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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Dog_in_the_Manger_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Dog in the Manger (disambiguation)">The Dog in the Manger (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The story and <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> of <b>The Dog in the Manger</b> derives from an old Greek <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a> which has been transmitted in several different versions. Interpreted variously over the centuries, the metaphor is now used to speak of one who <a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">spitefully</a> prevents others from having something for which one has no use. Although the story was ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a> in the 15th century, there is no ancient source that does so. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_origin">Greek origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Dog_in_the_Manger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Greek origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The short form of the fable as cited by Laura Gibbs is: "There was a dog lying in a <a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">manger</a> who did not eat the grain, but who nevertheless prevented the horse from being able to eat anything either."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story was first <a href="/wiki/Glossed" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossed">glossed</a> in the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diogenianus" title="Diogenianus">Diogenianus</a> as "The dog in the manger, concerning those who neither themselves use nor allow others to use: Insofar as the dog neither itself eats the barleycorns, nor allows the horse to".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was twice used in the following century by Greek writer <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>: in "Remarks addressed to an illiterate book-fancier"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in his play "Timon the Misanthrope".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One other contemporary poetic source is a <a href="/wiki/Paederasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Paederasty">paederastic</a> epigram by <a href="/wiki/Straton_of_Sardis" title="Straton of Sardis">Straton of Sardis</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Greek_Anthology" title="Greek Anthology">Greek Anthology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At roughly the same time, an alternative version of the fable was alluded to in Saying 102 of the <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>. This example involves oxen rather than a horse: "Jesus said, 'Woe to the Pharisees, for they are like a dog sleeping in the manger of oxen, for neither does he eat nor does he let the oxen eat'."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saying seems to be similar to his <a href="/wiki/Woes_of_the_Pharisees" title="Woes of the Pharisees">criticism of the Pharisees</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospel">canonical</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> (23.13): "Woe to you, teachers of the law and Pharisees, you hypocrites! You shut the kingdom of heaven in men's faces; you do not enter yourselves, nor will you let others enter." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_use_in_Europe">Later use in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Dog_in_the_Manger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Later use in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dog_in_the_manger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dog_in_the_manger.jpg/250px-Dog_in_the_manger.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dog_in_the_manger.jpg/375px-Dog_in_the_manger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Dog_in_the_manger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>American children's illustration, 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>The fable does not appear in any of the traditional collections of <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a> and is not attributed to him until <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Steinhowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Steinhowel">Heinrich Steinhowel</a>'s <i>Esopus</i> (c. 1476). There it is titled "Of the envious dog" (<i>de cane invido</i>) and illustrates a moral proposition: "People frequently begrudge something to others that they themselves cannot enjoy. Even though it does them no good, they won't let others have it." After the cattle that it hinders from eating remonstrate with it, Steinhöwel goes on to mention that "The same thing happened when a dog was holding a bone in his mouth: the dog couldn't chew on the bone that way, but no other dog was able to chew on it either." </p><p>There were, however, earlier 14th century poetic references to the fable. In <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">John Gower</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Confessio_Amantis" title="Confessio Amantis">Confessio Amantis</a></i> (c. 1390) it is related: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Though it be not the hound's habit<br /> To eat chaff, yet will he warn off<br /> An ox that commeth to the barn<br /> Thereof to take up any food.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Though the next reference in English is in <a href="/wiki/John_Lydgate" title="John Lydgate">John Lydgate</a>'s <i>The Pilgrimage of the Life of Man</i> (1426),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is applied to a personification of miserliness, the work was written almost a century before in French by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Deguileville" title="Guillaume de Deguileville">Guillaume de Deguileville</a> (1335). </p><p>While a horse figures in some allusions by later writers, the ox is the preferred beast in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Emblem_book" title="Emblem book">emblem books</a>. It appears as such in a Latin poem by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Osius" title="Hieronymus Osius">Hieronymus Osius</a> (1564), although the accompanying illustration shows both an ox and an ass and the dog there, as in Steinhöwel, carries a bone clenched between its teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxen appear also in the Latin prose version of Arnold Freitag (1579)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the English poem by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Whitney" title="Geoffrey Whitney">Geoffrey Whitney</a> (1586).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these authors follow Steinhöwel in interpreting the fable as an example of envy, but Christoph Murer's emblem of 1622 is titled meanness (<i>Kargheit</i>) and the accompanying verse explains that such behaviour is miserly, not using what one has for oneself nor for the relief of others in need.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on the dog's behaviour is reinterpreted as malicious, a reading made clear in <a href="/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a>'s pithy version: "A churlish envious Cur was gotten into a manger, and there lay growling and snarling to keep the Provender. The Dog eat none himself, and yet rather ventur'd the starving his own Carcase than he would suffer any Thing to be the better for't. THE MORAL. Envy pretends to no other Happiness than what it derives from the Misery of other People, and will rather eat nothing itself than not to starve those that would."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Croxall" title="Samuel Croxall">Samuel Croxall</a> echoes L'Estrange's observation in <i>Fables of Aesop and Others</i> (1722). "The stronger the passion is, the greater torment he endures; and subjects himself to a continual real pain, by only wishing ill to others."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is with this understanding that the idiom of "a dog in a manger" is most often used currently. However, a recent study has noted that it seems to be falling out of use, in America at least, concluding that "the majority of [respondents] do not know it or even recall ever having heard it".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_interpretation">Sexual interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Dog_in_the_Manger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sexual interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Lucian's allusions to the fable gives it a metaphorically sexual slant: "You used to say that they acted absurdly in that they loved you to excess, yet did not dare to enjoy you when they might, and instead of giving free rein to their passion when it lay in their power to do so, they kept watch and ward, looking fixedly at the seal and the bolt; for they thought it enjoyment enough, not that they were able to enjoy you themselves, but that they were shutting out everyone else from a share in the enjoyment, like the dog in the manger that neither ate the barley herself nor permitted the hungry horse to eat it." (<i>Timon the Misanthrope</i>) </p><p>In the 1687 <a href="/wiki/Francis_Barlow_(artist)" title="Francis Barlow (artist)">Francis Barlow</a> edition of the fables, <a href="/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a> similarly sums up the sexual politics of the idiom: "Thus aged lovers with young beautys live, Keepe off the joys they want the power to give." It was of exactly such a situation involving a eunuch and his slaveboys that Straton had complained in the Greek anthology. But the idiom was also applied to occasions of heterosexual jealousy between equals, as for example in <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights" title="Wuthering Heights">Wuthering Heights</a></i>, where it arises during an argument between Catherine Linton and Isabella Linton over Isabella's love for Heathcliff.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Spanish story involving sexual jealousy and selfishness appears in <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dog_in_the_Manger_(play)" title="The Dog in the Manger (play)">El Perro del Hortelano</a></i> (English: The Gardener's Dog; 1618). In this case, De Vega's title alludes to the parallel European idiom involving a variant story in which a gardener sets his dog to guard his cabbages (or lettuces). After the gardener's death the dog continues to forbid people access to the beds, giving rise to the simile "He's like the gardener's dog that eats no cabbage and won't let others either" or, for short, "playing the gardener's dog" (<i>faire le chien du jardinier</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> <a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Creole</a> there is also the similar-sounding proverb, "The dog doesn't like the banana and he doesn't want the hen to eat it."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_use">Artistic use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Dog_in_the_Manger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artistic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dog_in_manger_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dog_in_manger_poster.jpg/220px-Dog_in_manger_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dog_in_manger_poster.jpg/330px-Dog_in_manger_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Dog_in_manger_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>1899 theatre poster for the farce by <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Hoyt" title="Charles H. Hoyt">Charles H. Hoyt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Popular artistic allusions to the fable, or the idiom arising from it, were especially common during the 19th century. Where Lope de Vega had adapted the theme to a problem play in the 17th century, the Belgian composer <a href="/wiki/Albert_Grisar" title="Albert Grisar">Albert Grisar</a> used it as the basis for his one-act comic opera of 1855, <i>Le chien du jardinier</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idiom was also taken up in the US by the successful writer of farces, <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Hoyt" title="Charles H. Hoyt">Charles H. Hoyt</a>, where a horse rather than the more common ox figured on the 1899 poster (see left). The title has also been used in various media since then, but without reference to the fable in publicity or on covers. </p><p>Several well-known artists had illustrated fable collections and their designs were recycled for various purposes. Among these may be mentioned <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Wenceslaus Hollar</a>'s print for the 1666 Ogilby edition of Aesop's fables, in which a dog occupies the manger and barks at a single ox being driven into a wooden barn.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Barlow_(artist)" title="Francis Barlow (artist)">Francis Barlow</a> pictured the dog snarling on a pile of hay in a brick-built barn,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the dog does so in a more open farmyard structure in <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Howitt" title="Samuel Howitt">Samuel Howitt</a>'s <i>A New Work of Animals</i> (1810).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollar's design of the ox turning its head to look round at the dog with the barn's brick entrance behind was clearly an influence on later illustrators, including those for the various editions of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Croxall" title="Samuel Croxall">Samuel Croxall</a>'s fable collection<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a>'s of 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such illustrations were influential too on those who created designs for crockery. That on a <a href="/wiki/Spode" title="Spode">Spode</a> serving dish from 1831 is also related to the Barlow design, although the action takes place outside the barn.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Staffordshire pottery">Staffordshire</a> nursery dish of 1835, however, has more in common with Howitt's design.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fable also figured on the popular alphabet plates from Brownhills Pottery later in the 19th century, although in this case only the ox's head is featured as it gazes at the dog reared up and barking.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain artistic preference was for the anecdotal and the sentimental among 19th century genre artists, who found the fable ideal for their purposes. The most successful, and typical of many others, was Walter Hunt (1861–1941), whose "Dog in the Manger" (1885) was bought by the <a href="/wiki/Chantrey_Bequest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantrey Bequest">Chantrey Bequest</a> and is now in <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>. At least two versions exist of the work. In one two calves peer at a <a href="/wiki/Jack_Russell_Terrier" title="Jack Russell Terrier">Jack Russell</a> puppy that sits looking back in the hay that they want to eat.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Tate version, a different breed is curled up asleep in their manger.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idiom was also put to figurative use during the 19th century. In much the same anecdotal tradition, the print-maker <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lord_Busby" title="Thomas Lord Busby">Thomas Lord Busby</a> (1782–1838) used the title to show a <a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">dyspeptic</a> man eyeing askance a huge dinner, while hungry beggars and an importunate dog look on, in a work from 1826. Later on <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(illustrator)" title="Charles H. Bennett (illustrator)">Charles H. Bennett</a> revisited the scene in his <i>The Fables of Aesop and Others Translated into Human Nature</i> (1857), where a dog dressed as a footman and carrying food to his master bares his teeth at the poor ox begging at the door.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case the fable was rewritten to fit the scenario. </p><p>Such work, bordering on the cartoon, provided a profitable avenue for social commentary. An American example appeared in the illustration to a children's book of 1880, where a dog dressed as a ruffian stands on the straw, cudgel in hand, warning off a cow and her calf (see above). It ushers in use of the theme in illustrated papers a little later. <a href="/wiki/J._S._Pughe" title="J. S. Pughe">J. S. Pughe</a>'s centrefold in <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> pictures a dog in the uniform of a U.S. Marine holding off European nations that wish to participate in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Nicaragua Canal">Nicaragua Canal scheme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed by the cover cartoon of <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i> picturing <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> as the dog, obstructing the choice of the Democratic presidential candidacy and preventing others getting at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> oats.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Dog_in_the_Manger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/oxford/163.htm">"163. The Dog in the Manger"</a>. Translated by Laura Gibbs. Mythfolklore.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=163.+The+Dog+in+the+Manger&rft.pub=Mythfolklore.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmythfolklore.net%2Faesopica%2Foxford%2F163.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Dog+in+the+Manger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Mieder (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgAbBwAAQBAJ&q=%22Canis+in+praesepi.+%22G%27%27Behold&pg=PT400"><i>The Proverbs of a People</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1628461404" title="Special:BookSources/978-1628461404">978-1628461404</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821014446/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/l/lucian/works/complete.html">"The Works of Lucian of Samosata"</a>. Ebooks.adelaide.edu.au. 2009-05-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/l/lucian/works/complete.html">the original</a> on August 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Lucian+of+Samosata&rft.pub=Ebooks.adelaide.edu.au&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fl%2Flucian%2Fworks%2Fcomplete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Dog+in+the+Manger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loeb edition, p. 342, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lucianhar02luciuoft/lucianhar02luciuoft_djvu.txt">archive.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Puerilities</i>, translated by Daryl Hine, Princeton University, 2001, Epigram 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/gthlamb.html">"Gospel of Thomas (Lambdin Translation) – The Nag Hammadi Library"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=lines+17474-8&rft.date=2016-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpilgrimageoflpt200guiluoft%2Fpilgrimageoflpt200guiluoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Dog+in+the+Manger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De cane in praesepio</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/osius/67.htm">poem 67</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mythologia Ethica</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mythologiaethica00frei#page/68/mode/2up">pp. 68–69</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Choice of Emblemes</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mun.ca/alciato/whit/w184.html">p. 184</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>XL emblemata miscella nova</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/xliequadragintae00mure#page/22/mode/2up">Emblem 22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/lestrange/76.htm">"76. A Dog in a Manger (Sir Roger L'Estrange)"</a>. Mythfolklore.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=76.+A+Dog+in+a+Manger+%28Sir+Roger+L%27Estrange%29&rft.pub=Mythfolklore.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmythfolklore.net%2Faesopica%2Flestrange%2F76.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Dog+in+the+Manger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fablesaesopando02croxgoog"><i>Page 219, copy on Internet Archive</i></a>. Internet Archive. 1792<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-23</span></span>. <q>dog in the manger.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Page+219%2C+copy+on+Internet+Archive&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft.date=1792&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffablesaesopando02croxgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Dog+in+the+Manger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Mieder, "The dog in the manger": The rise and decline in popularity of a proverb and a fable. <i>Midwestern Folklore: Journal of the Hoosier Folklore Society</i>, 2011, 37.1: 1–44. An abstract of his study is available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklore.ee/FOAFtale/ftn78.htm#abstracts">FOAFTales Newsletter 78</a>, April 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1026-1001">1026-1001</a> The article was later incorporated as a chapter in Mieder's <i>Behold the Proverbs of a People</i>, University of Mississippi 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgAbBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Canis+in+praesepi.+%22&pg=PT400">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wuthering Heights</i> etext. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/119-2014-04-09-Wuthering%20Heights.pdf">Chapter 10, p. 59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emanuel Strauss: <i>Concise Dictionary of European Proverbs</i>, London, 1998, proverb 1036</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Funk, Henry Elwell. 1953. <i>The French Creole Dialect of Martinique: Its Historical Background, Vocabulary, Syntax, Proverbs and Literature, with a Glossary</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Library&rft.pub=Childrenslibrary.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.childrenslibrary.org%2Ficdl%2FBookPage%3Fbookid%3Daesfabl_00870553%26pnum1%3D82%26twoPage%3Dfalse%26route%3Dall%26size%3D0%26fullscreen%3Dfalse%26lang%3DEnglish%26ilang%3DEnglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Dog+in+the+Manger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsca.25491">"16 Jan 1901"</a>. Loc.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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