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Nana marró - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Nana+marr%C3%B3" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Nana+marr%C3%B3" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right 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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Nana+marr%C3%B3" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Nana+marr%C3%B3" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l&#039;edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d&#039;aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formació_i_evolució" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formació_i_evolució"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formació i evolució</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formació_i_evolució-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identificació" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identificació"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Identificació</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identificació-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observació" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observació"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Observació</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observació-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nana marró</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 70 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruindwerg" title="Bruindwerg - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bruindwerg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_parda" title="Nana parda - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nana parda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A" title="قزم بني - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قزم بني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_marr%C3%B3n" title="Nana marrón - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nana marrón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Карычневы карлік - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карычневы карлік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Кафяво джудже - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кафяво джудже" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91i_patuljak" title="Smeđi patuljak - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Smeđi patuljak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hn%C4%9Bd%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Hnědý trpaslík - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnědý trpaslík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хăмăр карлик - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хăмăр карлик" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun_dv%C3%A6rg" title="Brun dværg - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brun dværg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauner_Zwerg" title="Brauner Zwerg - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brauner Zwerg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φαιός νάνος - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαιός νάνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Brown dwarf" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruna_nano" title="Bruna nano - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bruna nano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enana_marr%C3%B3n" title="Enana marrón - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enana marrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruun_k%C3%A4%C3%A4bus" title="Pruun kääbus - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pruun kääbus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_marroi" title="Nano marroi - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nano marroi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کوتوله قهوه‌ای - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوتوله قهوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskea_k%C3%A4%C3%A4pi%C3%B6" title="Ruskea kääpiö - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruskea kääpiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naine_brune" title="Naine brune - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Naine brune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhac_donn" title="Abhac donn - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhac donn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anana_marr%C3%B3n" title="Anana marrón - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anana marrón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ננס חום - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ננס חום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="भूरा बौना - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूरा बौना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91i_patuljak" title="Smeđi patuljak - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smeđi patuljak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barna_t%C3%B6rpe" title="Barna törpe - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barna törpe" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Շագանակագույն թզուկ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շագանակագույն թզուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katai_cokelat" title="Katai cokelat - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katai cokelat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_bruna" title="Nana bruna - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nana bruna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%89%B2%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="褐色矮星 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="褐色矮星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90" title="ყავისფერი ჯუჯა - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყავისფერი ჯუჯა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EC%83%89%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="갈색왜성 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈색왜성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumilio_fusca" title="Pumilio fusca - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pumilio fusca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brongen_Zwerg" title="Brongen Zwerg - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Brongen Zwerg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brojnen_dwerg" title="Brojnen dwerg - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brojnen dwerg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudoji_nyk%C5%A1tuk%C4%97" title="Rudoji nykštukė - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rudoji nykštukė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C5%ABnais_punduris" title="Brūnais punduris - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brūnais punduris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%9F%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B5" title="Кафеаво џуџе - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кафеаво џуџе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BB" title="തവിട്ടുകുള്ളൻ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തവിട്ടുകുള്ളൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerdil_perang" title="Kerdil perang - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerdil perang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ကြယ်ပုညို - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်ပုညို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruun_Dwarg" title="Bruun Dwarg - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bruun Dwarg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruine_dwerg" title="Bruine dwerg - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bruine dwerg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun_dverg" title="Brun dverg - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brun dverg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun_dverg" title="Brun dverg - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brun dverg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_bruna" title="Nana bruna - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nana bruna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%85zowy_karze%C5%82" title="Brązowy karzeł - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brązowy karzeł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بھورا بونا - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھورا بونا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A3_marrom" title="Anã marrom - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anã marrom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_cenu%C8%99ie" title="Pitică cenușie - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pitică cenușie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Коричневый карлик - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коричневый карлик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_bruna" title="Nana bruna - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nana bruna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91i_patuljak" title="Smeđi patuljak - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Smeđi patuljak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brown dwarf" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hned%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Hnedý trpaslík - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hnedý trpaslík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjava_pritlikavka" title="Rjava pritlikavka - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rjava pritlikavka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Смеђи патуљак - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Смеђи патуљак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun_dv%C3%A4rg" title="Brun dvärg - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brun dvärg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பழுப்புக் குறுமீன் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பழுப்புக் குறுமீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="ดาวแคระน้ำตาล - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวแคระน้ำตาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Brown dwarf" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahverengi_c%C3%BCce" title="Kahverengi cüce - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kahverengi cüce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Коңгырт кәрлә - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коңгырт кәрлә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Коричневий карлик - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коричневий карлик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بھورا بونا - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھورا بونا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_l%C3%B9n_n%C3%A2u" title="Sao lùn nâu - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao lùn nâu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="褐矮星 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="褐矮星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="棕矮星 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="棕矮星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="棕矮星 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="棕矮星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A1%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="啡矮星 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="啡矮星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101600#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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absolute; left:174px; top: 104px;"><a href="/wiki/Supergegant" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergegant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Supergegants</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:174px; top: 71.2px;"><a href="/wiki/Hipergegant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipergegant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Hipergegants</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:2px; top: 212px;"><a href="/wiki/Magnitud_absoluta" title="Magnitud absoluta"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">magnitud</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:6px; top: 232px;"><a href="/wiki/Magnitud_absoluta" title="Magnitud absoluta"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">absol-</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:14px; top: 252px;"><a href="/wiki/Magnitud_absoluta" title="Magnitud absoluta"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">uta</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:14px; top: 272px;"><a href="/wiki/Magnitud_absoluta" title="Magnitud absoluta"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">(M<sub>V</sub>)</span></a></div> </div> </div> <p>Les <b>nanes marrons</b> són objectes substel·lars que, tot i que són més massius que els planetes <a href="/wiki/Gegant_gas%C3%B3s" title="Gegant gasós">gegants gasosos</a> més massius, (a diferència d'una <a href="/wiki/Estel" title="Estel">estel</a> <a href="/wiki/Seq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia_principal" title="Seqüència principal">de seqüència principal</a>), no són prou massius per mantenir <a href="/wiki/Fusi%C3%B3_nuclear" title="Fusió nuclear">la fusió nuclear</a> d'⁣<a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> ordinari (<a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B2tops_de_l%27hidrogen" title="Isòtops de l&#39;hidrogen"><sup>1</sup>H</a>) en heli en els seus nuclis. Més petites que les estrelles menys massives, aproximadament entre 13 i 80 <a href="/wiki/Massa_joviana" title="Massa joviana">vegades la de Júpiter</a> (<var>M</var><sub>J</sub>),<sup id="cite_ref-BossCarnegie_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BossCarnegie-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wethington_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wethington-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> són prou massives per fusionar deuteri (<a href="/wiki/Deuteri" title="Deuteri"><sup>2</sup>H</a>) i les més massives (&gt;&#160;<span style="white-space:nowrap;">65</span>&#160;<var>M</var><sub>J</sub>) poden fusionar liti (<a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B2tops_del_liti" title="Isòtops del liti"><sup>7</sup>Li</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wethington_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wethington-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Els astrònoms classifiquen els objectes auto-lluminosos per <a href="/wiki/Tipus_espectral" title="Tipus espectral">tipus espectral</a>, una distinció íntimament lligada a la temperatura superficial, i les nanes marrons ocupen els tipus M, L, T i Y.<sup id="cite_ref-PT-June2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT-June2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Com que les nanes marrons no pateixen una fusió estable d'hidrogen, es refreden amb el temps, passant progressivament per tipus espectrals posteriors a mesura que envelleixen. </p><p>Malgrat el seu nom, a simple vista, les nanes marrons apareixien de diferents colors segons la seva temperatura.<sup id="cite_ref-PT-June20082_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT-June20082-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Les més càlides són possiblement taronja o vermella,<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mentre que les nanes marrons més fredes probablement semblen <a href="/wiki/Magenta_(color)" title="Magenta (color)">magenta</a> o negre a l'ull humà.<sup id="cite_ref-PT-June20082_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT-June20082-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Burrows2001_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Les nanes marrons poden ser totalment <a href="/wiki/Convecci%C3%B3" title="Convecció">convectives</a>, sense capes ni diferenciació química per profunditat.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tot i que la seva existència es va teoritzar inicialment a la dècada de 1960, no va ser fins a mitjan dècada de 1990 que es van descobrir les primeres nanes marrons sense ambigüitats. Com que les nanes marrons tenen temperatures superficials relativament baixes, no són molt brillants a les longituds d'ona visibles, i emeten la major part de la seva llum a l'⁣<a href="/wiki/Infraroig" title="Infraroig">infraroig</a>. Tanmateix, amb l'arribada de dispositius de detecció infrarojos més capaços, s'han identificat milers de nanes marrons. Les nanes marrons conegudes més properes es troben al sistema <a href="/wiki/WISE_1049-5319" title="WISE 1049-5319">Luhman 16</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Estrella_bin%C3%A0ria" title="Estrella binària">binari</a> de nanes marrons de tipus L i T a uns 6,5&#160;anys llum del Sol. Luhman 16 és el tercer sistema més proper al Sol després <a href="/wiki/Alfa_del_Centaure" title="Alfa del Centaure">d'Alfa Centauri</a> i <a href="/wiki/Estel_de_Barnard" title="Estel de Barnard">l'Estrella de Barnard</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nana_marr%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a> l'astrofísic d'origen indi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiv_Kumar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiv Kumar (encara no existeix)">Shiv Kumar</a> va ser el primer a estudiar teòricament l'evolució i propietats d'estrelles de massa molt inferior a les que es coneixien en aquell moment.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Els seus càlculs correspondrien al que avui anomenem nanes marrons. Kumar va denominar a aquests objectes <a href="/wiki/Nana_negra" title="Nana negra">nanes negres</a>. El nom <i>Brown Dwarf</i> va ser proposat en <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a> per l'astrofísica <a href="/wiki/Jill_Tarter" title="Jill Tarter">Jill Tarter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cain2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JillTarter2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JillTarter2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> famosa per ser la portaveu del projecte <a href="/wiki/SETI" title="SETI">SETI</a>. La primera nana marró verificada va ser <a href="/wiki/Teide_1" title="Teide 1">Teide 1</a>, en <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>, en el telescopi <a href="/w/index.php?title=IAC-80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="IAC-80 (encara no existeix)">IAC-80</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Observatori_del_Teide" title="Observatori del Teide">Observatori del Teide</a> (Tenerife), per un grup espanyol d'astrofísics pertanyents al <a href="/wiki/Institut_Astrof%C3%ADsic_de_les_Illes_Can%C3%A0ries" title="Institut Astrofísic de les Illes Canàries">IAC</a>. La nana marró millor caracteritzada és <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_229B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 229B (encara no existeix)">Gliese 229B</a>, la companya de menor massa de l'estrella <a href="/wiki/Gliese_229" title="Gliese 229">Gliese 229</a>. Té grandària de nanes grogues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formació_i_evolució"><span id="Formaci.C3.B3_i_evoluci.C3.B3"></span>Formació i evolució</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nana_marr%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Formació i evolució"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:M1701117_R-SII-Ha(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/M1701117_R-SII-Ha%281%29.png/220px-M1701117_R-SII-Ha%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/M1701117_R-SII-Ha%281%29.png/330px-M1701117_R-SII-Ha%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/M1701117_R-SII-Ha%281%29.png/440px-M1701117_R-SII-Ha%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>El jet HH 1165 llançat per la nana marró Mayrit 1701117 a la perifèria exterior del cúmul <a href="/wiki/Sigma_d%27Ori%C3%B3" title="Sigma d&#39;Orió">de sigma d'Orió</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Nearby_young_brown_dwarf_disk_WISEA_J120037.79-784508.3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nearby_young_brown_dwarf_disk_WISEA_J120037.79-784508.3.png/220px-Nearby_young_brown_dwarf_disk_WISEA_J120037.79-784508.3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nearby_young_brown_dwarf_disk_WISEA_J120037.79-784508.3.png/330px-Nearby_young_brown_dwarf_disk_WISEA_J120037.79-784508.3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nearby_young_brown_dwarf_disk_WISEA_J120037.79-784508.3.png/440px-Nearby_young_brown_dwarf_disk_WISEA_J120037.79-784508.3.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1648" /></a><figcaption>Representació artística de la nana marró W1200-7845.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les nanes marrons es formen de manera semblant a les estrelles i estan envoltades de <a href="/wiki/Disc_protoplanetari" title="Disc protoplanetari">discs protoplanetaris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> com <a href="/wiki/Cha_110913-773444" title="Cha 110913-773444">Cha 110913−773444</a>. A partir del 2017 només hi ha una nana protomarró coneguda que està connectada amb un gran <a href="/wiki/Objecte_de_Herbig-Haro" title="Objecte de Herbig-Haro">objecte de Herbig-Haro</a>. Es tracta de la nana marró <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayrit_1701117&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayrit 1701117 (encara no existeix)">Mayrit 1701117</a>, que està envoltada per un pseudo-disc i un disc keplerià.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mayrit 1701117 llança el raig <a href="/w/index.php?title=HH_1165&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="HH 1165 (encara no existeix)">HH 1165</a> de 0,7&#160;anys llum, vist principalment en <a href="/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre">sofre</a> ionitzat.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riaz_47_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riaz_47-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>S'ha trobat que <a href="/wiki/Disc_circumestel%C2%B7lar" title="Disc circumestel·lar">els discos circumestel·lars</a> al voltant de les nanes marrons tenen moltes de les mateixes característiques que els discos al voltant de les estrelles; per tant, s'espera que hi hagi planetes formats per acreció al voltant de nanes marrons.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Donada la petita massa de discos nans marrons, la majoria dels planetes seran planetes terrestres en lloc de gegants gasosos.<sup id="cite_ref-tidalplanets_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tidalplanets-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Si un planeta gegant orbita una nana marró a través de la nostra línia de visió, aleshores, com que tenen aproximadament el mateix diàmetre, això donaria un gran senyal per a la detecció pel trànsit.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La zona d'acreció dels planetes al voltant d'una nana marró està molt a prop de la pròpia nana marró, de manera que les forces de marea tindrien un fort efecte.<sup id="cite_ref-tidalplanets_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tidalplanets-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>El 2020, el projecte Disk Detective va descobrir la nana marró més propera amb un disc primordial associat &#x2014; WISEA J120037.79-784508.3 (W1200-7845 &#x2014;, quan els voluntaris de classificació van observar el seu excés d'infrarojos. Va ser revisat i analitzat per l'equip científic que va trobar que W1200-7845 tenia una probabilitat del 99,8% de ser membre de l'⁣<a href="/wiki/Associaci%C3%B3_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Associació estel·lar">associació</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinem%C3%A0tica_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Cinemàtica estel·lar">de grups joves en moviment</a> ε Chamaeleontis (ε Cha). La seva paral·laxi (utilitzant dades de Gaia DR2) el situa a una distància de 102 parsecs (o 333&#160;anys llum) de la Terra &#x2014; que es troba dins del barri solar local.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un article del 2021 va estudiar <a href="/wiki/Disc_circumestel%C2%B7lar" title="Disc circumestel·lar">els discos circumstel·lars</a> al voltant de nanes marrons en <a href="/wiki/Associaci%C3%B3_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Associació estel·lar">associacions estel·lars</a> que tenen uns quants milions d'anys i a una distància de 140 a 200 parsecs. Els investigadors van trobar que aquests discos no són prou massius per formar planetes en el futur. Hi ha proves en aquests discos que podrien indicar que la formació de planetes comença en etapes anteriors i que els planetes ja estan presents en aquests discos. L'evidència de l'evolució del disc inclou una disminució de la massa del disc amb el temps, el creixement del gra de pols i la sedimentació de pols.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Els discos al voltant de les nanes marrons solen tenir un radi inferior a 40 <a href="/wiki/Unitat_astron%C3%B2mica" title="Unitat astronòmica">unitats astronòmiques</a>, però tres discos del núvol molecular Taure, més llunyà, tenen un radi més gran de 70 au i es van resoldre amb <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a>. Aquests discs més grans són capaços de formar planetes rocosos amb una massa &gt;1 M 🜨.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> També hi ha nanes marrons amb discos en associacions de més d'uns quants milions d'anys,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> que podria ser una evidència que els discos al voltant de les nanes marrons necessiten més temps per dissipar-se. Especialment els discs antics (&gt;20 Myrs) de vegades s'anomenen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disc_de_Peter_Pan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Disc de Peter Pan (encara no existeix)">discs Peter Pan</a>. Actualment, 2MASS J02265658-5327032 és l'única nana marró coneguda que té un disc de Peter Pan.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identificació"><span id="Identificaci.C3.B3"></span>Identificació</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nana_marr%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Identificació"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Dwarf_size_illust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dwarf_size_illust.jpg/220px-Dwarf_size_illust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Dwarf_size_illust.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Aquesta il·lustració mostra la mida del nostre Sol comparat amb una nana marró, Júpiter i la Terra.</figcaption></figure> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Liti" title="Liti">liti</a> és un element especialment interessant per diferenciar aquests objectes dels estels de baixa massa, ja que es destrueix ràpidament en les reaccions de fusió de l'hidrogen (en concret en les <a href="/wiki/Cadenes_PP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadenes PP">cadenes PPII</a>) a causa de la seva reacció amb l'hidrogen a tan sols 1.000.000 K. Les estrelles poc massives (&lt;0,1 M <sub> S </sub>) són enterament <a href="/wiki/Convecci%C3%B3" title="Convecció">convectives</a>, pel que els seus interiors estan ben barrejats i el liti es crema juntament amb l'hidrogen en pocs milions d'anys. En canvi, els estels de masses similars o majors que la del Sol sí que mantenen liti en les seves atmosferes, ja que la convecció no aconsegueix penetrar fins al nucli. En una nana marró, per la seva baixa massa, l'hidrogen no arriba a assolir les temperatures i pressions necessàries per desencadenar la seva fusió i el liti no es destrueix, romanent en la nana marró durant tota la seva existència. Aquest liti pot ser detectat a través dels seus <a href="/wiki/Espectre_d%27emissi%C3%B3" title="Espectre d&#39;emissió">espectres d'emissió</a> característics, constituint aquesta prova la manera clàssica d'identificació de nanes marrons. La prova va ser usada per primera vegada pel grup de el <a href="/wiki/IAC" class="mw-disambig" title="IAC">IAC</a> liderat per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Rebolo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Rebolo (encara no existeix)">Rafael Rebolo</a>. La prova no és perfecta, ja que pot haver estrelles molt poc massives en les quals la crema del liti encara no hagi conclòs a causa de la seva lentitud en les reaccions. També es va estudiar la possibilitat de mesurar l'absència de deuteri per comprovar si es tracta d'una nana marró o no, però aquesta dada es va revelar més difícil de mesurar, ja que les línies espectrals de l'hidrogen i el deuteri són molt semblants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observació"><span id="Observaci.C3.B3"></span>Observació</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nana_marr%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Observació"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'emissió de poca energia per part d'aquests astres porta al fet que sigui molt difícil observar-los d'una manera directa des de grans distàncies. Malgrat això, diversos centenars de nanes marrons han estat identificades, amb temperatures superficials que varien entre 800 i 2000 <a href="/wiki/Grau_Celsius" title="Grau Celsius">graus Celsius</a>. La temperatura superficial és una funció creixent amb la massa i decreixent amb l'edat de l'objecte. </p><p>A causa de la seva baixa massa, intermèdia entre els planetes gegants i les estrelles de poca massa, les nanes marrons constitueixen un vincle únic entre ambdós tipus de cossos. En particular, es desconeix la formació de les nanes marrons, no podent saber de moment si es formen com a planetes a l'interior d'un disc circumestel·lar a partir d'un nucli de material sòlid, o com estrelles a partir de la fragmentació i col·lapse gravitacional d'un núvol molecular. En <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> es va detectar a la <a href="/wiki/Ori%C3%B3_(constel%C2%B7laci%C3%B3)" title="Orió (constel·lació)"> constel·lació d'Orió</a> un grup d'objectes de tipus nana marró amb masses tan petites com 5 masses <a href="/wiki/Massa_joviana" title="Massa joviana">jovianes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nana_marr%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BossCarnegie-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BossCarnegie_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBoss2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Boss</span>, Alan.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928065124/http://www.carnegieinstitution.org/News4-3%2C2001.html">Are They Planets or What?</a>».&#32;<i>Untitled Document</i>.&#32; Carnegie Institution of Washington,&#32;03-04-2001. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnegieinstitution.org/News4-3,2001.html">original</a> el 28 setembre 2006.&#32;[Consulta: 31 març 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wethington-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wethington_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wethington_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/19237/dense-exoplanet-creates-classification-calamity/">Dense Exoplanet Creates Classification Calamity</a>».&#32;<i></i>,&#32;06-10-2008&#32;[Consulta: 31 març 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PT-June2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PT-June2008_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBurgasser2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Burgasser</span>, Adam J.&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Physics_Today" title="Physics Today">Physics Today</a></i>&#32;[Cambridge, MA],&#32;61,&#32;6,&#32;6-2008,&#32;pàg.&#160;70–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhT....61f..70B">2008PhT....61f..70B</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2947658">10.1063/1.2947658</a>&#32;[Consulta: 31 març 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSpringer2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Springer</span>, Cham.&#32;Joergens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2#about"><i>50 Years of Brown Dwarfs</i></a>. 401.&#32; SpringerLink,&#32;2014&#32;(Astrophysics and Space Science Library). <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2">10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2</a></span>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-3-319-01162-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-3-319-01162-2">ISBN 978-3-319-01162-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=50+Years+of+Brown+Dwarfs&amp;rft.aulast=Springer&amp;rft.aufirst=Cham&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.pub=SpringerLink&amp;rft.series=Astrophysics+and+Space+Science+Library&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-319-01162-2&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-3-319-01162-2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-01162-2%23about"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PT-June20082-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PT-June20082_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PT-June20082_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBurgasser2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Burgasser</span>, Adam J.&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Physics_Today" title="Physics Today">Physics Today</a></i>&#32;[Cambridge, MA],&#32;61,&#32;6,&#32;6-2008,&#32;pàg.&#160;70–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhT....61f..70B">2008PhT....61f..70B</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2947658">10.1063/1.2947658</a>&#32;[Consulta: 31 març 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cain-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cain_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCain2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cain</span>, Fraser.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/23247/if-brown-isnt-a-color-what-color-are-brown-dwarfs/">If Brown Isn't a Color, What Color are Brown Dwarfs?</a>»,&#32;06-01-2009.&#32;[Consulta: 24 setembre 2013].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrows2001-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Burrows2001_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBurrowsHubbardLunineLiebert2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Burrows</span>, Adam;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hubbard</span>, William B.;&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Lunine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Lunine (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lunine</span>, Jonathan I.</a>;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Liebert</span>, James&#32;<i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i>,&#32;73,&#32;3,&#32;2001,&#32;pàg.&#160;719–765. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0103383">astro-ph/0103383</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001RvMP...73..719B">2001RvMP...73..719B</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.73.719">10.1103/RevModPhys.73.719</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFO&#39;Neill2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">O'Neill</span>, Ian.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seeker.com/violent-storms-rage-on-nearby-brown-dwarf-1765411574.html">Violent Storms Rage on Nearby Brown Dwarf</a>».&#32; Seeker.com,&#32;13-09-2011.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKumar1962"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kumar</span>, Shiv S.&#32;«Study of Degeneracy in Very Light Stars».&#32;<i>Astronomical Journal</i>,&#32;67,&#32;1962,&#32;pàg.&#160;579. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962AJ.....67S.579K">1962AJ.....67S.579K</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F108658">10.1086/108658</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cain2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cain2_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCain2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cain</span>, Fraser.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/23247/if-brown-isnt-a-color-what-color-are-brown-dwarfs/">If Brown Isn't a Color, What Color are Brown Dwarfs?</a>»,&#32;06-01-2009.&#32;[Consulta: 24 setembre 2013].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JillTarter2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-JillTarter2014_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <i></i>. <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2_3">10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2_3</a></span>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-3-319-01162-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-3-319-01162-2">ISBN 978-3-319-01162-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-319-01162-2&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-3-319-01162-2_3"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCroswell1999"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Croswell</span>, Ken. <i>Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems</i>.&#32; Oxford University Press,&#32;1999,&#32;p.&#160;118–119. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-192-88083-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-192-88083-3">ISBN 978-0-192-88083-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Planet+Quest%3A+The+Epic+Discovery+of+Alien+Solar+Systems&amp;rft.aulast=Croswell&amp;rft.aufirst=Ken&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.pages=118%E2%80%93119&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-192-88083-3"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFApaiPascucciBouwmanNatta2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Apai</span>, Dániel;&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilaria_Pascucci&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilaria Pascucci (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Pascucci</span>, Ilaria</a>;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bouwman</span>, Jeroen;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Natta</span>, Antonella;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Henning</span>, Thomas&#32;<i>Science</i>,&#32;310,&#32;5749,&#32;2005,&#32;pàg.&#160;834–6. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0511420">astro-ph/0511420</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310..834A">2005Sci...310..834A</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1118042">10.1126/science.1118042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239438?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16239438">16239438</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRiazMachidaStamatellos2019"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Riaz</span>, Basmah;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Machida</span>, Masahiro N.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Stamatellos</span>, Dimitris&#32;(en anglès)&#32;<i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>,&#32;486,&#32;3,&#32;7-2019,&#32;pàg.&#160;4114–4129. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06418">1904.06418</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.486.4114R">2019MNRAS.486.4114R</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstz1032">10.1093/mnras/stz1032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Riaz</span>, Basmah.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218195420/https://www.noao.edu/news/2017/pr1701.php">Punching Above Its Weight, a Brown Dwarf Launches a Parsec-Scale Jet</a>».&#32;<i>National Optical Astronomy Observatory</i>. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noao.edu/news/2017/pr1701.php">original</a> el 2020-02-18.&#32;[Consulta: 18 febrer 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riaz_47-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Riaz_47_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRiazBriceñoWhelanHeathcote2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Riaz</span>, Basmah;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Briceño</span>, Cesar;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Whelan</span>, Emma T.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Heathcote</span>, Stephen&#32;(en anglès)&#32;<i>Astrophysical Journal</i>,&#32;844,&#32;1,&#32;7-2017,&#32;pàg.&#160;47. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.01170">1705.01170</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...844...47R">2017ApJ...844...47R</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Faa70e8">10.3847/1538-4357/aa70e8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>&#32;[Consulta: free].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFApaiPascucciBouwmanNatta2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Apai</span>, Dániel;&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilaria_Pascucci&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilaria Pascucci (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Pascucci</span>, Ilaria</a>;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bouwman</span>, Jeroen;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Natta</span>, Antonella;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Henning</span>, Thomas&#32;<i>Science</i>,&#32;310,&#32;5749,&#32;2005,&#32;pàg.&#160;834–6. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0511420">astro-ph/0511420</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310..834A">2005Sci...310..834A</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1118042">10.1126/science.1118042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239438?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16239438">16239438</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tidalplanets-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tidalplanets_18-0">18,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tidalplanets_18-1">18,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBurrowsHubbardLunineLiebert2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Burrows</span>, Adam;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hubbard</span>, William B.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lunine</span>, Jonathan I.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Liebert</span>, James&#32;<i>Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</i>,&#32;535,&#32;2011,&#32;pàg.&#160;A94. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1109.2906">1109.2906</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&amp;A...535A..94B">2011A&amp;A...535A..94B</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201117734">10.1051/0004-6361/201117734</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Jewitt" title="David C. Jewitt">Jewitt, David C.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic541038.files/ay98_reading10.pdf">Pan-STARRS Science Overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016070851/http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic541038.files/ay98_reading10.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2015-10-16 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSchutte2020"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Schutte</span>, Maria.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.diskdetective.org/2020/08/12/our-new-paper-discovery-of-nearby-young-brown-dwarf-disk/">Our New Paper: Discovery of Nearby Young Brown Dwarf Disk!</a>».&#32;<i>DiskDetective.org</i>,&#32;12-08-2020.&#32;[Consulta: 23 setembre 2023].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSchutteLawsonWisniewskiKuchner2020"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Schutte</span>, Maria C.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lawson</span>, Kellen D.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wisniewski</span>, John P.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kuchner</span>, Marc J.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Silverberg</span>, Steven M.&#32;<i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>,&#32;160,&#32;4,&#32;04-08-2020,&#32;pàg.&#160;156. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.15735v2">2007.15735v2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AJ....160..156S">2020AJ....160..156S</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fabaccd">10.3847/1538-3881/abaccd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1538-3881">1538-3881</a>&#32;[Consulta: free].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRilingerEspaillat2021"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rilinger</span>, Anneliese M.;&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Espaillat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine Espaillat (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Espaillat</span>, Catherine C.</a>&#32;<i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>,&#32;921,&#32;2,&#32;01-11-2021,&#32;pàg.&#160;182. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.05247">2106.05247</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...921..182R">2021ApJ...921..182R</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fac09e5">10.3847/1538-4357/ac09e5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>&#32;[Consulta: free].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRicciTestiNattaScholz2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ricci</span>, L.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Testi</span>, L.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Natta</span>, A.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Scholz</span>, A.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">de Gregorio-Monsalvo</span>, I.&#32;<i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>,&#32;791,&#32;1,&#32;01-08-2014,&#32;pàg.&#160;20. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0635">1406.0635</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...791...20R">2014ApJ...791...20R</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F791%2F1%2F20">10.1088/0004-637X/791/1/20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBoucherLafrenièreGagnéMalo2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Boucher</span>, Anne;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lafrenière</span>, David;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Gagné</span>, Jonathan;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Malo</span>, Lison;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Faherty</span>, Jacqueline K.&#32;<i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>,&#32;832,&#32;1,&#32;01-11-2016,&#32;pàg.&#160;50. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.08259">1608.08259</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...832...50B">2016ApJ...832...50B</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847%2F0004-637X%2F832%2F1%2F50">10.3847/0004-637X/832/1/50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>&#32;[Consulta: free].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSilverbergWisniewskiKuchnerLawson2020"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Silverberg</span>, Steven M.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wisniewski</span>, John P.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kuchner</span>, Marc J.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lawson</span>, Kellen D.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bans</span>, Alissa S.&#32;<i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>,&#32;890,&#32;2,&#32;01-02-2020,&#32;pàg.&#160;106. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.05030">2001.05030</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApJ...890..106S">2020ApJ...890..106S</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab68e6">10.3847/1538-4357/ab68e6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>&#32;[Consulta: free].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin:5px; padding: 5px; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left;" class="infobox noprint plainlinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%">En altres projectes de <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Wikimedia" title="Fundació Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/34px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf" class="extiw" title="commons:Brown dwarf"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Galeria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101600?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/34px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brown_dwarfs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brown dwarfs"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Categoria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101600?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estrelles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: gold;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Estel" title="Plantilla:Estel"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, 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estel·lar">preseqüència principal (PSP)</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Seq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia_principal" title="Seqüència principal">Seqüència principal</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Branca_horitzontal" title="Branca horitzontal">Branca horitzontal</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Branca_asimpt%C3%B2tica_de_les_gegants" title="Branca asimptòtica de les gegants">Branca asimptòtica de les gegants</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Drenatge_(astronomia)" title="Drenatge (astronomia)">Drenatge</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Banda_d%27inestabilitat" title="Banda d&#39;inestabilitat">Banda d'inestabilitat</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Agrupament_vermell" title="Agrupament vermell">Agrupament vermell</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_predegenerada" title="Estrella predegenerada">Estrella predegenerada</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Variable_Mira" title="Variable Mira">Variable Mira</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa_planet%C3%A0ria" title="Nebulosa planetària">Nebulosa planetària</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa_protoplanet%C3%A0ria" title="Nebulosa protoplanetària">Nebulosa protoplanetària</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Nova_lluminosa_vermella" title="Nova lluminosa vermella">Nova lluminosa vermella</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Variable_lluminosa_blava" title="Variable lluminosa blava">Variable lluminosa blava</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_Wolf-Rayet" title="Estrella de Wolf-Rayet">Estrella de Wolf-Rayet</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Supernova_impostora" title="Supernova impostora">Supernova impostora</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Hipernova" title="Hipernova">Hipernova</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Diagrama_de_Hertzsprung-Russell" title="Diagrama de Hertzsprung-Russell">Diagrama de Hertzsprung-Russell</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Diagrama_color-color" title="Diagrama color-color">Diagrama color-color</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/Protoestrella" title="Protoestrella">Protoestrelles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAvol_molecular" title="Núvol molecular">Núvol molecular</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regi%C3%B3_HII" class="mw-redirect" title="Regió HII">regió HII</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B2bul_de_Bok" title="Glòbul de Bok">Glòbul de Bok</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Objecte_estel%C2%B7lar_jove" title="Objecte estel·lar jove">objecte estel·lar jove</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Objecte_de_Herbig-Haro" title="Objecte de Herbig-Haro">objecte de Herbig-Haro</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Traject%C3%B2ria_de_Hayashi" title="Trajectòria de Hayashi">Trajectòria de Hayashi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADmit_de_Hayashi" title="Límit de Hayashi">Límit de Hayashi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Traject%C3%B2ria_de_Henyey" title="Trajectòria de Henyey">Trajectòria de Henyey</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Variable_Ori%C3%B3" title="Variable Orió">Variable Orió</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estrella_T_Tauri" title="Estrella T Tauri">estrella T Tauri</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Estrella_FU_Orionis" title="Estrella FU Orionis">estrella FU Orionis</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_Herbig_Ae/Be" title="Estrella Herbig Ae/Be">Estrella Herbig Ae/Be</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lemonchiffon;">Lluminositat</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Estrella_subnana" title="Estrella subnana">Subnana</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_nana" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella nana">Nana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nana_Blava_(etapa_de_nana_vermella)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Blava (etapa de nana vermella)">Blava</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_K_V" title="Estrella K V">Taronja</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Nana_Vermella" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Vermella">Vermella</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Nana_groga" title="Nana groga">Groga</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Nana_negra" title="Nana negra">Negra</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marró</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Subgegant" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgegant">Subgegant</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_gegant" title="Estrella gegant">Gegant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gegant_blava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gegant blava">Blava</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Gegant_vermell" title="Gegant vermell">Vermell</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_gegant_llumin%C3%B3s" title="Estel gegant lluminós">Gegant lluminós</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_supergegant" title="Estrella supergegant">Supergegant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supergegant_blava" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergegant blava">Blava</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Supergegant_vermella" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergegant vermella">Vermella</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Supergegant_groga" title="Supergegant groga">Groga</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_hipergegant" title="Estel hipergegant">Hipergegant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estel_hipergegant_groc" title="Estel hipergegant groc">Groga</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Endarrerida_blava" title="Endarrerida blava">Endarrerida blava</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_amb_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella amb disc">estrella amb disc</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_carboni" title="Estrella de carboni">Carboni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estel_CH" title="Estel CH">CH</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_de_bari" title="Estel de bari">Bari</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_de_tipus_S" title="Estel de tipus S">tipus S</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_peculiar" title="Estel peculiar">Peculiar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_de_tecneci" title="Estel de tecneci">Tecneci</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_mercuri-mangan%C3%A8s" title="Estrella de mercuri-manganès">Mercuri-manganès</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_variable" title="Estrella variable">Variable</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/Tipus_espectral" title="Tipus espectral">Tipus espectral</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_tipus_O" title="Estrella de tipus O">O</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Tipus_espectral#Classe_B" title="Tipus espectral">B</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Tipus_espectral#Classe_A" title="Tipus espectral">A</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Tipus_espectral#Classe_F" title="Tipus espectral">F</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Tipus_espectral#Classe_G" title="Tipus espectral">G</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Tipus_espectral#Classe_K" title="Tipus espectral">K</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Tipus_espectral#Classe_Be" title="Tipus espectral">Be</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Tipus_espectral#Classe_OB" title="Tipus espectral">OB</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_subnana_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella subnana B">Estrella subnana B</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_tipus_tardana" title="Estrella de tipus tardana">Estrella de tipus tardana</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_peculiar" title="Estel peculiar">Estel peculiar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estrella_AM" title="Estrella AM">AM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_Ap_i_Bp" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella Ap i Bp">Ap/Bp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estel_Ap_d%27oscil%C2%B7laci%C3%B3_r%C3%A0pida" title="Estel Ap d&#39;oscil·lació ràpida">estel Ap d'oscil·lació ràpida</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_carboni" title="Estrella de carboni">Carboni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estel_CH" title="Estel CH">CH</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_plom" title="Estrella de plom">Plom</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_de_tipus_S" title="Estel de tipus S">S</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_CN" title="Estel CN">CN</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_de_bari" title="Estel de bari">Bari</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_pobra_en_heli" title="Estrella pobra en heli">Pobra en heli</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_extrema_d%27heli" title="Estrella extrema d&#39;heli">Estrella extrema d'heli</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis" title="Estrella Lambda Boötis">Estrella Lambda Boötis</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_tecneci" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella de tecneci">Tecneci</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_Mercuri-mangan%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella de Mercuri-manganès">Mercuri-manganès</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Variable_Gamma_Cassiopeiae" title="Variable Gamma Cassiopeiae">Gamma Cassiopeiae</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_Be" title="Estrella Be">Be</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estrella_amb_embolcall" title="Estrella amb embolcall">Embolcall</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_B(e)" title="Estrella B(e)">B[e]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/Estrella_compacta" title="Estrella compacta">Romanents</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nana_blanca" title="Nana blanca">Nana blanca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nana_negra" title="Nana negra">Nana negra</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_neutrons" title="Estrella de neutrons">Estrella de neutrons</a> (<a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAlsar" title="Púlsar">Púlsar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Forat_negre_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Forat negre estel·lar">Forat negre estel·lar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/Estrella_compacta#estrella_exòtica" title="Estrella compacta">Estrelles compactes exòtiques</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_quarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella de quarks">Estrella de quarks</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_de_preons" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella de preons">Estrella de preons</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_Q" title="Estrella Q">Estrella Q</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Bolla_de_pelussa_(teoria_de_cordes)" title="Bolla de pelussa (teoria de cordes)">Bolla de pelussa</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_de_bosons" title="Estel de bosons">Estel de bosons</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_d%27energia_fosca" title="Estel d&#39;energia fosca">Estel d'energia fosca</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estel_negre_(Gravitaci%C3%B3_semicl%C3%A0ssica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Estel negre (Gravitació semiclàssica)">Estel negre</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Objecte_eternament_col%C2%B7lapsant" title="Objecte eternament col·lapsant">Objecte eternament col·lapsant</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lemonchiffon;">Estrelles fallides</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nana marró</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sub-nana_marr%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-nana marró">Sub-nana marró</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Planetar" title="Planetar">Planetar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/Estructura_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Estructura estel·lar">Estructura</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Astrosismologia" title="Astrosismologia">Astrosismologia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Bombolla_de_vent_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombolla de vent solar">Bombolla de vent solar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Camp_magn%C3%A8tic_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Camp magnètic estel·lar">Camp Magnètic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Corona_solar" title="Corona solar">Corona</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cromosfera" title="Cromosfera">Cromosfera</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Fotosfera" title="Fotosfera">Fotosfera</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADmit_d%27Eddington" title="Límit d&#39;Eddington">Lluminositat d'Eddington</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Nucli_solar" title="Nucli solar">Nucli solar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Vent_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Vent estel·lar">Vent estel·lar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Zona_de_convecci%C3%B3" title="Zona de convecció">Zona de convecció</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Zona_de_radiaci%C3%B3" title="Zona de radiació">Zona de radiació</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_d%27estrelles" title="Sistema d&#39;estrelles">Sistemes estel·lars</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Estrella_bin%C3%A0ria" title="Estrella binària">Binària</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; (<a href="/wiki/Estrella_bin%C3%A0ria_de_contacte" title="Estrella binària de contacte">Contacte</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_bin%C3%A0ria_amb_embolcall_com%C3%BA" title="Estrella binària amb embolcall comú">Embolcall comú</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Bin%C3%A0ria_eclipsant" title="Binària eclipsant">Eclipsant</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Bin%C3%A0ria_simbi%C3%B2tica" title="Binària simbiòtica">Simbiòtica</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sistema_d%27estrelles" title="Sistema d&#39;estrelles">Múltiple</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAmul_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Cúmul estel·lar">Cúmul</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAmul_obert" title="Cúmul obert">Obert</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAmul_globular" title="Cúmul globular">Globular</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Superc%C3%BAmul_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Supercúmul estel·lar">Supercúmul</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sistema_planetari" title="Sistema planetari">Sistema planetari</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/Nucleos%C3%ADntesi_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Nucleosíntesi estel·lar">Nucleosíntesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Cadena_prot%C3%B3-prot%C3%B3" title="Cadena protó-protó">Cadena protó-protó</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cicle_CNO" title="Cicle CNO">Cicle CNO</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_de_combusti%C3%B3_del_carboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Procés de combustió del carboni">Combustió del carboni</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_de_combusti%C3%B3_del_ne%C3%B3" title="Procés de combustió del neó">Combustió del neó</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_de_combusti%C3%B3_de_l%27oxigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Procés de combustió de l&#39;oxigen">Combustió de l'oxigen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_de_combusti%C3%B3_del_silici" title="Procés de combustió del silici">Combustió del silici</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Flash_de_l%27heli" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash de l&#39;heli">Flash de l'heli</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_alfa" title="Procés alfa">Procés alfa</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_triple-alfa" title="Procés triple-alfa">Procés triple-alfa</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_R" title="Procés R">Procés R</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_S" title="Procés S">Procés S</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lemonchiffon;">Propietats</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tipus_espectral" title="Tipus espectral">Classificació</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cinem%C3%A0tica_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Cinemàtica estel·lar">Cinemàtica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moviment_propi" title="Moviment propi">Moviment propi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Velocitat_radial" title="Velocitat radial">Velocitat radial</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Nomenclatura_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Nomenclatura estel·lar">Designació</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A0mica_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Dinàmica estel·lar">Dinàmica</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; Magnitud (<a href="/wiki/Magnitud_absoluta" title="Magnitud absoluta">Absoluta</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Magnitud_aparent" title="Magnitud aparent">Aparent</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Magnitud_fotogr%C3%A0fica" title="Magnitud fotogràfica">Fotogràfica</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Massa_solar" title="Massa solar">Massa</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Metal%C2%B7licitat" title="Metal·licitat">Metal·licitat</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Microturbul%C3%A8ncia" title="Microturbulència">Microturbulència</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Oscil%C2%B7lacions_de_tipus_solar" title="Oscil·lacions de tipus solar">Oscil·lacions</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Rotaci%C3%B3_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Rotació estel·lar">Rotació</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sistema_d%27estrelles" title="Sistema d&#39;estrelles">Sistema d'estrelles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estrella_bin%C3%A0ria" title="Estrella binària">Binari</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_bin%C3%A0ria_de_contacte" title="Estrella binària de contacte">Contacte</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_m%C3%BAltiple" title="Estrella múltiple">Múltiple</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sistema_planetari" title="Sistema planetari">Sistema planetari</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Temperatura_efectiva" title="Temperatura efectiva">Temperatura efectiva</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sistema_fotom%C3%A8tric_UBV" title="Sistema fotomètric UBV">color UBV</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: gold;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomia" title="Portal:Astronomia"><b>Portal d'astronomia</b></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d&#39;autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4180348-6">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh86003811">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td 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