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<li id="toc-Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalcolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Chalcolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitanni_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitanni_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Mitanni period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitanni_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hittite_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hittite_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Hittite period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hittite_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assyrian_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Assyrian inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_under_Sargon_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_under_Sargon_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Destruction under Sargon II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_under_Sargon_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamath_in_the_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamath_in_the_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Hamath in the Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamath_in_the_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian,_Hellenistic_and_Roman_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian,_Hellenistic_and_Roman_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Persian, Hellenistic and Roman history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian,_Hellenistic_and_Roman_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Early Islamic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Middle Islamic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Ottoman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Syrian civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ecclesiastical status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Neighborhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%90%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5" title="ሐማት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሐማት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="حماة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حماة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%A1%DC%AC_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܚܡܬ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܡܬ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99ma" title="Həma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87" title="حماه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حماه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="হামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A8am%C4%81h_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Sirya)" title="Ḩamāh (kapital sa lalawigan sa Sirya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ḩamāh (kapital sa lalawigan sa Sirya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%C3%A1" title="Hamá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hamá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_(Syrien)" title="Hama (Syrien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hama (Syrien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Χάμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamao" title="Hamao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hamao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="حماة – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حماة" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%A7%88_(%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C)" title="하마 (도시) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하마 (도시)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Համա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="हामा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हामा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamat" title="Hamat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hamat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="חמה (עיר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חמה (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ჰამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphania_(Syria)" title="Epiphania (Syria) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Epiphania (Syria)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%C3%A1" title="Hamá – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hamá" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_(Siria)" title="Hama (Siria) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hama (Siria)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ჰამა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87" title="حماه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حماه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87" title="حماه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="حماه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama,_Syria" title="Hama, Syria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hama, Syria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_(stad)" title="Hama (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hama (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC_(%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82)" title="ハマー (都市) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハマー (都市)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamo" title="Hamo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hamo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7" title="حما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%C3%A1_(mesto_v_S%C3%BDrii)" title="Hamá (mesto v Sýrii) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hamá (mesto v Sýrii)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamaa" title="Xamaa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xamaa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7" title="حەما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حەما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="காமா (நகரம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காமா (நகரம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4ama" title="Ḥama – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ḥama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮะมาฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮะมาฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Ҳамо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳамо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81" title="حماہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حماہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ھەما – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھەما" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%EF%BC%88%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%EF%BC%89" title="哈马（叙利亚） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈马（叙利亚）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="哈馬 (敘利亞) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈馬 (敘利亞)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC_(%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" title="哈马 (叙利亚) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈马 (叙利亚)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hama&params=35_8_6_N_36_45_0_E_region:SY_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°8′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°45′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.13500°N 36.75000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.13500; 36.75000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Syria. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hama (disambiguation)">Hama (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Hama Governorate, Syria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hama</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَمَاة</span></span></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">ܚܡܳܬ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:206px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hama.jpg/330px-Hama.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hama.jpg/500px-Hama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hama.jpg/960px-Hama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="1093" /></a></span></div><div>Hama skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noria_and_houses_in_Hama,_Syria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Noria_and_houses_in_Hama%2C_Syria.JPG/142px-Noria_and_houses_in_Hama%2C_Syria.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Noria_and_houses_in_Hama%2C_Syria.JPG/213px-Noria_and_houses_in_Hama%2C_Syria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Noria_and_houses_in_Hama%2C_Syria.JPG/284px-Noria_and_houses_in_Hama%2C_Syria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Norias_of_Hama" title="Norias of Hama">Norias of Hama</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG/142px-AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG/213px-AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG/284px-AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="1079" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Azm_Palace_(Hama)" title="Azm Palace (Hama)">Azem Palace</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_5.JPG/250px-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_5.JPG/330px-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3136" /></a></span></div><div>Khan Rustem Pasha</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_1.JPG/250px-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_1.JPG/330px-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3136" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Mosque" title="Nur al-Din Mosque">Nur al-Din Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_1.jpg/330px-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_1.jpg/500px-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_1.jpg/960px-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div>Al-Hassanein Mosque</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(2025-).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hama"><img alt="Flag of Hama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HamaSeal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Hama"><img alt="Official seal of Hama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HamaSeal.png/100px-HamaSeal.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HamaSeal.png/150px-HamaSeal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HamaSeal.png/200px-HamaSeal.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1070" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Mother of Norias (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أم النواعير</span></span>)<br />City of <a href="/wiki/Abulfeda" title="Abulfeda">Abulfeda</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدينة أبي الفداء</span></span>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hama is located in Syria"><img alt="Hama is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.018%;left:23.718%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hama"><img alt="Hama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Hama</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Syria</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Syria</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hama is located in Eastern Mediterranean"><img alt="Hama is located in Eastern Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/250px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/500px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="765" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.833%;left:57.407%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hama"><img alt="Hama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Hama</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Hama (Eastern Mediterranean)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Eastern Mediterranean</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hama is located in Asia"><img alt="Hama is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.039%;left:10.306%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hama"><img alt="Hama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Hama</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Hama (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hama&params=35_8_6_N_36_45_0_E_region:SY_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°8′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°45′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.13500°N 36.75000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.13500; 36.75000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hama_District" title="Hama District">Hama District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Subdistrict</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hama_Subdistrict" title="Hama Subdistrict">Hama Subdistrict</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Control</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_transitional_government" title="First Syrian transitional government">Syrian transitional government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1500<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a>~</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">305 m (1,001 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023 census)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">996,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnicities<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Religions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حموي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥamwi</i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Country code: +963 <br /> City code: 33</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geocode" title="Geocode">Geocode</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">C2987</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">BSk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehama.sy/">www<wbr />.ehama<wbr />.sy</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="12" data-overlays="["_30a58321886dd09e3fc21d141749ea18b9af13b6"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hama&revid=1283080228&groups=_30a58321886dd09e3fc21d141749ea18b9af13b6" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hama&revid=1283080228&groups=_30a58321886dd09e3fc21d141749ea18b9af13b6 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hama</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَمَاة</span> <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥamāh</i></span></i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ħaˈmaː]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܚܡܳܬ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Syriac">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syr-Latn">ħ(ə)mɑθ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'fortress'; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">חֲמָת</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Ḥămāṯ</i></span>) is a city on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a> in west-central <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. It is located 213 kilometres (132 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and 46 km (29 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>. It is the provincial capital of the <a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama Governorate</a>. With a population of 996,000 (2023 census), Hama is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">four largest cities</a> in Syria, with <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, it is also home to the dessert of <a href="/wiki/Halawet_el_Jibn" title="Halawet el Jibn">Halawet el Jibn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is renowned for <a href="/wiki/Norias_of_Hama" title="Norias of Hama">its seventeen norias</a> used for watering the gardens, which are claimed to date back to 1100 BC. Though historically used for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Noria" title="Noria">norias</a> today are purely for show for the local population. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hama" title="Timeline of Hama">Timeline of Hama</a></div> <p>The ancient settlement of Hamath was occupied from the early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stratigraphy is very generalized, which makes detailed comparison to other sites difficult. Level M (6 m or 20 ft thick) contained both white ware (lime-plaster) and true pottery. It may be contemporary with <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ras Shamra V</a> (6000–5000 BC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chalcolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Remains from the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> have been uncovered by Danish archaeologists on the mount on which the former citadel once stood.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavation took place between 1931 and 1938 under the direction of Harald Ingholt. The overlying level L dates to the Chalcolithic <a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitanni_period">Mitanni period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mitanni period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the town appears to be unmentioned in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> sources before the first millennium BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_J.D._1975-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the site appears to have been prosperous around 1500 BC, when it was presumably an <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> dependency of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, an empire along the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> in northeastern Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hittite_period">Hittite period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hittite period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By around 1350 BC, Mitanni was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, who controlled all of northern Syria. </p><p>In the south, the Hittites were in conflict with the Egyptians. Hamath became an important urban center. The conflict culminated in the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> near <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> in 1285 BC. </p><p>In early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt" title="Johann Ludwig Burckhardt">Johann Ludwig Burckhardt</a> was the first to discover Hittite or <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Luwian hieroglyphic</a> script at Hama.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fall of the Hittite Empire saw the Neo-Hittite/<a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean</a> Hama attested as the capital of one of the prosperous <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> known from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as Hamath (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>: <i>Ḥmt</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>: <i>Amatuwana</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_J.D._1975-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חֲמָת</span>‎</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Ḥămāṯ</i></span>), which traded extensively, particularly with Israel and Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assyrian_inscriptions">Assyrian inscriptions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assyrian inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> (858–824 BC) conquered the north of <a href="/wiki/Aramea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramea">Aramea</a>, he reached Hamath (Assyrian: <i>Amat</i> or <i>Hamata</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_J.D._1975-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 853 BC; this marks the beginning of Assyrian inscriptions relating to the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irhuleni" title="Irhuleni">Irhuleni</a> of Hamath and <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Hadadezer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a> (biblical "Bar-Hadad") led a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Aramean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramean">Aramean</a> cities against the encroaching Assyrian armies. According to Assyrian sources, they were confronted by 4,000 chariots, 2,000 horsemen, 62,000-foot-soldiers and 1,000 Arab camel-riders in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarqar" title="Battle of Qarqar">Battle of Qarqar</a>. The attested win for the Assyrians seems to have actually been more of a draw, although Shalmaneser III continued on to the shore and even took a ship to open sea. In the following years, Shalmaneser III failed to conquer Hamath or Aram-Damascus. After the death of Shalmaneser III, the former allies Hamath and Aram-Damascus fell out, and Aram-Damascus seems to have taken over some of Hamath's territory. </p><p>An Aramaic inscription of <a href="/wiki/Zakkur" title="Zakkur">Zakkur</a>, dual king of Hamath and <a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a>, tells of an attack by a coalition including <a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ben-Hadad_III" title="Ben-Hadad III">Ben-Hadad III</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Hazael" title="Hazael">Hazael</a>, king of Aram-Damascus. Zakir was besieged in his fortress of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Afis" title="Tell Afis">Hazrak</a>, but saved by intervention of the God <a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a>. Later on, the state of <a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a> came to rule both Hamath and Aram. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No historical evidence for this claim (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 743 BC, <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> took a number of towns in the territory of Hamath, distributed the territories among his generals, and <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">forcibly removed</a> 1,223 selected inhabitants to the valley of the Upper <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>; he exacted tribute from Hamath's king, Eni-Ilu (Eniel). </p><p>In 738 BC, Hamath is listed among the cities again conquered by Assyrian troops. Over 30,000 natives were deported to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ullaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ullaba (page does not exist)">Ullaba</a> (located in <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrainger2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and replaced with captives from the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_J.D._1975-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destruction_under_Sargon_II">Destruction under Sargon II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Destruction under Sargon II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">northern kingdom of Israel</a>, Hamath's king <a href="/wiki/Yahu-Bihdi" title="Yahu-Bihdi">Ilu-Bi'di</a> (Jau-Bi'di) led a failed revolt of the newly organized Assyrian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Arpad,_Syria" title="Arpad, Syria">Arpad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simirra" class="mw-redirect" title="Simirra">Simirra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samara</a>. </p><p>Styling himself the "Destroyer of Hamath," <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> razed the city c. 720 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recolonized it with 6300 Assyrians and removed its king to be flayed alive in Assyria.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_J.D._1975-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also carried off to <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a> the ivory-adorned furnishings of its kings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Displaced persons from Hamath subsequently comprised an important part of the multi-ethnic Aramaean community at <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a> and Syene (now <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>) in Egypt starting in 700 BCE, where alongside similarly displaced Jews they produced a large corpus of materials in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Elephantine_papyri_and_ostraca" title="Elephantine papyri and ostraca">Elephantine papyri and ostraca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toorn2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toorn2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hamath_in_the_Bible"><span class="anchor" id="Hamath_in_the_Bible"></span>Hamath in the Bible</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hamath in the Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The few <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> reports state that Hamath was the capital of a <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> kingdom (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2010:18&version=nrsv">Genesis 10:18</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Kings+23:33;+25:21&version=NRSV">2 Kings 23:33; 25:21</a>), whose king congratulated <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> on his defeat of <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer_bar_Rehob" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadadezer bar Rehob">Hadadezer</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%208:9–11&version=nrsv">2 Samuel 8:9–11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2018:9–11&version=nrsv">1 Chronicles 18:9–11</a>). In God's instructions to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, Hamath is specified as part of the northern border of the land that will fall to the children of Israel as an inheritance when they enter the land of Canaan (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2034:1–9&version=nrsv">Numbers 34.1–9</a>). <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, it would seem, took possession of Hamath and its territory and built store cities (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%204:21–24&version=nrsv">1 Kings 4:21–24</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%208:4&version=nrsv">2 Chronicles 8:4</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%208:65&version=nrsv">1 Kings 8:65</a> names the "entrance of Hamath", or <a href="/wiki/Lebo-hamath" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebo-hamath">Lebo-Hamath</a>, as the northern border of Israel at the time of the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">first temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. The area was subsequently lost to the Syrians, but <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kingdom_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kingdom of Israel">Israel</a>, is said to have "restored the territory of Israel from the entrance of Hamath to the Sea of the <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>)".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assyria's defeat of Hamath made a profound impression on <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2010:9&version=nrsv">Isaiah 10:9</a>). The prophet <a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a> also named the town "Hamath the Great" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Amos%206:2&version=nrsv">Amos 6:2</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian,_Hellenistic_and_Roman_history"><span id="Persian.2C_Hellenistic_and_Roman_history"></span>Persian, Hellenistic and Roman history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Persian, Hellenistic and Roman history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 539 BC, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, took Syria as part of his empire, to be known as <a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Eber-Nari</a>. In July 522 BC, <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> died at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of Hama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second half of the 4th century BC the modern region of Syria came under the influence of Greco-Roman culture, following long lasting semitic and Persian cultures. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s campaign from 334 to 323 BC brought Syria under <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenic</a> rule. Since the country lay on the trade routes from Asia to Greece, Hama and many other Syrian cities again grew rich through trade. After the death of Alexander the Great his Near East conquests were divided between his generals, and <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_Nicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus Nicator">Seleucus Nicator</a> became ruler of Syria and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a>. Under the Seleucids there was a revival in the fortunes of Hama. The Aramaeans were allowed to return to the city, which was renamed <b>Epiphaneia</b><sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_J.D._1975-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἐπιφάνεια</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Stephanus_of_Byzantium_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephanus_of_Byzantium-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the Seleucid Emperor <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>. Seleucid rule began to decline, however, in the next two centuries, and Arab dynasties began to gain control of cities in this part of Syria, including Hama.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> took over original settlements such as <i>Hama</i> and made them their own. They met little resistance when they invaded Syria under <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and annexed it in 64 BC, whereupon Hama became part of the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Roman province of Syria</a>, ruled from Rome by a proconsul. Hama was an important city during the Greek and Roman periods, but very little archaeological evidence remains.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Syria became part of the Roman Empire, five hundred Hamian archers, known as "<i>Cohors Prima Hamiorum Sagittaria</i>", were stationed at <a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Magnis</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> starting from AD 120. The same unit or another one was later renamed to "<i>Numerus Syrorum Saggitariorum</i>" and located at <a href="/wiki/Derventio_Brigantum" title="Derventio Brigantum">Derventio Brigantum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malton,_North_Yorkshire" title="Malton, North Yorkshire">Malton</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The garrison unit was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hill_Fort" title="Bar Hill Fort">Bar Hill Fort</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> in Scotland in AD 142–157, then back to Magnis in AD 163–166, during the early reign of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>. They might have also stationed at <a href="/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort" title="Housesteads Roman Fort">Housesteads</a>, as a tombstone of an archer was located there. However, the cohort's presence in Britain was proven by military diplomas, found in <a href="/wiki/Stannington,_Northumberland" title="Stannington, Northumberland">Stannington</a> (AD 122) and <a href="/wiki/Ravenglass" title="Ravenglass">Ravenglass</a> (AD 124), in addition to altars dedicated to Syrian Goddesses discovered at <a href="/wiki/Catterick,_North_Yorkshire" title="Catterick, North Yorkshire">Catterick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1867243–244_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1867243–244-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In AD 330, the capital of the Roman Empire was moved to <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, and the city continued to prosper. In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> days, Hama was known as <b>Emath</b> or <b>Emathoùs</b> (<i>Εμαθούς</i> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>). Roman rule from Byzantium meant the <a href="/wiki/Christian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian religion">Christian religion</a> was strengthened throughout the Near East, and churches were built in Hama and other cities. The Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/John_of_Epiphania" title="John of Epiphania">John of Epiphania</a> was born in Hama in the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alley_in_Hama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alley_in_Hama.jpg/250px-Alley_in_Hama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alley_in_Hama.jpg/330px-Alley_in_Hama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alley_in_Hama.jpg/500px-Alley_in_Hama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>An alley in old Hama</figcaption></figure> <p>Two main personalities from Hama were documented during Greek-Roman times. The first is Eustathius of Epiphaneia (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Εὐστάθιος Ἐπιφανεύς</span>), who was a Greek historian but all his works were lost. His most famous work was the "Brief Chronicle" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Χρονικὴν ἐπιτομὴν</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second personality is <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_the_Stoic" title="Euphrates the Stoic">Euphrates the Stoic</a>, who was from Epiphaneia according to <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephanus_of_Byzantium_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephanus_of_Byzantium-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Islamic_period">Early Islamic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early Islamic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nur_al-Din_Mosque,_Hama_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nur_al-Din_Mosque%2C_Hama_01.jpg/250px-Nur_al-Din_Mosque%2C_Hama_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nur_al-Din_Mosque%2C_Hama_01.jpg/330px-Nur_al-Din_Mosque%2C_Hama_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nur_al-Din_Mosque%2C_Hama_01.jpg/500px-Nur_al-Din_Mosque%2C_Hama_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Mosque" title="Nur al-Din Mosque">Nur al-Din Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hama was conquered by Muslim forces under <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubayda_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah</a> in 638 or 639, during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Syria">Muslim conquest of Syria</a>. The town thereafter regained its ancient name and has since retained it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known about Hama during the early Muslim period. After its capitulation to the Muslims, it became administratively part of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a> (the military district of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>), remaining as such through the 10th century. During <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> rule (661–750), it contained a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">congregational mosque</a>, likely erected on the remains of a Byzantine-era church, parts of which were utilized in the mosque's construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> rule (750–late 9th century), the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 775–785</span>) restored the mosque. During the reign of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 892–902</span>), Hama was large, walled trading town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 November 903, the army of al-Mu'tadid's successor, Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi">al-Muktafi</a>, defeated the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" title="Ismailism">Isma'ili Shia</a> movement embraced by many <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hama" title="Battle of Hama">Battle of Hama</a>, ending their dominance of the Syrian Desert. </p><p>In 944, the <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a> captured the northern Syrian city of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and by the following year expanded their control to Jund Hims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004274_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004274-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hama was thus incorporated into the Hamdanid emirate of Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Writing in 985, the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalemite</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasi</a> noted the city had become a part of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Qinnasrin" title="Jund Qinnasrin">Jund Qinnasrin</a> (the military district of northern Syria);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEle_Strange189039_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEle_Strange189039-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Jund" title="Jund">junds</a></i> had become nominal administrative divisions by this point). Hama remained in the orbit of Aleppo until the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were considered the 'dark years' of Hama as the local rulers of northern and southern Syria struggled for dominance in the region. The Byzantines under emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nicephorus Phocas</a> raided the town in 968 and burned the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Hama" title="Great Mosque of Hama">Great Mosque</a>. By the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a> gained suzerainty over northern Syria and during this period, the Aleppo-based <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirdasid">Mirdasids</a> sacked Hama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> noted in 1047 that Hama was "well populated" and stood on the banks of the Orontes River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEle_Strange1890357_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEle_Strange1890357-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Islamic_period">Middle Islamic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Middle Islamic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hama,_Life_on_the_streets,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hama%2C_Life_on_the_streets%2C_Syria.jpg/250px-Hama%2C_Life_on_the_streets%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hama%2C_Life_on_the_streets%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Hama%2C_Life_on_the_streets%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hama%2C_Life_on_the_streets%2C_Syria.jpg/500px-Hama%2C_Life_on_the_streets%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The gate in the old city of Hama, Mamluk architecture</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusader</a> <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_Prince_of_Galilee" title="Tancred, Prince of Galilee">Tancred, Prince of Galilee</a>, took Hama in 1108,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 1114 the Crusaders lost it definitively to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Seljuks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Toghtekin" title="Toghtekin">Toghtekin</a>, atabeg of Damascus. By 1154, the <a href="/wiki/Zengid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengid">Zengid</a> ruler of Aleppo, <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zangi">Nur al-Din</a> conquered Damascus and thus brought Muslim Syria, including Hama, under his control (the coastal regions were under Crusader rule). In <a href="/wiki/1157_Hama_earthquake" title="1157 Hama earthquake">1157 two earthquakes</a> cumulatively shattered the city and caused immense damage to the neighboring towns of <a href="/wiki/Maarrat_al-Numan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarrat al-Numan">Maarrat al-Numan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaizar" title="Shaizar">Shaizar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kafartab" title="Kafartab">Kafartab</a>. The first earthquake, on 13 July, left Hama partly in ruins and repairs were undertaken by Nur al-Din to the city's walls in early August to prevent Crusader forces from taking advantage of its damaged state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004745_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004745-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more severe earthquake, on 12 August, collapsed most of the town, its fortress and citadel, and all its large residences, which were clustered around the Orontes, killing most of Hama's inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004747_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004747-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterward, the citadel walls and the Hassanayn Mosque were rebuilt; a surviving inscription on a small mosque south of the citadel notes that structure was rebuilt after its destruction in the 1157 earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004748_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004748-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1172, Nur al-Din built the city's current <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Mosque" title="Nur al-Din Mosque">Great Mosque</a> with a tall, square <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1175, Hama was taken from the Zengids by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. He granted the city to his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muzaffar_Umar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muzaffar Umar">al-Muzaffar Umar</a>, four years later, putting it under the rule of his <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> family. This ushered in an era of stability and prosperity in Hama as the Ayyubids ruled it almost continuously until 1342.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographer <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>, who was born in Hama, described it in 1225 as a large town surrounded by a strongly built wall.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hama was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Syria">Mongols</a> in 1260, as were most other Syrian cities, but the Mongols were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(1303)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)">defeated</a> that same year and then again in 1303 by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> who succeeded the Ayyubids as rulers of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hama briefly passed to Mamluk control in 1299 after the death of governor al-Mansur Mahmoud II. However, unlike other former Ayyubid cities, the Mamluks reinstated Ayyubid rule in Hama by making <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Fida">Abu al-Fida</a>, the historian and geographer, governor of the city and he reigned from 1310 to 1332.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described his city as "very ancient... mentioned in the book of the <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelites</a>. It is one of the pleasantest places in Syria."<sup id="cite_ref-Strange360_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strange360-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, he was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Muhammad" title="Al-Afdal Muhammad">al-Afdal Muhammad</a> who eventually lost Mamluk favor and was deposed. Thus, Hama came under direct Mamluk control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hama grew prosperous during the Ayyubid period, as well as the Mamluk period. It gradually expanded to both banks of the Orontes River, with the suburb on the right bank being connected to the town proper by a newly built bridge. The town on the left bank was divided into upper and lower parts, each of which was surrounded by a wall. The city was filled with palaces, markets, mosques, <i><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a></i>, and a hospital, and over thirty different sized <a href="/wiki/Noria" title="Noria">norias</a> (water-wheels). In addition, there stood a massive citadel in Hama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, a special aqueduct brought drinking water to Hama from the neighboring town of <a href="/wiki/Salamiyah" title="Salamiyah">Salamiyah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> visited Hama in 1335 and remarked that the Orontes River made the city "pleasant to live in, with its many gardens full of trees and fruits." He also speaks of a large suburb called al-Mansuriyyah (named after an Ayyubid emir) that contained "a fine market, a mosque, and bathes."<sup id="cite_ref-Strange360_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strange360-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1400, <a href="/wiki/Timurlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurlane">Timurlane</a> took Hama, along with nearby <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG/220px-AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG/330px-AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG/440px-AlAzamPalace_at_Hama1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Azm_Palace_(Hama)" title="Azm Palace (Hama)">Azem Palace</a> in Hama was built in 1742</figcaption></figure> <p>The prosperous period of Mamluk rule came to an end in 1516, when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> conquered Syria from the Mamluks after defeating them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">Battle of Marj Dabiq</a> near Aleppo. Hama, and the rest of Syria, came under Ottoman rule from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Ottomans, Hama gradually became more important in the administrative structure of the region. It was first made capital of one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(Arabic)" title="Liwa (Arabic)">liwas</a></i> ("districts") of the <i><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalet</a></i> ("province") of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DSA163_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSA163-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hama once again became an important center for trade routes running east from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coast into Asia. A number of <i>khans</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Caravansaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravansaries">caravansaries</a>") were built in the city, like Khan Rustum Pasha which dates from 1556.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring3_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor of Hama was tasked in 1692 with settling <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> nomads in the Hama-Homs region under the aegis of the Ottoman Empire's tribal settlement program.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then in the 18th century, it became a part of the holdings of the governor of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-DSA163_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSA163-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governors of Damascus at this time were the Azems, who also ruled other parts of Syria, for the Ottomans. They erected sumptuous residences in Hama, including the <a href="/wiki/Azm_Palace_(Hama)" title="Azm Palace (Hama)">Azem Palace</a> and Khan As'ad Pasha which were built by <a href="/wiki/As%27ad_Pasha_al-Azm" title="As'ad Pasha al-Azm">As'ad Pasha al-Azem</a>, who governed Hama for a number of years until 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring3_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, there were 14 caravansaries in the city, mostly used for the storage and distribution of seeds, cotton, wool, and other commodities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the passing of the Vilayet Law in 1864, Hama became the capital of the Sanjak of Hama (gaining the city more administrative powers), part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Sham">vilayet of Sham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DSA163_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSA163-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hama,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hama%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Hama%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hama%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Hama%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hama%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Hama%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>General view</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_tower_of_Hama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Clock_tower_of_Hama.jpg/170px-Clock_tower_of_Hama.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Clock_tower_of_Hama.jpg/255px-Clock_tower_of_Hama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Clock_tower_of_Hama.jpg/340px-Clock_tower_of_Hama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="2871" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Clock_tower" title="Clock tower">clock tower</a> of Hama</figcaption></figure> <p>Ottoman rule ended in 1918, after their defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Forces</a>. Hama was made part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Syria">French Mandate of Syria</a>. By then, Hama had developed into what it has remained: a medium-sized provincial town, important as the market for an agricultural area abundant in cereals, but also cotton and sugar beets. It gained notoriety as the center of large estates worked by peasants and dominated by a few magnate families. The <a href="/wiki/1925_Hama_uprising" title="1925 Hama uprising">1925 Hama uprising</a> occurred in the city during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a> against the French. </p><p>During the French Mandate, the district of Hama contained within its bounds the municipality of Hama and 114 villages. By an estimate in 1930, only four of these villages were owned outright by local cultivators, while sharing ownership of two villages with a notable family. Thus, the hinterland was owned by landowning elites.<sup id="cite_ref-DSA164_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSA164-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the late 1940s, significant class conflict erupted as agricultural workers sought reform in Hama. </p><p>Syria gained full independence from France in 1946. <a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a>, a member of an impoverished notable family in Hama, began to agitate for land reform and better social conditions. He made Hama the base of his <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Socialist Party">Arab Socialist Party</a>, which later merged with another socialist party, the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath</a>. This party's ascent to power in 1963 signalled the end of power for the landowning elite. </p><p>The political insurgency by Sunni Islamic groups, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, occurred in the city, which was reputed as a stronghold of conservative Sunni Islam. As early as the spring of 1964, Hama became the epicentre of an <a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">uprising</a> by conservative forces, encouraged by speeches from mosque preachers, denouncing the policies of the Ba'ath. The Syrian government sent tanks and troops into the quarters of Hama's old city to put down the insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-DSA164_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSA164-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1980s, Hama had emerged as a major source of opposition to the Ba'ath government during the Sunni armed <a href="/wiki/Islamic_uprising_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a>, which had begun in 1976. The city was a focal point for bloody events in the <a href="/wiki/1981_Hama_massacre" title="1981 Hama massacre">1981 massacre</a> and the most notable <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">1982 Hama massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most serious insurrection of the Syrian Islamist uprising happened in Hama during February 1982, when Government forces, led by the president's brother, <a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat al-Assad</a>, quelled the revolt in Hama with very harsh means.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanks and artillery shelled the neighbourhoods held by the insurgents indiscriminately, and government forces are alleged to have executed thousands of prisoners and civilian residents after subduing the revolt, which became known as the Hama massacre. The story was suppressed and regarded as highly sensitive in <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hama massacre led to the military term "Hama Rules" meaning the complete large-scale destruction of a military objective or target.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_civil_war">Syrian civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Syrian civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2024_Hama_offensive" title="2024 Hama offensive">2024 Hama offensive</a></div> <p>The city was the site of one of the largest protest movements during the Syrian uprising. However, there was minimal armed conflict-mostly in the early stages of armed uprising-and the city remained under the control of the regular army for most of the war. </p><p>On 30 November 2024, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2024)">Battle of Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian government forces</a> retreated as <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">opposition</a> forces began to push toward the city.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days later, on 5 December, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a> captured the city from the <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> government after taking the control of the city of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> a week before.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its climate is classified as <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> (BSk) in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification system">Köppen-Geiger system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hama's inland location ensures that it receives no softening coastal influences and breezes from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. As a result, the city has a much hotter and drier climate than nearby <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Hama (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1956–2004) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td> <td style="background: #CB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.2<br />(113.4) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0<br />(113.0) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #CB0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.2<br />(113.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3<br />(17.1) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3<br />(18.9) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−8.3<br />(17.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.5<br />(2.85) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.3<br />(2.14) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.3<br />(1.94) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(1.27) </td> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(0.41) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(0.15) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(0.07) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(0.84) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(1.57) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.5<br />(2.62) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">352.7<br />(13.89) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.1 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.2 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249.0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">325.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">366.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">387.5 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">356.5 </td> <td style="background: #F3F317; color:#000000;" class="notheme">312.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.0 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">130.2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,071.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BABA47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (precipitation and sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteostat<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (extremes 1956–2004, and humidity 1973–1993)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_George%27s_Cathedral,_Hama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Saint_George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Hama.jpg/220px-Saint_George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Hama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Saint_George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Hama.jpg/330px-Saint_George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Hama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Saint_George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Hama.jpg/440px-Saint_George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Hama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> church.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Josiah C. Russel, during the 12th century, Hama had a population of 6,750.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Reilly accounts the historical population as: 1812– 30,000 (Burckhardt) 1830– 20,000 (Robinson) 1839– 30–44,000 (Bowring) 1850– 30,000 (Porter) 1862– 10–12,000 (Guys) 1880– 27,656 (Parliamentary Papers) 1901– 60,000 (Parliamentary Papers) 1902–1907 80,000 (Trade Reports) 1906– 40,000 (al-Sabuni) 1909– 60,000 (Trade Reports)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, while Hama was under the French Mandate, there were approximately 50,000 residents. In the 1960 census, there were 110,000 inhabitants. The population continued to rise, reaching 180,000 in 1978 and 273,000 in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births in the <a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama Governorate</a> was 99.4.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2005 estimate had Hama's population at around 325,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-DSA162_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSA162-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the residents are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a> (including mostly <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a>), although some districts of the city are exclusively Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-DSA162_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSA162-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hama is reputed to be the most conservative Sunni Muslim city in Syria since French Mandate times. During that period there was an old saying reflecting this characteristic: "In Damascus, it takes only three men to make a political demonstration, while in Hama it takes only three men to get the town to pray."<sup id="cite_ref-DSA164_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSA164-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian population mostly adheres to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SandH232_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandH232-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city also contains a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee camp">Palestinian refugee camp</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Hama_camp" title="Hama camp">Hama camp</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiastical_status">Ecclesiastical status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek Orthodox Church has a prelacy in Hama under the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch of Antioch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SandH232_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandH232-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hama is still a Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a> (referred to as "Hamath" or Amath"), <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apamea (Syria)">Apamea</a>. It is as "Epiphania" that it is best known in ecclesiastical documents. <a href="/wiki/Lequien" class="mw-redirect" title="Lequien">Lequien</a> mentions nine Greek bishops of Epiphania.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of them, whom he calls Mauritius, is the Manikeios whose signature appears in the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, it has two Catholic archbishops, a <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Greek Melkite</a> and a Syrian, the former residing at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labroud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labroud (page does not exist)">Labroud</a>, the latter at Homs, reuniting the titles of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs (Emesus)</a> and Hamah.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Titular bishopric of the Roman Church</b> </p> <ul><li>Vartan Hunanian (28 Jan 1675 - 24 October 1681) <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_von_Harrach_zu_Rorau" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Anton von Harrach zu Rorau">Franz Anton von Harrach zu Rorau</a> (21 Nov 1701 - 7 January 1702, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Vienna">bishop of Vienna</a>)</li> <li>Giovanni Domenico Xiberras, (1 Oct 1727 - 5 October 1751)</li> <li>Giovanni Battista Albrici Pellegrini (5 Oct 1751 - 21 July 1760, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Como" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Como">Bishop of Como</a>)</li> <li>Tommaso Vespoli (22 Nov 1762 - 1768 )</li> <li>Johann Nepomuk Augustin von Hornstein zu Hohenstoffen (16 May 1768 - 16 December 1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Alphonsus_Bourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Alphonsus Bourne">Francis Alphonsus Bourne</a> (23 Mar 1896 - 1 May 1897)</li> <li>Pierre Feghali (23 Feb 1919 - 20 July 1944)</li> <li>Pietro Sfair (11 Mar 1953 - 11 March 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Malanczuk" title="Volodymyr Malanczuk">Volodymyr Malanczuk</a>, (22 Jul 1960 - 29 September 1990)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazo,_Hama" title="Kazo, Hama">Kazo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noria_in_Hama_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Noria_in_Hama_01.jpg/330px-Noria_in_Hama_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Noria_in_Hama_01.jpg/500px-Noria_in_Hama_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Noria_in_Hama_01.jpg/960px-Noria_in_Hama_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1809" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Orontes River and <a href="/wiki/Norias_of_Hama" title="Norias of Hama">Norias of Hama</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norias_of_Hama_2,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Norias_of_Hama_2%2C_Syria.jpg/138px-Norias_of_Hama_2%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Norias_of_Hama_2%2C_Syria.jpg/207px-Norias_of_Hama_2%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Norias_of_Hama_2%2C_Syria.jpg/276px-Norias_of_Hama_2%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Close-up view of Noria</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hama-noria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hama-noria.jpg/146px-Hama-noria.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hama-noria.jpg/219px-Hama-noria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hama-noria.jpg/292px-Hama-noria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Norias_of_Hama" title="Norias of Hama">Norias of Hama</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Hama's most famous attractions are the 17 <a href="/wiki/Norias_of_Hama" title="Norias of Hama">Norias of Hama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نواعير حماة</span>), dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> times. Fed by the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Orontes river">Orontes river</a>, they are up to 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter. The largest <i>noria</i>s are the <i>al-Mamunye</i> (1453) and the <i>al-Muhammediye</i> (14th century). Originally they were used to route water into aqueducts, which led into the town and the neighbouring agricultural areas. </p><p><i>Other sights include:</i> </p> <ul><li>Hama museum, housed in an 18th-century Ottoman governor's residence (<i>Azem</i> Palace), exhibiting remains of a Roman mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Maryamin,_Homs" title="Maryamin, Homs">Maryamin</a> (4th century AD)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nur_Al-Din_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur Al-Din Mosque">al-Nuri</a></i> mosque, renovated in 1163 by <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zangi">Nur ad-Din</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1157_Hama_earthquake" title="1157 Hama earthquake">earthquake of 1157</a>.</li> <li>Mamluk <i>al-Izzi</i> mosque (15th century)</li> <li>Mosque and Mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Fida">Abu al-Fida</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> historian who was also governor of the city.</li> <li><i>al-Hasanain</i> mosque, also rebuilt by Nur ad-Din after the earthquake</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Hama" title="Great Mosque of Hama">Great Mosque of Hama</a>, rebuilt after 1982 bombardment, incorporating elements from the ancient and Christian structures upon which it was founded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adnan al-Bakkour, former Attorney General</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hama-sound_of_noria.ogg" title="File:Hama-sound of noria.ogg"><i>Sound of a noria</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Hama-sound_of_noria.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Hama-sound_of_noria.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Hama-sound_of_noria.ogg/Hama-sound_of_noria.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Sound of a noria</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? 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<li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the ancient Near East">Cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_massacre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hama massacre (disambiguation)">Hama massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_chronology_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Short chronology timeline">Short chronology timeline</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22612/hamah/population">"2023 official census"</a>. cbss<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2023+official+census&rft.pub=cbss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fcities%2F22612%2Fhamah%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/your-cheat-sheet-to-the-syrian-conflict">Updated: Your Cheat Sheet to the Syrian Conflict</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221103183504/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/your-cheat-sheet-to-the-syrian-conflict">Archived</a> 3 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. PBS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/253154/Hamah">"Hamah (Syria)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130616001943/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/253154/Hamah">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamah+%28Syria%29&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F253154%2FHamah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ring1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ring1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ring, 1996, p.315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins,_J.D._1975-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_J.D._1975_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, J.D. "Hamath." <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie</i>, Vol. 4. Walter de Gruyter, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/hittite.htm">The Decipherment of Hittite</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031184739/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/hittite.htm">Archived</a> 31 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> James Norman (Schmidt), Ancestral Voices: Decoding Ancient Languages, Four Winds Press, New York, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7125-hamath">"Hamath"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. Jewishencyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404101427/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7125-hamath">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hamath&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Jewishencyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F7125-hamath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamath's history from the inscriptions was encapsulated by George L. Robinson, "The Entrance of Hamath" <i>The Biblical World</i> <b>32</b>.1 (July 1908:7–18), in discussing the topography evoked by the Biblical phrase "the entrance of Hamath".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger2016-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrainger2016_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrainger2016">Grainger 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hamath Wrecked to Terrify Small Opponents of Assyria" <i>The Science News-Letter</i>. 39:13 (29 March 1941:205–206.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ivories were found there by Layard. One of the ivory panels found at "Fort Shalmaneser" is inscribed "Hamath." (R. D. Barnett, "Hamath and Nimrud: Shell Fragments from Hamath and the Provenance of the Nimrud Ivories." <i>Iraq</i>. 25:1. [Spring 1963:81–85.])</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toorn2019-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toorn2019_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarel_van_der_Toorn2019" class="citation book cs1">Karel van der Toorn (24 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mpKsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Becoming Diaspora Jews: Behind the Story of Elephantine</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24949-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24949-1"><bdi>978-0-300-24949-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1117508771">1117508771</a>. <q>In the fifth century BCE, the Persian army in southern Egypt employed Arameans from Syria, Arameans from Babylonia, and Jews. The latter identified themselves as Arameans too. Their language was Aramaic, and their literary and religious culture bore an Aramean slant. [...] One of the two groups that constituted the Aramean colony of Syene had its roots in Hamath. This is the Bethel group.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Diaspora+Jews%3A+Behind+the+Story+of+Elephantine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1117508771&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24949-1&rft.au=Karel+van+der+Toorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmpKsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Kings+14:25&version=nkjv">2 Kings 14:25</a>: <a href="/wiki/NKJV" class="mw-redirect" title="NKJV">NKJV</a> translation; cf. <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a> translation, which refers to the Dead Sea</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1990">Dandamayev 1990</a>, pp. 726–729.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephanus_of_Byzantium-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephanus_of_Byzantium_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephanus_of_Byzantium_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/241#E274.17">"ToposText"</a>. <i>topostext.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410155716/https://topostext.org/work/241#E274.17">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=topostext.org&rft.atitle=ToposText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopostext.org%2Fwork%2F241%23E274.17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ring2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ring2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ring2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ring2_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ring, 1996, p.317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portalstothepast.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Roman-Hamian-Archer.pdf">"Hamian Archers: Roman auxiliaries from Syria in Britain. 2nd Century A.D."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>portalstothepast.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412003630/https://www.portalstothepast.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Roman-Hamian-Archer.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portalstothepast.co.uk&rft.atitle=Hamian+Archers%3A+Roman+auxiliaries+from+Syria+in+Britain.+2nd+Century+A.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalstothepast.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F03%2FRoman-Hamian-Archer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanarmy.net/images/Pages/Military/hamians.htm">"The Hamians"</a>. <i>romanarmy.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=romanarmy.net&rft.atitle=The+Hamians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanarmy.net%2Fimages%2FPages%2FMilitary%2Fhamians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1867243–244-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1867243–244_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1867">Bruce 1867</a>, pp. 243–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/epsilon/3746">"SOL Search"</a>. <i>www.cs.uky.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922153150/https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/epsilon/3746">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.uky.edu&rft.atitle=SOL+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uky.edu%2F~raphael%2Fsol%2Fsol-entries%2Fepsilon%2F3746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2007163_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitaker2007">Whitaker 2007</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1971120_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSourdel1971">Sourdel 1971</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004274-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004274_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEle_Strange189039-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEle_Strange189039_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFle_Strange1890">le Strange 1890</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEle_Strange1890357-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEle_Strange1890357_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFle_Strange1890">le Strange 1890</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004745-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004745_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbraseys2004">Ambraseys 2004</a>, p. 745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004747-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004747_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbraseys2004">Ambraseys 2004</a>, p. 747.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004748-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbraseys2004748_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbraseys2004">Ambraseys 2004</a>, p. 748.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7506">Nur al-Din Mosque</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703000453/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7506">Archived</a> 3 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Archnet Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">le Strange, 1890, p.359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strange360-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strange360_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strange360_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">le Strange, 1890, p.360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">le Strange, 1890, p.xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring3-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ring3_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ring3_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ring3_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ring, 1996, p.318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSA163-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSA163_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSA163_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSA163_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p.163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÇakar2019" class="citation book cs1">Çakar, Enver (2019). "Les Turkmènes d'Alep à l'époque ottomane (1516–1700)". In Winter, Stefan; Ade, Mafalda (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/38977"><i>Aleppo and its Hinterland in the Ottoman Period / Alep et sa province à l'époque ottomane</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37902-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37902-2"><bdi>978-90-04-37902-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240519161208/https://brill.com/view/title/38977">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+Turkm%C3%A8nes+d%E2%80%99Alep+%C3%A0+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque+ottomane+%281516%E2%80%931700%29&rft.btitle=Aleppo+and+its+Hinterland+in+the+Ottoman+Period+%2F+Alep+et+sa+province+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+ottomane&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37902-2&rft.aulast=%C3%87akar&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F38977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span> p.25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reilly, 2002, p.72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSA164-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSA164_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSA164_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSA164_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarbi_Sadiki" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larbi_Sadiki" title="Larbi Sadiki">Larbi Sadiki</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/07/201173113293285318.html">"In Syria, the government is the real rebel – Opinion"</a>. Al Jazeera English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110801133753/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/07/201173113293285318.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Syria%2C+the+government+is+the+real+rebel+%E2%80%93+Opinion&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.au=Larbi+Sadiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2011%2F07%2F201173113293285318.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=38546">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2012">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714075113/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/09/156879.html">"Survivors of Syria's Hama massacres by Assad forces watch, and hope"</a>. 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Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-70699-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-70699-9"><bdi>978-0-374-70699-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Beirut+to+Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-374-70699-9&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D877DR3un9rIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-deadly-strikes-aleppo-rebels-seize-airport-push-towards-hama">"Deadly strikes hit Aleppo as Syrian rebels seize airport, push towards Hama"</a>. <i>Middle East Eye</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241208002104/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-deadly-strikes-aleppo-rebels-seize-airport-push-towards-hama">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Deadly+strikes+hit+Aleppo+as+Syrian+rebels+seize+airport%2C+push+towards+Hama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fsyria-deadly-strikes-aleppo-rebels-seize-airport-push-towards-hama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/5/syrian-opposition-fighters-claim-to-have-entered-the-crucial-city-of-hama">"Syrian opposition forces capture Hama in fresh blow to Assad"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 5 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rubel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif">"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated"</a>. <i>Meteorol. Z</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">259–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K">2006MetZe..15..259K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130">10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724113354/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorol.+Z.&rft.atitle=World+Map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification+updated&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MetZe..15..259K&rft.au=M.+Kottek&rft.au=J.+Grieser&rft.au=C.+Beck&rft.au=B.+Rudolf&rft.au=F.+Rubel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at%2Fpics%2Fkottek_et_al_2006.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/SY/40030.TXT">"Hama Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hama+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FSY%2F40030.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteostat.net/en/station/40030">"Hama Climate : Temperature 1991-2020"</a>. Meteostat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241219180312/https://meteostat.net/en/station/40030">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hama+Climate+%3A+Temperature+1991-2020&rft.pub=Meteostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteostat.net%2Fen%2Fstation%2F40030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_400300_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Hama / Syrien"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world</i> (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412012604/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_400300_kt.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961%E2%80%931990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Hama+%2F+Syrien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_400300_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shatzmiller, 1994, p.59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Reilly, <i>A Small Town in Syria, Ottoman Hama in the 18th and 19th Centuries</i>, p73. Peter Lang Publishing (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wincler, 1998, p.72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wincler, 1998, p.44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSA162-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSA162_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSA162_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p.162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SandH232-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SandH232_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SandH232_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaff and Herzog, 1911, p.232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oriens Christianus</i>, II, pp.915–918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gelzer" title="Heinrich Gelzer">Gelzer, Heinrich</a>, <i>Patrum Nicaenorum Nomina</i>. p.lxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Missiones Catholicae</i>. pp.781–804.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2e34.html">http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2e34.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220161841/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2e34.html">Archived</a> 20 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Epiphania in Syria (Titular See). Catholicheirachy.org</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Hamatha" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Hamatha">Hamatha</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hamatha&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07120c.htm">CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hamatha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404104155/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07120c.htm">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmbraseys2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ambraseys" title="Nicholas Ambraseys">Ambraseys, Nicholas N.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/793/1/31Ambraseys.pdf">"The 12th Century Seismic Paroxysm in the Middle East: A Historical Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annals of Geophysics</i>. <b>47</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">733–</span>758.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Geophysics&rft.atitle=The+12th+Century+Seismic+Paroxysm+in+the+Middle+East%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E733-%3C%2Fspan%3E758&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ambraseys&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth-prints.org%2Fbitstream%2F2122%2F793%2F1%2F31Ambraseys.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1996" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, Andrew (1996). "Hama". In Ring, Trudy; Berney, K.A.; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC"><i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">315–</span>318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-03-6"><bdi>1-884964-03-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hama&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-884964-03-6&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR44VRnNCzAYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Collingwood_Bruce" title="John Collingwood Bruce">Bruce, John Collingwood</a> (1867). <i>The Roman Wall: a historical, topographical, and descriptive account of the barrier of the lower isthmus, extending from the Tyne to the Solway, etc. With plates and maps</i>. Longmans & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Wall%3A+a+historical%2C+topographical%2C+and+descriptive+account+of+the+barrier+of+the+lower+isthmus%2C+extending+from+the+Tyne+to+the+Solway%2C+etc.+With+plates+and+maps&rft.pub=Longmans+%26+Company&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=John+Collingwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDandamayev1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cambyses-opers">"Cambyses II"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">726–</span>729. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003906/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cambyses-opers">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cambyses+II&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E726-%3C%2Fspan%3E729&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Dandamayev&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcambyses-opers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrainger2016" class="citation book cs1">Grainger, John D. (2016). <i>Syria: An Outline History</i>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473860834" title="Special:BookSources/9781473860834"><bdi>9781473860834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+An+Outline+History&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781473860834&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerzogSchaff1911" class="citation book cs1">Herzog, Johann Jakob; Schaff, Phillip (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amYAAAAAMAAJ"><i>The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge: Embracing Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology and Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Biography from the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i></a>. Funk and Wagnalls Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Schaff-Herzog+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Knowledge%3A+Embracing+Biblical%2C+Historical%2C+Doctrinal%2C+and+Practical+Theology+and+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Biography+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Funk+and+Wagnalls+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Johann+Jakob&rft.au=Schaff%2C+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamYAAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC"><i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century</i></a> (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7"><bdi>978-0-582-40525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+6th+to+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-582-40525-7&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWux0lWbxs1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReilly2002" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, James (2002). <i>A Small Town in Syria: Ottoman Hama in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries</i>. P. Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783906766904" title="Special:BookSources/9783906766904"><bdi>9783906766904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Small+Town+in+Syria%3A+Ottoman+Hama+in+the+Eighteenth+and+Nineteenth+centuries&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783906766904&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShatzmiller1994" class="citation book cs1">Shatzmiller, Maya (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzo0Skd1kcYC"><i>Labour in the Medieval Islamic World</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004098961" title="Special:BookSources/9789004098961"><bdi>9789004098961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789004098961&rft.aulast=Shatzmiller&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzo0Skd1kcYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSourdel1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Sourdel" title="Dominique Sourdel">Sourdel, D.</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=%E1%B8%A4am%C4%81t&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Ḥamāt"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage" title="Victor Louis Ménage">Ménage, V. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume III:<i> H–Iram</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">119–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525">495469525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4am%C4%81t&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+III%3A+H%E2%80%93Iram&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469525&rft.aulast=Sourdel&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3D%25E1%25B8%25A4am%25C4%2581t%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFle_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1">le Strange, Guy (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ENANAAAAIAAJ"><i>Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</i></a>. Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=le+Strange&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DENANAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker2007" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, J. L. (2007). "Hamah". In Dumper, Michael R.T.; Stanley, Bruce E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ob7OEAAAQBAJ"><i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa</i></a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">162–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hamah&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dob7OEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinckler1998" class="citation book cs1">Winckler, Onn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ki6yXV0qxw4C&q=Hama+Syria&pg=PA71"><i>Demographic Developments and Population Policies in Ba'athist Syria</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902210-16-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-902210-16-6"><bdi>1-902210-16-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demographic+Developments+and+Population+Policies+in+Ba%27athist+Syria&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-902210-16-6&rft.aulast=Winckler&rft.aufirst=Onn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dki6yXV0qxw4C%26q%3DHama%2BSyria%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hama#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Hama">Bibliography of the history of Hama</a></div> <ul><li>P. J. Riis/V. Poulsen, Hama: <i>fouilles et recherches 1931–1938</i> (Copenhagen 1957).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hama" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hama">Hama</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hama#Q173545" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Hama">Hama</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7008617875&ref=ts">The Official City's Group on facebook</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span> – <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216061403/http://e.sy/">e.sy</a> Governmental online services</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hama.ws">Official site of Hama governorate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612074439/http://hama.ws/">Archived</a> 12 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823133201/http://www.hamabook.com/">Hama city community on the net</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/SyriaHamath.htm">Ancient Hama king list</a> historyfiles.co.uk</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Cities_and_towns_of_Syria169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_and_towns_of_Syria169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities and towns of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra" title="Quneitra">Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Dimashq">Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwayda" title="Suwayda">Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Syria"><img alt="Districts of Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/100px-Syria_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/150px-Syria_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/200px-Syria_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamal" title="Abu Kamal">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariha,_Idlib" title="Ariha, Idlib">Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Arab">Ayn al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darayya" title="Darayya">Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir" title="Dayr Hafir">Dayr Hafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraykish" title="Duraykish">Duraykish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiq,_Syria" title="Fiq, Syria">Fiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haffah" title="Al-Haffah">al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem,_Syria" title="Harem, Syria">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izra" title="Izra">Izra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisr_ash-Shughur" title="Jisr ash-Shughur">Jisr ash-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarat al-Numaan">Maarat al-Numaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">al-Malikiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayadin" title="Mayadin">Mayadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhardeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mhardeh">Mhardeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukharram" title="Al-Mukharram">al-Mukharram al-Foqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nabk" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nabk">an-Nabk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qardaha" title="Qardaha">Qardaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatana" title="Qatana">Qatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudsaya" title="Qudsaya">Qudsaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qutayfah" title="Al-Qutayfah">al-Qutayfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn,_al-Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Ayn, al-Hasakah">Ra's al-'Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">al-Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Safira" title="As-Safira">as-Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamiyah" title="Salamiyah">Salamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salkhad" title="Salkhad">Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanamayn" title="Al-Sanamayn">al-Sanamayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash-Shaykh_Badr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash-Shaykh Badr">ash-Shaykh Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suqaylabiyah" title="Al-Suqaylabiyah">al-Suqaylabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tall_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tall (Syria)">al-Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">al-Thawrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabroud" title="Yabroud">Yabroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabadani">Zabadani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Sub-district</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qilqil" title="Abu Qilqil">Abu Qilqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Thuhur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Thuhur">Abu al-Thuhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtarin" title="Akhtarin">Akhtarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeen">Arbeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima,_Syria" title="Arima, Syria">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ariqah" title="Al-Ariqah">al-Ariqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Arishah" title="Al-Arishah">al-Arishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanaz" title="Armanaz">Armanaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asharah" title="Al-Asharah">al-Asharah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assal_al-Ward" title="Assal al-Ward">Assal al-Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awj" title="Awj">Awj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Fijah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Fijah">Ayn al-Fijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Halaqim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn Halaqim">Ayn Halaqim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Nasr">Ayn al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbila" title="Babbila">Babbila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banan,_Syria" title="Banan, Syria">Banan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri_Sharqi" title="Barri Sharqi">Barri Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn" title="Beit Jinn">Beit Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binnish" title="Binnish">Binnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_al-Helou" title="Bir al-Helou">Bir al-Helou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbul,_Syria" title="Bulbul, Syria">Bulbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Busayrah">Busayrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27el" title="Da'el">Da'el</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dana,_Syria" title="Al-Dana, Syria">al-Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darat_Izza" title="Darat Izza">Darat Izza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkush" title="Darkush">Darkush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Darbasiyah">al-Darbasiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Atiyah" title="Deir Atiyah">Deir Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dimas" title="Al-Dimas">al-Dimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dumayr" title="Al-Dumayr">al-Dumayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furqlus" title="Furqlus">Furqlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghabaghib" title="Ghabaghib">Ghabaghib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandoura" title="Ghandoura">Ghandoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghariyah" title="Al-Ghariyah">al-Ghariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghizlaniyah" title="Al-Ghizlaniyah">al-Ghizlaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hader,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hader, Syria">al-Hader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadidah" title="Hadidah">Hadidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajar_al-Aswad" title="Al-Hajar al-Aswad">al-Hajar al-Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajib" title="Al-Hajib">al-Hajib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajin" title="Hajin">Hajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah" title="Al-Hamidiyah">al-Hamidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamraa" title="Al-Hamraa">al-Hamraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harasta" title="Harasta">Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbnafsah" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbnafsah">Harbnafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran_al-Awamid" title="Harran al-Awamid">Harran al-Awamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hirak,_Syria" title="Al-Hirak, Syria">al-Hirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hish,_Syria" title="Hish, Syria">Hish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisyah" title="Hisyah">Hisyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawl" title="Al-Hawl">al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huraytan" class="mw-redirect" title="Huraytan">Huraytan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Huwash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Huwash">al-Huwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibbin_Samaan" title="Ibbin Samaan">Ibbin Samaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsim" title="Ihsim">Ihsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayrud" title="Jayrud">Jayrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalaa" title="Al-Jalaa">al-Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Janudiyah" title="Al-Janudiyah">al-Janudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaramana" title="Jaramana">Jaramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jarniyah" title="Al-Jarniyah">al-Jarniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasim" title="Jasim">Jasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawadiyah" title="Al-Jawadiyah">al-Jawadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Jarrah" title="Jubb al-Jarrah">Jubb al-Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_Ramlah" title="Jubb Ramlah">Jubb Ramlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindires" title="Jindires">Jindires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jiza,_Syria" title="Al-Jiza, Syria">al-Jiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabu,_Syria" title="Al-Qabu, Syria">al-Qabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Batna" title="Kafr Batna">Kafr Batna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Nabl" title="Kafr Nabl">Kafr Nabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Takharim" title="Kafr Takharim">Kafr Takharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zita" title="Kafr Zita">Kafr Zita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karamah,_Raqqa_Governorate" title="Al-Karamah, Raqqa Governorate">al-Karamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasrah" title="Al-Kasrah">al-Kasrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab">Kessab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khafsah" title="Al-Khafsah">al-Khafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" title="Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasham" title="Khasham">Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirnaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirnaz">Kirnaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwayris_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwayris Sharqi">Kuwayris Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Ghazaleh" title="Khirbet Ghazaleh">Khirbet Ghazaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Tin_Mahmoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud">Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kiswah" title="Al-Kiswah">al-Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_Misrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat Misrin">Ma'arrat Misrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maabatli" title="Maabatli">Maabatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maadan">Maadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaloula" title="Maaloula">Maaloula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Madaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahin,_Syria" title="Mahin, Syria">Mahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Malah" title="Tell Malah">Malah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malihah" title="Al-Malihah">al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansurah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansurah, Syria">al-Mansurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare%27" title="Mare'">Mare'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markada" title="Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashta_al-Helu" title="Mashta al-Helu">Mashta al-Helu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah" title="Maskanah">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masmiyah" title="Al-Masmiyah">al-Masmiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazraa,_Syria" title="Al-Mazraa, Syria">al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhambal" title="Muhambal">Muhambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhasan">Muhasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musayfirah" title="Al-Musayfirah">al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mushannaf" title="Al-Mushannaf">al-Mushannaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzayrib" title="Muzayrib">Muzayrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nashabiyah" title="Al-Nashabiyah">al-Nashabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasirah,_Syria" title="Al-Nasirah, Syria">al-Nasirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawa,_Syria" title="Nawa, Syria">Nawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubl">Nubl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadmus" title="Al-Qadmus">al-Qadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_Al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate">al-Qahtaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarah, Syria">Qarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaryatayn" title="Al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurayya" title="Al-Qurayya">al-Qurayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurqania" title="Qurqania">Qurqania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajo,_Syria" title="Rajo, Syria">Rajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankus">Rankus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Harmil_al-Imam" title="Rasm Harmil al-Imam">Rasm Harmil al-Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rai,_Syria" title="Al-Rai, Syria">al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Riqama" title="Al-Riqama">al-Riqama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruhaybah" title="Al-Ruhaybah">al-Ruhaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saan" title="Al-Saan">al-Saan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saasaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saasaa">Saasaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabburah" title="Sabburah">Sabburah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabe%27_Biyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sabe' Biyar">al-Sabe' Biyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabkhah" title="Al-Sabkhah">al-Sabkhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadad,_Syria" title="Sadad, Syria">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahnaya" title="Sahnaya">Sahnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidnaya" title="Saidnaya">Saidnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salqin" title="Salqin">Salqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmin" title="Sarmin">Sarmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawran, Syria">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebei,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebei, Syria">Sebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadah" title="Al-Shaddadah">al-Shaddadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shajara,_Syria" title="Al-Shajara, Syria">al-Shajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqqa" title="Shaqqa">Shaqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharran" title="Sharran">Sharran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shathah" title="Shathah">Shathah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Hadid" title="Shaykh al-Hadid">Shaykh al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Maskin" title="Al-Shaykh Maskin">al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayukh_Tahtani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayukh Tahtani">Shayukh Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin,_Syria" title="Shin, Syria">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar,_Idlib" title="Sinjar, Idlib">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirghaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirghaya">Sirghaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slinfah" title="Slinfah">Slinfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suluk,_Syria" title="Suluk, Syria">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Surah_al-Saghirah" title="Al-Surah al-Saghirah">al-Surah al-Saghirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwar" title="Al-Suwar">al-Suwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suran,_Hama_Governorate" title="Suran, Hama Governorate">Suran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Susah" title="Al-Susah">al-Susah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sukhnah,_Syria" title="Al-Sukhnah, Syria">al-Sukhnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabni" title="Al-Tabni">al-Tabni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh" title="Talbiseh">Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taldou" title="Taldou">Taldou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tamanah" title="Al-Tamanah">al-Tamanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasil" title="Tasil">Tasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Daman" title="Tell al-Daman">Tell al-Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hamis" title="Tell Hamis">Tell Hamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Salhab" title="Tell Salhab">Tell Salhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedef" class="mw-redirect" title="Tedef">Tedef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiban" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiban">Thiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqayribat" title="Uqayribat">Uqayribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_al-Kubra" title="Urum al-Kubra">Urum al-Kubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Oyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi al-Oyun">Wadi al-Oyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yaarubiyah" title="Al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zirbah" title="Al-Zirbah">al-Zirbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Ziyarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Ziyarah">az-Ziyarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hama_Governorate20" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hama_Governorate" title="Template:Hama Governorate"><abbr title="View this 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Hama<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hama</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dardah" title="Abu Dardah">Abu Dardah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansaf" title="Abu Mansaf">Abu Mansaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adabas,_Hama" title="Adabas, Hama">Adabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Alamein,_Syria" title="Al-Alamein, Syria">al-Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarat_Aslan" title="Amarat Aslan">Amarat Aslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzah" title="Arzah">Arzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awja_al-Janah" title="Awja al-Janah">Awja al-Janah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyo" title="Ayyo">Ayyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra,_Hama" title="Bahra, Hama">Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayad,_Hama" title="Bayad, Hama">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besirin" title="Besirin">Besirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buraq,_Syria" title="Al-Buraq, Syria">al-Buraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billin,_Syria" title="Billin, Syria">Billin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Daminah" title="Al-Daminah">al-Daminah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghawr_al-Assi" title="Ghawr al-Assi">Ghawr al-Assi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hashimiyah,_Hama" title="Al-Hashimiyah, Hama">al-Hashimiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawayiz_Umm_Jurn" title="Hawayiz Umm Jurn">Hawayiz Umm Jurn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawir_al-Salib" title="Hawir al-Salib">Hawir al-Salib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajiyah" title="Jajiyah">Jajiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarjara" title="Jarjara">Jarjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarjisa" title="Jarjisa">Jarjisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibrin" title="Jibrin">Jibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan,_Hama" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinan, Hama">Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumaqliyah" title="Jumaqliyah">Jumaqliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juziyah" title="Juziyah">Juziyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafraa" title="Kafraa">Kafraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Amim" title="Kafr Amim">Kafr Amim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Buhum" title="Kafr Buhum">Kafr Buhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_al-Tun" title="Kafr al-Tun">Kafr al-Tun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassun_al-Jabal" title="Kassun al-Jabal">Kassun al-Jabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khula" title="Al-Khula">al-Khula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khalidiyah,_Syria" title="Al-Khalidiyah, Syria">al-Khalidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitab" title="Khitab">Khitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar_Daftein" title="Maar Daftein">Maar Daftein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarin_al-Jabal" title="Maarin al-Jabal">Maarin al-Jabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar_Shuhur" title="Maar Shuhur">Maar Shuhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mubattan" title="Al-Mubattan">al-Mubattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madbaa" title="Madbaa">Madbaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqtaa_al-Hajar" title="Maqtaa al-Hajar">Maqtaa al-Hajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matnin" title="Matnin">Matnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarakat" title="Mubarakat">Mubarakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraywid" title="Muraywid">Muraywid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Narjis" title="Al-Narjis">al-Narjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nazaza" title="Al-Nazaza">al-Nazaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamhana" title="Qamhana">Qamhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubaybat_al-Assi" title="Qubaybat al-Assi">Qubaybat al-Assi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rabiaa" title="Al-Rabiaa">al-Rabiaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raabun" title="Raabun">Raabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruqaita" title="Al-Ruqaita">al-Ruqaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinah" title="Safinah">Safinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samrah" title="Samrah">Samrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawa,_Hama" title="Sawa, Hama">Sawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihat_Hama" title="Shihat Hama">Shihat Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraaya" title="Shiraaya">Shiraaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surayhin" title="Surayhin">Surayhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwak_al-Shamali" title="Suwak al-Shamali">Suwak al-Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwayda_al-Gharbiyah" title="Al-Suwayda al-Gharbiyah">al-Suwayda al-Gharbiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwayda_al-Sharqiyah" title="Al-Suwayda al-Sharqiyah">al-Suwayda al-Sharqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsis" title="Taqsis">Taqsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayzin" title="Tayzin">Tayzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin,_Hama" title="Tishrin, Hama">Tishrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwaym" title="Tuwaym">Tuwaym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Nahr" title="Tell al-Nahr">Tell al-Nahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qartal" title="Tell Qartal">Tell Qartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Hama" title="Umm al-Amad, Hama">Umm al-Amad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Tuyour,_Hama_Governorate" title="Umm al-Tuyour, Hama Governorate">Umm al-Tuyour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabada" title="Zabada">Zabada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zor_Abu_Dardah" title="Zor Abu Dardah">Zor Abu Dardah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zor_al-Sarmiyah" title="Zor al-Sarmiyah">Zor al-Sarmiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zor_Taqsis" title="Zor Taqsis">Zor Taqsis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Hirbnafsah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hirbnafsah" title="Hirbnafsah">Hirbnafsah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab" title="Aqrab">Aqrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrad_Ibrahim" title="Akrad Ibrahim">Akrad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja,_Hama" title="Baja, Hama">Baja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birin" title="Birin">Birin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisin,_Syria" title="Bisin, Syria">Bisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biyah" title="Al-Biyah">al-Biyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulous" title="Bulous">Bulous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Fardis" title="Deir al-Fardis">Deir al-Fardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Humayri" title="Al-Humayri">al-Humayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidrin" title="Jidrin">Jidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jafiah" title="Al-Jafiah">al-Jafiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qadah" title="Kafr Qadah">Kafr Qadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Aref" title="Khirbet Aref">Khirbet Aref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Jami" title="Khirbet al-Jami">Khirbet al-Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Qasr" title="Khirbet al-Qasr">Khirbet al-Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muah" title="Al-Muah">al-Muah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Houla" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Houla">Musa al-Houla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qufaylun" title="Qufaylun">Qufaylun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rawda,_Hama" title="Al-Rawda, Hama">al-Rawda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumaah" title="Sumaah">Suma'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaf" title="Talaf">Talaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tulaysiyah_al-Janubiyah" title="Al-Tulaysiyah al-Janubiyah">al-Tulaysiyah al-Janubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toumin" title="Toumin">Toumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zara%27a,_Hama" title="Zara'a, Hama">Zara'a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Suran<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Suran,_Hama_Governorate" title="Suran, Hama Governorate">Suran</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atshan" title="Atshan">Atshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buwaydah,_Suran" title="Buwaydah, Suran">Buwaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Shamali" title="Fan Shamali">Fan Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Junaynah" title="Al-Junaynah">al-Junaynah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawkab,_Hama" title="Kawkab, Hama">Kawkab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafsin" title="Khafsin">Khafsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Hajama" title="Khirbet al-Hajama">Khirbet al-Hajama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahaya" title="Lahaya">Lahaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maardis" title="Maardis">Maardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarkaba" title="Maarkaba">Maarkaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27an,_Syria" title="Ma'an, Syria">Ma'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masasneh" title="Masasneh">Masasneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murak,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Murak, Syria">Murak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Abu_Samrah" title="Qasr Abu Samrah">Qasr Abu Samrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Makhram" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr al-Makhram">Qasr al-Makhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubaybat_Abu_al-Huda" title="Qubaybat Abu al-Huda">Qubaybat Abu al-Huda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatheh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatheh">Shatheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taybat_al-Imam" title="Taybat al-Imam">Taybat al-Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taybat_al-Ism" title="Taybat al-Ism">Taybat al-Ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tulaysiyah" title="Al-Tulaysiyah">al-Tulaysiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Haratayn,_Hama" title="Umm Haratayn, Hama">Umm Haratayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zor_Abu_Zayd" title="Zor Abu Zayd">Zor Abu Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zor_al-Haysa_al-Sharqiyah" title="Zor al-Haysa al-Sharqiyah">Zor al-Haysa al-Sharqiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Hamraa<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamraa" title="Al-Hamraa">Al-Hamraa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ajwa" title="Abu Ajwa">Abu Ajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala,_Hama" class="mw-redirect" title="Alala, Hama">al-Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anz" title="Al-Anz">al-Anz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa" title="Arfa">Arfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziziyah,_Hama" title="Aziziyah, Hama">Aziziyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroudiyah" title="Baroudiyah">Baroudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayud" title="Bayud">Bayud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Syria" title="Dali, Syria">Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duma,_Hama" title="Duma, Hama">Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayda" title="Fayda">Fayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabiyah" title="Halabiyah">Halabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huways_Ibn_Hadib" title="Huways Ibn Hadib">Huways Ibn Hadib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymaniyah" title="Haymaniyah">Haymaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hazim" title="Al-Hazim">al-Hazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janat_al-Sawarnah" title="Janat al-Sawarnah">Janat al-Sawarnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Uthman" title="Jubb al-Uthman">Jubb al-Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Safa,_Hama" title="Jubb al-Safa, Hama">Jubb al-Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junaynah" title="Junaynah">Junaynah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadduah_Shamaliyah" title="Jadduah Shamaliyah">Jadduah Shamaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharsan" title="Kharsan">Kharsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaloula,_Hama" title="Maaloula, Hama">Maaloula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwaylah_al-Sirwana" title="Muwaylah al-Sirwana">Muwaylah al-Sirwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar_Shamali" title="Maar Shamali">Maar Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanater,_Hama_Governorate" title="Qanater, Hama Governorate">Qanater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ali" title="Qasr Ali">Qasr Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibn_Wardan" title="Qasr Ibn Wardan">Qasr Ibn Wardan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabda" title="Rabda">Rabda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Anz" title="Rasm Anz">Rasm Anz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_al-Daheriyah" title="Rasm al-Daheriyah">Rasm al-Daheriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_al-Ward" title="Rasm al-Ward">Rasm al-Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhayyah" title="Ruhayyah">Ruhayyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihat_al-Hamraa" title="Shihat al-Hamraa">Shihat al-Hamraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samaqiyah_al-Qibliyah" title="Al-Samaqiyah al-Qibliyah">al-Samaqiyah al-Qibliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suruj" title="Suruj">Suruj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarfawi" title="Tarfawi">Tarfawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharwat,_Syria" title="Tharwat, Syria">Tharwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulayhat" title="Tulayhat">Tulayhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwal_Dabaghin" title="Tuwal Dabaghin">Tuwal Dabaghin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Habes" title="Umm Habes">Umm Habes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Turaykat_al-Qibliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Turaykat al-Qibliyah">Umm Turaykat al-Qibliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Zahmak" title="Umm Zahmak">Umm Zahmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zughbah" title="Al-Zughbah">al-Zughbah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hama-map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hama Governorate within Syria"><img alt="Hama Governorate within Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hama-map.png/120px-Hama-map.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hama-map.png/250px-Hama-map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="594" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hama_blank_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hama Governorate"><img alt="Hama Governorate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hama_blank_districts.png/90px-Hama_blank_districts.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hama_blank_districts.png/135px-Hama_blank_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hama_blank_districts.png/180px-Hama_blank_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Al-Suqaylabiyah_District20" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Suqaylabiyah_District" title="Al-Suqaylabiyah District">Al-Suqaylabiyah District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Al-Suqaylabiyah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Suqaylabiyah" title="Al-Suqaylabiyah">Al-Suqaylabiyah</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abr_Beit_Seif" title="Abr Beit Seif">Abr Beit Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kleefun" title="Abu Kleefun">Abu Klifun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammurin" title="Ammurin">Ammurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annab" title="Annab">Annab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Kurum" title="Ayn al-Kurum">Ayn al-Kurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Warideh" title="Ein Warideh">Ayn Waridah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balluneh" title="Balluneh">Ballunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breij,_Syria" title="Breij, Syria">Breij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hurra,_Syria" title="Al-Hurra, Syria">al-Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurat_Ammurin" title="Hurat Ammurin">Hawrat Ammurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayalin" title="Hayalin">Hayalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarniyet_Eltar" title="Jarniyet Eltar">Jurniyat al-Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karama,_Hama" class="mw-redirect" title="Karama, Hama">Karamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khandaq_al-Gharbi" title="Al-Khandaq al-Gharbi">al-Khandaq al-Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khandaq_al-Sharqiyah" title="Al-Khandaq al-Sharqiyah">al-Khandaq al-Sharqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khansaa_-_Shetheh" title="Khansaa - Shetheh">Khansaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksar,_Hama" title="Maksar, Hama">Maksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashta_Elshalahmeh" title="Mashta Elshalahmeh">Mashta' al-Shalahmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabe_al-Tayeb" title="Nabe al-Tayeb">Nabe al-Tayeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jras_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jras Castle">Qalaat Jaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwdt_Eltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwdt Eltar">Rawdat al-Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elrihana" title="Elrihana">al-Rihana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidiyeh,_Hama" title="Saidiyeh, Hama">Saidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salba,_Hama" title="Salba, Hama">Salba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqiyat_Najm" title="Saqiyat Najm">Saqiyat Najm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahta" title="Shahta">Shahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shajar" title="Al-Shajar">al-Shajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahunat_al-Halawa" title="Tahunat al-Halawa">Tahunat al-Halawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Kombatri" title="Tal Kombatri">Tell Kumbatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Eltiten" title="Tal Eltiten">Tell al-Titeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oweina" title="Oweina">Uwaynah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Shathah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shathah" title="Shathah">Shathah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Jorjin" title="Ein Jorjin">Ayn Jurjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farikah" title="Farikah">Farikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydariyeh" title="Haydariyeh">Haydariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Elghar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeb Elghar">Jubb al-Ghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurin" title="Jurin">Jurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashta_Mahfoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashta Mahfoz">Mashta Mahfuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradash" title="Maradash">Maradash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naur_Jurin" title="Naur Jurin">Na'ur Jurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubl_al-Khatib" title="Nubl al-Khatib">Nubl al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatrat_al-Rihan" title="Qatrat al-Rihan">Qatrat al-Rihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihana,_Hama" title="Rihana, Hama">Rihana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Tell Salhab<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tell_Salhab" title="Tell Salhab">Tell Salhab</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qubays,_Syria" title="Abu Qubays, Syria">Abu Qubays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Faraj,_Hama" title="Abu Faraj, Hama">Abu Faraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asharinah" title="Al-Asharinah">Al-Asharinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biret_Eljabal" title="Biret Eljabal">Birat al-Jabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Eljern" title="Ein Eljern">Ayn al-Jurn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawayeq" title="Hawayeq">Hawayeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hir_Elmosil" title="Hir Elmosil">Hawr al-Mawsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanayes" title="Kanayes">Kanayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkashati" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkashati">al-Kashati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khareb" title="Khareb">Khareb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Latma" title="Al-Latma">al-Latma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhal" title="Mazhal">Mazhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahr_al-Bared,_Syria" title="Nahr al-Bared, Syria">Nahr al-Bared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Eljern" title="Rasm Eljern">Ras al-Jurn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaza" title="Tamaza">Tamaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobeh" title="Tobeh">Tubah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Ziyarah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Ziyarah" title="Al-Ziyarah">Al-Ziyarah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaamra" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaamra">al-Amara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amqiyah_Tahta" title="Al-Amqiyah Tahta">al-Amqiyah Tahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ankawi" title="Al-Ankawi">al-Ankawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojt_Eltoba" title="Ojt Eltoba">Awja al-Tuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bahsa" title="Al-Bahsa">al-Bahsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakeh,_Hama" title="Barakeh, Hama">Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqmaq" title="Duqmaq">Duqmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwayr_al-Akrad" title="Duwayr al-Akrad">Duwayr al-Akrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Elhamam" title="Ein Elhamam">Ayn al-Hamaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawru" title="Fawru">Fawru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Naqus" title="Khirbat al-Naqus">Khirbet al-Naqus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansura,_Hama" title="Mansura, Hama">Mansura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marana,_Hama" title="Marana, Hama">Maarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashik" title="Mashik">Mashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahira,_Syria" title="Al-Qahira, Syria">al-Qahira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarqur" title="Qarqur">Qarqur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qastal_Elbrj" class="mw-redirect" title="Qastal Elbrj">Qastal al-Burayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qastun" title="Qastun">Qastun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalidin" title="Qalidin">Qulaydin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Safsafah,_Hama" title="Al-Safsafah, Hama">al-Safsafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmaniyah" title="Sirmaniyah">Sirmaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sindiyana,_Suqaylabiyah" title="Al-Sindiyana, Suqaylabiyah">al-Sindiyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Wassit" title="Tal Wassit">Tell Wasit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayzun,_Hama" title="Zayzun, Hama">Zayzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elzaqum" title="Elzaqum">al-Zaqum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Qalaat al-Madiq<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrafiyah,_Hama" title="Ashrafiyah, Hama">Ashrafiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bani" title="Al-Bani">al-Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziziyah,_al-Suqaylabiyah" title="Al-Aziziyah, al-Suqaylabiyah">al-Aziziyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Taqa" title="Bab al-Taqa">Bab al-Taqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Barid" title="Al-Barid">al-Barid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Sunbul" title="Deir Sunbul">Deir Sunbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Huwayz" title="Al-Huwayz">al-Huwayz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Huwayz_al-Shamali" title="Al-Huwayz al-Shamali">al-Huwayz al-Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamra,_al-Suqaylabiyah" title="Al-Hamra, al-Suqaylabiyah">al-Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawash,_Hama" title="Al-Hawash, Hama">al-Hawash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Humayrat" title="Al-Humayrat">al-Humayrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hurriyah,_Syria" title="Al-Hurriyah, Syria">al-Hurriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawijah_Fauqa" title="Hawijah Fauqa">Hawijah Fauqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawijah_Sayyad" title="Hawijah Sayyad">Hawijah Sayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawijat_al-Sallah" title="Hawijat al-Sallah">Hawijat al-Sallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasat_Udayat" title="Jamasat Udayat">Jamasat Udayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jayyid" title="Al-Jayyid">al-Jayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Nabudah" title="Kafr Nabudah">Kafr Nabudah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karim,_Syria" title="Al-Karim, Syria">al-Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawri" title="Kawri">Kawri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kurkat" title="Al-Kurkat">al-Kurkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastarihat_Afamiyah" title="Mastarihat Afamiyah">Mastarihat Afamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midan_Ghazal" title="Midan Ghazal">Midan Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabr_Fidda" title="Qabr Fidda">Qabr Fidda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahirah,_Hama" title="Al-Qahirah, Hama">al-Qahirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiratah" title="Qiratah">Qiratah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ramlah,_Syria" title="Al-Ramlah, Syria">al-Ramlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rasif" title="Al-Rasif">al-Rasif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salihiyah,_Hama" title="Al-Salihiyah, Hama">Salihiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahariyah" title="Sahariyah">Sahariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahranaz" title="Shahranaz">Shahranaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27irah" title="Al-Sha'irah">al-Sha'irah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Huwash" title="Tell Huwash">Tell Huwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamana_al-Ghab" title="Tamana al-Ghab">Tamana al-Ghab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah,_Hama_Governorate" title="Al-Thawrah, Hama Governorate">al-Thuwarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tuwayni" title="Al-Tuwayni">al-Tuwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zitiyah" title="Al-Zitiyah">al-Zitiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Masyaf_District20" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Masyaf_District" title="Masyaf District">Masyaf District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Masyaf<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbura" title="Anbura">Anbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayda,_Hama" title="Al-Bayda, Hama">al-Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayyadiyah" title="Al-Bayyadiyah">al-Bayyadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biqraqa" title="Biqraqa">Biqraqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bustan,_Syria" title="Al-Bustan, Syria">al-Bustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biqasqas" title="Biqasqas">Biqasqas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Huwayt" title="Deir Huwayt">Deir Huwayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Mama" title="Deir Mama">Deir Mama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Salib" title="Deir al-Salib">Deir al-Salib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Findara" title="Al-Findara">al-Findara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayalin,_Masyaf" title="Hayalin, Masyaf">Hayalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haylunah" title="Al-Haylunah">al-Haylunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hurayf" title="Al-Hurayf">al-Hurayf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobet_Kalakh" title="Jobet Kalakh">Jobet Kalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Aqid" title="Kafr Aqid">Kafr Aqid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Laqbah" title="Al-Laqbah">al-Laqbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashta_Deir_Mama" title="Mashta Deir Mama">Mashta Deir Mama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matna,_Hama" class="mw-redirect" title="Matna, Hama">Matna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nahda,_Syria" title="Al-Nahda, Syria">al-Nahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabu_Shamsiyah" title="Qabu Shamsiyah">Qabu Shamsiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qayrun" title="Qayrun">Qayrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurtuman" title="Qurtuman">Qurtuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabu" title="Rabu">Rabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Syria" title="Al-Rusafa, Syria">al-Rusafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shamsiyah" title="Al-Shamsiyah">al-Shamsiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shiha" title="Al-Shiha">al-Shiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighata" title="Sighata">Sighata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwaydah,_Masyaf" title="Al-Suwaydah, Masyaf">al-Suwaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayr_Jamlah" title="Tayr Jamlah">Tayr Jamlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayr_Jubbah" title="Tayr Jubbah">Tayr Jubbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Afar,_Syria" title="Tell Afar, Syria">Tell Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamaliyah" title="Al-Zamaliyah">al-Zamaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zaynah" title="Al-Zaynah">al-Zaynah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Awj<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Awj" title="Awj">Awj</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akakir" title="Akakir">Akakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarin" title="Baarin">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishanin" title="Bishanin">Bishanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwayr_al-Turukman" title="Huwayr al-Turukman">Huwayr al-Turukman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kamra" title="Kafr Kamra">Kafr Kamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Nisaf" title="Khirbet Nisaf">Khirbet Nisaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanazir" title="Khanazir">Khanazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaf" title="Nisaf">Nisaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmas" title="Qarmas">Qarmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasraya" title="Qasraya">Qasraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunah" title="Taunah">Ta'unah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zor_Baarin" title="Zor Baarin">Zor Baarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Ayn Halaqim<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ain_Halaqim" title="Ain Halaqim">Ain Halaqim</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Shams" title="Ayn al-Shams">Ayn al-Shams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Duqar" title="Aq Duqar">Aq Duqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheq_Omar" title="Asheq Omar">Asheq Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baamrah" title="Baamrah">Ba'amrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barshin" title="Barshin">Barshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Atiq" title="Bayt Atiq">Bayt Atiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Natar" title="Bayt Natar">Bayt Natar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dulaybah" title="Al-Dulaybah">al-Dulaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermel,_Syria" title="Hermel, Syria">Hermel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikr_Bayt_Atiq" title="Hikr Bayt Atiq">Hikr Bayt Atiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahf_al-Habash" title="Kahf al-Habash">Kahf al-Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Hazur" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbet Hazur">Khirbet Hazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Majawi" title="Al-Majawi">al-Majawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mashrafah,_Hama_Governorate" title="Al-Mashrafah, Hama Governorate">al-Mashrafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Ayan" title="Qasr al-Ayan">Qasr al-Ayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_al-Sabil" title="Tin al-Sabil">Tin al-Sabil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Jubb Ramlah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jubb_Ramlah" title="Jubb Ramlah">Jubb Ramlah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamiyeh" title="Alamiyeh">Alamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asilah,_Syria" title="Asilah, Syria">Asilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Shamil" title="Deir Shamil">Deir Shamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimu,_Syria" title="Dimu, Syria">Dimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanjur" title="Hanjur">Hanjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazana" title="Hazana">Hizanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelmidon" title="Jelmidon">Julaymadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jreijes" title="Jreijes">Jarajis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanfo" title="Kanfo">Kanafu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Jleimdun" title="Khan Jleimdun">Khan Jalaymadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarin" title="Maarin">Maarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahrusah" title="Mahrusah">Mahrusah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushashin" title="Mushashin">Mushashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qrayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Qrayat">Qurayyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qren" title="Qren">Qurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmiyeh" title="Sarmiyeh">Sarmiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulukiyeh" title="Sulukiyeh">Sulukiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqayrabah" title="Uqayrabah">Uqayrabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahraa" title="Zahraa">Zahraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawi,_Hama" title="Zawi, Hama">Zawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Wadi al-Uyun<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Uyun" title="Wadi al-Uyun">Wadi al-Uyun</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameriyeh,_Hama" title="Ameriyeh, Hama">Ammuriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_El-Bayda" title="Ein El-Bayda">Ayn al-Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Farraj" title="Ein Farraj">Ayn Farraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Elkaram" title="Ein Elkaram">Ayn al-Karam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashawi" title="Bashawi">Bashawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Raqta" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Raqta">Bayt Raqata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breizeh" title="Breizeh">Barayzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Elwadi" title="Bit Elwadi">Bir al-Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birat_al-Jurd" title="Birat al-Jurd">Birat al-Jurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dweir_Elmashayekh" title="Dweir Elmashayekh">Duwayr al-Mashayekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jbita,_Hama" title="Jbita, Hama">Jabita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Laha,_Hama" title="Kafr Laha, Hama">Kafr Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kameliyeh" title="Kameliyeh">Kamaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marha,_Hama" title="Marha, Hama">Marha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meisreh" title="Meisreh">Maysara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqir" title="Naqir">Naqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qossiyeh" title="Qossiyeh">Qussiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sindiyana,_Masyaf" title="Al-Sindiyana, Masyaf">al-Sindiyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarqiyeh" title="Tamarqiyeh">Tamarqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaytuneh" title="Zaytuneh">Zaytuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Mahardah_District20" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mahardah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahardah District">Mahardah District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Mahardah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mahardah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahardah">Mahardah</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaydah,_Syria" title="Abu Ubaydah, Syria">Abu Ubaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Rubays" title="Abu Rubays">Abu Rubays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Arid" title="Al-Arid">al-Arid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya" title="Halfaya">Halfaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwat" title="Huwat">Huwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Judaydah,_Mahardah" title="Al-Judaydah, Mahardah">al-Judaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Hud" title="Kafr Hud">Kafr Hud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Subin" title="Khirbet Subin">Khirbet Subin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khunayzir" title="Khunayzir">Khunayzir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarzaf" title="Maarzaf">Maarzaf</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir" title="Al-Qubeir">al-Qubeir</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Majdal,_Syria" title="Al-Majdal, Syria">al-Majdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaizar" title="Shaizar">Shaizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir,_Syria" title="Shir, Syria">Shir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safsafiyah" title="Safsafiyah">Safsafiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Malah" title="Tell Malah">Tell Malah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sikkin" title="Tell Sikkin">Tell Sikkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremseh" title="Tremseh">Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilaqiat" title="Zilaqiat">Zilaqiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawr_al-Qaadah" title="Zawr al-Qaadah">Zawr al-Qaadah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Kafr Zita<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zita" title="Kafr Zita">Kafr Zita</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbain,_Syria" title="Arbain, Syria">Arba'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamiyat" title="Hamamiyat">Hamamiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latmin" title="Latmin">Latmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyad" title="Al-Sayyad">al-Sayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zakah" title="Al-Zakah">al-Zakah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Karnaz<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karnaz" title="Karnaz">Karnaz</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asman" title="Al-Asman">al-Asman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalamah,_Syria" title="Al-Jalamah, Syria">al-Jalamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubbayn" title="Jubbayn">Jubbayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lataminah" title="Al-Lataminah">al-Lataminah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mughayr" title="Al-Mughayr">al-Mughayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Hadid" title="Shaykh Hadid">Shaykh Hadid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Salamiyah_District20" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salamiyah_District" title="Salamiyah District">Salamiyah District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Salamiyah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salamiyah" title="Salamiyah">Salamiyah</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kasun" title="Ali Kasun">Ali Kasun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardunah" title="Bardunah">Bardunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buwaydah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buwaydah">Buwaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunaybah" title="Dunaybah">Dunaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danin,_Hama" title="Danin, Hama">Danin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dweibeh" title="Dweibeh">Duwaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Qibli" title="Fan Qibli">Fan Qibli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Wastani" title="Fan Wastani">Fan Wastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghawi" title="Al-Ghawi">al-Ghawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halban,_Hama" title="Halban, Hama">Halban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamala,_Hama" title="Jamala, Hama">Jamala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kafat" title="Al-Kafat">al-Kafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karim,_Salamiyah" title="Karim, Salamiyah">Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafiyeh" title="Khafiyeh">Khafiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khunayfis" title="Khunayfis">Khunayfis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaytalun" title="Kaytalun">Kaytalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malih" title="Al-Malih">al-Malih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marj_Mattar" title="Marj Mattar">Marj Mattar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawa,_Salamiyah" title="Nawa, Salamiyah">Nawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qablahat" title="Qablahat">Qablahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubbat_al-Kurdi" title="Qubbat al-Kurdi">Qubbat al-Kurdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rubbah" title="Al-Rubbah">al-Rubbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabil" title="Al-Sabil">al-Sabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safawi,_Hama" title="Safawi, Hama">Safawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samneh,_Hama" title="Samneh, Hama">Samnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakara,_Hama" title="Shakara, Hama">Shakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Ali" title="Shaykh Ali">Shaykh Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibaa">Sibaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Rih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Rih">Shaykh Rih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smakh" title="Smakh">Smakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunaydah" title="Sunaydah">Sunaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ada" title="Tell Ada">Tell Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Dahab,_Hama" title="Tell Dahab, Hama">Tell Dahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hasan_Basha" title="Tell Hasan Basha">Tell Hasan Basha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Khaznah" title="Tell Khaznah">Tell Khaznah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sinan" title="Tell Sinan">Tell Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taldara" title="Taldara">Taldara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirad" title="Tirad">Tirad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawra,_Salamiyah" title="Thawra, Salamiyah">Thawra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theil_Elejel" title="Theil Elejel">Thayl al-Jal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiba_Elturki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiba Elturki">Tiba al-Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba,_Hama" title="Tuba, Hama">Tuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulul_al-Humur" title="Tulul al-Humur">Tulul al-Humur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Salamiyah" title="Umm al-Amad, Salamiyah">Umm al-Amad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um_Tweineh" class="mw-redirect" title="Um Tweineh">Umm Tuwaynah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uwayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Uwayr">al-Uwayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zighrin" title="Zighrin">Zighrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Barri<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Barri_Sharqi" title="Barri Sharqi">Barri Sharqi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanaya" title="Abu Hanaya">Abu Hanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hbeilat" title="Abu Hbeilat">Abu Habilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akash,_Hama" title="Akash, Hama">Akash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arshunah" title="Arshunah">Arshunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri_al-Gharbi" title="Barri al-Gharbi">Barri al-Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furaytan" title="Furaytan">Furaytan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hardanah" title="Al-Hardanah">al-Hardanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khurayjah" title="Al-Khurayjah">al-Khurayjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafkar" title="Mafkar">Mafkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salam_Gharbi" title="Salam Gharbi">Salam Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Tut" title="Tell al-Tut">Tell al-Tut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Jadid" title="Tell Jadid">Tell Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Mil" title="Umm Mil">Umm Mil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Sabburah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sabburah" title="Sabburah">Sabburah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khanadiq" title="Abu Khanadiq">Abu Khanadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqarib" title="Aqarib">Aqarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawrah" title="Fawrah">Fawrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Judaydah,_Salamiyah" title="Al-Judaydah, Salamiyah">al-Judaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadduah" title="Jadduah">Jadduah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Zreiq" title="Jeb Zreiq">Jubb Zurayq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessine" title="Jessine">Jissin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khneifis_Eldosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Khneifis Eldosa">Khunayfis al-Dawsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabujah" title="Mabujah">Mabujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanafeth" title="Qanafeth">Qanafath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubaybat" title="Qubaybat">Qubaybat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salba,_Salamiyah" title="Salba, Salamiyah">Salba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiriyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiriyeh">Samiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba,_Hama" title="Shahba, Hama">Shahba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheheib" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheheib">Shuhayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abd_al-Aziz" title="Tell Abd al-Aziz">Tell Abd al-Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Agher" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Agher">Tell al-Ghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Shih" title="Tell al-Shih">Tell al-Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Khurayzah" title="Umm Khurayzah">Umm Khurayzah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Uqayribat<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uqayribat" title="Uqayribat">Uqayribat</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dali,_Hama" title="Abu Dali, Hama">Abu Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hakfa" title="Abu Hakfa">Abu Hakfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Fashafish" title="Abul Fashafish">Abu al-Fashafish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_Sbeih" title="Bustan Sbeih">Bustan al-Subeih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakileh" title="Dakileh">Dakhilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamada_al-Omar" title="Hamada al-Omar">Hamada al-Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuteh" title="Hanuteh">Hanutah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hdaj" title="Hdaj">Haddaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jani_Elelbawi" title="Jani Elelbawi">Jani al-Albawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Abyad" title="Jeb Abyad">Jubb Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Dkileh" title="Jeb Dkileh">Jubb Dakhilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jruh" title="Jruh">Jayruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhbuta" title="Makhbuta">Makhbuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masud,_Hama" title="Masud, Hama">Masud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msheirfeh" title="Msheirfeh">Mashrafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neimiyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Neimiyeh">Na'imiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mkeimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mkeimin">Makaymin Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qastal,_Hama" title="Qastal, Hama">Qastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Elabed" title="Rasm Elabed">Rasm al-Abid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Elahmar" title="Rasm Elahmar">Rasm Elahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Al-Brdkana" title="Rasm Al-Brdkana">Rasm al-Bardakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rweideh" title="Rweideh">Ruwaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suha,_Hama" class="mw-redirect" title="Suha, Hama">Suha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabara_Elhamra" title="Tabara Elhamra">Tabara al-Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehmaz" title="Tehmaz">Tahmaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Saan<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Saan" title="Al-Saan">Al-Saan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hreik" title="Abu Hreik">Abu Hurayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Gor" title="Abul Gor">Abu al-Ghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amya,_Hama" title="Amya, Hama">Amya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniq_Bajra" title="Aniq Bajra">Aniq Bajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awja%E2%80%93Qabasin_al-Arab" title="Awja–Qabasin al-Arab">Awja–Qabasin al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyeh" title="Eliyeh">al-Ayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bgheidid" title="Bgheidid">Baghadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hart">Harat al-Sharqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasu_al-Qiblawi" title="Hasu al-Qiblawi">Hasu al-Qiblawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriya" title="Ithriya">Ithriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakuziyeh" title="Jakuziyeh">Jakuziyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Khsara" title="Jeb Khsara">Jubb Khasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrikb" title="Mrikb">Makharib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mweileh" title="Mweileh">Mawilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahjan" title="Rahjan">Rahjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Al-Ahmar" title="Rasm Al-Ahmar">Rasm al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Amun" title="Rasm Amun">Rasm Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarha" title="Sarha">Sarha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Hilal" title="Shaykh Hilal">Shaykh Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Swaia" title="Al-Swaia">al-Suwayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um_Myal" title="Um Myal">Umm Mayal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syro-Hittite_states_and_cities100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syro-Hittite_states" title="Template:Syro-Hittite states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syro-Hittite_states" title="Template talk:Syro-Hittite states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syro-Hittite_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syro-Hittite states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syro-Hittite_states_and_cities100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite</a> states and cities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a> states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Tabal_(region)" title="Tabal (region)">Tabal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuwana">Tuwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atuna_(state)" title="Atuna (state)">Atuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAubi%C5%A1na" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫubišna">Ḫubišna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0inu%E1%B8%ABtu" title="Šinuḫtu">Šinuḫtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1tuanda" title="Ištuanda">Ištuanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samsat" title="Samsat">Samsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Hilakku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilakku">Hilakku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marqas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqas">Marqas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NeoHittiteStates.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The Neo-Hittite states circa 800 BCE"><img alt="The Neo-Hittite states circa 800 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/330px-NeoHittiteStates.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaean</a> states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinalua">Kinalua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Unqi-Pattina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinalua">Kinalua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Bit Gabbari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Adini" title="Bit Adini">Bit Adini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Til_Barsip" title="Til Barsip">Til Barsip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guzana" class="mw-redirect" title="Guzana">Guzana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpad,_Syria" title="Arpad, Syria">Arpad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nampigi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nampigi (page does not exist)">Nampigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Halab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Afis" title="Tell Afis">Hatarikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173545#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1697" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173545#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1697" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173545#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4304147270375035700002">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146594429">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1216159/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxdJCbR8HYRYhkQyrg8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4089137-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81124923">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12383884d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12383884d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hamá (Sýrie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge290581&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559597505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/668182">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032898479">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kulturenvanteri.com/yer/?p=68544">Kulturenvanteri monument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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