacalisti parmensi (Lucca, aprile-maggio 1909)</i> (in Italian). Lucca: Pacini.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+processo+ai+sindacalisti+parmensi+%28Lucca%2C+aprile-maggio+1909%29&rft.place=Lucca&rft.pub=Pacini&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Sereni&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlceste+De+Ambris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToledo2004" class="citation book cs1">Toledo, Edilene (2004). <i>Travessias revolucionárias: Idéias e militantes sindicalistas em São Paulo e na Itália (1890-1945)</i>. Campinas: Editora UNICAMP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788526806931" title="Special:BookSources/9788526806931"><bdi>9788526806931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travessias+revolucion%C3%A1rias%3A+Id%C3%A9ias+e+militantes+sindicalistas+em+S%C3%A3o+Paulo+e+na+It%C3%A1lia+%281890-1945%29&rft.place=Campinas&rft.pub=Editora+UNICAMP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788526806931&rft.aulast=Toledo&rft.aufirst=Edilene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlceste+De+Ambris" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_De_Ambris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anarcotico.net/index.php?module=Pagesetter&func=printpub&tid=17&pid=36"><i>Il Dannunzianesimo dopo Fiume</i></a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316210109/http://biblioteche2.comune.parma.it/bibparma/bales/deambris.htm">Short bio</a> (in Italian)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/47696589">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1594583/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdctpY3CDQ4TVB9G8pkjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124531180">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004082091">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12424153c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12424153c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="De Ambris, Alceste"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV104583">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35135658">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p149004133">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000105306&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/339347">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11111976?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/837643">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="DE AMBRIS, Alceste"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alceste-de-ambris_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033368759">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6902q4v">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alceste_De_Ambris&oldid=1258150439">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alceste_De_Ambris&oldid=1258150439</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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