CINXE.COM
Kazakhstània - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ca" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kazakhstània - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )cawikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","gener","febrer","març","abril","maig","juny","juliol","agost","setembre","octubre","novembre","desembre"],"wgRequestId":"e910b2ab-7413-475c-8c49-64db85ba4471","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kazakhstània","wgTitle":"Kazakhstània","wgCurRevisionId":33347952,"wgRevisionId":33347952,"wgArticleId":1894480,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Geografia del Kazakhstan","Paleocontinents","Geologia d'Àsia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ca","wgPageContentLanguage":"ca","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kazakhstània","wgRelevantArticleId":1894480,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ca","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ca"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":7000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2283292","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready", "user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","wikibase.client.data-bridge.externalModifiers":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.UkensKonkurranse","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.AltresViccionari","ext.gadget.purgetab","ext.gadget.DocTabs","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","wikibase.client.data-bridge.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ca&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.data-bridge.externalModifiers%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ca&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ca&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kazakhstània - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ca.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhst%C3%A0nia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifica" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Viquipèdia (ca)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ca.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhst%C3%A0nia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ca"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Canal de sindicació Atom Viquipèdia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Canvis_recents&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kazakhstània rootpage-Kazakhstània skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vés al contingut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Evolució_tectònica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolució_tectònica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Evolució tectònica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolució_tectònica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importància_comercial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importància_comercial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Importància comercial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importància_comercial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kazakhstània</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 19 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كازاخستانيا - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كازاخستانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kazakhstania" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87" title="قزاقستانیه - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قزاقستانیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kazakhstania" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casaquistania" title="Casaquistania - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Casaquistania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kazakhstania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan%C3%ADa" title="Kasakstanía - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kasakstanía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kazakhstania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="カザフスタニア - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カザフスタニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Қазақстания - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазақстания" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstania" title="Kazachstania - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kazachstania" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhstania" title="Kasakhstania - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kasakhstania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstania_(mikrokontynent)" title="Kazachstania (mikrokontynent) - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kazachstania (mikrokontynent)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Казахстания - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Казахстания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistanya" title="Kazakistanya - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazakistanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Казахстанія - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Казахстанія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="قازقستانیا - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قازقستانیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kazakhstania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="哈薩克大陸 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈薩克大陸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2283292#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhst%C3%A0nia" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina (encara no existeix) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhst%C3%A0nia"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhst%C3%A0nia"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Kazakhst%C3%A0nia" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Kazakhst%C3%A0nia" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&oldid=33347952" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&id=33347952&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKazakhst%25C3%25A0nia"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKazakhst%25C3%25A0nia"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2283292" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kazakhstània</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh" title="Kazakh">kazakh</a>: <span lang="kk" style="font-family: Helvetica, Geneva, 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Code2000', sans-serif;font-style: normal;">Qazaqstaniya</span>) o <b>bloc Kazakhstan</b>, és una regió geològica de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80sia_central" title="Àsia central">Àsia central</a> que consta de l'àrea aproximadament centrada al <a href="/wiki/Balkhaix" title="Balkhaix">llac Balkhash</a>, al nord i a l'est del <a href="/wiki/Mar_d%27Aral" title="Mar d'Aral">mar d'Aral</a>, al sud del <a href="/wiki/Sib%C3%A8ria_(continent)" title="Sibèria (continent)">crató siberià</a> i a l'oest del <a href="/wiki/Mass%C3%ADs_de_l%27Altai" title="Massís de l'Altai">massís de l'Altai</a>. La conca del Junggar a <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_la_Xina" title="República Popular de la Xina">República Popular de la Xina</a>, també forma part de Kazakhstània, encara que de vegades es coneix com el <b>bloc Junggar</b>. Com que Kazakhstània es va fusionar durant l'<a href="/wiki/Ordovici%C3%A0" title="Ordovicià">Ordovicià</a> superior com a part del <a href="/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3_orog%C3%A8nic_de_l%27%C3%80sia_central" title="Cinturó orogènic de l'Àsia central">cinturó orogènic de l'Àsia central</a>, també se'ls coneix com a <b>orogen kazakh</b>. Aquestes estructures de terra es troben al que avui és <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, al nord-est de l'<a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, al nord del <a href="/wiki/Kirguizstan" title="Kirguizstan">Kirguizstan</a>, al sud-oest de la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_la_Xina" title="República Popular de la Xina">Xina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avui Kazakhstània està envoltada per tres grans continents antics: al nord-est la zona de cisalla de Gornostaev la separa de <a href="/wiki/Sib%C3%A8ria_(continent)" title="Sibèria (continent)">Sibèria</a> amb la qual va xocar durant el <a href="/wiki/Carbon%C3%ADfer" title="Carbonífer">Carbonífer</a>; al nord-oest hi ha <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0ltica" title="Bàltica">Bàltica</a>, que es trobava al costat del terreny kazakh <a href="/wiki/Riu_Turgai" title="Riu Turgai">Turgai</a> però lluny de Kazakhstània; al sud i a l'est hi havia <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, que s'estenia des del pol sud fins a l'equador. No lluny de les terres kazakhes disperses hi havia la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xina_del_Sud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xina del Sud (encara no existeix)">Xina del Sud</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xina_del_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xina del Nord (encara no existeix)">Xina del Nord</a> i Tarim, però no se sap com se situaven aquests blocs continentals en relació a Gondwana.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolució_tectònica"><span id="Evoluci.C3.B3_tect.C3.B2nica"></span>Evolució tectònica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Evolució tectònica"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al Paleozoic inferior, les estructures de terra kazakhs estaven àmpliament distribuïdes al nord o al nord-est dels terrenys <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Manguistau" title="Península de Manguistau">Manguistau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakum" title="Karakum">Karakum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> i <a href="/wiki/Conca_del_Tarim" title="Conca del Tarim">Tarim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La localització, l'origen i les afinitats faunístiques d'aquests terrenys ha estat, però, objecte de dues hipòtesis en competència: una descrivia aquests terrenys com un enorme <a href="/wiki/Arc_insular" title="Arc insular">arc insular</a> anomenat arc de Kipchak, l'altra com una sèrie de cinturons més o menys paral·lels. Les anàlisis de la fauna indiquen que algunes de les estructures de terra probablement es van originar a Gondwana més que a Bàltica o Sibèria.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Una anàlisi de <a href="/wiki/Braqui%C3%B2podes" title="Braquiòpodes">braquiòpodes</a> de 2006 va indicar que les muntanyes Chu-Ili havien d'haver format una estructura de terra independent peri-gondwana a l'Ordovicià superior situat no lluny dels <a href="/wiki/Crat%C3%B3" title="Crató">cratons</a> del nord i del sud de la Xina.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb001_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estudis més recents suggereixen que a l'Ordovicià superior les estructures de terra kazakhs van formar un arxipèlag compost per cúmuls d'arcs insulars i microcontinents centrats a l'equador. Les unitats clau d'aquest conjunt eren els terrenys Boshchekul (al nord del Kazakhstan), Chingiz-Tarbagatai (est del Kazakhstan) i Chu-Ilu (sud del Kazakhstan). El microcontinent Atashu-Zhamshi es trobava al marge sud-oest de l'arxipèlag. Uns quants terrenys probablement es van fusionar ja a l'Ordovicià mitjà, però és molt poc probable que Kazakhstania hagi format un sol continent abans del final del període.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durant el <a href="/wiki/Carbon%C3%ADfer" title="Carbonífer">Carbonífer</a> i el <a href="/wiki/Permi%C3%A0" title="Permià">Permià</a>, Sibèria va xocar amb Kazakhstània per formar el <a href="/wiki/Mass%C3%ADs_de_l%27Altai" title="Massís de l'Altai">Massís de l'Altai</a>, més tard <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0ltica" title="Bàltica">Bàltica</a> va xocar en l'orogènia dels <a href="/wiki/Urals" title="Urals">Urals</a>, creant la base per a la major part de l'actual <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%A0sia" title="Euràsia">Euràsia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importància_comercial"><span id="Import.C3.A0ncia_comercial"></span>Importància comercial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Importància comercial"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakhstània és principalment plana: només a l'est, prop de <a href="/wiki/Kharagand%C3%AD" title="Kharagandí">Kharagandí</a>, hi ha muntanyes i aquestes només s'eleven a 1.565 metres a la serralada de Tarbagatay. Encara que la major part de Kazakhstània és àrida i pràcticament no flueix cap aigua de la regió als oceans, hi ha una gran pastura de bestiar <a href="/wiki/Bou" title="Bou">boví</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovelles">ovelles</a> i <a href="/wiki/Camell_bactri%C3%A0" title="Camell bactrià">camells</a> a les praderies que cobreixen la major part de la regió actual. Kazakhstània estava massa seca per a una extensa <a href="/wiki/Edat_glacial" title="Edat glacial">glaciació</a> durant el <a href="/wiki/Quaternari" title="Quaternari">Quaternari</a>. Kazakhstania conté fins a una quarta part de les reserves d'<a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani">urani</a> provades del món i també és una de les principals fonts mundials de <a href="/wiki/Plom" title="Plom">plom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> i minerals d'<a href="/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni">antimoni</a>. Al límit sud de la <a href="/wiki/Depressi%C3%B3_de_Turan" title="Depressió de Turan">depressió de Turan</a> hi ha grans dipòsits de <a href="/wiki/Gas_natural" title="Gas natural">gas natural</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harvnb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopovCocks2017">Popov & Cocks 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorsvikCocks2009">Torsvik & Cocks 2009</a>, pàg. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvnb001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb001_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb001_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopovCocks2006">Popov & Cocks 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopovCocks2017">Popov & Cocks 2017</a>, Abstract; For a map of the Kazakh terranes see <a href="#CITEREFPopovCocks2006">Popov & Cocks 2006</a>, Fig. 1, p. 248; For a Late Ordovician reconstruction see <a href="#CITEREFPercivalPopovZhanGhobadi_Pour2011">Percival <i>et al</i>. 2011</a>, Fig. 1, p. 414</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPercivalPopovZhanGhobadi_Pour2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Percival</span>, I. G.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Popov</span>, L. E.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zhan</span>, R. B.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ghobadi Pour</span>, M. «Patterns of origination and dispersal of Middle to Late Ordovician brachiopods: examples from South China, East Gondwana, and Kazakh terranes». A: <i>Ordovician of the World</i>. 14.  Madrid: Instituto Geológico y Minero de Espana, 2011, p. 413–419. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9788478408573" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9788478408573">ISBN 9788478408573</a></span> [Consulta: 27 desembre 2017].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordovician+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+origination+and+dispersal+of+Middle+to+Late+Ordovician+brachiopods%3A+examples+from+South+China%2C+East+Gondwana%2C+and+Kazakh+terranes&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=Instituto+Geol%C3%B3gico+y+Minero+de+Espana&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=413%E2%80%93419&rft.isbn=9788478408573"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPopovCocks2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Popov</span>, L. E.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cocks</span>, L. R. M. «Late Ordovician brachiopods from the Dulankara Formation of the Chu‐Ili Range, Kazakhstan: their systematics, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography». <i>Palaeontology</i>, 49, 2, 2006, pàg. 247–283. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2006.00544.x">10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00544.x</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPopovCocks2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Popov</span>, L. E.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cocks</span>, R. M. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/agp.2017.67.issue-3/agp-2017-0020/agp-2017-0020.pdf">Late Ordovician palaeogeography and the positions of the Kazakh terranes through analysis of their brachiopod faunas</a>». <i>Acta Geologica Polonica</i>, 67, 3, 2017, pàg. 323–380. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2Fagp-2017-0020">10.1515/agp-2017-0020</a> [Consulta: 27 desembre 2017].</span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTorsvikCocks2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Torsvik</span>, T. H.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cocks</span>, L. R. M. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249552716">The Lower Palaeozoic palaeogeographical evolution of the northeastern and eastern peri-Gondwanan margin from Turkey to New Zealand</a>». <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i>, 325, 1, 2009, pàg. 3–21. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP325.2">10.1144/SP325.2</a> [Consulta: 27 desembre 2017].</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070303180738/http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~paleomag/tectonics/chmap.html">Mapa de Kazakhstània i zones circumdants</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li></ul> <p>  </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#CC9900"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Continents" title="Plantilla:Continents"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/36px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></li></ul></div><div id="Continents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC9900"><b>Continents actuals</b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:LocationAfrica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/60px-LocationAfrica.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/90px-LocationAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/120px-LocationAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%80frica" title="Àfrica">Àfrica</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:LocationNorthAmerica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/LocationNorthAmerica.png/60px-LocationNorthAmerica.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/LocationNorthAmerica.png/90px-LocationNorthAmerica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/LocationNorthAmerica.png/120px-LocationNorthAmerica.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_del_Nord" title="Amèrica del Nord">Amèrica del Nord</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:LocationCentralAmerica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LocationCentralAmerica.png/60px-LocationCentralAmerica.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LocationCentralAmerica.png/90px-LocationCentralAmerica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LocationCentralAmerica.png/120px-LocationCentralAmerica.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_Central" title="Amèrica Central">Amèrica Central</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:LocationSouthAmerica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/LocationSouthAmerica.png/60px-LocationSouthAmerica.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/LocationSouthAmerica.png/90px-LocationSouthAmerica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/LocationSouthAmerica.png/120px-LocationSouthAmerica.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_del_Sud" title="Amèrica del Sud">Amèrica del Sud</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:LocationAntarctica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LocationAntarctica.png/60px-LocationAntarctica.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LocationAntarctica.png/90px-LocationAntarctica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LocationAntarctica.png/120px-LocationAntarctica.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A0rtida" title="Antàrtida">Antàrtida</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:LocationAsia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/60px-LocationAsia.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/90px-LocationAsia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/120px-LocationAsia.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%80sia" title="Àsia">Àsia</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:LocationEurope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/LocationEurope.png/60px-LocationEurope.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/LocationEurope.png/90px-LocationEurope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/LocationEurope.png/120px-LocationEurope.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:LocationOceania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/LocationOceania.png/60px-LocationOceania.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/LocationOceania.png/90px-LocationOceania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/LocationOceania.png/120px-LocationOceania.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Continents_by_colour.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Continents_by_colour.png/150px-Continents_by_colour.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Continents_by_colour.png/225px-Continents_by_colour.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Continents_by_colour.png/300px-Continents_by_colour.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="655" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC9900"><b>Supercontinents</b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80frica-Eur%C3%A0sia" title="Àfrica-Euràsia">Àfrica-Euràsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica" title="Amèrica">Amèrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%A0sia" title="Euràsia">Euràsia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC9900"><b>Antics supercontinents</b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%BAmbia_(supercontinent)" title="Colúmbia (supercontinent)">Colúmbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenorl%C3%A0ndia" title="Kenorlàndia">Kenorlàndia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laur%C3%A0sia" title="Lauràsia">Lauràsia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nena_(supercontinent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nena (supercontinent) (encara no existeix)">Nena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea">Pangea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pann%C3%B2tia" title="Pannòtia">Pannòtia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod%C3%ADnia" title="Rodínia">Rodínia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclavia_Craton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sclavia Craton (encara no existeix)">Sclavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(supercontinent)" title="Ur (supercontinent)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC9900"><b>Continents històrics</b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crat%C3%B3_de_l%27Amaz%C3%B2nia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crató de l'Amazònia (encara no existeix)">Amazònia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80rtic_(continent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Àrtic (continent) (encara no existeix)">Àrtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiam%C3%A8rica" title="Asiamèrica">Asiamèrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A0ntica" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlàntica">Atlàntica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aval%C3%B2nia" title="Avalònia">Avalònia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0ltica" title="Bàltica">Bàltica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimm%C3%A8ria_(continent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimmèria (continent) (encara no existeix)">Cimmèria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crat%C3%B3_del_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crató del Congo (encara no existeix)">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euram%C3%A8rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Euramèrica">Euramèrica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crat%C3%B3_del_Kalahari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crató del Kalahari (encara no existeix)">Kalahària</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstània</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laur%C3%A8ntia" title="Laurèntia">Laurèntia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xina_del_Nord_(continent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xina del Nord (continent) (encara no existeix)">Xina del Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sib%C3%A8ria_(continent)" title="Sibèria (continent)">Sibèria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xina_del_Sud_(continent)" title="Xina del Sud (continent)">Xina del Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crat%C3%B3_de_l%27Ant%C3%A0rtida_Oriental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crató de l'Antàrtida Oriental (encara no existeix)">Antàrtida Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcontinent_indi" title="Subcontinent indi">Subcontinent indi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC9900"><b>Continents submergits</b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altipl%C3%A0_de_Kerguelen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altiplà de Kerguelen (encara no existeix)">Altiplà de Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zel%C3%A0ndia" title="Zelàndia">Zelàndia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC9900"><b>Possibles futurs supercontinents</b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea_%C3%9Altima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangea Última (encara no existeix)">Pangea Última</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A0sia" title="Amàsia">Amàsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopangea" title="Novopangea">Novopangea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC9900"><b><a href="/wiki/Continent_perdut" title="Continent perdut">Continents mítics i hipotètics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A0ntida" title="Atlàntida">Atlàntida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumari_Kandam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumari Kandam (encara no existeix)">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lem%C3%BAria_(continent_perdut)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemúria (continent perdut) (encara no existeix)">Lemúria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meropis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meropis (encara no existeix)">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(continent_perdut)" title="Mu (continent perdut)">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiperb%C3%B2ria" title="Hiperbòria">Hiperbòria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#CC9900"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Oce%C3%A0" title="Oceà">Oceans</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5bcbddc6db‐mctdg Cached time: 20241127103328 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.221 seconds Real time usage: 0.278 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1686/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24958/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3808/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2798/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.039/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1512859/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 182.206 1 -total 30.48% 55.532 1 Plantilla:Lang-kk 28.64% 52.189 1 Plantilla:LlengAmbNom 22.15% 40.360 1 Plantilla:Lang 18.04% 32.876 1 Plantilla:Ref-llibre 16.38% 29.845 3 Plantilla:Ref-publicació 12.23% 22.280 1 Plantilla:Continents 10.37% 18.887 1 Plantilla:Caixa_de_navegació 10.07% 18.339 4 Plantilla:If_both 9.60% 17.500 1 Plantilla:Referències --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key cawiki:pcache:idhash:1894480-0!canonical and timestamp 20241127103328 and revision id 33347952. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstània&oldid=33347952">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstània&oldid=33347952</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Geografia_del_Kazakhstan" title="Categoria:Geografia del Kazakhstan">Geografia del Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Paleocontinents" title="Categoria:Paleocontinents">Paleocontinents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Geologia_d%27%C3%80sia" title="Categoria:Geologia d'Àsia">Geologia d'Àsia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 7 abr 2024 a les 21:13.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. Vegeu les <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/ca">Condicions d'ús</a>. Wikipedia® (Viquipèdia™) és una <a href="/wiki/Marca_comercial" title="Marca comercial">marca registrada</a> de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc</a>.<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Política de privadesa</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Quant_a_la_Viquip%C3%A8dia">Quant al projecte Viquipèdia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Av%C3%ADs_d%27exempci%C3%B3_de_responsabilitat">Descàrrec de responsabilitat</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Codi de conducta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Desenvolupadors</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ca.wikipedia.org">Estadístiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declaració de cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ca.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakhst%C3%A0nia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versió per a mòbils</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-dbmdn","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.221","walltime":"0.278","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1686,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":24958,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3808,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2798,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 182.206 1 -total"," 30.48% 55.532 1 Plantilla:Lang-kk"," 28.64% 52.189 1 Plantilla:LlengAmbNom"," 22.15% 40.360 1 Plantilla:Lang"," 18.04% 32.876 1 Plantilla:Ref-llibre"," 16.38% 29.845 3 Plantilla:Ref-publicació"," 12.23% 22.280 1 Plantilla:Continents"," 10.37% 18.887 1 Plantilla:Caixa_de_navegació"," 10.07% 18.339 4 Plantilla:If_both"," 9.60% 17.500 1 Plantilla:Referències"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.039","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1512859,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5bcbddc6db-mctdg","timestamp":"20241127103328","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kazakhst\u00e0nia","url":"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhst%C3%A0nia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2283292","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2283292","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2021-11-03T18:57:06Z","dateModified":"2024-04-07T20:13:12Z"}</script> </body> </html>