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<span>Personal life, death, and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life,_death,_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div 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Vardaman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Vardaman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James K. Vardaman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%86" title="جیمز واردمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز واردمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Vardaman" title="James K. Vardaman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James K. Vardaman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Kimble_Vardaman" title="Iacobus Kimble Vardaman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Kimble Vardaman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Vardaman" title="James Vardaman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Vardaman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%89._%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چيمس كى. ڤاردامان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چيمس كى. ڤاردامان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Vardaman" title="James K. Vardaman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James K. Vardaman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Vardaman" title="James K. Vardaman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James K. Vardaman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7K%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%BE%BE%E6%9B%BC" title="詹姆斯·K·瓦达曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·K·瓦达曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q747375#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his son, see <a href="/wiki/James_K._Vardaman_Jr." title="James K. Vardaman Jr.">James K. Vardaman Jr.</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James K. Vardaman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_J.K._Vardaman,_1910_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Senator_J.K._Vardaman%2C_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Senator_J.K._Vardaman%2C_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Senator_J.K._Vardaman%2C_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Senator_J.K._Vardaman%2C_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Senator_J.K._Vardaman%2C_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Senator_J.K._Vardaman%2C_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2345" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Vardaman in 1910</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1919</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Percy" title="LeRoy Percy">LeRoy Percy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Byron_P._Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron P. Harrison">Byron P. Harrison</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">36th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi" title="Governor of Mississippi">Governor of Mississippi</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 19, 1904 – January 21, 1908</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Prentiss_Carter" title="John Prentiss Carter">John Prentiss Carter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_H._Longino" title="Andrew H. Longino">Andrew H. Longino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Favor_Noel" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond Favor Noel">Edmond Favor Noel</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" title="Mississippi House of Representatives">Mississippi House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1894–1896</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McQueen_Street" title="Hugh McQueen Street">Hugh McQueen Street</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_F._McCool" title="James F. McCool">James F. McCool</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" title="Mississippi House of Representatives">Mississippi House of Representatives</a></span><br />from the <a href="/wiki/Leflore_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Leflore County">Leflore County</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1890 – January 1896</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Kimble Vardaman</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1861-07-26</span>)</span>July 26, 1861<br /><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Texas" title="Jackson County, Texas">Jackson County, Texas</a>, C.S.A.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 25, 1930<span style="display:none">(1930-06-25)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Lakewood Memorial Park, <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Anna Burleson Robinson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">"The Great White Chief"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/25px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/38px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/50px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="2358" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/23px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/35px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/46px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Kimble Vardaman</b> (July 26, 1861 – June 25, 1930) was an American politician from the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, he served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Mississippi" title="List of governors of Mississippi">Governor of Mississippi</a> from 1904 to 1908 and then represented Mississippi in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from 1913 to 1919. </p><p>Known as "The Great White Chief", Vardaman had gained electoral support for his advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, saying: "If it is necessary every <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Negro</a> in the state will be <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynched</a>; it will be done to maintain white supremacy."<sup id="cite_ref-amexp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amexp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aligning with <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">economically left-wing populists</a> and favoring <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> reforms in railing against banks, railroads, and tariffs,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he appealed to the poorer whites, yeomen farmers, and factory workers. Vardaman's tenure as Governor of Mississippi was marked by his advocacy of regulating corporations, enacting child labor laws, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregating</a> streetcars, ending educational opportunities for African Americans, and defending lynching.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After completing his term as governor, he defeated Democratic incumbent <a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Percy" title="LeRoy Percy">LeRoy Percy</a>, a member of the planter elite, in the primary for the <a href="/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1912–13 United States Senate elections">1912 U.S. Senate election</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1912election_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1912election-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was then elected unopposed in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_K._Vardaman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vardaman was born in July 1861 in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Texas" title="Jackson County, Texas">Jackson County, Texas</a>, while it was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, a fact he often remembered.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved to Mississippi, where he studied law and passed the bar. <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Hernando Money</a> was a cousin and political ally.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He settled in <a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_Mississippi" title="Greenwood, Mississippi">Greenwood, Mississippi</a>, becoming editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greenwood_Commonwealth" title="The Greenwood Commonwealth">The Greenwood Commonwealth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_K._Vardaman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._James_Kimble_Vardaman,_James_Thomas_Heflin,_Ollie_James_between_ca._1910_and_ca._1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sen._James_Kimble_Vardaman%2C_James_Thomas_Heflin%2C_Ollie_James_between_ca._1910_and_ca._1915.jpg/170px-Sen._James_Kimble_Vardaman%2C_James_Thomas_Heflin%2C_Ollie_James_between_ca._1910_and_ca._1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sen._James_Kimble_Vardaman%2C_James_Thomas_Heflin%2C_Ollie_James_between_ca._1910_and_ca._1915.jpg/255px-Sen._James_Kimble_Vardaman%2C_James_Thomas_Heflin%2C_Ollie_James_between_ca._1910_and_ca._1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sen._James_Kimble_Vardaman%2C_James_Thomas_Heflin%2C_Ollie_James_between_ca._1910_and_ca._1915.jpg/340px-Sen._James_Kimble_Vardaman%2C_James_Thomas_Heflin%2C_Ollie_James_between_ca._1910_and_ca._1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Vardaman with <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Heflin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Thomas Heflin">James Thomas Heflin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ollie_Murray_James" title="Ollie Murray James">Ollie Murray James</a> in 1912.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_K._Vardaman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, Vardaman served in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" title="Mississippi House of Representatives">Mississippi House of Representatives</a> from 1890 to 1896 and was elected as its speaker in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known for his populist appeal to the everyday person. State Democrats took action to ensure that they did not lose power again. After having gained control of the legislature by suppressing the black vote, they passed a new constitution in 1890 with provisions, such as a <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 471">: 471 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy test</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that raised barriers to voter registration and <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchised</a> most blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Referring to the 1890 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mississippi" title="Constitution of Mississippi">Mississippi state constitution</a>, Vardaman said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no use to equivocate or lie about the matter.... Mississippi's constitutional convention of 1890 was held for no other purpose than to eliminate the nigger from politics. Not the 'ignorant and vicious', as some of the apologists would have you believe, but the nigger.... Let the world know it just as it is.... In Mississippi we have in our constitution legislated against the racial peculiarities of the Negro.... When that device fails, we will resort to something else.<sup id="cite_ref-NRMcMillenDJBMITAOJC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRMcMillenDJBMITAOJC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Vardaman was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> and served in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Mississippi">Governor of Mississippi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_K._Vardaman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governor of Mississippi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vardaman ran twice in Democratic primaries for governor, in 1895 and 1899, but was unsuccessful. The state was virtually one-party, and winning the Democratic primary was <a href="/wiki/Tantamount_to_victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantamount to victory">tantamount to victory</a> in the general election for any office. In 1903 Vardaman won the primary and the general elections for governor, serving one four-year term (1904–1908). In the election, he said that "a vote for Vardaman is a vote for white supremacy, a vote for the quelling of the arrogant spirit that has been aroused in the blacks by Roosevelt and his henchmen, ...a vote for the safety of the home and the protection of our women and children."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late December 1906, he went to <a href="/wiki/Scooba,_Mississippi" title="Scooba, Mississippi">Scooba</a>, in rural <a href="/wiki/Kemper_County,_Mississippi" title="Kemper County, Mississippi">Kemper County</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_National_Guard" title="Mississippi National Guard">Mississippi National Guard</a>, to ensure that control was established. Whites had rioted against blacks there and in <a href="/wiki/Wahalak,_Mississippi" title="Wahalak, Mississippi">Wahalak</a> and feared retaliation; in total, two white men were killed and 13 blacks. The events were covered by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, among other newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-riot_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riot-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pens_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pens-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his term as governor, he called out the National Guard eleven times to prevent lynchings.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1910, his political coalition of chiefly poor white farmers and industrial workers began to identify proudly as "<a href="/wiki/Rednecks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rednecks">rednecks</a>." They began to wear red neckerchiefs to political rallies and picnics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vardaman advocated a policy of state-sponsored racism against blacks and said that he supported <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> to maintain <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amexp_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amexp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1877 to 1950, Mississippi had the highest number of lynchings in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-eji_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eji-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known as the "Great White Chief."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several reforms were also carried out during his time as governor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Senate">U.S. Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_K._Vardaman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: U.S. Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Vardaman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Senator_Vardaman.jpg/170px-Senator_Vardaman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Senator_Vardaman.jpg/255px-Senator_Vardaman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Senator_Vardaman.jpg/340px-Senator_Vardaman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2814" /></a><figcaption>Vardaman during his time as a U.S. senator</figcaption></figure> <p>Vardaman was elected to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> in 1912 in the first popular election of the state's senators by defeating the incumbent <a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Percy" title="LeRoy Percy">LeRoy Percy</a>, a member of the planter elite, in the Democratic primary.<sup id="cite_ref-1912election_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1912election-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ran on a platform of repealing the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Fourteenth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a>, which gave blacks the vote and other rights. He was unopposed in the general election. Vardaman served one term, from 1913 until 1919. He voted against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">U.S. declaration of war on Germany</a> and the entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, only five other senators voted with him.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was defeated in his primary re-election bid in <a href="/wiki/1918_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" title="1918 United States Senate election in Mississippi">1918</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vardaman ran in the Democratic primary for the U.S. Senate in <a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" title="1922 United States Senate election in Mississippi">1922</a> but was defeated in the primary runoff by U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Hubert_D._Stephens" title="Hubert D. Stephens">Hubert Stephens</a> by 9,000 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_K._Vardaman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rhetoric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vardaman was known for his provocative speeches and quotes and once called <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> a "little, mean, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs#C" title="List of ethnic slurs">coon</a>-flavored <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenationist</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About the education of black children, he remarked, "The only effect of Negro education is to spoil a good field hand and make an insolent cook."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The knowledge of books does not seem to produce any good substantial result with the Negro, but serves to sharpen his cunning, breeds hopes that cannot be fulfilled, creates an inclination to avoid labor, promotes indolence, and in turn leads to crime."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup> </p><p>After the president of <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a>, had dined with Roosevelt, Vardaman said that the White House was "so saturated with the odor of the <a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">nigger</a> that the rats have taken refuge in the stable."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding Washington's role in politics, Vardaman said: "I am opposed to the nigger's voting, it matters not what his advertised moral and mental qualifications may be. I am just as much opposed to Booker Washington, with all his Anglo-Saxon reenforcement, voting, as I am to voting by the coconut-headed, chocolate-colored typical little coon, Andy Dotson, who blacks my shoes every morning. Neither one is fit to perform the supreme functions of citizenship."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life,_death,_and_legacy"><span id="Personal_life.2C_death.2C_and_legacy"></span>Personal life, death, and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_K._Vardaman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life, death, and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Mississippi_Vardaman_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/University_of_Mississippi_Vardaman_Hall.jpg/220px-University_of_Mississippi_Vardaman_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/University_of_Mississippi_Vardaman_Hall.jpg/330px-University_of_Mississippi_Vardaman_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/University_of_Mississippi_Vardaman_Hall.jpg/440px-University_of_Mississippi_Vardaman_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Vardaman Hall at the University of Mississippi</figcaption></figure> <p>Vardaman married Anna Burleson Robinson. Their son, <a href="/wiki/James_K._Vardaman,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James K. Vardaman, Jr.">James K. Vardaman, Jr.</a>, later was appointed as a governor of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a>, serving from 1946 to 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vardaman died on June 25, 1930, at the age of 68, at Birmingham Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nytimes_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nytimes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Vardaman,_Mississippi" title="Vardaman, Mississippi">Vardaman, Mississippi</a> is named after him. There is also a Vardaman Hall at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a>, which has borne his name since it was built in 1929. In July 2017, the University of Mississippi announced that Vardaman's name would be removed from the building, but it still has not been removed as of September 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_K._Vardaman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/As_I_Lay_Dying" title="As I Lay Dying">As I Lay Dying</a></i>, a character in the Bundren family is named after the governor, presumably because the Bundrens are a family of poor, rural whites, one of Governor Vardaman's key constituencies. And in another of Faulkner's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_in_the_Dust" title="Flags in the Dust">Flags in the Dust</a></i>, Gov. Vardaman was mentioned twice; both characters who mention him express admiration for his moral views and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_K._Vardaman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-amexp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amexp_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amexp_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Broadcasting_Service2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a> (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320165033/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/flood-vardaman/">"People & Events: James K. Vardaman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting" title="Corporation for Public Broadcasting">Corporation for Public Broadcasting</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/flood-vardaman/">the original</a> on March 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2008</span>. <q>If it is necessary every Negro in the state will be lynched; it will be done to maintain white supremacy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=People+%26+Events%3A+James+K.+Vardaman&rft.date=2008-09&rft.au=Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fbiography%2Fflood-vardaman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullins" class="citation web cs1">Mullins, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://halfempty.com/georgemullins/chapter14.htm">"Ancestors Of George & Hazel Mullins: Chapter 14 – The Revolt of the Rednecks"</a>. <i>Half Empty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925034619/http://halfempty.com/georgemullins/chapter14.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Half+Empty&rft.atitle=Ancestors+Of+George+%26+Hazel+Mullins%3A+Chapter+14+%E2%80%93+The+Revolt+of+the+Rednecks&rft.aulast=Mullins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhalfempty.com%2Fgeorgemullins%2Fchapter14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/james-k-vardaman/">"Vardaman, James K."</a> <i>Mississippi Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121152353/https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/james-k-vardaman/">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Vardaman%2C+James+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmississippiencyclopedia.org%2Fentries%2Fjames-k-vardaman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1912election-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1912election_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1912election_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1904" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Dunbar (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4046983&view=1up&seq=132&skin=2021"><i>The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi, 1912</i></a>. Nashville, Tennessee: Press of Brandon Printing Company. pp. 124–125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908063805/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4046983&view=1up&seq=132&skin=2021">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+and+Statistical+Register+of+the+State+of+Mississippi%2C+1912&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pages=124-125&rft.pub=Press+of+Brandon+Printing+Company&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Dunbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4046983%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D132%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Senators_Chosen,_1912" class="citation book cs1">"United States Senators Chosen, 1912". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015026454366;view=1up;seq=487"><i>The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1913</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune Association">The Tribune Association</a>. 1913. p. 457. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412095044/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015026454366;view=1up;seq=487">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University Press of Mississippi 2010. pp. 168 f. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604734515" title="Special:BookSources/9781604734515">9781604734515</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirwan1951" class="citation book cs1">Kirwan, Albert D. (1951). <i>Revolt of the Rednecks: Mississippi Politics 1876–1925</i>. University of Kentucky Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3371463">3371463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolt+of+the+Rednecks%3A+Mississippi+Politics+1876%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3371463&rft.aulast=Kirwan&rft.aufirst=Albert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eji-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eji_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eji.org/">"Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror"</a>. <i>Equal Justice Initiative</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320183933/http://eji.org/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Equal+Justice+Initiative&rft.atitle=Lynching+in+America%3A+Confronting+the+Legacy+of+Racial+Terror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feji.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullins" class="citation book cs1">Mullins, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212191814/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~pmullins/chapter14.htm">"The Revolt of the Rednecks"</a>. <i>The Ancestors Of George & Hazel Mullins</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~pmullins/chapter14.htm">the original</a> on February 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revolt+of+the+Rednecks&rft.btitle=The+Ancestors+Of+George+%26+Hazel+Mullins&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.aulast=Mullins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futs.cc.utexas.edu%2F~pmullins%2Fchapter14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rednecks, Redeemers, and Race Mississippi After Reconstruction, 1877-1917 by Stephen Cresswell, 2021, P.198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine by James Landers, 2010, P.162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433009075031&seq=7">Laws of the state of Mississippi 1906, P.100-101</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Mississippi_Government_and_Politics/ygMQDdnlH6cC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=In+a+Democratic+primary+election+in+1911,+Vardaman+was+able+to+unseat+Percy&pg=PA33&printsec=frontcover">https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Mississippi_Government_and_Politics/ygMQDdnlH6cC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=In+a+Democratic+primary+election+in+1911,+Vardaman+was+able+to+unseat+Percy&pg=PA33&printsec=frontcover</a> Mississippi Government and Politics Modernizers Versus Traditionalists By Dale Krane and Stephen Daryl Shaffer, 1992, P.33]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t9s182j8n&seq=13">Biographical sketches of James Kimble Vardaman by A.S. Coody, 1922, P.345</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000607619&seq=11">Revolt of the rednecks: Mississippi politics, 1876-1925 by Albert Dennis Kirwan, 1951, P.175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t9s182j8n&seq=13">Biographical sketches of James Kimble Vardaman by A.S. Coody, 1922, P.34-35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/65-1/s2">"TO PASS S.J. RES. 1,(40 STAT-1)M DECKARUBG WAR ON GERMANY … -- Senate Vote #2 -- Apr 4, 1917"</a>. <i>GovTrack</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126195122/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/65-1/s2">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack&rft.atitle=TO+PASS+S.J.+RES.+1%2C%2840+STAT-1%29M+DECKARUBG+WAR+ON+GERMANY+%E2%80%A6+--+Senate+Vote+%232+--+Apr+4%2C+1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F65-1%2Fs2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1904" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Dunbar (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015074697163&view=1up&seq=355&skin=2021"><i>The Official and statistical register of the state of Mississippi</i></a>. p. 345. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230910140000/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015074697163&view=1up&seq=355&skin=2021">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+and+statistical+register+of+the+state+of+Mississippi.&rft.pages=345&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Dunbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015074697163%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D355%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=377234">"Our Campaigns – MS US Senate – D Runoff Race – Sep 05, 1922"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803162907/https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=377234">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Campaigns+%E2%80%93+MS+US+Senate+%E2%80%93+D+Runoff+Race+%E2%80%93+Sep+05%2C+1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D377234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/Civil%20Rights.htm">"Theodore Roosevelt and Civil Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Association" title="Theodore Roosevelt Association">Theodore Roosevelt Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219081314/http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/Civil%20Rights.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+Civil+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodoreroosevelt.org%2Flife%2FCivil%2520Rights.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkerson2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilkerson, Isabel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y03WKII5m7QC"><i>The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60407-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60407-5"><bdi>978-0-679-60407-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908062019/https://books.google.com.tw/books/about/The_Warmth_of_Other_Suns.html?id=Y03WKII5m7QC&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warmth+of+Other+Suns%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+America%27s+Great+Migration&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-679-60407-5&rft.aulast=Wilkerson&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY03WKII5m7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Earliest Black Graduates of the Nation's Highest-Ranked Liberal Arts Colleges". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Blacks_in_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Blacks in Higher Education">Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</a></i> (38): 104–109. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3134222">10.2307/3134222</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3134222">3134222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Black+Graduates+of+the+Nation%27s+Highest-Ranked+Liberal+Arts+Colleges&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=104-109&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3134222&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3134222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham2002" class="citation news cs1">Wickham, DeWayne (February 14, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnists/wickham/2002-02-15-wickham.htm">"Book fails to strip meaning of 'N' word"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106024422/http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnists/wickham/2002-02-15-wickham.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2017</span>. <q>It is as noxious today as in 1901 when Mississippi Sen. James Vardaman said after Booker T. Washington had dined with President Theodore Roosevelt that the White House was "so saturated with the odor of the nigger that the rats have taken refuge in the stable."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Book+fails+to+strip+meaning+of+%27N%27+word&rft.date=2002-02-14&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=DeWayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fwickham%2F2002-02-15-wickham.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100311061113/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824107-2,00.html">"The Authentic Voice"</a>. <i>Time</i>. March 26, 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824107-2,00.html">the original</a> on March 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Authentic+Voice&rft.date=1956-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C824107-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrell" class="citation web cs1">Morrell, Edward DeVeaux. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/91898529/">"Negro suffrage : should the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments be repealed?"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108000703/https://www.loc.gov/item/91898529/">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.atitle=Negro+suffrage+%3A+should+the+fourteenth+and+fifteenth+amendments+be+repealed%3F&rft.aulast=Morrell&rft.aufirst=Edward+DeVeaux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F91898529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094704/http://www.federalreservehistory.org/People/DetailView/55">"James K. Vardaman, Jr.: Governor (Board of Governors): 1946–1958"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federalreservehistory.org/People/DetailView/55">the original</a> on April 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+K.+Vardaman%2C+Jr.%3A+Governor+%28Board+of+Governors%29%3A+1946%E2%80%931958&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalreservehistory.org%2FPeople%2FDetailView%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nytimes-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nytimes_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/06/26/archives/jk-vardaman-exsenator-dies-mississippian-succumbs-to-long-illness.html">"J. K. Vardaman, Ex-senator, Dies. Mississippian Succumbs to Long Illness in a Birmingham Hospital. Was a governor. One of Six Senators Who Voted Against War With Germany. Lawyer and Editor"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. June 26, 1930. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723093514/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/06/26/archives/jk-vardaman-exsenator-dies-mississippian-succumbs-to-long-illness.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2010</span>. <q>James Kimball Vardaman, former Governor of Mississippi and a United States Senator from that State, familiarly known to thousands as 'the White Chief,' died at a hospital here today after a lengthy illness. His age was 68.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=J.+K.+Vardaman%2C+Ex-senator%2C+Dies.+Mississippian+Succumbs+to+Long+Illness+in+a+Birmingham+Hospital.+Was+a+governor.+One+of+Six+Senators+Who+Voted+Against+War+With+Germany.+Lawyer+and+Editor.&rft.date=1930-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1930%2F06%2F26%2Farchives%2Fjk-vardaman-exsenator-dies-mississippian-succumbs-to-long-illness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ole-miss-recognizes-slave-labor-campus-buildings-university-of-mississippi-pre-civil-war/">"University of Mississippi to post sign recognizing slave labor on campus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. July 6, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172630/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ole-miss-recognizes-slave-labor-campus-buildings-university-of-mississippi-pre-civil-war/">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=University+of+Mississippi+to+post+sign+recognizing+slave+labor+on+campus&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fole-miss-recognizes-slave-labor-campus-buildings-university-of-mississippi-pre-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawton2017" class="citation news cs1">Lawton, Jack (March 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hottytoddy.com/2017/03/07/vardaman-hall-name-change-recommended-committee-contextualization/">"Vardaman Hall Name Change Recommended By Committee For Contextualization"</a>. <i>HottyToddy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313103004/http://hottytoddy.com/2017/03/07/vardaman-hall-name-change-recommended-committee-contextualization/">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HottyToddy&rft.atitle=Vardaman+Hall+Name+Change+Recommended+By+Committee+For+Contextualization&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft.aulast=Lawton&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhottytoddy.com%2F2017%2F03%2F07%2Fvardaman-hall-name-change-recommended-committee-contextualization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hottytoddy.com/2019/10/24/sasi-calls-to-remove-names-ingrained-in-white-supremacy-from-campus-buildings/">"SASI Calls to Remove Names Ingrained in White Supremacy from Campus Buildings"</a>. HottyToddy. October 24, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819110701/https://hottytoddy.com/2019/10/24/sasi-calls-to-remove-names-ingrained-in-white-supremacy-from-campus-buildings/">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SASI+Calls+to+Remove+Names+Ingrained+in+White+Supremacy+from+Campus+Buildings&rft.pub=HottyToddy&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhottytoddy.com%2F2019%2F10%2F24%2Fsasi-calls-to-remove-names-ingrained-in-white-supremacy-from-campus-buildings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faulkner.drupal.shanti.virginia.edu/content/james-vardaman">"James Vardaman"</a>. <i>The Digital Yoknapatawpha Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329101710/https://faulkner.drupal.shanti.virginia.edu/content/james-vardaman">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Digital+Yoknapatawpha+Project&rft.atitle=James+Vardaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaulkner.drupal.shanti.virginia.edu%2Fcontent%2Fjames-vardaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_K._Vardaman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1970" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, William F. (1970). <i>The White Chief: James Kimble Vardaman</i>. Baton Rouge: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807109312" title="Special:BookSources/0807109312"><bdi>0807109312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Chief%3A+James+Kimble+Vardaman&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0807109312&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Osborn" title="George C. Osborn">Osborn, George Coleman</a> (1981). <i>James Kimble Vardaman, Southern Commoner</i>. G.C. Osborn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Kimble+Vardaman%2C+Southern+Commoner&rft.pub=G.C.+Osborn&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=George+Coleman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_K._Vardaman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_K._Vardaman" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James K. Vardaman">James K. Vardaman</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091006025652/http://www.hhtc.org/vw/">"Vardaman's Weekly Online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hhtc.org/vw/">the original</a> on October 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vardaman%27s+Weekly+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hhtc.org%2Fvw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Vardaman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8004391">James Kimble Vardaman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_H._Longino" title="Andrew H. Longino">Andrew H. Longino</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Mississippi">Governor of Mississippi</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1903_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1903 Mississippi gubernatorial election">1903</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Noel" title="Edmond Noel">Edmond Noel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_H._Longino" title="Andrew H. Longino">Andrew H. Longino</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Mississippi">Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </b><br />1904–1908 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Noel" title="Edmond Noel">Edmond Noel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Le_Roy_Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Roy Percy">Le Roy Percy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States senators from Mississippi"> U.S. senator (Class 2) from Mississippi</a> </b><br />1913–1919 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">John Sharp Williams</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Pat Harrison</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Before 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Francis_McIntosh" title="Lynching of Francis McIntosh">Francis McIntosh</a> (1836)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a> (1837)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josefa_Segovia" title="Josefa Segovia">Josefa Segovia</a> (1851)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Daniel" title="Pancho Daniel">Pancho Daniel</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_of_1863" title="Detroit race riot of 1863">Joshua Boyd</a> (1863)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plummer" title="Henry Plummer">Henry Plummer</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Sketoe" title="Bill Sketoe">Bill Sketoe</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clubfoot_George" title="Clubfoot George">Clubfoot George</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Long" title="Steve Long">Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer</a> (1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Outlaw" title="Wyatt Outlaw">Wyatt Outlaw</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stephens" title="John W. Stephens">John W. Stephens</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boyd_(county_solicitor)" title="Alexander Boyd (county solicitor)">Alexander Boyd</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Williams_(militia_leader)" title="Jim Williams (militia leader)">Jim Williams</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_David_Jones" title="Lynching of David Jones">David Jones</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jo_Reed" title="Lynching of Jo Reed">Jo Reed</a> (1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair_(minister)" title="Arthur St. Clair (minister)">Arthur St. Clair</a> (1877)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Michael_Green" title="Lynching of Michael Green">Michael Green</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Standing" title="Joseph Standing">Joseph Standing</a> (1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Big_Nose_George" title="Big Nose George">Big Nose George Parrott</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thurber" title="Charles Thurber">Charles Thurber</a> (1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bisbee_massacre" title="Bisbee massacre">John Wesley Heath</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Eliza_Woods" title="Lynching of Eliza Woods">Eliza Woods</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mingo_Jack" title="Mingo Jack">Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Amos_Miller" title="Lynching of Amos Miller">Amos Miller</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_Vermillion" title="Lynching of Joseph Vermillion">Joseph Vermillion</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Meadows" title="Lynching of George Meadows">George Meadows</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Watson" title="Ellen Watson">Ellen Watson</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Georgia#Jim_Crow_era" title="Madison, Georgia">Brown Washington</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jim_Taylor" title="Lynching of Jim Taylor">Jim Taylor</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman#Lynching_and_race" title="Benjamin Tillman">Dick Lundy</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joe_Coe" title="Lynching of Joe Coe">Joe Coe</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_(lynching_victim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lewis (lynching victim)">Robert Lewis</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ephraim_Grizzard" title="Lynching of Ephraim Grizzard">Ephraim Grizzard</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_J._Bush" title="Lynching of Samuel J. Bush">Samuel J. Bush</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark,_South_Carolina#History" title="Denmark, South Carolina">John Peterson</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Alfred_Blount" title="Lynching of Alfred Blount">Alfred Blount</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(lynching_victim)" title="Henry Smith (lynching victim)">Henry Smith</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Richard_Puryear" title="Lynching of Richard Puryear">Richard Puryear</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Stephen_Williams" title="Lynching of Stephen Williams">Stephen Williams</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Springs,_Mississippi#Lynching" title="Rocky Springs, Mississippi">Amos Hicks</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland#Incorporation_and_disincorporation" title="Ellicott City, Maryland">Jacob Henson</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_William_Andrews" title="Lynching of William Andrews">William Andrews</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_H._McCoy" title="Lynching of Joseph H. McCoy">Joseph H. McCoy</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Alabama#History" title="LaFayette, Alabama">John Anderson</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Henry_James" title="Lynching of John Henry James">John Henry James</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_F._W._Stewart" title="Lynching of F. W. Stewart">F. W. Stewart</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Sam_Hose" title="Lynching of Sam Hose">Sam Hose</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Benjamin_Thomas" title="Lynching of Benjamin Thomas">Benjamin Thomas</a> (1899)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rochelle" title="Fred Rochelle">Fred Rochelle</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ballie_Crutchfield" title="Lynching of Ballie Crutchfield">Ballie Crutchfield</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Ward" title="Lynching of George Ward">George Ward</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#Twentieth_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Walker Davis</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danville_race_riot" title="Danville race riot">J. D. Mayfield</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_White" title="Lynching of George White"> George White</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_David_Wyatt" title="Lynching of David Wyatt">David Wyatt</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Marie_Thompson" title="Lynching of Marie Thompson">Marie Thompson</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Paul_Reed_and_Will_Cato" title="Lynching of Paul Reed and Will Cato">Paul Reed and Will Cato</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama#Lynching_of_Bunk_Richardson" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Bunk Richardson</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ed_Johnson" title="Lynching of Ed Johnson">Ed Johnson</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toyah,_Texas#History" title="Toyah, Texas">Slab Pitts</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_William_Burns" title="Lynching of William Burns">William Burns</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Earnest_Williams" title="Lynching of Earnest Williams">Earnest Williams</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Miller_(outlaw)" title="Jim Miller (outlaw)">Jim Miller</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">James Hodges</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Matthew Chase</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">"Mose" Creole</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">"Pie" Hill</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_%22Froggie%22_James" title="William "Froggie" James">William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Alabama#1910_lynching" title="Centreville, Alabama">Grant Richardson</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_King_Johnson" title="Lynching of King Johnson">King Johnson</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Name unknown (TX)</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Laura_and_L._D._Nelson" title="Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson">Laura and L. D. Nelson</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livermore,_Kentucky#Opera_house_lynching" title="Livermore, Kentucky">Will Porter</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Zachariah_Walker" title="Lynching of Zachariah Walker">Zachariah Walker</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Mary Jackson</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_racial_conflict_in_Forsyth_County,_Georgia" title="1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County, Georgia">Rob Edwards</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">George Saunders</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Robert Perry</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">? Anderson</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Charles Fisher</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Evans" title="Lynching of John Evans">John Evans</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cedarbluff,_Mississippi#History" title="Cedarbluff, Mississippi">Name unknown (MS)</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jesse_Washington" title="Lynching of Jesse Washington">Jesse Washington</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Anthony_Crawford" title="Lynching of Anthony Crawford">Anthony Crawford</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cedarbluff,_Mississippi#History" title="Cedarbluff, Mississippi">Jeff Brown</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Paulo_Boleta" title="Lynching of Paulo Boleta">Paulo Boleta</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Little_(unionist)" title="Frank Little (unionist)">Frank Little</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Charles Jones</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ell_Persons" title="Lynching of Ell Persons">Ell Persons</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Prager" title="Robert Prager">Robert Prager</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_1918_lynchings" title="May 1918 lynchings">Mary Turner and her unborn baby</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_1918_lynchings" title="May 1918 lynchings">Hazel "Hayes" Turner</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Taylor" title="Lynching of George Taylor">George Taylor</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_McIlherron" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim McIlherron">Jim McIlherron</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Olli_Kinkkonen" title="Lynching of Olli Kinkkonen">Olli Kinkkonen</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Georgia#Jim_Crow_era" title="Madison, Georgia">Wallace Baynes</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Will Brown</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Everest" title="Wesley Everest">Wesley Everest</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hartfield" title="John Hartfield">John Hartfield</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jay_Lynch" title="Lynching of Jay Lynch">Jay Lynch</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berry_Washington" title="Berry Washington">Berry Washington</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Alabama_coal_strike#Willie_Baird" title="1920 Alabama coal strike">Willie Baird</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Belton" title="Roy Belton">Roy Belton</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rowland" title="Dick Rowland">Dick Rowland (attempted)</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Henry_Lowry" title="Lynching of Henry Lowry">Henry Lowry</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_James_Harvey_and_Joe_Jordan" title="Lynching of James Harvey and Joe Jordan">James Harvey and Joe Jordan</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Pullen" title="Joe Pullen">Joe Pullen</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Smith" title="Lynching of Samuel Smith">Samuel Smith</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_L._Q._Ivy" title="Lynching of L. Q. Ivy">L. Q. Ivy</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Byrd" title="Lynching of Raymond Byrd">Raymond Byrd</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(lynching_victim)" title="James Clark (lynching victim)">James Clark</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lake,_Colorado#Fred_Selak" title="Grand Lake, Colorado">Fred N. Selak</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Tom_Payne" title="Lynching of Tom Payne">Tom Payne</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Carter" title="Lynching of John Carter">John Carter</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Dan_Anderson" title="Lynching of Dan Anderson">Dan Anderson</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Will_Sherod" title="Lynching of Will Sherod">Will Sherod</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Bernice_Raspberry" title="Lynching of Bernice Raspberry">Bernice Raspberry</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Owen_Flemming" title="Lynching of Owen Flemming">Owen Flemming</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_Upchurch" title="Lynching of Joseph Upchurch">Joseph Upchurch</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joe_Smith" title="Lynching of Joe Smith">Joe Smith</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Albert_Williams" title="Lynching of Albert Williams">Albert Williams</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Bradshaw" title="Lynching of Thomas Bradshaw">Thomas Bradshaw</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Winston_Pounds" title="Lynching of Winston Pounds">Winston Pounds</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Williams" title="Lynching of Thomas Williams">Thomas Williams</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Henry_Choate" title="Lynching of Henry Choate">Henry Choate</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Leonard_Woods" title="Lynching of Leonard Woods">Leonard Woods</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mondak,_Montana" title="Mondak, Montana">J. C. Collins</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Hughes" title="Lynching of George Hughes">George Hughes</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron_(activist)" title="James Cameron (activist)">James Cameron</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Gunn" title="Lynching of Raymond Gunn">Lynching of Raymond Gunn</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Williams_(laborer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Williams (laborer)">Matthew Williams</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Shedrick_Thompson" title="Death of Shedrick Thompson">Shedrick Thompson</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Armwood" title="Lynching of George Armwood">George Armwood</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Cordie_Cheek" title="Lynching of Cordie Cheek">Cordie Cheek</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Claude_Neal" title="Lynching of Claude Neal">Claude Neal</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Austin_Callaway" title="Lynching of Austin Callaway">Austin Callaway</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Williams" title="Elbert Williams">Elbert Williams</a> (1940)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">After 1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hall" title="Felix Hall">Felix Hall</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kunze" title="Johannes Kunze">Johannes Kunze</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Screws_v._United_States" title="Screws v. United States">Robert "Bobbie" Hall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_James_Howard" title="Lynching of Willie James Howard">Willie James Howard</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Recy_Taylor" title="Recy Taylor">Recy Taylor</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cecil_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cecil Jones">John Cecil Jones</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_Earle" title="Lynching of Willie Earle">Willie Earle</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith_(activist)" title="Lamar Smith (activist)">Lamar Smith</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Lee" title="George W. Lee">George W. Lee</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Judge_Edward_Aaron" title="Judge Edward Aaron">Judge Edward Aaron</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Willie_Edwards" title="Murder of Willie Edwards">Willie Edwards</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Mack_Charles_Parker" title="Lynching of Mack Charles Parker">Mack Charles Parker</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Allen" title="Louis Allen">Louis Allen</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lemuel_Penn" title="Murder of Lemuel Penn">Lemuel Penn</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Frank_Morris" title="Murder of Frank Morris">Frank Morris</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wharlest_Jackson" title="Murder of Wharlest Jackson">Wharlest Jackson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Carol_Jenkins" title="Murder of Carol Jenkins">Carol Jenkins</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Henry_Marrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Henry Marrow">Henry Marrow</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livernois%E2%80%93Fenkell_riot" title="Livernois–Fenkell riot">Marian Pyszko</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Betty_Gardner" title="Murder of Betty Gardner">Betty Gardner</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Miami_riots" title="1980 Miami riots">Arthur McDuffie</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Michael_Donald" title="Lynching of Michael Donald">Michael Donald</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Yusef_Hawkins" title="Murder of Yusef Hawkins">Yusef Hawkins</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Byrd_Jr." title="Murder of James Byrd Jr.">James Byrd Jr.</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Craig_Anderson" title="Murder of James Craig Anderson">James Craig Anderson</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ahmaud_Arbery" title="Murder of Ahmaud Arbery">Ahmaud Arbery</a> (2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multiple_victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multiple victims</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">Death of Joseph Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum Smith</a>) (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_massacre" title="Marais des Cygnes massacre">Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit race riot (1863)">Detroit race riot (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Signoret" title="Felix Signoret">? Lachenais and four others</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow, TN, massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plummer" title="Henry Plummer">Plummer Gang</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis massacre</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Gallatin_County_race_riot" title="1866 Gallatin County race riot">Gallatin County, KY, race riot</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_Gang" title="Reno Gang">Reno Brothers Gang</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_massacre" title="Camilla massacre">Camilla, GA, massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Long" title="Steve Long">Steve Long and two half-brothers</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski, TN, riot</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Bierfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching of Samuel Bierfield">Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas, LA, massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_River_City,_Wyoming#Bear_River_City_Riot_of_November_19,_1868" title="Bear River City, Wyoming">Bear River City riot</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian, MS, race riot</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax, LA, massacre</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Election riot of 1874</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Moya" title="Juan Moya">Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Benjamin_and_Mollie_French" title="Lynching of Benjamin and Mollie French">Benjamin and Mollie French</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellenton riot">Ellenton, SC, riot</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg, SC, massacre</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibodaux_massacre" title="Thibodaux massacre">Thibodeax, LA, massacre</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrell_Brothers" title="Horrell Brothers">Mart and Tom Horrell</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer" title="Lynching of Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer">Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willits,_California##Triple_Masonic_lynching_of_1879" title="Willits, California">Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14,_1891,_lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="March 14, 1891, lynchings">New Orleans 1891 lynchings</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Ruggles_brothers" title="Lynching of the Ruggles brothers">Ruggles Brothers (CA)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Grocery_lynchings" title="People's Grocery lynchings">Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer" title="Lynching of Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer">Porter and Spencer (MS)</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_election_riot" title="Phoenix election riot">Phoenix, SC, election riot</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington, NC, insurrection</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Julia_and_Frazier_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching of Julia and Frazier Baker">Julia and Frazier Baker</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_riot" title="Pana riot">Pana, IL, riot</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watkinsville_lynching" title="Watkinsville lynching">Watkinsville lynching</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Atlanta_race_massacre" title="1906 Atlanta race massacre">1906 Atlanta race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemper_County,_Mississippi#History" title="Kemper County, Mississippi">Kemper County, MS</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Walker_family" title="Lynching of the Walker family">Walker family</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_race_riot_of_1908" title="Springfield race riot of 1908">Springfield race riot of 1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slocum,_Texas" title="Slocum, Texas">Slocum, TX, massacre</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Laura_and_L._D._Nelson" title="Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson">Laura and L.D. Nelson</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Georgia#History" title="Harris County, Georgia">Harris County, GA, lynchings</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry_Six_lynchings" title="Newberry Six lynchings">Newberry, FL, lynchings</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="East St. Louis riots">East St. Louis, IL, riots</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Georgia" title="Brooks County, Georgia">Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_County,_Georgia,_riot_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenkins County, Georgia, riot of 1919">Jenkins County, GA, riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview_race_riot" title="Longview race riot">Longview, TX, race riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine race riot">Elaine, AR, race riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Omaha race riot of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_riot_of_1919" title="Knoxville riot of 1919">Knoxville riot of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_lynchings" title="Duluth lynchings">Duluth, MN, lynchings</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee_massacre" title="Ocoee massacre">Ocoee, FL, massacre</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry race riot">Perry, FL, race riot</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood_massacre" title="Rosewood massacre">Rosewood, FL, massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jim_and_Mark_Fox" title="Lynching of Jim and Mark Fox">Jim and Mark Fox</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Shipp_and_Abram_Smith" title="Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith">Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_County,_Mississippi#History" title="Tate County, Mississippi">Tate County, MS</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Hart#Lynching_of_Thurmond_and_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooke Hart">Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Roosevelt_Townes_and_Robert_McDaniels" title="Lynching of Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels">Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_race_riot_of_1943" title="Beaumont race riot of 1943">Beaumont, TX, Race Riot</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Day_Short" title="O'Day Short">O'Day Short, wife, and two children</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Ford_lynchings" title="Moore's Ford lynchings">Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama#The_Civil_Rights_era" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston, AL</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">Freedom Summer Murders</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a>) (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case" title="Mississippi Cold Case">Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_White_Caps" title="Indiana White Caps">Indiana White Caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_American_Jews" title="Lynching of American Jews">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-lynching_movement" title="Anti-lynching movement">Anti-lynching movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anti-lynching_activists" title="Category:American anti-lynching activists">American anti-lynching activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Crusade_Against_Lynching" title="American Crusade Against Lynching">American Crusade Against Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Daniel_Ames" title="Jessie Daniel Ames">Jessie Daniel Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_C._Ansorge" title="Martin C. Ansorge">Martin C. Ansorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southern_Women_for_the_Prevention_of_Lynching" title="Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching">Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Bailey" title="Flossie Bailey">Flossie Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Connell_Bradley" title="William O'Connell Bradley">William O'Connell Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Barksdale_Brown" title="Ella Barksdale Brown">Ella Barksdale Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Divine" title="Father Divine">Father Divine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Flag_Salute" title="Flag Salute">Flag Salute</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">N.A.A.C.P.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_on_Lynching" title="National Conference on Lynching">National Conference on Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Strange_Fruit" title="Strange Fruit">Strange Fruit</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Legislation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill" title="Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill">Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Costigan#Costigan–Wagner_Bill" title="Edward P. Costigan">Costigan-Wagner Bill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Victims_of_Lynching_Act" title="Justice for Victims of Lynching Act">Justice for Victims of Lynching Act</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Unsolved_Civil_Rights_Crime_Act" title="Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act">Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act" title="Emmett Till Antilynching Act">Emmett Till Antilynching Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defenders of lynching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Theodore G. Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_L._Blease" title="Cole L. Blease">Cole L. Blease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_S._Carr" title="Julian S. Carr">Julian S. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Johnston_Catts" title="Sidney Johnston Catts">Sidney Johnston Catts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Latimer_Felton" title="Rebecca Latimer Felton">Rebecca Latimer Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Temple_Graves" title="John Temple Graves">John Temple Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Trotwood_Moore" title="John Trotwood Moore">John Trotwood Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">John T. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rolph" title="James Rolph">James Rolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodloe_Sutton" title="Goodloe Sutton">Goodloe Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Benjamin Tillman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James K. Vardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Black_Holocaust_Museum" title="America's Black Holocaust Museum">America's Black Holocaust Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legacy_Museum" title="The Legacy Museum">The Legacy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice" title="National Memorial for Peace and Justice">National Memorial for Peace and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Allen_(collector)" title="James Allen (collector)">James Allen (collector)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/And_you_are_lynching_Negroes" title="And you are lynching Negroes">And you are lynching Negroes</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_John_Shillady" title="Attack on John Shillady">Attack on John Shillady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_in_police_custody_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Deaths in police custody in the United States">Deaths in police custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fury_(1936_film)" title="Fury (1936 film)"><i>Fury</i> (1936 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hang_%27Em_High" title="Hang 'Em High">Hang 'Em High</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_postcard" title="Lynching postcard">Lynching postcard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Burning" title="Mississippi Burning">Mississippi Burning</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case" title="Mississippi Cold Case">Mississippi Cold Case</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson</a> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ox-Bow_Incident" title="The Ox-Bow Incident">The Ox-Bow Incident</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_(musical)" title="Parade (musical)"><i>Parade</i> (musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys" title="Scottsboro Boys">Scottsboro Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain#Confederate_Memorial_Carving" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_in_Mississippi" title="Summer in Mississippi">Summer in Mississippi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundown_town" title="Sundown town">Sundown town</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sundown_towns_in_the_United_States" title="List of sundown towns in the United States">list</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_Won%27t_Forget" title="They Won't Forget">They Won't Forget</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_of_Lyncherdom" title="The United States of Lyncherdom">"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Shipp" title="United States v. Shipp">United States v. Shipp</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendetta_(1999_film)" title="Vendetta (1999 film)"><i>Vendetta</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_massacre" title="Wilmington massacre">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lynching_deaths_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Category:Lynching deaths in the United States by state">Lynching deaths in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Mississippi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Mississippi" title="Template:Governors of Mississippi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Mississippi" title="Template talk:Governors of Mississippi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Mississippi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Mississippi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Mississippi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Mississippi" title="List of governors of Mississippi">Governors of Mississippi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Territory <br /> <span class="nobold">(1798–1817)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Sargent" title="Winthrop Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._C._Claiborne" title="William C. C. Claiborne">Claiborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_(Mississippi_politician)" title="Robert Williams (Mississippi politician)">R. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Holmes_(politician)" title="David Holmes (politician)">Holmes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/75px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/113px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/150px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">State <br /> <span class="nobold">(since 1817)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Holmes_(politician)" title="David Holmes (politician)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Leake" title="Walter Leake">Leake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Brandon" title="Gerard Brandon">Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Holmes_(politician)" title="David Holmes (politician)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Brandon" title="Gerard Brandon">Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_M._Scott" title="Abram M. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lynch_(politician)" title="Charles Lynch (politician)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Runnels" title="Hiram Runnels">Runnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Quitman" title="John A. Quitman">Quitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lynch_(politician)" title="Charles Lynch (politician)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_McNutt_(governor)" title="Alexander McNutt (governor)">McNutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilghman_Tucker" title="Tilghman Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Brown" title="Albert G. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Matthews" title="Joseph W. Matthews">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Quitman" title="John A. Quitman">Quitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Isaac_Guion" title="John Isaac Guion">Guion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitfield_(Mississippi)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Whitfield (Mississippi)">J. Whitfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Foote" title="Henry S. Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pettus" title="John J. Pettus">Pettus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McRae" title="John J. McRae">McRae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McWillie" title="William McWillie">McWillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pettus" title="John J. Pettus">Pettus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clark_(governor)" title="Charles Clark (governor)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Sharkey" title="William L. Sharkey">Sharkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Humphreys" title="Benjamin G. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Alcorn" title="James L. Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgley_C._Powers" title="Ridgley C. Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Stone" title="John Marshall Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowry_(governor)" title="Robert Lowry (governor)">Lowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Stone" title="John Marshall Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_J._McLaurin" title="Anselm J. McLaurin">McLaurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_H._Longino" title="Andrew H. Longino">Longino</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Noel" title="Edmond Noel">Noel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_L._Brewer" title="Earl L. Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_M._Russell" title="Lee M. Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Whitfield" title="Henry L. Whitfield">H. Whitfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Murphree" title="Dennis Murphree">Murphree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sennet_Conner" title="Martin Sennet Conner">Conner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._White" title="Hugh L. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Johnson_Sr." title="Paul B. Johnson Sr.">Johnson Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Murphree" title="Dennis Murphree">Murphree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Bailey" title="Thomas L. Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._White" title="Hugh L. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Coleman" title="James P. Coleman">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Johnson_Jr." title="Paul B. Johnson Jr.">Johnson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Williams" title="John Bell Williams">J. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Waller" title="Bill Waller">Waller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Finch" title="Cliff Finch">Finch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Winter" title="William F. Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allain" title="William Allain">Allain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Mabus" title="Ray Mabus">Mabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Fordice" title="Kirk Fordice">Fordice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Musgrove" title="Ronnie Musgrove">Musgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Bryant" title="Phil Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Reeves" title="Tate Reeves">Reeves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speakers_of_the_Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MS_House_Speakers" title="Template:MS House Speakers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:MS_House_Speakers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:MS House Speakers (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MS_House_Speakers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MS House Speakers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speakers_of_the_Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" title="Mississippi House of Representatives">Mississippi House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barnes_(politician)" title="Thomas Barnes (politician)">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Turner_(judge)" title="Edward Turner (judge)">Turner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beverly_R._Grayson" title="Beverly R. Grayson">Grayson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cowles_Mead" title="Cowles Mead">Mead</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Brandon" title="Gerard Brandon">Brandon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cowles_Mead" title="Cowles Mead">Mead</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Nicholson" title="Isaac R. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Green_(Mississippi_politician)" title="Charles B. Green (Mississippi politician)">Green</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Sharkey" title="William L. Sharkey">Sharkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Dunbar_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Dunbar (politician) (page does not exist)">Dunbar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._Degrafenreid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. P. Degrafenreid (page does not exist)">Degrafenreid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Pembel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Pembel (page does not exist)">Pembel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Lewis_Bingaman" title="Adam Lewis Bingaman">Bingaman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Irvin_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Irvin (politician) (page does not exist)">Irvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Vannerson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Vannerson (page does not exist)">Vannerson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._W._King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. W. King (page does not exist)">King</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Speight" title="Jesse Speight">Speight</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Ventress" title="James Alexander Ventress">Ventress</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Roberts" title="Robert W. Roberts">Roberts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._L._Totten" title="J. L. Totten">Totten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Whitfield_(Mississippi_politician)" title="James Whitfield (Mississippi politician)">Whitfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McRae" title="John J. McRae">McRae</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Patton" title="William S. Patton">Patton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Cassedy" title="Hiram Cassedy">Cassedy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Barry" title="William S. Barry">Barry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Autry" title="James L. Autry">Autry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Abigail_Patterson_Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Josiah Abigail Patterson Campbell">Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Lake" title="William A. Lake">Lake</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Scales" title="J. P. Scales">Scales</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lock_E._Houston" title="Lock E. Houston">Houston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Gholson" title="Samuel J. Gholson">Gholson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Freeman_E._Franklin" title="Freeman E. Franklin">Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waterman_Warren" title="Henry Waterman Warren">Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Lynch" title="John R. Lynch">Lynch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McQueen_Street" title="Hugh McQueen Street">Street</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Shadd" title="Isaac Shadd">Shadd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McQueen_Street" title="Hugh McQueen Street">Street</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Percy_(politician)" title="William Alexander Percy (politician)">Percy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Johns" title="Benjamin F. Johns">Johns</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._H._Tison" title="W. H. H. Tison">Tison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Inge_(Mississippi_politician)" title="William M. Inge (Mississippi politician)">Inge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Sharp" title="Jacob H. Sharp">Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Mitchell" title="Charles B. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_S._Madison" title="James S. Madison">Madison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McQueen_Street" title="Hugh McQueen Street">Street</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vardaman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._McCool" title="James F. McCool">McCool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._J._Russell" title="A. J. Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmet_Thomas" title="Emmet Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McQueen_Street" title="Hugh McQueen Street">Street</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hillrie_M._Quin" title="Hillrie M. Quin">Quin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sennet_Conner" title="Martin Sennet Conner">Conner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Bailey" title="Thomas L. Bailey">Bailey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Stansel" title="Horace Stansel">Stansel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Lumpkin" title="Sam Lumpkin">Lumpkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sillers_Jr." title="Walter Sillers Jr.">Sillers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Junkin" title="John R. Junkin">Junkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddie_Newman" title="Buddie Newman">Newman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Ford_(politician)" title="Tim Ford (politician)">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_J._McCoy_(Mississippi_politician)" title="William J. McCoy (Mississippi politician)">McCoy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gunn" title="Philip Gunn">Gunn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jason_White_(politician)" title="Jason White (politician)">White</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/80px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/120px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seal_of_Mississippi.svg/160px-Seal_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Speakers_of_the_Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:Speakers of the Mississippi House of Representatives">Category</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Speakers_of_the_Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Speakers of the Mississippi House of Representatives">Commons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives#List_of_speakers" title="Mississippi House of Representatives">List</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" title="Template:United States senators from Mississippi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" title="Template talk:United States senators from Mississippi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Mississippi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States senators from Mississippi">United States senators from Mississippi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Leake" title="Walter Leake">Leake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Holmes_(politician)" title="David Holmes (politician)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_Ellis" title="Powhatan Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buck_Reed" title="Thomas Buck Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_Ellis" title="Powhatan Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Black_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Black (U.S. senator)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Trotter" title="James F. Trotter">Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hickman_Williams" title="Thomas Hickman Williams">T. Hickman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henderson_(Mississippi_politician)" title="John Henderson (Mississippi politician)">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Speight" title="Jesse Speight">Speight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McRae" title="John J. McRae">McRae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Adams_(politician)" title="Stephen Adams (politician)">S. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Pease" title="Henry R. Pease">Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Z._George" title="James Z. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">J. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_D._Stephens" title="Hubert D. Stephens">Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Wicker</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_Williams" title="Thomas Hill Williams">T. Hill Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buck_Reed" title="Thomas Buck Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Adams" title="Robert H. Adams">R. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Chalmers" title="Joseph W. Chalmers">Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Foote" title="Henry S. Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Brooke" title="Walker Brooke">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Brown" title="Albert G. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Alcorn" title="James L. Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Walthall" title="Edward C. Walthall">Walthall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_J._McLaurin" title="Anselm J. McLaurin">McLaurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Walthall" title="Edward C. Walthall">Walthall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V._Sullivan" title="William V. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_J._McLaurin" title="Anselm J. McLaurin">McLaurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gordon_(Mississippi_politician)" title="James Gordon (Mississippi politician)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Percy" title="LeRoy Percy">Percy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Doxey" title="Wall Doxey">Doxey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Hyde-Smith" title="Cindy Hyde-Smith">Hyde-Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747375#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747375#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747375#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000077359477">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/16095440">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/77258/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhqRtYD9mcVVGGrFWv73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/140706836">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81089490">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=V000070">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69w1d0x">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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