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<span>Paulus's legal works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paulus's_legal_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudo-Pauline_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudo-Pauline_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pseudo-Pauline works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudo-Pauline_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli_Paulus_Prudent%C3%ADssim" title="Juli Paulus Prudentíssim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Juli Paulus Prudentíssim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulius_Paulus" title="Iulius Paulus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iulius Paulus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Paulus_Prudentissimus" title="Julius Paulus Prudentissimus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Julius Paulus Prudentissimus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulius_Paulus" title="Iulius Paulus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iulius Paulus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulius_Paulus_Prudentissimus" title="Iulius Paulus Prudentissimus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iulius Paulus Prudentissimus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_(jurista)" title="Paulo (jurista) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paulo (jurista)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_(juriste)" title="Paul (juriste) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul (juriste)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_(xurista)" title="Paulo (xurista) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paulo (xurista)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="율리우스 파울루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="율리우스 파울루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julije_Paul" title="Julije Paul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Julije Paul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Paolo" title="Giulio Paolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giulio Paolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="იულიუს პაულუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იულიუს პაულუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulius_Paulus" title="Iulius Paulus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iulius Paulus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Julius Paulus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="يوليوس بولوس برودينتسيموس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوليوس بولوس برودينتسيموس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Julius Paulus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ユーリウス・パウルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーリウス・パウルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulius_Paulus" title="Iulius Paulus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iulius Paulus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Юлий Павел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юлий Павел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julije_Paul" title="Julije Paul – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Julije Paul" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julije_Paul" title="Julije Paul – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Julije Paul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julius Paulus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Julius Paulus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB" title="Юлій Павл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юлій Павл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="尤利乌斯·保卢斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尤利乌斯·保卢斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Late 2nd/early 3rd century Roman jurist</div> <p><b>Julius Paulus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἰούλιος Παῦλος</span>; fl. 2nd century and 3rd century AD), often simply referred to as <b>Paul</b> in English, was one of the most influential and distinguished <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman jurists</a>. He was also a <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Paulus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of the life and family of Paulus; he was a man of Greek descent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, who originated from an unknown <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> town or from Patavium (modern <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>). The possibility that Paulus could come from Patavium is based on a statue with an inscription found in Patavium dedicated to a Paulus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the reign of emperors <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, Paulus served as a jurist. He was exiled by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> and recalled from exile by his successor, emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a>. Severus and his mother <a href="/wiki/Julia_Avita_Mamaea" title="Julia Avita Mamaea">Julia Avita Mamaea</a> in 222, appointed him among the emperor's chief advisers and between 228 and 235, he was the Praetorian prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>. Paulus was a contemporary of the jurist <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a>. He partly followed the career path of former Praetorian prefect <a href="/wiki/Aemilius_Papinianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilius Papinianus">Aemilius Papinianus</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Roman_law)" title="Constitution (Roman law)">constitution</a> of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> dating from 239 and referring to the marriage, where is cited a <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">response</a> of Paul, he is called <i>vir prudentissimus Paulus</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">C.J.</a></i> 5.4.6).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paulus's_legal_works"><span id="Paulus.27s_legal_works"></span>Paulus's legal works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Paulus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paulus's legal works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulus,_Iulius_%E2%80%93_Codex_Theodosianus,_1566_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13787330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Paulus%2C_Iulius_%E2%80%93_Codex_Theodosianus%2C_1566_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13787330.jpg/220px-Paulus%2C_Iulius_%E2%80%93_Codex_Theodosianus%2C_1566_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13787330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Paulus%2C_Iulius_%E2%80%93_Codex_Theodosianus%2C_1566_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13787330.jpg/330px-Paulus%2C_Iulius_%E2%80%93_Codex_Theodosianus%2C_1566_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13787330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Paulus%2C_Iulius_%E2%80%93_Codex_Theodosianus%2C_1566_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13787330.jpg/440px-Paulus%2C_Iulius_%E2%80%93_Codex_Theodosianus%2C_1566_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13787330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="2202" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the 1566 edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cujas" title="Jacques Cujas">Jacques Cujas</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Rouillé">Guillaume Rouillé</a>, also containing the so-called <i>Pauli sententiae</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman jurist <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Modestinus" title="Herennius Modestinus">Herennius Modestinus</a> describes Paulus, along with Ulpian and <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Cervidius_Scaevola" title="Quintus Cervidius Scaevola">Quintus Cervidius Scaevola</a>, as among "the last of the great jurists". Paulus’ work was held in high respect. </p><p>He had written 319 various legal publications. His surviving works are extremely prolific, displaying a keen analysis of other opinions of jurists and Paulus expressed his legal views. He appears to have written on a great variety on legal subjects and had a thorough knowledge of legal subjects and law. </p><p>Paulus comments on the jurists <a href="/wiki/Javolenus_Priscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Javolenus Priscus">Javolenus Priscus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Cervidius_Scaevola" title="Quintus Cervidius Scaevola">Quintus Cervidius Scaevola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antistius_Labeo" title="Marcus Antistius Labeo">Marcus Antistius Labeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvius_Julianus" title="Salvius Julianus">Salvius Julianus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aemilius_Papinianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilius Papinianus">Aemilius Papinianus</a>. He is cited by the jurists <a href="/wiki/Aemilius_Macer_(jurist)" title="Aemilius Macer (jurist)">Macer</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Herennius Modestinus. His writing style is condensed and sometimes obscure; however, his work is just as good as the other Roman jurists. Paulus’ work has survived from excerpts, although his work needs to be carefully read to be understood. </p><p>Paulus was one of the five jurists whose opinions were made constitutionally authoritative in 426 by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperors</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a>. Another legacy from Paulus is the inclusion of his writings in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pandects" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandects">Digest</a></i> which was written and put together by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. </p><p>One sixth of the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> in the <i>Digest</i> consists of Paulus’ work. He is the most excerpted Roman jurist in the <i>Digest</i>, ahead of <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a>. The <i>Digest</i> attributes to Paulus the first articulation of the <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a> in Roman law: <i>Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—"Proof lies on him who asserts, not on him who denies".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paulus in the <i>Digest</i> is also referred in two passages, which he gave a contrary opinion to Alexander Severus, but Severus chose Papinianus‘ opinion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudo-Pauline_works">Pseudo-Pauline works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Paulus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pseudo-Pauline works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to his fame, several other works have been attributed to him, in particular the 3rd century compilation <i>Pauli sententiae</i> ("Paul's Views" or "Sentences").<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Paulus’ surviving works and works attributed to him, the <i>Sententiae ad Filium</i> have the longest fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Paulus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Pandects" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandects">Digest</a></i>, Paulus wrote a passage on <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>. Paulus presented a theory of money, similar to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, similar to the still sometimes abiding theory that it had arisen from the inconvenience of barter (i.e. with a presumption of an initial in-kind or "barter" exchange economy preceding money) due to the "lack of <a href="/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants" title="Coincidence of wants">coincidence of wants</a>" in neoclassical terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Paulus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRuggiero2023" class="citation book cs1">Ruggiero, Iolanda, ed. (2023). <i>Iulius Paulus, Ad legem iuliam et papiam libri X</i>. Roma Bristol: L'Erma di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788891319968" title="Special:BookSources/9788891319968"><bdi>9788891319968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iulius+Paulus%2C+Ad+legem+iuliam+et+papiam+libri+X&rft.place=Roma+Bristol&rft.pub=L%27Erma+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9788891319968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Paulus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Paulus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Citations" title="Law of Citations">Law of Citations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Paulus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corpusiuriscivil02krueuoft/page/194/mode/2up"><i>Codex Iustinianus</i></a> (in Latin). Berolini: apud Weidmannos. 1892. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codex+Iustinianus&rft.place=Berolini&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=apud+Weidmannos&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorpusiuriscivil02krueuoft%2Fpage%2F194%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Paulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Corpus/d-22.htm">"Digesta seu Pandectae 22.3.2"</a>. Grenoble: Université Pierre-Mendés-France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digesta+seu+Pandectae+22.3.2&rft.place=Grenoble&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+Pierre-Mend%C3%A9s-France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebu2.upmf-grenoble.fr%2FHaiti%2FCours%2FAk%2FCorpus%2Fd-22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Paulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Watson_(legal_scholar)" title="Alan Watson (legal scholar)">Watson, Alan</a>, ed. (1998) [1985]. "22.3.2". <i>The Digest of Justinian</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1636-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1636-9"><bdi>0-8122-1636-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=22.3.2&rft.btitle=The+Digest+of+Justinian&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8122-1636-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Paulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonoré2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Honor%C3%A9" title="Tony Honoré">Honoré, Tony</a> (2003), "Iulius Paulus", in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Anthony (eds.), <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.), Oxford: OxfordUP, pp. 785–6, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860641-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860641-3"><bdi>978-0-19-860641-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iulius+Paulus&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=785-6&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=OxfordUP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860641-3&rft.aulast=Honor%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Paulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A list of various legal publications from Paulus, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2488.html">‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology’</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416005501/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2488.html">Archived</a> 2008-04-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1954). <i>History of Economic Analysis</i>. Oxford University Press. — Part II (<i>From the Beginnings to The First Classical Situation (to About 1790)</i>), chapter 1 (<i>Graeco-Roman Economics</i>), section 7 (<i>The Contribution of the Romans</i>), page 70, footnote 6.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Paulus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416005501/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2488.html">The Ancient Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831060912/http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/">The Roman Law Library</a> by Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJGp_dkXnuUC&dq=julius+paulus&pg=PA616">Google book : <i>Latin Literature A History</i>, Gian Biagio Conte</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Paulus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/Paul1_Scott.htm">The Opinions of Julius Paulus Addressed to His Son, Book I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/Paul2_Scott.htm">The Opinions of Julius Paulus Addressed to His Son, Book II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/Paul3_Scott.htm">The Opinions of Julius Paulus Addressed to His Son, Book III</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/Paul4_Scott.htm">The Opinions of Julius Paulus Addressed to His Son, Book IV</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/Paul5_Scott.htm">The Opinions of Julius Paulus Addressed to His Son, Book V</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416005501/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2488.html">Julius Paulus, in ‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology’</a>, ancientlibrary.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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