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href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Colonial period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformism,_annexation,_and_independence_(1800–1898)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformism,_annexation,_and_independence_(1800–1898)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reformism, annexation, and independence (1800–1898) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reformism,_annexation,_and_independence_(1800–1898)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reformism, annexation, and independence (1800–1898) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reformism,_annexation,_and_independence_(1800–1898)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform,_autonomy_and_separatist_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform,_autonomy_and_separatist_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Reform, autonomy and separatist movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform,_autonomy_and_separatist_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antislavery_and_independence_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antislavery_and_independence_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Antislavery and independence movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antislavery_and_independence_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possibility_of_annexation_by_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possibility_of_annexation_by_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Possibility of annexation by the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possibility_of_annexation_by_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Struggle for independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_in_the_late_19th_century_(1886–1900)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_in_the_late_19th_century_(1886–1900)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Conflicts in the late 19th century (1886–1900) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflicts_in_the_late_19th_century_(1886–1900)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conflicts in the late 19th century (1886–1900) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_in_the_late_19th_century_(1886–1900)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martí's_Insurrection_and_the_start_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martí's_Insurrection_and_the_start_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Martí's Insurrection and the start of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martí's_Insurrection_and_the_start_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escalation_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalation_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Escalation of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalation_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USS_Maine_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USS_Maine_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 USS Maine incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USS_Maine_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_Theatre_of_the_Spanish–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_Theatre_of_the_Spanish–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Cuban Theatre of the Spanish–American War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_Theatre_of_the_Spanish–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._occupation_(1898–1902)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._occupation_(1898–1902)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 U.S. occupation (1898–1902) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._occupation_(1898–1902)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. occupation (1898–1902) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._occupation_(1898–1902)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Political changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Economic changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Elections and independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century_(1902–1959)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century_(1902–1959)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Early 20th century (1902–1959) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_20th_century_(1902–1959)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early 20th century (1902–1959) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century_(1902–1959)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Post-World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940_Constitution_and_the_Batista_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940_Constitution_and_the_Batista_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 1940 Constitution and the Batista era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940_Constitution_and_the_Batista_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Batista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Batista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Rise of Batista </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Batista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_expansion_and_stagnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_expansion_and_stagnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Economic expansion and stagnation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_expansion_and_stagnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_repression_and_human_rights_abuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_repression_and_human_rights_abuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Political repression and human rights abuses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_repression_and_human_rights_abuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_Revolution_(1952–1959)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_Revolution_(1952–1959)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cuban Revolution (1952–1959) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_Revolution_(1952–1959)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_of_Fidel_Castro_(1959–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_of_Fidel_Castro_(1959–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Government of Fidel Castro (1959–2006) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_of_Fidel_Castro_(1959–2006)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government of Fidel Castro (1959–2006) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_of_Fidel_Castro_(1959–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Political consolidation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Break_with_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Break_with_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Break with the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break_with_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bay_of_Pigs_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bay_of_Pigs_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Bay of Pigs invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bay_of_Pigs_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_Missile_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Cuban Missile Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Early emigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militarization_of_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militarization_of_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Militarization of society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militarization_of_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_institutionalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_institutionalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Political institutionalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_institutionalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_Third_World_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_Third_World_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Involvement in Third World conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_Third_World_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariel_boatlift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariel_boatlift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Mariel boatlift </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariel_boatlift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rectification_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rectification_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 Rectification process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rectification_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.11 Special Period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_isolation_and_regional_engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_isolation_and_regional_engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.12 Continued isolation and regional engagement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_isolation_and_regional_engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_of_Raul_Castro_(2007-2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_of_Raul_Castro_(2007-2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Government of Raul Castro (2007-2017) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_of_Raul_Castro_(2007-2017)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government of Raul Castro (2007-2017) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_of_Raul_Castro_(2007-2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transfer_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Transfer of power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improving_foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Improving foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improving_foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Economic reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Diaz-Canel_(2018-present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Diaz-Canel_(2018-present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Presidency of Diaz-Canel (2018-present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Diaz-Canel_(2018-present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography and further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">History of Cuba</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تاريخ كوبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ كوبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Cuba" title="Historia de Cuba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="কিউবার ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিউবার ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Cuba" title="Història de Cuba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Kuby" title="Dějiny Kuby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Kuby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubas_historie" title="Cubas historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cubas historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Kubas" title="Geschichte Kubas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Kubas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Cuba" title="Historia de Cuba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubako_historia" title="Kubako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kubako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Cuba" title="Histoire de Cuba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Cuba" title="Historia de Cuba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="쿠바의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠바의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կուբայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կուբայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Kube" title="Povijest Kube – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Kube" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Kuba" title="Historio di Kuba – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Kuba" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_di_Cuba" title="Storia di Cuba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia di Cuba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="היסטוריה של קובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של קובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Kuba" title="Historia ya Kuba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Kuba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Cubae" title="Historia Cubae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Cubae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubos_istorija" title="Kubos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kubos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cuba" title="Sejarah Cuba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Cuba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Cuba" title="Geschiedenis van Cuba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Cuba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="キューバの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キューバの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕਿਊਬਾ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਊਬਾ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="کیوبا دی تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیوبا دی تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="د کيوبا تاريخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کيوبا تاريخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Cuba" title="História de Cuba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Cubei" title="Istoria Cubei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Cubei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="История Кубы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Кубы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejiny_Kuby" title="Dejiny Kuby – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dejiny Kuby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Историја Кубе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Кубе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuban_historia" title="Kuuban historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuuban historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubas_historia" title="Kubas historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kubas historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaysayan_ng_Cuba" title="Kasaysayan ng Cuba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kasaysayan ng Cuba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Історія Куби – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Куби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Cuba" title="Lịch sử Cuba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Cuba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Cuba" title="Category:History of Cuba">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Cuba</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Cubicum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Insigne_Cubicum.svg/50px-Insigne_Cubicum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Insigne_Cubicum.svg/75px-Insigne_Cubicum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Insigne_Cubicum.svg/100px-Insigne_Cubicum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="343" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Governorate of Cuba</a> (1511–1519)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno genocide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> (1535–1821)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Siege of Havana</a> (1762)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a> (1607–1898)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopez_Expedition" title="Lopez Expedition">Lopez Expedition</a> (1850–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a> (1868–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Little War</a> (1879–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a> (1895–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a> (1898)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">US Military Government</a> (1898–1902)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> (1901)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Republic of Cuba</a> (1902–1959)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">Cuban Pacification</a> (1906–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro Rebellion">Negro Rebellion</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution_of_1933" title="Cuban Revolution of 1933">Cuban Revolution of 1933</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">Batistazo</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a> (1958–)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Republic of Cuba</a> (1959–)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the revolution</a> (1959–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_exodus" title="Cuban exodus">Cuban exodus</a> (1959–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_years" title="Grey years">Grey years</a> (1971-76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutionalization_process" title="Institutionalization process">Institutionalization process</a> (1976-1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Intervention in Angola</a> (1975–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectification_process" title="Rectification process">Rectification process</a> (1986-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a> (2015–2017)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cuban_history" title="Timeline of Cuban history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Cuba">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Cuba">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Cuba">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_healthcare_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of healthcare in Cuba">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_rights_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of human rights in Cuba">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cuba" title="Military history of Cuba">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Cuba">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Cuba">Women's history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/16px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/24px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cuba" title="Portal:Cuba">Cuba portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Cuba" title="Template:History of Cuba"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Cuba" title="Template talk:History of Cuba"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Cuba" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Cuba"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The island of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> was inhabited by various <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> cultures prior to the arrival of the explorer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1492. After his arrival, Spain conquered Cuba and appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">Spanish governors</a> to rule in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>. The administrators in Cuba were subject to the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of New Spain">Viceroy of New Spain</a> and the local authorities in <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. In 1762–63, Havana was briefly occupied by Britain, before being returned to Spain in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>. A series of rebellions between 1868 and 1898, led by General <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Máximo Gómez">Máximo Gómez</a>, failed to end Spanish rule and claimed the lives of 49,000 Cuban guerrillas and 126,000 Spanish soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> resulted in a Spanish withdrawal from the island in 1898, and following three and a half years of subsequent <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">US military rule</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Cuba gained formal independence in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In the years following its independence, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Cuban republic</a> saw significant economic development, but also political corruption and a succession of despotic leaders, culminating in the overthrow of the dictator <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a> by the <a href="/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement" title="26th of July Movement">26th of July Movement</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, during the 1953–1959 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The new government <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Cuba–Soviet Union relations">aligned with the Soviet Union</a> and embraced <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> In the early 1960s, Castro's regime <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">withstood invasion</a>, faced nuclear Armageddon,<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> and experienced a civil war that included Dominican support for regime opponents.<a href="#cite_note-11">[c]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> (1968), Castro publicly declared Cuba's support. His speech marked the start of Cuba's complete absorption into the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Cuba also supported Soviet policy in Afghanistan, Poland, Angola, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, and El Salvador.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuban economy</a> was mostly supported by Soviet <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidies</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the USSR</a> in 1991 Cuba was plunged into a severe economic crisis known as the <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a> that ended in 2000 when <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> began providing Cuba with subsidized oil. The country has been <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">politically and economically isolated by the United States</a> since the Revolution, but has gradually gained access to foreign commerce and travel as <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Thaw">efforts to normalise diplomatic relations</a> have progressed.<a href="#cite_note-FirstShip-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Permit2012-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCDec2014-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-CubaObama-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReOpen2015-18">[15]</a> Domestic economic reforms are also beginning to tackle existing economic problems which arose in the aftermath of the special period (i.e. the introduction of the dual currency system). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Columbian_(to_1500)">Pre-Columbian (to 1500)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian (to 1500)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png/220px-Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png/330px-Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png/440px-Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> women preparing <a href="/wiki/Cassava_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassava bread">cassava bread</a></figcaption></figure> Cuba's earliest known human inhabitants inhabited the island in the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> The oldest known Cuban archeological site, <a href="/wiki/Nicaro-Levisa" title="Nicaro-Levisa">Levisa</a>, dates from approximately 3100 BC.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> A wider distribution of sites date from after 2000 BC, most notably represented by the Cayo Redondo and Guayabo Blanco cultures of western Cuba. These <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> cultures used <a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">ground stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">shell</a> tools and ornaments, including the <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger</a>-like gladiolitos.<a href="#cite_note-Allaire688-21">[18]</a> The Cayo Redondo and Guayabo Blanco cultures lived a subsistence lifestyle based on <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">fishing, hunting and collecting wild plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allaire688-21">[18]</a> The indigenous <a href="/wiki/Guanajatabey" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajatabey">Guanajatabey</a>, who had inhabited Cuba for centuries, were driven to the far west of the island by the arrival of subsequent waves of migrants, including the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Taíno people">Taíno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a>. These people had migrated north along the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean island chain</a>. The Taíno and Siboney were part of a cultural group commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Arawak_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak peoples">Arawak</a>, who inhabited parts of northeastern South America prior to the arrival of Europeans. Initially, they settled at the eastern end of Cuba, before expanding westward across the island. The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> clergyman and writer <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> estimated that the Taíno population of Cuba had reached 350,000 by the end of the 15th century. The Taíno cultivated the <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">yuca</a> root, harvested it and baked it to produce <a href="/wiki/Cassava_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassava bread">cassava bread</a>. They also grew <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, and ate <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_conquest">Spanish conquest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spanish conquest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havana_1639b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Havana_1639b.jpg/220px-Havana_1639b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Havana_1639b.jpg/330px-Havana_1639b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Havana_1639b.jpg/440px-Havana_1639b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6471" data-file-height="4975" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">watercolor</a> painting of Havana Bay, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1639</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus#First_voyage" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">his first Spanish-sponsored voyage to the Americas</a> in 1492, sailed south from what is now the <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> to explore the northeast coast of Cuba and the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. Columbus, who was searching for a route to India, believed the island to be a peninsula of the Asian mainland.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> Columbus arrived at Cuba on October 27, 1492, and he landed on October 28, 1492, at Puerto de Nipe.<a href="#cite_note-Gott-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> During a second voyage in 1494, Columbus passed along the south coast, landing at various inlets including what was to become <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" title="Guantánamo Bay">Guantánamo Bay</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Papal Bull of 1493</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> commanded Spain to conquer and convert the <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> The Spanish began to create permanent settlements on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, east of Cuba, soon after Columbus' arrival in the Caribbean, but the coast of Cuba was not fully mapped by Europeans until 1508, by <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-historia_naval-28">[25]</a> In 1511, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a> set out from Hispaniola to form the first Spanish settlement in Cuba, with orders from Spain to conquer the island. The settlement was at Baracoa, but the new settlers were greeted with stiff resistance from the local Taíno population. The Taínos were initially organized by <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">cacique</a> (chieftain) <a href="/wiki/Hatuey" title="Hatuey">Hatuey</a>, who had himself relocated from Hispaniola to escape Spanish rule. After a prolonged <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> campaign, Hatuey and successive chieftains were captured and burnt alive, and within three years the Spanish had gained control of the island. In 1514, a south coast settlement was founded in what was to become <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>. The current city was founded in 1519. Clergyman <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> observed a number of massacres initiated by the invaders, notably the massacre near <a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a> of the inhabitants of Caonao. According to his account, some three thousand villagers had traveled to Manzanillo to greet the Spanish with food, and were "without provocation, butchered".<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> The surviving indigenous groups fled to the mountains or the small surrounding islands before being captured and forced into reservations. One such reservation was <a href="/wiki/Guanabacoa" title="Guanabacoa">Guanabacoa</a>, today a suburb of Havana.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas1-30">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatuey_monument,_Baracoa,_Cuba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hatuey_monument%2C_Baracoa%2C_Cuba.JPG/220px-Hatuey_monument%2C_Baracoa%2C_Cuba.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hatuey_monument%2C_Baracoa%2C_Cuba.JPG/330px-Hatuey_monument%2C_Baracoa%2C_Cuba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hatuey_monument%2C_Baracoa%2C_Cuba.JPG/440px-Hatuey_monument%2C_Baracoa%2C_Cuba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1515" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A monument to the Taíno chieftain Hatuey in <a href="/wiki/Baracoa" title="Baracoa">Baracoa</a>, Cuba</figcaption></figure> In 1513, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> issued a decree establishing the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> land settlement system that was to be incorporated throughout the Spanish Americas. Velázquez, who had become Governor of Cuba, was given the task of apportioning the land and the indigenous peoples to groups throughout the new colony. The scheme was not a success, however, as the natives either succumbed to diseases brought from Spain such as <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, or simply refused to work, preferring to move into the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Gott-25">[22]</a> Desperate for labor for the new agricultural settlements, the Conquistadors sought slaves from surrounding islands and the continental mainland. Velazquez's lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> in Mexico from Cuba, sailing from Santiago to the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> However, these new arrivals also dispersed into the wilderness or died of disease.<a href="#cite_note-Gott-25">[22]</a> Despite the difficult relations between the natives and the new Europeans, some cooperation was in evidence. The Spanish were shown by the natives how to nurture <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and consume it as <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigars</a>. There were also many unions between the largely male Spanish colonists and indigenous women. Modern studies have revealed traces of DNA that renders physical traits similar to Amazonian tribes in individuals throughout Cuba,<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> although the native population <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">was largely destroyed</a> as a culture and civilization after 1550. Under the <a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">Spanish New Laws</a> of 1552, indigenous Cuban were freed from encomienda, and seven towns for indigenous peoples were set up. There are indigenous descendant Cuban (<a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a>) families in several places, mostly in eastern Cuba. The local indigenous population also left their mark on the language, with some 400 Taíno terms and place-names surviving to the present day. For example, Cuba and Havana were derived from <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Classic Taíno</a>, and indigenous words such as tobacco, hurricane and canoe were transferred to English.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas1-30">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial period">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Slavery in Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png/220px-Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png/330px-Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png/440px-Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>A 1736 colonial map by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Moll" title="Herman Moll">Herman Moll</a> of the West Indies and Mexico, together comprising "<a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>", with Cuba visible in the center.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Morro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/El_Morro.jpg/220px-El_Morro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/El_Morro.jpg/330px-El_Morro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/El_Morro.jpg/440px-El_Morro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The fortress of <a href="/wiki/Morro_Castle_(Havana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morro Castle (Havana)">El Morro</a> in Havana, built in 1589</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg/220px-British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg/330px-British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg/440px-British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption>The British Fleet Entering Havana, 21 August 1762, a 1775 painting by <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Serres" title="Dominic Serres">Dominic Serres</a> </figcaption></figure> The Spanish established <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> as Cuba's primary products, and the island soon supplanted Hispaniola as the prime Spanish base in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> African <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">slaves</a> were imported to work the plantations as field labor. However, restrictive Spanish trade laws made it difficult for Cubans to keep up with the 17th and 18th century advances in processing <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> saw French planters flee to Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_Hugh_p.89-34">[31]</a> Spain also restricted Cuba's access to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a>, instead issuing foreign merchants <a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">asientos</a> to conduct it on Spain's behalf, and ordered regulations on trade with Cuba. The resultant stagnation of economic growth was particularly pronounced in Cuba because of its great strategic importance in the Caribbean, and the stranglehold that Spain kept on it as a result. Colonial Cuba was a frequent target of <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a>. In response to repeated raids, defenses were bolstered throughout the island during the 16th century. In Havana, the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_los_Tres_Reyes_Magos_del_Morro" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro">Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro</a> was built to deter potential invaders.<a href="#cite_note-Drake-35">[32]</a> Havana's inability to resist invaders was dramatically exposed in 1628, when a Dutch fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Piet_Heyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Piet Heyn">Piet Heyn</a> plundered the Spanish ships in the city's harbor.<a href="#cite_note-Heyn_and_Myngs-36">[33]</a> In 1662, English <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirate</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Myngs" title="Christopher Myngs">Christopher Myngs</a> captured and briefly occupied <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a> on the eastern part of the island.<a href="#cite_note-Heyn_and_Myngs-36">[33]</a> Nearly a century later, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British Royal Navy</a> launched another invasion, capturing <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" title="Guantánamo Bay">Guantánamo Bay</a> in 1741 during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a>. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward Vernon</a> saw his 4,000 occupying troops capitulate to raids by Spanish troops, and more critically, an epidemic, forcing him to withdraw his fleet to <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">British Jamaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vernon-37">[34]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>, the British carried out unsuccessful attacks against Santiago de Cuba <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Cuba_(1741)" title="Invasion of Cuba (1741)">in 1741</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba_(1748)" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba (1748)">again in 1748</a>. Additionally, a skirmish between British and Spanish naval squadrons occurred <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Havana_(1748)" title="Battle of Havana (1748)">near Havana in 1748</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vernon-37">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, which erupted in 1754 across three continents, eventually arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>. In 1762 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Havana_(1762)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Havana (1762)">a British expedition</a> of five warships and 4,000 troops set out from <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> to capture Cuba. The British arrived on 6 June, and by August had Havana under <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siege-38">[35]</a> When Havana surrendered, the admiral of the British fleet, <a href="/wiki/George_Keppel,_3rd_Earl_of_Albemarle" title="George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle">George Keppel</a>, entered the city as a new colonial governor and took control of the whole western part of the island. The arrival of the British immediately opened up trade with their <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">North American</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">Caribbean colonies</a>, causing a rapid transformation of Cuban society.<a href="#cite_note-Siege-38">[35]</a> Though Havana, which had become the third-largest city in the Americas, was to enter an era of sustained development and closening ties with North America during this period, the British occupation proved short-lived. Pressure from London sugar merchants fearing a decline in sugar prices forced negotiations with the Spanish over colonial territories. Less than a year after Havana was seized, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Peace of Paris</a> was signed by the three warring powers, ending the Seven Years' War. The treaty gave Britain <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in exchange for Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-Siege-38">[35]</a> In 1781, General <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a>, the Spanish governor of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_campaign" title="Gulf Coast campaign">reconquered Florida</a> for Spain with Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Cuban troops.<a href="#cite_note-Ferreiro2016133-39">[36]</a> In the 19th century, Cuba became the most important world producer of sugar, thanks to the expansion of slavery and a relentless focus on improving sugar technology. Use of modern refining techniques was especially important because the British <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act 1807</a> abolished the slave trade in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The British government set about trying to eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a>. Under British diplomatic pressure, in 1817 Spain agreed to abolish the slave trade from 1820 in exchange for a payment from London. Cubans rushed to import further slaves in the time legally left to them. Over 100,000 new slaves were imported from Africa between 1816 and 1820.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_Hugh_p.89-34">[31]</a> In spite of the new restrictions a large-scale illegal slave trade continued to flourish in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Many Cubans were torn between desire for the profits generated by sugar and a repugnance for slavery. By the end of the 19th century, slavery was abolished. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estados_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_Espa%C3%B1ola_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Estados_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_Espa%C3%B1ola_1873.jpg/220px-Estados_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_Espa%C3%B1ola_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Estados_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_Espa%C3%B1ola_1873.jpg/330px-Estados_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_Espa%C3%B1ola_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Estados_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_Espa%C3%B1ola_1873.jpg/440px-Estados_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_Espa%C3%B1ola_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>States proposed in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Draft_Constitution_of_1873" title="Spanish Draft Constitution of 1873">Spanish Draft Federal Constitution of 1873</a>, among which Cuba was included.</figcaption></figure> When Spain opened the Cuban trade ports, it quickly became a popular place. Cubans began to use water mills, enclosed furnaces, and steam engines to produce higher-quality sugar at a much more efficient pace. The boom in Cuba's sugar industry in the 19th century made it necessary for the country to improve its transportation infrastructure. Many new roads were built, and old roads were quickly repaired. Railroads were built relatively early, easing the collection and transportation of perishable sugar cane. By 1860, Cuba was devoted to growing sugar, having to import all other necessary goods. Cuba was particularly dependent on the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, which bought 82 percent of its sugar. In 1820, Spain abolished the slave trade, hurting the Cuban economy even more and forcing planters to buy more expensive, illegal, and "troublesome" slaves (as demonstrated by the slave rebellion on the Spanish ship <a href="/wiki/Amistad_(case)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amistad (case)">Amistad</a> in 1839).<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reformism,_annexation,_and_independence_(1800–1898)">Reformism, annexation, and independence (1800–1898)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reformism, annexation, and independence (1800–1898)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuban_nationality" title="History of Cuban nationality">History of Cuban nationality</a></div> In the early 19th century, three major political currents took shape in Cuba: reformism, annexation and independence. Spontaneous and isolated actions added a current of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionism</a>. The 1776 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> and the successes of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789 influenced early Cuban liberation movements, as did the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">successful revolt</a> of black slaves in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> in 1791. One of the first of such movements in Cuba, headed by the free <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> Nicolás Morales, aimed at gaining equality between "mulatto and whites" and at the abolition of sales taxes and other fiscal burdens. Morales' plot was discovered in 1795 in <a href="/wiki/Bayamo" title="Bayamo">Bayamo</a>, and the conspirators were jailed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform,_autonomy_and_separatist_movements">Reform, autonomy and separatist movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reform, autonomy and separatist movements">edit</a>]</div> As a result of the political upheavals caused by the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Iberian Peninsular War</a> of 1807–1814 and of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s invasion of Spain and the removal of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> from the Spanish throne in 1808, a western separatist rebellion emerged among the Cuban Creole aristocracy in 1809 and 1810. One of its leaders, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Infante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Infante (page does not exist)">Joaquín Infante</a>, drafted Cuba's first <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, declaring the island a sovereign state, presuming the rule of the country's wealthy, maintaining slavery as long as it was necessary for agriculture, establishing a social classification based on skin color and declaring <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> the official religion. This conspiracy also failed, and the main leaders were deported.<a href="#cite_note-xrhsoz-42">[39]</a> In 1812 a mixed-race abolitionist conspiracy arose, organized by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Aponte" title="José Antonio Aponte">José Antonio Aponte</a>, a free-black carpenter. He and others were executed. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Spanish Constitution of 1812</a>, and the legislation passed by the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a> after it was set up in 1808, instituted a number of liberal political and commercial policies, which were welcomed in Cuba but also curtailed a number of older liberties. Between 1810 and 1814 the island elected six representatives to the Cortes, in addition to forming a locally elected Provincial Deputation.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Nevertheless, the liberal regime and the Constitution proved ephemeral: Ferdinand VII suppressed them when he returned to the throne in 1814 after Napoleon's total defeat. By the end of the 1810s, some Cubans were inspired by the successes of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> in South America and Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollo</a> independence movement. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret-societies</a> emerged, most notably the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soles_y_Rayos_de_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soles y Rayos de Bolívar (page does not exist)">Soles y Rayos de Bolívar</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soles_y_Rayos_de_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Soles y Rayos de Bolívar">es</a>]", founded in 1821 and led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_Lemus" title="José Francisco Lemus">José Francisco Lemus</a>. It aimed to establish the free <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Cubanac%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of Cubanacán (page does not exist)">Republic of Cubanacán</a>, and it had branches in five districts of the island. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havana_-_Puertas_de_Monserrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Havana_-_Puertas_de_Monserrate.jpg/220px-Havana_-_Puertas_de_Monserrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Havana_-_Puertas_de_Monserrate.jpg/330px-Havana_-_Puertas_de_Monserrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Havana_-_Puertas_de_Monserrate.jpg/440px-Havana_-_Puertas_de_Monserrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1402" /></a><figcaption>The city walls of Havana, 1848</figcaption></figure> In 1823 the society's leaders were arrested and condemned to exile. In the same year, King Ferdinand VII abolished constitutional rule in Spain yet again. As a result, the national militia of Cuba, established by the Constitution and a potential instrument for liberal agitation, was dissolved, a permanent executive military commission under the orders of the governor was created, newspapers were closed, elected provincial representatives were removed and other liberties suppressed. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habana,_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg/220px-Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg/330px-Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg/440px-Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6006" data-file-height="4076" /></a><figcaption>19th century view of Havana</figcaption></figure> This suppression, and the success of independence movements in the former Spanish colonies on the North American mainland, led to a notable rise of Cuban <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. A number of independence conspiracies developed during the 1820s and 1830s, but all failed. Among these were the "Expedición de los Trece" (Expedition of the 13) in 1826, the "Gran Legión del Aguila Negra" (Great Legion of the Black Eagle) in 1829, the "Cadena Triangular" (Triangular Chain) and the "Soles de la Libertad" (Suns of Liberty) in 1837. Leading national figures in these years included <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Varela" title="Félix Varela">Félix Varela</a> and Cuba's first revolutionary poet, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Heredia" class="mw-redirect" title="José María Heredia">José María Heredia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Between 1810 and 1826, 20,000 royalist refugees from the Latin American Revolutions arrived in Cuba. They were joined by others who left Florida when Spain <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">ceded it to the United States</a> in 1819. These influxes strengthened loyalist pro-Spanish sentiments.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antislavery_and_independence_movements">Antislavery and independence movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antislavery and independence movements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_una_vega.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vista_de_una_vega.jpg/220px-Vista_de_una_vega.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vista_de_una_vega.jpg/330px-Vista_de_una_vega.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vista_de_una_vega.jpg/440px-Vista_de_una_vega.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco fields in Cuba, 1859</figcaption></figure> In 1826 the first armed uprising for independence took place in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Pr%C3%ADncipe,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Príncipe, Cuba">Puerto Príncipe</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ag%C3%BCero_Velasco" title="Francisco Agüero Velasco">Francisco Agüero Velasco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Andrés Manuel Sánchez">Andrés Manuel Sánchez</a>. Both were executed, becoming the first popular martyrs of the Cuban independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> The 1830s saw a surge of activity from the reformist movement, whose main leader, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Saco" title="José Antonio Saco">José Antonio Saco</a>, stood out for his criticism of Spanish despotism and of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>. Nevertheless, Cubans remained deprived of the right to send representatives to the Spanish parliament, and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> stepped up repression. Under British diplomatic pressure, the Spanish government had pledged to abolish slavery.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In this context, Black revolts in Cuba increased, and were put down with mass executions. One of the most significant was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conspiraci%C3%B3n_de_la_Escalera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conspiración de la Escalera (page does not exist)">Conspiración de la Escalera</a> (Ladder Conspiracy) in 1843–1844. The Ladder Conspiracy involved free Black persons and enslaved, as well as white intellectuals and professionals. It is estimated that 300 Black and mixed-race persons died from torture, 78 were executed, over 600 were imprisoned and over 400 expelled from the island.<a href="#cite_note-kotrhz-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Saco" title="José Antonio Saco">José Antonio Saco</a>, one of Cuba's most prominent thinkers, was expelled.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrada_triunfal_de_Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos_en_La_Habana,_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Entrada_triunfal_de_Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos_en_La_Habana%2C_1878.jpg/220px-Entrada_triunfal_de_Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos_en_La_Habana%2C_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Entrada_triunfal_de_Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos_en_La_Habana%2C_1878.jpg/330px-Entrada_triunfal_de_Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos_en_La_Habana%2C_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Entrada_triunfal_de_Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos_en_La_Habana%2C_1878.jpg/440px-Entrada_triunfal_de_Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos_en_La_Habana%2C_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>Spanish General <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos" title="Arsenio Martínez Campos">Arsenio Martínez Campos</a> in Havana, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Colonial Cuba</a>, 1878</figcaption></figure> Following the 1868–1878 rebellion of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a>, all slavery was abolished by 1886. Slave traders looked for others sources of cheap labour, such as Chinese colonists and Indians from <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán</a>. Another feature of the population was the number of Spanish-born colonists, known as <a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">peninsulares</a>, who were mostly adult males; they constituted between ten and twenty per cent of the population between the middle of the 19th century and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">great depression of the 1930s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possibility_of_annexation_by_the_United_States">Possibility of annexation by the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Possibility of annexation by the United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ostend_manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostend manifesto">Ostend manifesto</a></div> Black unrest and attempts by the Spanish metropolis to abolish slavery motivated many Creoles to advocate Cuba's annexation by the United States, where slavery was still legal. Other Cubans supported the idea due to their desire for American-style economic development and democratic freedom. In 1805, President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> considered annexing Cuba for strategic reasons, sending agents to the island to negotiate with <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Jos%C3%A9_de_Muro,_2nd_Marquis_of_Someruelos" title="Salvador José de Muro, 2nd Marquis of Someruelos">Captain General Someruelos</a>. In April 1823, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> discussed the rules of political gravitation: "if an apple severed by its native tree cannot choose but fall to the ground, Cuba, forcibly disjoined from its own unnatural connection with Spain, and incapable of self-support, can gravitate only towards the North American Union which by the same law of nature, cannot cast her off its bosom".<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> He furthermore warned that "the transfer of Cuba to Great Britain would be an event unpropitious to the interest of this Union".<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> Adams voiced concern that a country outside of North America would attempt to occupy Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> On 2 December 1823, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> specifically addressed Cuba and other European colonies in his proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>. Cuba, located just 94 miles (151 km) from <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West, Florida</a>, was of interest to the doctrine's founders, as they warned European forces to leave "America for the Americans".<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> The most outstanding attempts in support of annexation were made by the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibuster</a> General <a href="/wiki/Narciso_L%C3%B3pez" title="Narciso López">Narciso López</a>, who prepared four expeditions to Cuba in the US. The first two, in 1848 and 1849, failed before departure due to U.S. opposition. The third, made up of some 600 men, managed to land in Cuba and take the central city of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1rdenas,_Cuba" title="Cárdenas, Cuba">Cárdenas</a>, but failed eventually due to a lack of popular support. <a href="/wiki/Lopez_Expedition" title="Lopez Expedition">López's fourth expedition</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Pinar del Río">Pinar del Río</a> province with around 400 men in August 1851; the invaders were defeated by Spanish troops and López was executed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggle_for_independence">Struggle for independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Struggle for independence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_acci%C3%B3n_de_Guaimaro,_de_Balaca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/La_acci%C3%B3n_de_Guaimaro%2C_de_Balaca.jpg/220px-La_acci%C3%B3n_de_Guaimaro%2C_de_Balaca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/La_acci%C3%B3n_de_Guaimaro%2C_de_Balaca.jpg/330px-La_acci%C3%B3n_de_Guaimaro%2C_de_Balaca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/La_acci%C3%B3n_de_Guaimaro%2C_de_Balaca.jpg/440px-La_acci%C3%B3n_de_Guaimaro%2C_de_Balaca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of an engagement between Cuban rebels and Spanish Royalists during the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a> (1868–78)</figcaption></figure> In the 1860s, Cuba had two more liberal-minded governors, Serrano and Dulce, who encouraged the creation of a Reformist Party, despite the fact that political parties were forbidden. But they were followed by a reactionary governor, Francisco Lersundi, who suppressed all liberties granted by the previous governors and maintained a pro-slavery regime.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> On 10 October 1868, the landowner <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_de_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Carlos Manuel de Céspedes">Carlos Manuel de Céspedes</a> declared Cuban independence and freedom for his slaves. This began the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a> from 1868 to 1878. The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Dominican Restoration War</a> (1863–65) brought to Cuba an unemployed mass of former Dominicans who had served with the Spanish Army in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> before being evacuated to Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-Scheina-55">[52]</a> Some of these former soldiers joined the new Revolutionary Army and provided its initial training and leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Scheina-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1896-01-06,_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Art%C3%ADstica,_La_guerra_de_Cuba,_Defensa_de_un_tren_atacado_por_los_insurrectos,_Passos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1896-01-06%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Art%C3%ADstica%2C_La_guerra_de_Cuba%2C_Defensa_de_un_tren_atacado_por_los_insurrectos%2C_Passos.jpg/220px-1896-01-06%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Art%C3%ADstica%2C_La_guerra_de_Cuba%2C_Defensa_de_un_tren_atacado_por_los_insurrectos%2C_Passos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1896-01-06%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Art%C3%ADstica%2C_La_guerra_de_Cuba%2C_Defensa_de_un_tren_atacado_por_los_insurrectos%2C_Passos.jpg/330px-1896-01-06%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Art%C3%ADstica%2C_La_guerra_de_Cuba%2C_Defensa_de_un_tren_atacado_por_los_insurrectos%2C_Passos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1896-01-06%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Art%C3%ADstica%2C_La_guerra_de_Cuba%2C_Defensa_de_un_tren_atacado_por_los_insurrectos%2C_Passos.jpg/440px-1896-01-06%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Art%C3%ADstica%2C_La_guerra_de_Cuba%2C_Defensa_de_un_tren_atacado_por_los_insurrectos%2C_Passos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Defense of a train attacked by Cuban insurgents</figcaption></figure> With reinforcements and guidance from the Dominicans, the Cuban rebels defeated Spanish detachments, cut railway lines, and gained dominance over vast sections of the eastern portion of the island.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> The Spanish government used the Voluntary Corps to commit harsh acts against the Cuban rebels, and the Spanish atrocities fuelled the growth of insurgent forces; however, they failed to export the revolution to the west. On 11 May 1873, <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Agramonte" title="Ignacio Agramonte">Ignacio Agramonte</a> was killed by a stray bullet; Céspedes was killed on 27 February 1874. In 1875, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Máximo Gómez">Máximo Gómez</a> began an invasion of Las Villas west of a fortified military line, or trocha, bisecting the island.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The trocha was built between 1869 and 1872; the Spanish erected it to prevent Gómez to move westward from Oriente province.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> It was the largest fortification built by the Spanish in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Gómez was controversial in his calls to burn sugar plantations to harass the Spanish occupiers. After the American admiral <a href="/wiki/Henry_Reeve_(soldier)" title="Henry Reeve (soldier)">Henry Reeve</a> was killed in 1876, Gómez ended his campaign. By that year, the Spanish government had deployed more than 250,000 troops to Cuba, as the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Carlist_War" title="Third Carlist War">Third Carlist War</a> had freed up Spanish soldiers. On 10 February 1878, General <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos" title="Arsenio Martínez Campos">Arsenio Martínez Campos</a> negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Zanj%C3%B3n" title="Pact of Zanjón">Pact of Zanjón</a> with the Cuban rebels, and the rebel general <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Grajales" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Maceo Grajales">Antonio Maceo</a>'s surrender on 28 May ended the war. Spain sustained 200,000 casualties, mostly from disease; the rebels sustained 100,000–150,000 dead and the island sustained over $300 million in property damage.<a href="#cite_note-Scheina-55">[52]</a> The Pact of Zanjón promised the manumission of all slaves who had fought for Spain during the war, and slavery was legally abolished in 1880. However, dissatisfaction with the peace treaty led to the <a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Little War</a> of 1879–80. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflicts_in_the_late_19th_century_(1886–1900)">Conflicts in the late 19th century (1886–1900)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conflicts in the late 19th century (1886–1900)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> During the time of the so-called "Rewarding Truce", which encompassed the 17 years from the end of the Ten Years' War in 1878, fundamental changes took place in Cuban society. With the abolition of slavery in October 1886, former slaves joined the ranks of farmers and urban working class. Most wealthy Cubans lost their rural properties, and many of them joined the urban middle class. The number of sugar mills dropped and efficiency increased, with only companies and the most powerful plantation owners owning them. The numbers of <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">campesinos</a> and tenant farmers rose considerably. Furthermore, American <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> began flowing into Cuba, mostly into the sugar and tobacco businesses and mining. By 1895, these investments totalled $50 million. Although Cuba remained Spanish politically, economically it became increasingly dependent on the United States.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> These changes also entailed the rise of labour movements. The first Cuban labour organization, the Cigar Makers Guild, was created in 1878, followed by the Central Board of Artisans in 1879, and many more across the island.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Abroad, a new trend of aggressive American influence emerged. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> placed particular importance on the control of Cuba: "If ever ceasing to be Spanish, Cuba must necessarily become American and not fall under any other European domination".<a href="#cite_note-wqswxw-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martí's_Insurrection_and_the_start_of_the_war">Martí's Insurrection and the start of the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Martí's Insurrection and the start of the war">edit</a>]</div> After his second deportation to Spain in 1878, the pro-independence Cuban activist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a> moved to the United States in 1881, where he began mobilizing the support of the Cuban exile community in Florida.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> He sought a revolution and Cuban independence from Spain, but also lobbied to oppose U.S. annexation of Cuba. Propaganda efforts by the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Junta" title="Cuban Junta">Cuban Junta</a> continued for years and intensified starting in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> After deliberations with patriotic clubs across the United States, the Antilles and Latin America, the Partido Revolucionario Cubano (Cuban Revolutionary Party) was officially proclaimed on 10 April 1892, with the purpose of gaining independence for both Cuba and Puerto Rico. Martí was elected delegate, the highest party position. In Foner's words, "Martí's impatience to start the revolution for independence was affected by his growing fear that the United States would succeed in annexing Cuba before the revolution could liberate the island from Spain".<a href="#cite_note-wfbftj-66">[63]</a> On 25 December 1894, three ships set sail for Cuba from <a href="/wiki/Fernandina_Beach,_Florida" title="Fernandina Beach, Florida">Fernandina Beach, Florida</a>, loaded with armed men and supplies. Two of the ships were seized by U.S. authorities in early January, but the proceedings went ahead. The insurrection began on 24 February 1895, with uprisings across the island. The uprisings in the central part of the island, such as Ibarra, Jagüey Grande and Aguada, suffered from poor co-ordination and failed; the leaders were captured, some of them deported and some executed. In the province of Havana the insurrection was discovered before it got off and the leaders detained. Thus, the insurgents further west in Pinar del Río were ordered to wait. Martí, on his way to Cuba, gave the Proclamation of Montecristi in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, outlining the policy for Cuba's war of independence: the war was to be waged by blacks and whites alike; participation of all blacks was crucial for victory; Spaniards who did not object to the war effort should be spared, private rural properties should not be damaged; and the revolution should bring new economic life to Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-wqswxw-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> On 1 and 11 April 1895, the main rebel leaders landed on two expeditions in Oriente: Major Antonio Maceo and 22 members near <a href="/wiki/Baracoa" title="Baracoa">Baracoa</a> and Martí, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Máximo Gómez">Máximo Gómez</a> and four other members in Playitas. Around that time, Spanish forces in Cuba numbered about 80,000, including 60,000 Spanish and Cuban volunteers. The latter were a locally enlisted force that took care of most of the guard and police duties on the island. By December, 98,412 regular troops had been sent to the island and the number of volunteers had increased to 63,000 men. By the end of 1897, there were 240,000 regulars and 60,000 irregulars on the island. The revolutionaries were far outnumbered.<a href="#cite_note-wqswxw-62">[59]</a> The rebels came to be nicknamed "Mambis" after a black Spanish officer, Juan Ethninius Mamby, who joined the Dominicans in the fight for independence in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-wrap_warwick_ac_uk-69">[66]</a> When the Ten Years' War broke out in 1868, some of the same soldiers were assigned to Cuba, importing what had by then become a derogatory Spanish slur. The Cubans adopted the name with pride.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> After the Ten Years' War, possession of weapons by private individuals was prohibited in Cuba. Thus, one of the most serious and persistent problems for the rebels was a shortage of suitable weapons. This lack of arms forced them to utilise <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> tactics, using the environment, the element of surprise, fast horses and simple weapons such as machetes. Most of their firearms were acquired in raids on the Spaniards. Between 11 June 1895 and 30 November 1897, 60 attempts were made to bring weapons and supplies to the rebels from outside Cuba, but only one succeeded, largely due to British naval protection.<a href="#cite_note-wqswxw-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalation_of_the_war">Escalation of the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Escalation of the war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judge-2-6-1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Judge-2-6-1897.jpg/220px-Judge-2-6-1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Judge-2-6-1897.jpg/330px-Judge-2-6-1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Judge-2-6-1897.jpg/440px-Judge-2-6-1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Rebel leaders engaged in extensive propaganda to get the U.S. to intervene, as shown in this cartoon in an American magazine. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia (name)">Columbia</a> (the American people) reaches out to help oppressed Cuba in 1897 while <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> (the U.S. government) is blind to the crisis and will not use its powerful guns to help. <a href="/wiki/Judge_(magazine)" title="Judge (magazine)">Judge magazine</a>, 6 February 1897.</figcaption></figure> Martí was killed on 19 May 1895, but <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Máximo Gómez">Máximo Gómez</a> (a Dominican) and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Grajales" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Maceo Grajales">Antonio Maceo</a> (a mulatto)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017308-71">[68]</a> fought on. Gómez used scorched-earth tactics, which entailed dynamiting passenger trains and burning the Spanish loyalists' property and sugar plantations—including many owned by Americans.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> By the end of June all of Camagüey was at war. Continuing west, Gómez and Maceo joined up with veterans of the 1868 war, Polish internationalists, General <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Roloff" title="Carlos Roloff">Carlos Roloff</a> and Serafín Sánchez in Las Villas. In mid-September, representatives of the five Liberation Army Corps assembled in <a href="/wiki/Jimaguay%C3%BA" title="Jimaguayú">Jimaguayú</a> to approve the Jimaguayú Constitution. This constitution established a central government, which grouped the executive and legislative powers into one entity, the Government Council, which was headed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvador_Cisneros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvador Cisneros (page does not exist)">Salvador Cisneros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mas%C3%B3" title="Bartolomé Masó">Bartolomé Masó</a>. After a period of consolidation in the three eastern provinces, the liberation armies headed for Camagüey and then for <a href="/wiki/Matanzas" title="Matanzas">Matanzas</a>, outmanoeuvring and deceiving the Spanish Army. The revolutionaries defeated the Spanish general <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos" title="Arsenio Martínez Campos">Arsenio Martínez Campos</a> and killed his most trusted general at <a href="/wiki/Peralejo" title="Peralejo">Peralejo</a>. Campos tried the same strategy he had employed in the Ten Years' War, constructing a broad defensive belt across the island, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) long and 200 metres (660 ft) wide. This line, called the trocha, was intended to limit rebel activities to the eastern provinces, and consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a>, from Jucaro in the south to Moron in the north, on which armored railcars could travel. At various points along this railroad there were fortifications, posts and barbed wire; <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby traps</a> were placed at the locations most likely to be attacked. For the rebels, it was essential to bring the war to the western provinces of Matanzas, Havana and Pinar del Río, where the island's government and wealth was located.<a href="#cite_note-wqswxw-62">[59]</a> In a successful cavalry campaign, overcoming the trochas, the rebels invaded every province. Surrounding all the larger cities and well-fortified towns, they arrived at the westernmost tip of the island on 22 January 1896.<a href="#cite_note-spanamwar-timeline-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weyler_reconcentrados.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Weyler_reconcentrados.png/220px-Weyler_reconcentrados.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Weyler_reconcentrados.png/330px-Weyler_reconcentrados.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Weyler_reconcentrados.png/440px-Weyler_reconcentrados.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Cuban victims of Spanish reconcentration policies</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vizcaya,_Santiago_Harbor,_Cuba,_July_3,_1898,_Spanish-American_War_LCCN2013647272.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vizcaya%2C_Santiago_Harbor%2C_Cuba%2C_July_3%2C_1898%2C_Spanish-American_War_LCCN2013647272.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Vizcaya%2C_Santiago_Harbor%2C_Cuba%2C_July_3%2C_1898%2C_Spanish-American_War_LCCN2013647272.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vizcaya%2C_Santiago_Harbor%2C_Cuba%2C_July_3%2C_1898%2C_Spanish-American_War_LCCN2013647272.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Vizcaya%2C_Santiago_Harbor%2C_Cuba%2C_July_3%2C_1898%2C_Spanish-American_War_LCCN2013647272.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vizcaya%2C_Santiago_Harbor%2C_Cuba%2C_July_3%2C_1898%2C_Spanish-American_War_LCCN2013647272.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Vizcaya%2C_Santiago_Harbor%2C_Cuba%2C_July_3%2C_1898%2C_Spanish-American_War_LCCN2013647272.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>Human skulls and bones in Havana Harbor, 1898. An estimated 225,000 Cubans died in Spanish <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Cuba#Concern_re_image" title="Talk:History of Cuba">discuss</a>]</figcaption></figure> Unable to defeat the rebels with conventional military tactics,<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> the Spanish government sent Gen. <a href="/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler,_1st_Duke_of_Rub%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeriano Weyler, 1st Duke of Rubí">Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau</a> (nicknamed The Butcher), who reacted to these rebel successes by introducing terror methods: periodic executions, mass exiles, and the destruction of farms and crops. These methods reached their height on 21 October 1896, when he ordered all countryside residents and their livestock to gather in various fortified areas and towns occupied by his troops. Hundreds of thousands of people had to leave their homes, creating appalling conditions of overcrowding. This was the first recorded and recognized use of concentration camps where non-combatants were removed from their land to deprive the enemy of succor and then the internees were subjected to appalling conditions.<a href="#cite_note-wrap_warwick_ac_uk-69">[66]</a> It is estimated that this measure caused the death of at least one-third of Cuba's rural population.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> The forced relocation policy was maintained until March 1898.<a href="#cite_note-wqswxw-62">[59]</a> Since the early 1880s, Spain had also been suppressing an independence movement in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, which was intensifying; Spain was thus now fighting two wars, which placed a heavy burden on its economy. In secret negotiations in 1896, Spain turned down the United States' offers to buy Cuba. Maceo was killed on 7 December 1896.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> As the war continued, the major obstacle to Cuban success was weapons supply. Although weapons and funding came from within the United States, the supply operation violated American laws, which were enforced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a>; of 71 resupply missions, only 27 got through.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> In 1897, the liberation army maintained a privileged position in Camagüey and Oriente, where the Spanish only controlled a few cities. Spanish liberal leader Praxedes Sagasta admitted in May 1897: "After having sent 200,000 men and shed so much blood, we don't own more land on the island than what our soldiers are stepping on".<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> The rebel force of 3,000 defeated the Spanish in various encounters, such as the battle of La Reforma and the surrender of Las Tunas on 30 August, and the Spaniards were kept on the defensive. As stipulated at the Jimaguayú Assembly two years earlier, a second Constituent Assembly met in La Yaya, Camagüey, on 10 October 1897. The newly adopted constitution decreed that a military command be subordinated to civilian rule. The government was confirmed, naming Bartolomé Masó as president and Domingo Méndez Capote as vice president. Thereafter, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> decided to change its policy toward Cuba, replacing Weyler, drawing up a colonial constitution for Cuba and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and installing a new government in Havana. But with half the country out of its control, and the other half in arms, the new government was powerless and rejected by the rebels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USS_Maine_incident">USS Maine incident</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: USS Maine incident">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSMaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USSMaine.jpg/220px-USSMaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USSMaine.jpg/330px-USSMaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/USSMaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>The wreckage of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(ACR-1)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Maine (ACR-1)">USS Maine</a>, photographed in 1898</figcaption></figure> The Cuban struggle for independence had captured the North American imagination for years and newspapers had been agitating for intervention with sensational stories of Spanish atrocities. Americans came to believe that Cuba's battle with Spain resembled the United States's <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>. North American public opinion was very much in favor of intervening for the Cubans.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> In January 1898, a riot by Cuban-Spanish loyalists against the new autonomous government broke out in Havana, leading to the destruction of the printing presses of four local newspapers which published articles critical of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a>. The U.S. Consul-General cabled Washington, fearing for the lives of Americans living in Havana. In response, the battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS Maine</a> was sent to <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>. On 15 February 1898, the Maine was destroyed by an explosion, killing 268 crewmembers. The cause of the explosion has not been clearly established, but the incident focused American attention on Cuba, and President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> and his supporters could not stop Congress from declaring war to "liberate" Cuba. In an attempt to appease the United States, the colonial government ended the forced relocation policy and offered negotiations with the independence fighters. However, the truce was rejected by the rebels and the concessions proved too late. Madrid asked other European powers for help; they refused. On 11 April 1898, McKinley asked Congress for authority to send <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. Armed Forces</a> troops to Cuba for the purpose of ending the civil war. On 19 April, Congress passed <a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">joint resolutions</a> supporting Cuban independence and disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba, demanding Spanish withdrawal, and authorizing military force to help Cuban patriots gain independence. This included from Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Teller" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Teller">Henry Teller</a> the <a href="/wiki/Teller_Amendment" title="Teller Amendment">Teller Amendment</a>, which passed unanimously, stipulating that "the island of Cuba is, and by right should be, free and independent".<a href="#cite_note-webhmz-82">[79]</a> The amendment disclaimed any intention on the part of the United States to exercise jurisdiction or control over Cuba for other than pacification reasons. War was declared on 20/21 April 1898. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_Theatre_of_the_Spanish–American_War">Cuban Theatre of the Spanish–American War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cuban Theatre of the Spanish–American War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_of_Admiral_Cervera%27s_Spanish_Fleet_off_Santiago_de_Cuba._1898._Copy_of_lithograph_published_by_Kurz_%26_Al_-_NARA_-_532570.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Destruction_of_Admiral_Cervera%27s_Spanish_Fleet_off_Santiago_de_Cuba._1898._Copy_of_lithograph_published_by_Kurz_%26_Al_-_NARA_-_532570.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Destruction_of_Admiral_Cervera%27s_Spanish_Fleet_off_Santiago_de_Cuba._1898._Copy_of_lithograph_published_by_Kurz_%26_Al_-_NARA_-_532570.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Destruction_of_Admiral_Cervera%27s_Spanish_Fleet_off_Santiago_de_Cuba._1898._Copy_of_lithograph_published_by_Kurz_%26_Al_-_NARA_-_532570.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Destruction_of_Admiral_Cervera%27s_Spanish_Fleet_off_Santiago_de_Cuba._1898._Copy_of_lithograph_published_by_Kurz_%26_Al_-_NARA_-_532570.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Destruction_of_Admiral_Cervera%27s_Spanish_Fleet_off_Santiago_de_Cuba._1898._Copy_of_lithograph_published_by_Kurz_%26_Al_-_NARA_-_532570.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Destruction_of_Admiral_Cervera%27s_Spanish_Fleet_off_Santiago_de_Cuba._1898._Copy_of_lithograph_published_by_Kurz_%26_Al_-_NARA_-_532570.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption>Destruction of Admiral Cervera's Spanish Fleet off Santiago de Cuba. 1898.</figcaption></figure> Hostilities started hours after the declaration of war when a U.S. contingent under Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sampson" title="William T. Sampson">William T. Sampson</a> blockaded several Cuban ports. The Americans decided to invade Cuba in Oriente where the Cubans were able to co-operate. The first U.S. objective was to capture the city of Santiago de Cuba to destroy Linares' army and Cervera's fleet. To reach Santiago they had to pass through concentrated Spanish defences in the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Hill" title="San Juan Hill">San Juan Hills</a>. Between 22 and 24 June 1898 the Americans landed under General <a href="/wiki/William_R._Shafter" class="mw-redirect" title="William R. Shafter">William R. Shafter</a> at <a href="/wiki/Daiquir%C3%AD" title="Daiquirí">Daiquirí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siboney,_Cuba" title="Siboney, Cuba">Siboney</a> and established a base. The port of Santiago became the main target of U.S. naval operations, and the American fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer hurricane season. Nearby <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" title="Guantánamo Bay">Guantánamo Bay</a> was chosen for this purpose and <a href="/wiki/1898_invasion_of_Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay">attacked on 6 June</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Battle of Santiago de Cuba</a>, on 3 July 1898, was the largest naval engagement during the Spanish–American War, and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron. Resistance in Santiago consolidated around Fort Canosa,<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> while major battles between Spaniards and Americans took place at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Las Guasimas</a> on 24 June, and at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney" title="Battle of El Caney">El Caney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">San Juan Hill</a> on 1 July,<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> after which the American advance ground to a halt. Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa, allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago. The Americans and Cubans began a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santiago" title="Siege of Santiago">siege of the city</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> which surrendered on 16 July after the defeat of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron. Thus, Oriente fell under the control of Americans and the Cubans, but U.S. General <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a> would not allow Cuban troops to enter Santiago, claiming that he wanted to prevent clashes between Cubans and Spaniards. Cuban General <a href="/wiki/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Calixto García">Calixto García</a>, head of the mambi forces in the Eastern department, ordered his troops to hold their areas and resigned, writing a letter of protest to General Shafter.<a href="#cite_note-webhmz-82">[79]</a> After losing the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, which had also been invaded by the United States, Spain sued for peace on 17 July 1898.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> On 12 August, the U.S. and Spain signed a protocol of peace, in which Spain agreed to relinquish Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> On 10 December 1898, the U.S. and Spain signed the formal <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>, recognizing continuing U. S. military occupation.<a href="#cite_note-ToP-88">[85]</a> Although the Cubans had participated in the liberation efforts, the United States prevented Cuba from sending representatives to the Paris peace talks or signing the treaty, which set no time limit for U.S. occupation and excluded the <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud" title="Isla de la Juventud">Isle of Pines</a> from Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-Cantón_Navarro_p._77-89">[86]</a> Although the U.S. president had no objection to Cuba's eventual independence, U.S. General <a href="/wiki/William_Rufus_Shafter" title="William Rufus Shafter">William R. Shafter</a> refused to allow Cuban General <a href="/wiki/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Calixto García">Calixto García</a> and his rebel forces to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Surrender_Tree" title="Santiago Surrender Tree">surrender ceremonies</a> in Santiago de Cuba. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._occupation_(1898–1902)">U.S. occupation (1898–1902)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: U.S. occupation (1898–1902)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">United States Military Government in Cuba</a></div> After the last Spanish troops left the island in December 1898, the government of Cuba was temporarily handed over to the United States on 1 January 1899. The first governor was General <a href="/wiki/John_R._Brooke" title="John R. Brooke">John R. Brooke</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the United States did not annex Cuba because of the restrictions imposed in the <a href="/wiki/Teller_Amendment" title="Teller Amendment">Teller Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_changes">Political changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Political changes">edit</a>]</div> The U.S. administration was undecided on Cuba's future status. Once it had been pried away from the Spaniards it was to be assured that it moved and remained in the U.S. sphere. How this was to be achieved was a matter of intense discussion and annexation was an option. Brooke set up a civilian government, placed U.S. governors in seven newly created departments, and named civilian governors for the provinces as well as mayors and representatives for the municipalities. Many Spanish colonial government officials were kept in their posts. The population were ordered to disarm and, ignoring the Mambi Army, Brooke created the Rural Guard and municipal police corps at the service of the occupation forces. Cuba's judicial powers and courts remained legally based on the codes of the Spanish government. <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Estrada_Palma" title="Tomás Estrada Palma">Tomás Estrada Palma</a>, Martí's successor as delegate of the <a href="/wiki/Partido_Aut%C3%A9ntico" title="Partido Auténtico">Cuban Revolutionary Party</a>, dissolved the party a few days after the signing of the Paris Treaty. The revolutionary Assembly of Representatives was also dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_changes">Economic changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economic changes">edit</a>]</div> Before the United States officially took over the government, it had already begun cutting tariffs on American goods entering Cuba, without granting the same rights to Cuban goods going to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Cantón_Navarro_p._75-92">[89]</a> Government payments had to be made in U.S. dollars.<a href="#cite_note-Cantón_Navarro_p._77-89">[86]</a> The Foraker Amendment prohibited the U.S. occupation government from granting privileges and concessions to American investors, to appease <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialists</a> during the occupational period. Despite this, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuban economy</a> was soon dominated by American capital.<a href="#cite_note-Cantón_Navarro_p._75-92">[89]</a> By 1905 nearly 10% of Cuba's land area belonged to Americans. By 1902, American companies controlled 80% of Cuba's ore exports and owned most of the sugar and cigarette factories.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Immediately after the war, there were several serious barriers for foreign businesses attempting to operate in Cuba. The Joint Resolution of 1898, the Teller Amendment, and the Foraker Amendment threatened foreign investment. Eventually, <a href="/wiki/William_Cornelius_Van_Horne" title="William Cornelius Van Horne">Cornelius Van Horne</a> of the Cuba Company, an early railroad company in Cuba, found a loophole in "revocable permits" justified by preexisting Spanish legislation that effectively allowed railroads to be built in Cuba. General <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a>, the governor of Cuba and a noted annexationist, used this loophole to grant hundreds of franchises, permits, and other concessions to American businesses.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Once the legal barriers were overcome, American investments transformed the Cuban economy. Within two years of entering Cuba, the Cuba Company built a 350-mile railroad connecting the eastern port of Santiago to the existing railways in central Cuba. The company was the largest single foreign investment in Cuba for the first two decades of the twentieth century. By the 1910s it was the largest company in the country.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> The improved infrastructure allowed the sugar cane industry to spread to the previously underdeveloped eastern part of the country. As many small Cuban sugar cane producers were crippled with debt and damages from the war, American companies were able to quickly and cheaply take over the industry. At the same time, new productive units called centrales could grind up to 2,000 tons of cane a day making large-scale operations most profitable.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> The large fixed cost of these centrales made them almost exclusively accessible to American companies with large capital stocks. Furthermore, the centrales required a large, steady flow of cane to remain profitable, which led to further consolidation. Cuban cane farmers who had formerly been landowners became tenants on company land. By 1902, 40% of the country's sugar production was controlled by Americans.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> With American corporate interests firmly rooted in Cuba, the U.S. tariff system was adjusted accordingly to strengthen trade between the nations. The Reciprocity Treaty of 1903 lowered the U.S. tariff on Cuban sugar by 20%. This gave Cuban sugar a competitive edge in the American marketplace. At the same time, it granted equal or greater concessions on most items imported from the United States. Cuban imports of American goods went from $17 million in the five years before the war, to $38 million in 1905, and eventually to over $200 million in 1918. Likewise, Cuban exports to the United States reached $86 million in 1905 and rose to nearly $300 million in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_and_independence">Elections and independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Elections and independence">edit</a>]</div> Popular demands for a Constituent Assembly soon emerged.<a href="#cite_note-Cantón_Navarro_p._77-89">[86]</a> In December 1899, the U.S. War Secretary assured the Cuban populace that the occupation was temporary, that municipal and general elections would be held, that a Constituent Assembly would be set up, and that sovereignty would be handed to Cubans. Brooke was replaced by General Leonard Wood to oversee the transition. Parties were created, including the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_National_Party" title="Cuban National Party">Cuban National Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republican_Party_of_Las_Villas" title="Federal Republican Party of Las Villas">Federal Republican Party of Las Villas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Havana" title="Republican Party of Havana">Republican Party of Havana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Cuba)" title="Democratic Union Party (Cuba)">Democratic Union Party</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cuban_local_elections,_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban local elections, 1900">The first elections</a> for mayors, treasurers and attorneys of the country's 110 municipalities took place on 16 June 1900, but balloting was limited to literate Cubans older than 21 and with properties worth more than $250. Only members of the dissolved Liberation Army were exempt from these conditions. Thus, the number of about 418,000 male citizens over 21 was reduced to about 151,000. The same elections were held one year later, again for a one-year-term. Elections for 31 delegates to a Constituent Assembly were held on 15 September 1900 with the same balloting restrictions. In all three elections, pro-independence candidates won overwhelming majorities.<a href="#cite_note-diwapu-99">[96]</a> The Constitution was drawn up from November 1900 to February 1901 and then passed by the Assembly. It established a republican form of government, proclaimed internationally recognized individual rights and liberties, freedom of religion, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation between church and state</a>, and described the composition, structure and functions of state powers. On 2 March 1901, the U.S. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Army_Appropriations_Act_of_1901" title="Army Appropriations Act of 1901">Army Appropriations Act</a>, stipulating the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba. As a <a href="/wiki/Rider_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rider (politics)">rider</a>, this act included the <a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a>, which defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until 1934. The amendment provided for a number of rules heavily infringing on Cuba's sovereignty: <ul><li>That the government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty with any foreign power which will impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner permit any foreign power to obtain control over any portion of the island.</li> <li>That Cuba would contract no <a href="/wiki/Foreign_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign debt">foreign debt</a> without guarantees that the interest could be served from ordinary revenues.</li> <li>That Cuba consent that the United States may intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, to protect life, property, and individual liberty, and to discharging the obligations imposed by the treaty of Paris.</li> <li>That the Cuban claim to the Isle of Pines (now called <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud" title="Isla de la Juventud">Isla de la Juventud</a>) was not acknowledged and to be determined by treaty.</li> <li>That Cuba commit to providing the United States "lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified points to be agreed upon".</li></ul> On 6 April 1901, the Constituent Assembly rejected the Platt Amendment by a vote of 24 to 2. The United States demanded that this amendment be approved fully and without changes by the Constituent Assembly as an appendix to the new constitution. US Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> told Governor Wood to convey to the Cuban delegates that “they never can have any further government in Cuba, except the intervening Government of the United States, until they have [approved the Platt Amendment].” On 12 June 1901, after heated debate, the Constituent Assembly approved the appendix by a margin of four votes. Wood later admitted privately to <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">US President Roosevelt</a>: "Little or no independence had been left to Cuba with the Platt Amendment and the only thing appropriate was to seek annexation".<a href="#cite_note-diwapu-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> In the presidential elections of 31 December 1901, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Estrada_Palma" title="Tomás Estrada Palma">Tomás Estrada Palma</a>, an American still living in the United States, was the only candidate. His adversary, General <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mas%C3%B3" title="Bartolomé Masó">Bartolomé Masó</a>, withdrew his candidacy in protest against U.S. favoritism and the manipulation of the political machine by Palma's followers. Palma was elected to be the Republic's first President. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_20th_century_(1902–1959)">Early 20th century (1902–1959)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Early 20th century (1902–1959)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%9359)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–59)">Republic of Cuba (1902–59)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_I" title="Cuba during World War I">Cuba during World War I</a></div> The U.S. occupation officially ended when Palma took office on 20 May 1902.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varadero" title="Varadero">Varadero</a> soon became popular tourist resorts. Though some efforts were made to ease Cuba's ethnic tensions through government policies, racism and informal discrimination towards blacks and mestizos remained widespread.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantánamo Bay, Cuba">Guantanamo Bay</a> was leased to the United States as part of the Platt Amendment. The status of the <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud" title="Isla de la Juventud">Isle of Pines</a> as Cuban territory was left undefined until 1925, when the United States finally recognized Cuban sovereignty over the island. Palma governed successfully for his four-year term; yet when he tried to extend his time in office, a revolt ensued. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">Second Occupation of Cuba</a>, also known as the Cuban Pacification, was a major US military operation that began in September 1906. After the collapse of Palma's regime, US President Roosevelt invaded and established an occupation that would continue for nearly two and a half years. The stated goal of the operation was to prevent fighting between the Cubans, to protect North American economic interests, and to hold free elections. In 1906, the United States representative <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> negotiated an end of the successful revolt led by the young general <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Loynaz_del_Castillo" title="Enrique Loynaz del Castillo">Enrique Loynaz del Castillo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Palma resigned and the United States Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Magoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Magoon">Charles Magoon</a> assumed temporary control until 1909.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Following the election of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_G%C3%B3mez" title="José Miguel Gómez">José Miguel Gómez</a> in November 1908, Cuba was deemed stable enough to allow a withdrawal of American troops, which was completed in February 1909. For three decades, the country was led by former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Cuba">War of Independence leaders</a>, who after being elected did not serve more than two constitutional terms. The Cuban presidential succession was as follows: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_G%C3%B3mez" title="José Miguel Gómez">José Miguel Gómez</a> (1908–1912); <a href="/wiki/Mario_Garc%C3%ADa_Menocal" title="Mario García Menocal">Mario García Menocal</a> (1913–1920); <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Zayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo Zayas">Alfredo Zayas</a> (1921–25) and <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Machado" title="Gerardo Machado">Gerardo Machado</a> (1925–1933).<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Under the Liberal Gómez the participation of Afro-Cubans in the political process was curtailed when the <a href="/wiki/Partido_Independiente_de_Color" title="Partido Independiente de Color">Partido Independiente de Color</a> was outlawed and bloodily suppressed in 1912, as American troops reentered the country to protect the sugar plantations.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> Under Gómez's successor, Mario Menocal of the Conservative Party, income from sugar rose steeply.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Menocal's reelection in 1916 was met with armed revolt by Gómez and other Liberals (the so-called "Chambelona War"), prompting the United States to send in Marines. Gómez was defeated and captured and the rebellion was snuffed out.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_I" title="Cuba during World War I">In World War I, Cuba</a> declared war on <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial Germany</a> on 7 April 1917, one day after the <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States entered the war</a>. Despite being unable to send troops to fight in Europe, Cuba played a significant role as a base to protect the West Indies from German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> attacks. A draft law was instituted, and 25,000 Cuban troops raised, but the war ended before they could be sent into action. <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Zayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo Zayas">Alfredo Zayas</a> was elected president in 1920 and took office in 1921. When the Cuban financial system collapsed after a drop in sugar prices, Zayas secured a loan from the United States in 1922. One historian has concluded that the continued U.S. military intervention and economic dominance had once again made Cuba "a colony in all but name."<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_I">Post-World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Post-World War I">edit</a>]</div> President <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Machado" title="Gerardo Machado">Gerardo Machado</a> was elected by popular vote in 1925, but he was constitutionally barred from reelection. Machado, determined to modernize Cuba, set in motion several massive civil works projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Carretera_Central_(Cuba)" title="Carretera Central (Cuba)">Central Highway</a>, but at the end of his constitutional term he held on to power. The United States decided not to interfere militarily. In the late 1920s and early 1930s a number of Cuban action groups staged a series of uprisings that either failed or did not affect the capital. The <a href="/wiki/Sergeants%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeants' Revolt">Sergeants' Revolt</a> undermined the institutions and coercive structures of the oligarchic state. The young and relatively inexperienced revolutionaries found themselves pushed into the halls of state power by worker and peasant mobilisations. Between September 1933 and January 1934 a loose coalition of radical activists, students, middle-class intellectuals, and disgruntled lower-rank soldiers formed a Provisional Revolutionary Government. This coalition was directed by a popular university professor, Dr <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Grau_San_Mart%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Grau San Martín">Ramón Grau San Martín</a>. The Grau government promised a 'new Cuba' which would belong to all classes, and the abrogation of the Platt Amendment. They believed their legitimacy stemmed from the popular support which brought them to power, and not from the approval of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. To this end, throughout the autumn of 1933, the government decreed a dramatic series of reforms. The Platt Amendment was unilaterally abrogated, and all the political parties of the Machadato were dissolved. The Provisional Government granted autonomy to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Havana" title="University of Havana">University of Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women obtained the right to vote</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a> was decreed, a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> was established for cane-cutters, and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_arbitration" title="Compulsory arbitration">compulsory arbitration</a> was promoted. The government created a Ministry of Labour, and a law was passed establishing that 50 per cent of all workers in agriculture, commerce and industry had to be Cuban citizens. The Grau regime set <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a> as a priority, promising peasants legal title to their lands. The Provisional Government survived until January 1934, when it was overthrown by an anti-government coalition of right-wing civilian and military elements. Led by a young mestizo sergeant, <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a>, this movement was supported by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940_Constitution_and_the_Batista_era">1940 Constitution and the Batista era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1940 Constitution and the Batista era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prio_Socarras_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Prio_Socarras_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pr%C3%ADo_Socarr%C3%A1s" title="Carlos Prío Socarrás">Carlos Prío Socarrás</a> (left), with US president <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> in Washington, D.C. in 1948</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_Batista">Rise of Batista</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rise of Batista">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">1952 Cuban coup d'état</a></div> In 1940, Cuba conducted <a href="/wiki/1940_Cuban_general_election" title="1940 Cuban general election">free and fair national elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-Cuba-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sweig-Inside-112">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a>, was originally endorsed by Communist leaders in exchange for the legalization of the Popular Socialist Party and Communist domination of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labor movement</a>. The reorganization of the labor movement during this time was capped with the establishment of the Confederacion de Trajabadores de Cuba (Confederation of Cuban Workers, or CTC), in 1938. However, in 1947, the Communists lost control of the CTC, and their influence in the trade union movement gradually declined into the 1950s. The assumption of the Presidency by Batista in 1952 and the intervening years to 1958 placed tremendous strain on the labor movement, with some independent union leaders resigning from the CTC in opposition to Batista's rule.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Dept._of_State-113">[110]</a> The relatively <a href="/wiki/Progressivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressivist">progressivist</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">1940 Constitution</a> was adopted by the Batista administration.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-Cuba-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sweig-Inside-112">[109]</a> The constitution denied Batista the possibility of running consecutively in the 1944 election. Rather than endorsing Batista's hand-picked successor Carlos Zayas, the Cuban people elected Ramón Grau San Martín in 1944. Grau made a deal with <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a> to continue Batista's pro-labor policies.<a href="#cite_note-Dominquez-Cuba-114">[111]</a> Grau's administration coincided with the end of World War II, and he presided over an economic boom as sugar production expanded and prices rose. He instituted programs of public works and school construction, increasing <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> benefits and encouraging economic development and agricultural production. However, increased prosperity brought increased corruption and urban violence.<a href="#cite_note-Dominquez-Cuba-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> The country was also steadily gaining a reputation as a base for organized crime, with the <a href="/wiki/Havana_Conference" title="Havana Conference">Havana Conference</a> of 1946 seeing leading <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">Mafia</a> mobsters descend upon the city.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> Grau's presidency was followed by that of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pr%C3%ADo_Socarr%C3%A1s" title="Carlos Prío Socarrás">Carlos Prío Socarrás</a>, whose government was tainted by increasing corruption and violent incidents among political factions. <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Chib%C3%A1s" title="Eduardo Chibás">Eduardo Chibás</a> – the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Partido_Ortodoxo" title="Partido Ortodoxo">Partido Ortodoxo</a> (Orthodox Party), a nationalist group – was widely expected to win in 1952 on an anticorruption platform. However, Chibás committed suicide before he could run, and the opposition was left without a unifying leader.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> Batista seized power in <a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">an almost bloodless coup</a>. President Prío was forced to leave Cuba. Due to the corruption of the previous two administrations, the general public reaction to the coup was somewhat accepting at first. However, Batista soon encountered stiff opposition when he temporarily suspended balloting and the 1940 constitution, and attempted to rule by decree. Nonetheless, elections were held in 1954 and Batista was re-elected under disputed circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_expansion_and_stagnation">Economic expansion and stagnation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economic expansion and stagnation">edit</a>]</div> Although corruption was rife under Batista, Cuba did flourish economically. Wages rose significantly;<a href="#cite_note-gonzalez-119">[116]</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, the average industrial salary in Cuba was the world's eighth-highest in 1958, and the average agricultural wage was higher than in developed nations such as <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gonzalez-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-beforecastro-120">[117]</a> Although a third of the population still lived in poverty (according to Batista's government), Cuba was one of the five most developed countries in Latin America by the end of the Batista era,<a href="#cite_note-heroic-121">[118]</a> with 56% of the population <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">living in cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paterson-Contesting-122">[119]</a> In the 1950s, Cuba's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) per capita was roughly equal to that of contemporary Italy, although still only a sixth as large as that of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-gonzalez-119">[116]</a> Labour rights were also favourable – Cuban workers were entitled to a months's paid holiday, nine days' sick leave with pay, and <a href="/wiki/Maternity_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternity leave">six weeks' leave</a> before and after childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-unnecessary-123">[120]</a> Cuba had Latin America's highest per capita consumption rates of meat, vegetables, cereals, automobiles, telephones and radios during this period.<a href="#cite_note-beforecastro-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-unnecessary-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-124">[121]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLAvw-YXm4TsC&pg%3DPA186">186</a>  Havana was the world's fourth-most-expensive city at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-Cuba-111">[108]</a> Moreover, Cuba's health service was remarkably developed. By the late 1950s, it had one of the highest numbers of doctors per capita – more than in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> at that time – and the third-lowest adult <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, the island had the lowest <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> in Latin America, and the 13th-lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-beforecastro-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-comparison-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-stuckoncastro-126">[123]</a> Cuba's education spending in the 1950s was the highest in Latin America, relative to GDP.<a href="#cite_note-beforecastro-120">[117]</a> Cuba had the fourth-highest <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> in the region, at almost 80% according to the United Nations – higher than that of Spain at the time.<a href="#cite_note-cubafacts43-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-comparison-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-stuckoncastro-126">[123]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Cuba#Disputed" title="Talk:History of Cuba">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (August 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> However, the United States, rather than Latin America, was the frame of reference for educated Cubans.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-Cuba-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paterson-Contesting-122">[119]</a> Middle-class Cubans grew frustrated at the economic gap between Cuba and the US,<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-Cuba-111">[108]</a> and increasingly dissatisfied with the administration.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-Cuba-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dominquez-Cuba-114">[111]</a> Large income disparities arose due to the extensive privileges enjoyed by Cuba's unionized workers.<a href="#cite_note-baklanoff-128">[125]</a> Cuban labour unions had established limitations on mechanization and even banned dismissals in some factories.<a href="#cite_note-unnecessary-123">[120]</a> The labour unions' privileges were obtained in large measure "at the cost of the unemployed and the peasants".<a href="#cite_note-baklanoff-128">[125]</a> Cuba's labour regulations ultimately caused economic stagnation. Hugh Thomas asserts that "militant unions succeeded in maintaining the position of unionized workers and, consequently, made it difficult for capital to improve efficiency."<a href="#cite_note-Thomas-Cuba-129">[126]</a> Between 1933 and 1958, Cuba increased economic regulation enormously.<a href="#cite_note-Dominquez-Cuba-114">[111]</a> The regulation led to declining investment.<a href="#cite_note-Dominquez-Cuba-114">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> also complained that the Batista administration raised the tax burden without assessing its impact. Unemployment was high; many university graduates could not find jobs.<a href="#cite_note-Dominquez-Cuba-114">[111]</a> After its earlier meteoric rise, the Cuban gross domestic product grew at only 1% annually on average between 1950 and 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Paterson-Contesting-122">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_repression_and_human_rights_abuses">Political repression and human rights abuses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political repression and human rights abuses">edit</a>]</div> In 1952, while receiving military, financial, and logistical support from the United States,<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FidelUntold2-131">[128]</a> Batista suspended the 1940 Constitution and revoked most political liberties, including the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to strike">right to strike</a>. He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary1950-132">[129]</a> Eventually it reached the point where most of the sugar industry was in U.S. hands, and foreigners owned 70% of the arable land.<a href="#cite_note-FidelUntold1-133">[130]</a> Batista's repressive government then began to systematically profit from the exploitation of Cuba's commercial interests, by negotiating lucrative relationships with both the <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">American Mafia</a>, who controlled the drug, gambling, and prostitution businesses in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, and with large U.S.-based <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> companies who were awarded lucrative contracts.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary1950-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-EnglishNocturne-134">[131]</a> To quell the growing discontent amongst the populace—displayed through frequent <a href="/wiki/Student_riot" title="Student riot">student riots</a> and demonstrations—Batista established tighter censorship of the media, while also utilizing his <a href="/wiki/Bureau_for_the_Repression_of_Communist_Activities" title="Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities">Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> to carry out wide-scale violence, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">public executions</a>. Estimates range from hundreds to about 20,000 people killed.<a href="#cite_note-CIA,_1963_P._1-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wickham-Crowley,_Timothy_P._1990_P._63-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guerra,_Lillian_2012_p._42-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_Revolution_(1952–1959)">Cuban Revolution (1952–1959)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cuban Revolution (1952–1959)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castro-huber-matos-camilo-cienfuegos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Castro-huber-matos-camilo-cienfuegos.jpg/220px-Castro-huber-matos-camilo-cienfuegos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Castro-huber-matos-camilo-cienfuegos.jpg/330px-Castro-huber-matos-camilo-cienfuegos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Castro-huber-matos-camilo-cienfuegos.jpg/440px-Castro-huber-matos-camilo-cienfuegos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Cienfuegos" title="Camilo Cienfuegos">Camilo Cienfuegos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huber_Matos" title="Huber Matos">Huber Matos</a>, entering Havana on 8 January 1959</figcaption></figure> In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, a young lawyer running for a seat in the Chamber of Representatives for the <a href="/wiki/Partido_Ortodoxo" title="Partido Ortodoxo">Partido Ortodoxo</a>, circulated a petition to depose Batista's government on the grounds that it had illegitimately suspended the electoral process. The courts ignored the petition. Castro thus resolved to use armed force to overthrow Batista; he and his brother <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl</a> gathered supporters, and on 26 July 1953 led an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Moncada_Barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncada Barracks">Moncada Barracks</a> near <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a>. The attack ended in failure – the authorities killed several of the insurgents, captured Castro himself and sentenced him to 15 years in prison. However, the Batista government released him in 1955, when amnesty was given to many political prisoners. Castro and his brother subsequently went into exile in Mexico, where they met the Argentine revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_%22Che%22_Guevara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernesto "Che" Guevara">Ernesto "Che" Guevara</a>. While in Mexico, Guevara and the Castros organized the <a href="/wiki/26_July_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="26 July Movement">26 July Movement</a> with the goal of overthrowing Batista. In December 1956, Fidel Castro led a group of 82 fighters to Cuba aboard the yacht <a href="/wiki/Granma_(yacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granma (yacht)">Granma</a>. Despite a pre-landing rising in Santiago by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Frank País">Frank País</a> Pesqueira and his followers among the urban pro-Castro movement, Batista's forces promptly killed, dispersed or captured most of Castro's men. Castro escaped into the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Maestra" title="Sierra Maestra">Sierra Maestra</a> mountains with as few as 12 fighters, aided by the urban and rural opposition. Castro and Guevara then began a guerrilla campaign against the Batista régime, with their main forces supported by numerous poorly armed escopeteros and the well-armed fighters of Frank País' urban organization. Growing anti-Batista resistance, including a bloodily crushed rising by Cuban Navy personnel in Cienfuegos, soon led to chaos. At the same time, rival guerrilla groups in the <a href="/wiki/Escambray_Mountains" title="Escambray Mountains">Escambray Mountains</a> also grew more effective. Castro attempted to arrange a general strike in 1958, but could not win support among Communists or labor unions.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-124">[121]</a> Multiple attempts by Batista's forces to crush the rebels ended in failure.<a href="#cite_note-Verano-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Castro's forces acquired captured weaponry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017637-8">[6]</a> the biggest being a government <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tank, which would be used in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Clara" title="Battle of Santa Clara">Battle of Santa Clara</a>. The United States imposed trade restrictions on the Batista administration and sent an envoy who attempted to persuade Batista to leave the country voluntarily.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-Cuba-111">[108]</a> With the military situation becoming untenable, Batista fled on 1 January 1959, and Castro took over. Within months Castro moved to consolidate his power by marginalizing other resistance groups and imprisoning and executing opponents and dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-Juan_Clark_Cuba_1992_pp._53-141">[138]</a> As the revolution became more radical and continued its marginalization of the wealthy and political opponents, thousands of Cubans fled the island, eventually forming a large <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">exile community</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_of_Fidel_Castro_(1959–2006)">Government of Fidel Castro (1959–2006)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Government of Fidel Castro (1959–2006)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuba_under_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuba under Fidel Castro">Cuba under Fidel Castro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaCaballeriaCorrales.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LaCaballeriaCorrales.JPG/220px-LaCaballeriaCorrales.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LaCaballeriaCorrales.JPG/330px-LaCaballeriaCorrales.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LaCaballeriaCorrales.JPG/440px-LaCaballeriaCorrales.JPG 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/July_26_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="July 26 Movement">July 26 Movement</a> rebels mounted on horses in 1959</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_consolidation">Political consolidation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Political consolidation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Revolution_first,_elections_later" title="Revolution first, elections later">Revolution first, elections later</a></div> On 1 January 1959, <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> marched his troops from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_Cuba" title="Santa Clara, Cuba">Santa Clara</a> to Havana, without encountering resistance.<a href="#cite_note-:0-143">[140]</a> Meanwhile, Fidel Castro marched his soldiers to the Moncada Army Barracks, where all 5,000 soldiers in the barracks defected to the Revolutionary movement.<a href="#cite_note-:0-143">[140]</a> On 4 February 1959, Fidel Castro announced a massive reform plan which included a public works project, land reform granting nearly 200,000 families farmland, and nationalization of various industries.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> The new government of Cuba soon encountered opposition from militant groups and from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_2003-145">[142]</a> Fidel Castro quickly purged political opponents from the administration. Loyalty to Castro and the revolution became the primary criterion for all appointments.<a href="#cite_note-Staten-Cuba-146">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass organisation">Mass organisation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a> that opposed the revolutionary government were made illegal.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-124">[121]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] By the end of 1960, all opposition newspapers had been closed down and all radio and television stations had come under state control.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-124">[121]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLAvw-YXm4TsC&pg%3DPA189">189</a>  Teachers and professors found to have involvement with counter-revolution were purged.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-124">[121]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLAvw-YXm4TsC&pg%3DPA189">189</a>  Fidel's brother <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> became the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Revolutionary Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-124">[121]</a> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLAvw-YXm4TsC&pg%3DPA189">189</a>  In September 1960, a system of <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_watch" title="Neighborhood watch">neighborhood watch</a> networks, known as <a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a> (CDR), was created.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-124">[121]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLAvw-YXm4TsC&pg%3DPA189">189</a>  In July 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Revolutionary_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Revolutionary Organizations">Integrated Revolutionary Organizations</a> (IRO) was formed, merging Fidel Castro's <a href="/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement" title="26th of July Movement">26th of July Movement</a> with <a href="/wiki/Blas_Roca" class="mw-redirect" title="Blas Roca">Blas Roca</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Party_(Cuba)" title="Popular Socialist Party (Cuba)">Popular Socialist Party</a> and Faure Chomón's Revolutionary Directory 13 March. On 26 March 1962, the IRO became the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC), which, in turn, became the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party</a> on 3 October 1965, with Castro as <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba">First Secretary</a>. In 1976 a national referendum ratified a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">constitution</a>, with 97.7% in favour.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> The constitution secured the Communist Party's central role in governing Cuba, but kept party affiliation out of the election process.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Other smaller <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Cuba">parties</a> exist but have little influence and are not permitted to campaign against the Communist Party. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Break_with_the_United_States">Break with the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Break with the United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reforms_in_Cuba" title="Agrarian reforms in Cuba">Agrarian reforms in Cuba</a></div> The United States recognized the Castro government on 7 January 1959. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> sent a new ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Bonsal" title="Philip Bonsal">Philip Bonsal</a>, to replace <a href="/wiki/Earl_E._T._Smith" title="Earl E. T. Smith">Earl E. T. Smith</a>, who had been close to Batista.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower administration">Eisenhower administration</a>, in agreement with the American media<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, did this with the assumption that "Cuba [would] remain in the U.S. sphere of influence". However, Castro belonged to a faction which opposed U.S. influence. On 5 June 1958, at the height of the revolution, he had written: "The Americans are going to pay dearly for what they are doing. When the war is over, I'll start a much longer and bigger war of my own: the war I'm going to fight against them."<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> "Castro dreamed of a sweeping revolution that would uproot his country's oppressive socioeconomic structure and of a Cuba that would be free of the United States".<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Only six months after Castro seized power, the Eisenhower administration began to plot his overthrow. The United Kingdom was persuaded to cancel a sale of <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> to Cuba. The US <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> (NSC) met in March 1959 to consider means to institute a régime-change and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) began arming guerillas inside Cuba in May.<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_2003-145">[142]</a> In January 1960 <a href="/wiki/Roy_R._Rubottom,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Roy R. Rubottom, Jr.">Roy R. Rubottom, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs</a>, summarized the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba–United States relations</a> since January 1959: <blockquote>"The period from January to March might be characterized as the honeymoon period of the Castro government. In April a downward trend in US–Cuban relations had been evident… In June we had reached the decision that it was not possible to achieve our objectives with Castro in power and had agreed to undertake the program referred to by Undersecretary of State <a href="/wiki/Livingston_T._Merchant" title="Livingston T. Merchant">Livingston T. Merchant</a>. On 31 October in agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, the Department had recommended to the President approval of a program along the lines referred to by Mr. Merchant. The approved program authorized us to support elements in Cuba opposed to the Castro government while making Castro's downfall seem to be the result of his own mistakes."<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> </blockquote> In March 1960 the French ship <a href="/wiki/La_Coubre" class="mw-redirect" title="La Coubre">La Coubre</a> blew up in <a href="/wiki/Havana_Harbor" title="Havana Harbor">Havana Harbor</a> as it unloaded munitions, killing dozens. The CIA blamed the explosion on the Cuban government. Relations between the United States and Cuba deteriorated rapidly as the Cuban government, in reaction to the refusal of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a> to refine <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> from the Soviet Union in Cuban refineries under their control, took control of those refineries in July 1960. The Eisenhower administration promoted a boycott of Cuba by oil companies; Cuba responded by nationalizing the refineries in August 1960. Cuba expropriated more US-owned properties, notably those belonging to the <a href="/wiki/ITT_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Corporation">International Telephone and Telegraph Company</a> (ITT) and to the <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a>. In the Castro government's first <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a> law, on 17 May 1959, the state sought to limit the size of land holdings, and to distribute that land to small farmers in "Vital Minimum" tracts. This law served as a pretext for seizing lands held by foreigners and redistributing them to Cuban citizens. The United States severed diplomatic relations with Cuba on 3 January 1961, and <a href="/wiki/US_embargo_against_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="US embargo against Cuba">further restricted trade</a> in February 1962.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, under pressure from the United States, suspended Cuba's membership on 22 January 1962, and the U.S. government banned all U.S.–Cuban trade on 7 February. The <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy administration">Kennedy administration</a> extended this ban on 8 February 1963, forbidding U.S. citizens to travel to Cuba or to conduct financial or commercial transactions with the country.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> The United States later pressured other nations and American companies with foreign <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiaries</a> to restrict trade with Cuba. The <a href="/wiki/Helms%E2%80%93Burton_Act" title="Helms–Burton Act">Helms–Burton Act</a> of 1996 makes it very difficult for foreign companies doing business with Cuba to also do business in the United States. As early as September 1959, Valdim Kotchergin, a <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> agent, was seen in Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> Jorge Luis Vasquez, a Cuban who was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, states that the East German <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> trained the personnel of the Cuban Interior Ministry (MINIT).<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> The relationship between the KGB and the Cuban <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Directorate">Intelligence Directorate</a> (DI) was complex and marked by both times of close cooperation and times of extreme competition. The Soviet Union saw the new revolutionary government in Cuba as an excellent proxy agent in areas of the world where Soviet involvement was not popular on a local level. <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Leonov" title="Nikolai Leonov">Nikolai Leonov</a>, the KGB chief in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, was one of the first Soviet officials to recognize Fidel Castro's potential as a revolutionary, and urged the Soviet Union to strengthen ties with the new Cuban leader. The USSR saw Cuba as having far more appeal with new revolutionary movements, western intellectuals, and members of the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, given Cuba's perceived <a href="/wiki/David_and_Goliath" class="mw-redirect" title="David and Goliath">David and Goliath</a> struggle against U.S. "imperialism". In 1963, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, 1,500 DI agents, including <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, were invited to the USSR for intensive training in intelligence operations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bay_of_Pigs_invasion">Bay of Pigs invasion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bay of Pigs invasion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack_near_Playa_Giron._April_19,_1961._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Attack_near_Playa_Giron._April_19%2C_1961._-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Attack_near_Playa_Giron._April_19%2C_1961._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Attack_near_Playa_Giron._April_19%2C_1961._-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Attack_near_Playa_Giron._April_19%2C_1961._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Attack_near_Playa_Giron._April_19%2C_1961._-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Attack_near_Playa_Giron._April_19%2C_1961._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Cuban troops advancing on <a href="/wiki/Brigade_2506" title="Brigade 2506">Brigade 2506</a> invaders at the Bay of Pigs.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></div> In April 1961, less than four months into the Kennedy administration, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) executed a plan that had been developed under the Eisenhower administration. This military campaign to topple Cuba's revolutionary government is now known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion (or La Batalla de Girón in Cuba).<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_2003-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-mtholyoke.edu-161">[158]</a> The aim of the invasion was to empower existing opposition militant groups to "overthrow the Communist regime" and establish "a new government with which the United States can live in peace."<a href="#cite_note-mtholyoke.edu-161">[158]</a> The invasion was carried out by a CIA-sponsored paramilitary group of over 1,400 Cuban exiles called <a href="/wiki/Brigade_2506" title="Brigade 2506">Brigade 2506</a>. Arriving in Cuba by boat from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> on 15 April, the brigade initially overwhelmed Cuba's counter-offensive. But by 20 April, the brigade surrendered and was publicly interrogated before being sent back to the US. The invasion helped further build popular support for the new Cuban government.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> The Kennedy administration thereafter began <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Operation Mongoose</a>, a covert CIA campaign of sabotage against Cuba, including the arming of militant groups, sabotage of Cuban infrastructure, and plots to assassinate Castro.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> All this reinforced Castro's distrust of the US. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_Missile_Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cuban Missile Crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></div> Tensions between the two governments peaked again during the October 1962 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. The United States had a much larger arsenal of <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile" title="Intermediate-range ballistic missile">long-range nuclear weapons</a> than the Soviet Union, as well as <a href="/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile" title="Medium-range ballistic missile">medium-range ballistic missiles</a> (MRBMs), whereas the Soviet Union had a large stockpile of <a href="/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile" title="Medium-range ballistic missile">medium-range nuclear weapons</a>. Cuba agreed to let the Soviets secretly place SS-4 Sandal and SS-5 Skean MRBMs on their territory. After <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a> reconnaissance photos confirmed the missiles' presence in Cuba, the United States established a cordon in international waters to stop Soviet ships from bringing in more (designated a <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> to avoid issues with <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>). At the same time, Castro was getting a little too extreme for Moscow, so at the last moment the Soviets called back their ships. In addition, they agreed to remove the missiles already there in exchange for an agreement that the United States would not invade Cuba. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_emigration">Early emigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Early emigration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Golden_exile" title="Golden exile">Golden exile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flights" title="Freedom Flights">Freedom Flights</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exodus" title="Cuban exodus">Cuban exodus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exile</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_flight_1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Freedom_flight_1971.jpg/300px-Freedom_flight_1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Freedom_flight_1971.jpg/450px-Freedom_flight_1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Freedom_flight_1971.jpg/600px-Freedom_flight_1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Refugees on a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flights" title="Freedom Flights">Freedom Flight</a> in 1971.</figcaption></figure> The establishment of a socialist system in Cuba led hundreds of thousands of upper- and middle-class Cubans to flee to the United States and other countries. By 1961, thousands of Cubans had fled for the United States. On 22 March of that year, an exile council was formed.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-Cuba-111">[108]</a> The council planned to defeat the Communist regime and form a provisional government with <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mir%C3%B3_Cardona" title="José Miró Cardona">José Miró Cardona</a>, a noted leader in the civil opposition against Batista, to serve as temporary president. On 6 November 1965, Cuba and the United States agreed to an airlift for Cubans who wanted to emigrate to the United States. The first of these so-called Freedom Flights left Cuba on 1 December 1965, and by 1971 over 250,000 Cubans had flown to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Permit2012-15">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militarization_of_society">Militarization of society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Militarization of society">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_dictatorship" title="Grassroots dictatorship">Grassroots dictatorship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Offensive" title="Revolutionary Offensive">Revolutionary Offensive</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_Units_to_Aid_Production" title="Military Units to Aid Production">Military Units to Aid Production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestas_en_contra_de_la_visita_de_Anastas_Mikoyan_a_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Protestas_en_contra_de_la_visita_de_Anastas_Mikoyan_a_Cuba.jpg/220px-Protestas_en_contra_de_la_visita_de_Anastas_Mikoyan_a_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Protestas_en_contra_de_la_visita_de_Anastas_Mikoyan_a_Cuba.jpg/330px-Protestas_en_contra_de_la_visita_de_Anastas_Mikoyan_a_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Protestas_en_contra_de_la_visita_de_Anastas_Mikoyan_a_Cuba.jpg/440px-Protestas_en_contra_de_la_visita_de_Anastas_Mikoyan_a_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Protests against the visit of soviet diplomat <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a>, dispersed by a policeman firing his gun. (February 5, 1960)</figcaption></figure> Following the success of the Cuban Revolution, claims of "counter-revolutionary" activity filled <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>. There was a popular desire for some form of urban-based civil defence, especially after the <a href="/wiki/La_Coubre_explosion" title="La Coubre explosion">explosion of the French freighter La Coubre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-165">[162]</a> Finally, in September 28, 1960, after a bombing by the Presidential Palace, Castro announced the formation of vigilance organizations to report suspicious activity. This vigilance organization became the <a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_World-166">[163]</a> In the 1961 <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> parade, the Communist administration exhibited <a href="/wiki/List_of_tanks_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tanks of the Soviet Union">Soviet tanks</a> and other weapons.<a href="#cite_note-Staten-Cuba-146">[143]</a> Cuban officers received extended military training in the Soviet Union, becoming proficient in the use of advanced Soviet weapons systems. For most of the approximately 30 years of the Cuban-Soviet military collaboration, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> provided the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces</a>—virtually free of charge—with nearly all of its equipment, training, and supplies, worth approximately $1 billion annually.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> By 1982, Cuba possessed the best equipped and largest per capita armed forces in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-cubamilitary-168">[165]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terapia_de_reorientaci%C3%B3n_sexual_en_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Terapia_de_reorientaci%C3%B3n_sexual_en_Cuba.jpg/200px-Terapia_de_reorientaci%C3%B3n_sexual_en_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Terapia_de_reorientaci%C3%B3n_sexual_en_Cuba.jpg/300px-Terapia_de_reorientaci%C3%B3n_sexual_en_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Terapia_de_reorientaci%C3%B3n_sexual_en_Cuba.jpg/400px-Terapia_de_reorientaci%C3%B3n_sexual_en_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Sexual reorientation therapy at a Cuban <a href="/wiki/Military_Units_to_Aid_Production" title="Military Units to Aid Production">UMAP camp</a>. (1967)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Military_Units_to_Aid_Production" title="Military Units to Aid Production">Military Units to Aid Production</a> or UMAPs (Unidades Militares para la Ayuda de Producción) – in effect, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> – were established in 1965 as a way to eliminate alleged "<a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a>" values in the Cuban population.<a href="#cite_note-castrogenocideplan-169">[166]</a> The creation of the UMAP camps themselves was initially proposed by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and implemented by his brother <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> after a state visit to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, where he learned that the Soviets ran camps for "anti-socials."<a href="#cite_note-Almendros-170">[167]</a> According to an April 14, 1966 article in <a href="/wiki/Granma_(newspaper)" title="Granma (newspaper)">Granma</a>, the official state newspaper, UMAP camps were proposed at a November 1965 meeting between Fidel Castro and military leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Ros_155-171">[168]</a> Both were concerned over how to handle "misplaced elements."<a href="#cite_note-Ros_155-171">[168]</a> In 1968, the "<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Offensive" title="Revolutionary Offensive">Revolutionary Offensive</a>" was announced, as a campaign to nationalize all remaining private small businesses, which at the time totaled to be about 58,000 small enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> The campaign would spur industrialization in Cuba and focus the economy on sugar production, specifically to a deadline for an annual sugar harvest of 10 million tons by 1970. The economic focus on sugar production involved international volunteers and the mobilization of workers from all sectors of the Cuban economy.<a href="#cite_note-castro-173">[170]</a> Economic mobilization also coincided with greater militarization of Cuban political structures and the Cuban workforce in general, which was put under military command.<a href="#cite_note-decade-174">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_institutionalization">Political institutionalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Political institutionalization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Institutionalization_process" title="Institutionalization process">Institutionalization process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_years" title="Grey years">Grey years</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_Cuba" title="Sovietization of Cuba">Sovietization of Cuba</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F0026167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/F0026167.jpg/265px-F0026167.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/F0026167.jpg/398px-F0026167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/F0026167.jpg/530px-F0026167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Fidel Castro at the first congress of the Communist Party of Cuba.</figcaption></figure> By the 1970s, the standard of living in Cuba was "extremely spartan" and discontent was rife.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-Latin_America-175">[172]</a> Castro changed economic policies in the first half of the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-Latin_America-175">[172]</a> In the 1970s unemployment reappeared as problem. The solution was to criminalize unemployment with 1971 Anti-Loafing Law; the unemployed would be jailed.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-124">[121]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLAvw-YXm4TsC&pg%3DPA194">194</a>  After 1971, Cuba entered its "grey years:, which are a loosely defined period in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> history, generally agreed to have started with the <a href="/wiki/Heberto_Padilla#Imprisonment" class="mw-redirect" title="Heberto Padilla">Padilla affair</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-:2-176">[173]</a> The "grey years" are often associated with the tenure of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Pav%C3%B3n_Tamayo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Pavón Tamayo (page does not exist)">Luis Pavón Tamayo</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Pav%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="de:Luis Pavón">de</a>) as the head of Cuba's National Cultural Council ("Consejo Nacional de Cuba", or CNC) from 1971 to 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Gray_Years-177">[174]</a> The grey years were generally defined by cultural censorship,<a href="#cite_note-:7-178">[175]</a> harassment of intellectuals and artists,<a href="#cite_note-Gray_Years-177">[174]</a> and the ostracization of members of the LGBT+ community.<a href="#cite_note-:3-179">[176]</a> Greater monetary influence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during this time period pressured Cuba into adopting a model of cultural repression that was reflected in Cuba's domestic policy throughout the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Gray_Years-177">[174]</a> A period of institutionalization was kickstarted by the first official congress of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a> in December 1975. The meeting approved the development of a "System of Direction for Economic Planning" (SDPE), which was modeled on soviet economic planning and prioritized profit making. The implementation of the SDPE took ten years.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> In 1976, a new constitution was also approved. The constitution was modeled off the Soviet system, and introduced the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">National Assembly of People's Power</a> as the institution of indirect representation in government.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_in_Third_World_conflicts">Involvement in Third World conflicts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Involvement in Third World conflicts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_military_internationalism" title="Cuban military internationalism">Cuban military internationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_Cuba" title="Foreign interventions by Cuba">Foreign interventions by Cuba</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldati_cubani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soldati_cubani.jpg/220px-Soldati_cubani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soldati_cubani.jpg/330px-Soldati_cubani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Soldati_cubani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">FAR</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG/220px-Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG/330px-Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG/440px-Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Cuban <a href="/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a> tank crew on routine security duties in Angola</figcaption></figure> From its inception, the Cuban Revolution defined itself as <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a>, seeking to spread its revolutionary ideals abroad and gain foreign allies. Although still a developing country itself, Cuba supported African, Latin American and Asian countries in the fields of military development, health and education.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> These "<a href="/wiki/Cuban_military_internationalism" title="Cuban military internationalism">overseas adventures</a>" not only irritated the United States but were also quite often a source of dispute with Cuba's ostensible allies in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Sandinista insurgency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, which led to the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Somoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Somoza">Somoza</a> dictatorship in 1979, was openly supported by Cuba. However, it was on the African continent where Cuba was most active, supporting a total of 17 liberation movements or leftist governments, in countries including <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. Cuba offered to send troops to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, but the initiative was turned down by the Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> Cuba had some 39,000–40,000 military personnel abroad by the late 1970s, with the bulk of the forces in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> but with some 1,365 stationed among <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Moscow used Cuban surrogate troops in Africa and the Middle East because they had a high level of training for combat in <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> environments, familiarity with Soviet weapons, physical toughness and a tradition of successful <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> dating back to the uprisings against Spain in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> An estimated 7,000–11,000 Cubans died in conflicts in Africa. As early as 1961, Cuba supported the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> against France.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-187">[184]</a> In 1964, Cuba supported the <a href="/wiki/Simba_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Simba Rebellion">Simba Rebellion</a> of adherents of <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> in Congo-Leopoldville (present-day <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-187">[184]</a> Some 40–50 Cubans <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">fought against Portugal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> each year from 1966 until independence in 1974. In late 1973, there were 4,000 Cuban tank troops in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> as part of an armored brigade which took part in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> until May 1974.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">involvement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> was particularly intense and noteworthy with heavy assistance given to the Marxist–Leninist <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-France_2006-189">[186]</a> At the height of its operation, Cuba had as many as 50,000 soldiers stationed in Angola.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-187">[184]</a> Cuban soldiers were instrumental in the defeat of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zairian</a> troops and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holloway-190">[187]</a> Cuban soldiers also defeated the <a href="/wiki/FNLA" class="mw-redirect" title="FNLA">FNLA</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> armies and established MPLA control over most of Angola.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> soldiers were again drawn into the Angolan Civil War in 1987–88, and several inconclusive battles were fought between Cuban and South African forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017566-192">[189]</a> Cuban-piloted <a href="/wiki/MiG-23" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-23">MiG-23s</a> performed airstrikes against South African forces in <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuito_Cuanavale" title="Battle of Cuito Cuanavale">Battle of Cuito Cuanavale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> Cuba's presence in Mozambique was more subdued, involving by the mid-1980s 700 Cuban military and 70 civilian personnel.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">in Ethiopia</a>, 16,000 Cuban combatants, along with the Soviet-supported <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian Army</a>, defeated an invasion force of <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holloway-190">[187]</a> The executing of civilians and refugees, and <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">rape</a> of women by the Ethiopian and Cuban troops was prevalent throughout the war.<a href="#cite_note-:00-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clapham-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[d]</a> Assisted by Soviet advisors, the Cubans launched a second offensive in December 1979 directed at the population's means of survival, including the poisoning and destruction of wells and the killing of cattle herds.<a href="#cite_note-:00-195">[192]</a> Cuba was unable to pay on its own for the costs of its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_Cuba" title="Foreign interventions by Cuba">overseas military activities</a>. After it lost its subsidies from the USSR, Cuba withdrew its troops from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopia</a> (1989), Nicaragua (1990), Angola (1991), and elsewhere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mariel_boatlift">Mariel boatlift</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Mariel boatlift">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_boats_during_Mariel_Boatlift_(7164184055)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Two_boats_during_Mariel_Boatlift_%287164184055%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Two_boats_during_Mariel_Boatlift_%287164184055%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Two_boats_during_Mariel_Boatlift_%287164184055%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Two_boats_during_Mariel_Boatlift_%287164184055%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Two_boats_during_Mariel_Boatlift_%287164184055%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Two_boats_during_Mariel_Boatlift_%287164184055%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Mariel refugees on boat to Florida (1980).</figcaption></figure> Several attempts by Cubans to seek asylum at the embassies of South American countries set the stage for the events of the spring of 1980. On 21 March 1978, two young Cuban writers who had been punished for dissent and denied permission to emigrate, Reynaldo Colas Pineda and Esteban Luis Cárdenas Junquera, unsuccessfully sought asylum in the Argentine embassy in Havana and were sentenced to two years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> On May 13, 1979, 12 Cubans sought to take asylum in the Venezuelan embassy in Havana by crashing their bus through a fence to gain entry to the grounds and the building.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> In January 1980, groups of asylum seekers took refuge in the Peruvian and Venezuelan embassies, and Venezuela called its ambassador home for consultations to protest that they had been fired on by the Cuban police.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> In March, Peru recalled <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Peru_to_Cuba" title="List of ambassadors of Peru to Cuba">its ambassador</a>, who had denied entry to a dozen Cubans who were seeking asylum in his embassy.<a href="#cite_note-crowd-203">[199]</a> The embassy invasions then became a confrontation between the Cuban government and the Havana embassies. A group of Cubans attempted to enter the Peruvian embassy in the last week of March, and on April 1, a group of six driving a city bus was successful in doing so, and a Cuban guard was killed by a ricocheting bullet.<a href="#cite_note-removes-204">[200]</a> The Peruvians announced that they would not hand those who were seeking asylum over to Cuban police.<a href="#cite_note-crowd-203">[199]</a> The embassy grounds contained two 2-story buildings and gardens covering an area the size of a US football field, or 6,400 square yards<a href="#cite_note-plight-205">[201]</a> Castro stated ultimately on 20 April that the port of Mariel would be opened to anyone wishing to leave Cuba if they had someone to pick them up.<a href="#cite_note-Nemeti-206">[202]</a> Soon after Castro's decree, many Cuban Americans began making arrangements to pick up refugees in the harbor. On April 21, the first boat from the harbor docked in Key West and held 48 refugees. By April 25 as many as 300 boats were picking up refugees in Mariel Harbor. Cuban officials also packed refugees into Cuban fishing vessels.<a href="#cite_note-memory-207">[203]</a> Around 1,700 boats brought thousands of Cubans from Mariel to Florida between the months of April and October in that year.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rectification_process">Rectification process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Rectification process">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rectification_process" title="Rectification process">Rectification process</a></div> In February 1986, at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba">Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba</a>, Castro proclaimed: "Now, we are going to build socialism". Castro criticized material incentives for laborers. Over the next months continued to criticize the Cuban bureaucracy and laziness. Economic reforms also included restructurings of party management. In 1986, the System of Direction for Economic Planning was made to obey the command of the Politboro of the Communist Party of Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-Rev-209">[205]</a> On October 8, 1987, at the anniversary of Che Guevara's death, Castro gave a speech inferring Guevara would be horrified at the bureaucracy in Cuba, and the lack of patriotic enthusiasm of common workers.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Throughout the rectification process, private businesses became more heavily regulated, farmers markets were banned, material incentives were ended, and the minimum wage was increased.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_Period">Special Period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Special Period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dollarization_of_Cuba" title="Dollarization of Cuba">Dollarization of Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/1994_Cuban_rafter_crisis" title="1994 Cuban rafter crisis">1994 Cuban rafter crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuban_transport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cuban_transport.jpg/220px-Cuban_transport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cuban_transport.jpg/330px-Cuban_transport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cuban_transport.jpg/440px-Cuban_transport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Public transportation in Cuba during the "Special Period"</figcaption></figure> Starting from the mid-1980s,<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> Cuba experienced a crisis referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a>". When the Soviet Union was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved</a> in late 1991, a major supporter of Cuba's economy was lost, leaving it essentially paralyzed because of the economy's narrow basis, focused on just a few products with just a few buyers. National oil supplies, which were mostly imported, were severely reduced. Over 80% of Cuba's trade was lost and living conditions declined. A <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">"Special Period in Peacetime"</a> was declared, which included cutbacks on transport and electricity and even food rationing. In response, the United States tightened its trade embargo, hoping it would lead to Castro's downfall. But the government tapped into a pre-revolutionary source of income and opened the country to tourism, entering into several joint ventures with foreign companies for hotel, agricultural and industrial projects. As a result, the use of U.S. dollars was legalized in 1994, with special stores being opened which only sold in dollars. There were two separate economies, dollar-economy and the peso-economy, creating a social split in the island because those in the dollar-economy made much more money. However, in October 2004, the Cuban government announced an end to this policy: from November U.S. dollars would no longer be legal tender, but would instead be exchanged for <a href="/wiki/Cuban_convertible_peso" title="Cuban convertible peso">convertible pesos</a> with a 10% tax payable to the state on the exchange of U.S. dollars. A <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association_Journal" title="Canadian Medical Association Journal">Canadian Medical Association Journal</a> paper states that "The famine in Cuba during the Special Period was caused by political and economic factors similar to the ones that caused a <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Famine in North Korea">famine in North Korea</a> in the mid-1990s. Both countries were run by authoritarian regimes that denied ordinary people the food to which they were entitled when the public food distribution collapsed; priority was given to the elite classes and the military."<a href="#cite_note-cmaj-213">[209]</a> The government did not accept American donations of food, medicines and money until 1993,<a href="#cite_note-cmaj-213">[209]</a> forcing many Cubans to eat anything they could find. Even domestic cats were reportedly eaten.<a href="#cite_note-parrotdiplomacy-214">[210]</a> Extreme food shortages and electrical blackouts led to a brief period of unrest, including numerous anti-government protests and widespread increases in urban crime. In response, the Cuban Communist Party formed hundreds of "rapid-action brigades" to confront protesters. The Communist Party's publication <a href="/wiki/Granma_(newspaper)" title="Granma (newspaper)">Granma</a> stated that "delinquents and anti-social elements who try to create disorder ... will receive a crushing reply from the people". In July 1994, 41 Cubans drowned attempting to flee the country aboard a <a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">tugboat</a>; the Cuban government was later <a href="/wiki/Tugboat_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tugboat massacre">accused of sinking the vessel deliberately</a>.<a href="#cite_note-werlau-tugboatmassacre-215">[211]</a> Thousands of Cubans protested in Havana during the <a href="/wiki/Maleconazo_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleconazo uprising">Maleconazo uprising</a> on 5 August 1994. However, the regime's security forces swiftly dispersed them.<a href="#cite_note-cancubachange-216">[212]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Maleconazo" title="Maleconazo">Maleconazo</a> riots, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> announced that any Cubans who wished to leave the island could. Around 5,000 rafters had left earlier in the year but after the announcement around 33,000 rafters left the island. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> would announce that any rafters intercepted at sea would be detained at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay Naval Base</a>. Around 200,000 rafters would be detained at the base.<a href="#cite_note-Cuba-217">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_isolation_and_regional_engagement">Continued isolation and regional engagement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Continued isolation and regional engagement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Varela_Project" title="Varela Project">Varela Project</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Spring_(Cuba)" title="Black Spring (Cuba)">Black Spring (Cuba)</a></div> Although contacts between Cubans and foreign visitors were made legal in 1997,<a href="#cite_note-rennie-218">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-corbett-219">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">extensive censorship</a> had isolated it from the rest of the world. In 1997, a group led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimiro_Roca" title="Vladimiro Roca">Vladimiro Roca</a>, son of the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Communist Party">Cuban Communist Party</a>, sent a petition, entitled La Patria es de Todos ("the homeland belongs to all") to the Cuban general assembly, requesting democratic and human rights reforms. Roca and his associates were imprisoned but were eventually released.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> In 2001, a group of Cuban activists collected thousands of signatures for the <a href="/wiki/Varela_Project" title="Varela Project">Varela Project</a>, a petition requesting a referendum on the island's political process, which was openly supported by former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. The petition gathered sufficient signatures to be considered by the Cuban government, but was rejected on an alleged technicality. Instead, a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> was held in which it was formally proclaimed that Castro's brand of socialism would be perpetual. In 2003, Castro cracked down on independent journalists and other dissidents in an episode which became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Black_Spring_(Cuba)" title="Black Spring (Cuba)">Black Spring</a>".<a href="#cite_note-longblackspring-221">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> The government imprisoned 75 dissident thinkers, including journalists,<a href="#cite_note-longblackspring-221">[217]</a> librarians, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> activists, and democracy activists, on the basis that they were acting as agents of the United States by accepting aid from the U.S. government. Though it was largely diplomatically isolated from the West at this time, Cuba nonetheless cultivated regional allies. After the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">rise to power</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in 1999, Cuba and Venezuela formed <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Cuba–Venezuela relations">an increasingly close relationship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> Additionally, Cuba continued its post-revolution practice of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_medical_internationalism" title="Cuban medical internationalism">dispatching doctors to assist poorer countries in Africa and Latin America</a>, with over 30,000 health workers deployed overseas by 2007.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_of_Raul_Castro_(2007-2017)">Government of Raul Castro (2007-2017)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Government of Raul Castro (2007-2017)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumbre_de_la_Unidad_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe._Quintana_Roo._Con_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_y_Raul_Castro..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cumbre_de_la_Unidad_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe._Quintana_Roo._Con_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_y_Raul_Castro..jpg/230px-Cumbre_de_la_Unidad_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe._Quintana_Roo._Con_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_y_Raul_Castro..jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cumbre_de_la_Unidad_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe._Quintana_Roo._Con_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_y_Raul_Castro..jpg/345px-Cumbre_de_la_Unidad_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe._Quintana_Roo._Con_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_y_Raul_Castro..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cumbre_de_la_Unidad_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe._Quintana_Roo._Con_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_y_Raul_Castro..jpg/460px-Cumbre_de_la_Unidad_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe._Quintana_Roo._Con_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_y_Raul_Castro..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raul_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Raul Castro">Raul Castro</a> (far right), with <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Chavez">Hugo Chavez</a> (middle left), in 2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_of_power">Transfer of power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Transfer of power">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Cuban_transfer_of_presidential_duties" title="2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties">2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties</a></div> In 2006, Fidel Castro fell ill and withdrew from public life. The following year, Raúl Castro became Acting President. In a letter dated 18 February 2008, Fidel Castro announced his formal resignation, saying "I will not aspire nor accept...the post of President of the Council of State and Commander in Chief."<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> In 2008, Cuba was struck by three separate <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a>, in the most destructive hurricane season in the country's history; over 200,000 were left homeless, and over US$5 billion of property damage was caused.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improving_foreign_relations">Improving foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Improving foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Thaw">Cuban Thaw</a></div> In July 2012, Cuba received its first American goods shipment in over 50 years, following the partial relaxation of the U.S. embargo to permit humanitarian shipments.<a href="#cite_note-FirstShip-14">[11]</a> In October 2012, Cuba announced the abolition of its much-disliked exit permit system, allowing its citizens more freedom to travel abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Permit2012-15">[12]</a> In February 2013, after his reelection as president, Raúl Castro stated that he would retire from government in 2018 as part of a broader leadership transition.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> In July 2013, Cuba became embroiled in a diplomatic scandal after <a href="/wiki/Chong_Chon_Gang" title="Chong Chon Gang">Chong Chon Gang</a>, a <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> ship illegally carrying Cuban weapons, was impounded by <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> The severe economic strife suffered by Venezuela in the mid-2010s lessened its ability to support Cuba, and may ultimately have contributed to the thawing of Cuban-American relations.<a href="#cite_note-CallTIME-233">[229]</a> In December 2014, after a <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Five" title="Cuban Five">highly publicized exchange of political prisoners</a> between the United States and Cuba, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced plans to re-establish diplomatic relations,<a href="#cite_note-BBCDec2014-16">[13]</a> establish an embassy in Havana and improve economic ties. Obama's proposal received both strong criticism and praise from different elements of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban American</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> In April 2015, the U.S. government announced that Cuba would be removed from its <a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism">list of state sponsors of terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Havana" title="Embassy of the United States, Havana">U.S. embassy in Havana</a> was formally reopened in August 2015.<a href="#cite_note-ReOpen2015-18">[15]</a> In 2017, staffing levels at the embassy were reduced following <a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">unexplained health incidents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_reforms">Economic reforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Economic reforms">edit</a>]</div> As of 2015, Cuba remains one of the few officially <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a> in the world. Though it remains diplomatically isolated and afflicted by economic inefficiency, major currency reforms were begun in the 2010s, and efforts to free up domestic <a href="/wiki/Private_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Private enterprise">private enterprise</a> are now underway.<a href="#cite_note-EconMoneyTalks-237">[233]</a> Living standards in the country have improved significantly since the turmoil of the Special Period, with <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> rising from less than US$2,000 in 1999 to nearly $10,000 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cuba" title="Tourism in Cuba">Tourism</a> has furthermore become a significant source of prosperity for Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> Despite the reforms, Cuba remains afflicted by chronic shortages of food and medicines. The electrical and water services are still unreliable. In July 2021, <a href="/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests" title="2021 Cuban protests">protests</a> erupted over these problems and the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, but primarily because of the historical government oppression, profound lack of opportunities, and repression of personal liberties.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Diaz-Canel_(2018-present)">Presidency of Diaz-Canel (2018-present)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Presidency of Diaz-Canel (2018-present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests" title="2021 Cuban protests">2021 Cuban protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_Cuban_migration_crisis" title="2021–2023 Cuban migration crisis">2021–2023 Cuban migration crisis</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visit_by_Cuban_President_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_to_Khamenei%27s_office_in_2023_(8)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Visit_by_Cuban_President_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_to_Khamenei%27s_office_in_2023_%288%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Visit_by_Cuban_President_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_to_Khamenei%27s_office_in_2023_%288%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Visit_by_Cuban_President_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_to_Khamenei%27s_office_in_2023_%288%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Visit_by_Cuban_President_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_to_Khamenei%27s_office_in_2023_%288%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Visit_by_Cuban_President_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_to_Khamenei%27s_office_in_2023_%288%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Visit_by_Cuban_President_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_to_Khamenei%27s_office_in_2023_%288%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Photo of President <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a> in 2023.</figcaption></figure> Fidel Castro was succeeded both as the leader of the ruling Communist party in 2011 and as the country's president in 2008 by his brother, Raúl Castro. In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a> took over from Raúl Castro as president. In April 2021, Díaz-Canel succeeded Raúl Castro also as the leader of the party. He is the first person to hold both the Cuban presidency and the leadership of the Communist Party (PCC) without being a member of the Castro family.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> A series of protests against the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban government">Cuban government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a> began on 11 July 2021, triggered by a shortage of food and medicine<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> and the government's response to the resurgent <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba">COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-France-244">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-RTVE-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robles_2021-246">[242]</a> The protests were the largest anti-government demonstrations since the <a href="/wiki/Maleconazo" title="Maleconazo">Maleconazo</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-WP-247">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-20minutos-248">[244]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From 2021 onward, there has been a significant surge of <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cuban nationals</a> leaving the country, mostly to the United States, due to a combination of factors, including economic hardships and political uncertainties in their homeland. The crisis has resulted in a notable increase in Cuban encounters at the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">United States' southern border</a>, with many attempting to cross into the country through both regular border crossings and sea arrivals, particularly in <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>. The mass exodus has posed humanitarian, social, and political challenges for both Cuba and the U.S., prompting discussions and negotiations between the two nations to address the crisis and manage the flow of migrants. It has been described as the largest mass emigration in Cuba's history. It is estimated that nearly 500,000 Cubans sought refuge into the United States between 2021-2023, accounting for nearly 5% of Cuba’s population. It is estimated that 60% of the new Cuban arrival between 2021-2023 (300,000), have settled in Miami-Dade County.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-165">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">History of the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuban_nationality" title="History of Cuban nationality">History of Cuban nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin_America" title="History of Latin America">History of Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">List of colonial governors of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuba_hurricanes" title="List of Cuba hurricanes">List of Cuba hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of Cuba">List of presidents of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Politics of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cuban_history" title="Timeline of Cuban history">Timeline of Cuban history</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Cuba was officially <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">atheist</a> from 1962 until 1992.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Massive quantities of advanced Soviet military hardware, including batteries of <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-to-air missiles">surface-to-air missiles</a>, flowed to the island, and in October 1962 the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> occurred. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> After Dominican dictator <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a> formed an anti-Castro foreign legion of 3,000 soldiers-of-fortune, including 200 Cuban exiles and 400 Spanish volunteers from the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> (which had fought for Germany on the Eastern Front during WWII), Castro sponsored or organized several attempts to unseat him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017637-8">[6]</a> On 14 June 1959, approximately 200 Dominican exiles and Cuban revolutionaries launched an invasion of the Dominican Republic from Cuba with the hope of overthrowing the Trujillo regime. Trujillo's forces quickly routed the invaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017637-8">[6]</a> A week later, another group of invaders in 2 yachts were intercepted and blasted by mortar fire and bazookas from the shore.<a href="#cite_note-Tunzelmann-9">[7]</a> Trujillo's planes, directed by his son <a href="/wiki/Ramfis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramfis">Ramfis</a>, commander of the air force, zoomed low over the yachts and shot rockets, killing most of the invaders. A few survivors managed to swim to the shore and escape into the forest; the military used <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a> to get them out.<a href="#cite_note-Tunzelmann-9">[7]</a> The leaders of the invasion were taken aboard a Dominican Air Force plane and then pushed out in mid-air, falling to their deaths.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> Trujillo responded by supporting an October 1960 uprising in the Escambray Mountains by 1,000 Cuban counter-revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017637-8">[6]</a> The rebels were defeated and their leader, <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Morgan" title="William Alexander Morgan">William Morgan</a>, was captured and executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017637-8">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Cuba lost 400 killed in the conventional war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557-197">[194]</a> but its heaviest casualties came in the irregular war that followed. From March 1978 to November 1979, irregular hostilities claimed, according to the <a href="/wiki/WSLF" class="mw-redirect" title="WSLF">WSLF</a>, 60,000 lives,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557-197">[194]</a> including 25,000 civilians and 6,000 Cuban soldiers supporting the Ethiopians.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario6.htm">"Victimario Histórico Militar"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victimario+Hist%C3%B3rico+Militar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fremilitari.com%2Fguias%2Fvictimario6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107002111/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2028&term=Background">"CIA World Factbook: Cuba: Introduction: Background"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2028&term=Background">the original</a> on 7 November 2016. 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Reason. 22 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120920/http://www.reason.com/news/show/125095.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Still+Stuck+on+Castro+%E2%80%93+How+the+press+handled+a+tyrant%27s+farewell&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F125095.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cubafacts43-127"><a href="#cite_ref-cubafacts43_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709162710/http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/FACTS_Web/Cuba%20Facts%20Issue%2043%20December.htm">"Cuba Facts: Issue 43"</a>. Cuba Transition Project. December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/FACTS_Web/Cuba%20Facts%20Issue%2043%20December.htm">the original</a> on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuba+Facts%3A+Issue+43&rft.pub=Cuba+Transition+Project&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctp.iccas.miami.edu%2FFACTS_Web%2FCuba%2520Facts%2520Issue%252043%2520December.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-baklanoff-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baklanoff_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baklanoff_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_N._Baklanoff" class="citation journal cs1">Eric N. Baklanoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713105752/http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/ca/cuba/asce/cuba8/31baklanoff.pdf">"Cuba on the eve of the socialist transition: A reassessment of the backwardness-stagnation thesis"</a> (PDF). Cuba in Transition. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/ca/cuba/asce/cuba8/31baklanoff.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuba+in+Transition&rft.atitle=Cuba+on+the+eve+of+the+socialist+transition%3A+A+reassessment+of+the+backwardness-stagnation+thesis&rft.au=Eric+N.+Baklanoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanic.utexas.edu%2Fla%2Fca%2Fcuba%2Fasce%2Fcuba8%2F31baklanoff.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-Cuba-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas-Cuba_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Thomas" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Thomas. Cuba, The Pursuit of Freedom. p. 1173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%2C+The+Pursuit+of+Freedom&rft.pages=1173&rft.au=Hugh+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerra2010" class="citation book cs1">Guerra, Lillian (2010). Grandin, Greg; Joseph, Gilbert M. (eds.). Beyond Paradox: A Century of Revolution. American Encounters/Global Interactions. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 199–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4737-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4737-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-4737-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Paradox%3A+A+Century+of+Revolution&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.series=American+Encounters%2FGlobal+Interactions&rft.pages=199-238&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4737-8&rft.aulast=Guerra&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FidelUntold2-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FidelUntold2_131-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fidel:_The_Untold_Story" title="Fidel: The Untold Story">Fidel: The Untold Story</a>. (2001). Directed by Estela Bravo. <a href="/wiki/First_Run_Features" title="First Run Features">First Run Features</a>. (91 min). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NW1Yh8D-xCg">Viewable clip</a>. "Batista's forces were trained by the United States, which also armed them with tanks, artillery, and aircraft." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary1950-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary1950_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary1950_132-1">b</a> Historical Dictionary of the 1950s, by <a href="/wiki/James_S._Olson" title="James S. Olson">James Stuart Olson</a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30619-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30619-2">0-313-30619-2</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FidelUntold1-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FidelUntold1_133-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fidel:_The_Untold_Story" title="Fidel: The Untold Story">Fidel: The Untold Story</a>. (2001). Directed by Estela Bravo. <a href="/wiki/First_Run_Features" title="First Run Features">First Run Features</a>. (91 min). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oPlnGiS488s">Viewable clip</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglishNocturne-134"><a href="#cite_ref-EnglishNocturne_134-0">^</a> Havana Nocturne: How the Mob Owned Cuba and Then Lost It to the Revolution, by <a href="/wiki/T._J._English" title="T. J. English">T. J. English</a>, William Morrow, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-114771-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-114771-0">0-06-114771-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA,_1963_P._1-135"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA,_1963_P._1_135-0">^</a> CIA (1963). Political Murders in Cuba -- Batista Era Compared with Castro Regime </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickham-Crowley,_Timothy_P._1990_P._63-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Wickham-Crowley,_Timothy_P._1990_P._63_136-0">^</a> Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. (1990). Exploring Revolution: Essays on Latin American Insurgency and Revolutionary Theory. Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe. P. 63 "Estimates of hundreds or perhaps about a thousand deaths due to Batista's terror are also supported by comments made by Fidel Castro and other Batista critics during the war itself." </li> <li id="cite_note-Guerra,_Lillian_2012_p._42-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Guerra,_Lillian_2012_p._42_137-0">^</a> Guerra, Lillian (2012). Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959–1971. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 42 "The likely total was probably closer to three to four thousand." </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Conflict, Order, and Peace in the Americas, by the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, 1978, p. 121. "The US-supported Batista regime killed 20,000 Cubans" </li> <li id="cite_note-Verano-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Verano_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=259&Itemid=47">"Air war over Cuba 1956–1959"</a>. ACIG.org. 30 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318145436/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=259&Itemid=47">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+war+over+Cuba+1956%E2%80%931959&rft.pub=ACIG.org&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acig.info%2FCMS%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D259%26Itemid%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cuba1952-1959.blogspot.co.uk/2009/12/1958-battle-of-la-plata-el-jigue.html">"1958: Battle of La Plata (El Jigüe)"</a>. Cuba 1952–1959. 15 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195517/http://cuba1952-1959.blogspot.co.uk/2009/12/1958-battle-of-la-plata-el-jigue.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1958%3A+Battle+of+La+Plata+%28El+Jig%C3%BCe%29&rft.pub=Cuba+1952%E2%80%931959&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuba1952-1959.blogspot.co.uk%2F2009%2F12%2F1958-battle-of-la-plata-el-jigue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juan_Clark_Cuba_1992_pp._53-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Juan_Clark_Cuba_1992_pp._53_141-0">^</a> Juan Clark Cuba (1992). Mito y Realidad: Testimonio de un Pueblo. Saeta Ediciones (Miami). pp. 53–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/exile-community-statistics.htm">"Cuban Exile Community"</a>. LatinAmericanStudies.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118012909/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/exile-community-statistics.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuban+Exile+Community&rft.pub=LatinAmericanStudies.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinamericanstudies.org%2Fexile-community-statistics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/subject/bay-of-pigs/index.htm">"Cuban History: Bay of Pigs"</a>. www.marxists.org. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Cuban+History%3A+Bay+of+Pigs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fcuba%2Fsubject%2Fbay-of-pigs%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/02/04/89115664.html">"CASTRO OUTLINES SWEEPING PLANS; Talks of Transformed Cuba in Five Years, Based on Agrarian Reform"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CASTRO+OUTLINES+SWEEPING+PLANS%3B+Talks+of+Transformed+Cuba+in+Five+Years%2C+Based+on+Agrarian+Reform&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1959%2F02%2F04%2F89115664.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky_2003-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_2003_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_2003_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_2003_145-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2003" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chomsky.info/books/hegemony02.htm">Hegemony or Survival</a>. Metropolitan Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041009/http://chomsky.info/books/hegemony02.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegemony+or+Survival&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chomsky.info%2Fbooks%2Fhegemony02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staten-Cuba-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Staten-Cuba_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staten-Cuba_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford_L._Staten" class="citation book cs1">Clifford L. Staten. The history of Cuba.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Cuba&rft.au=Clifford+L.+Staten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Nohlen, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sshl.ucsd.edu/collections/las/cuba/1990.html">"Cuba: Elections and Events 1991–2001"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070301123039/http://sshl.ucsd.edu/collections/las/cuba/1990.html">Archived</a> 1 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. UCSD Latin American Election Statistics Home. 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses2011" class="citation book cs1">Gleijeses, Piero (1 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHWGwG71hzMC&q=%22+The+United+States+recognized+the+Castro+government+on+7+January+1959,+six+days+after+Batista+fled+Cuba.+President+Eisenhower+sent+a+new+ambassador,+Philip+Bonsal,+to+replace+Earl+E.+T.+Smith&pg=PA12">Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976</a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6162-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6162-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-6162-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflicting+Missions%3A+Havana%2C+Washington%2C+and+Africa%2C+1959-1976&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-6162-2&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHWGwG71hzMC%26q%3D%2522%2BThe%2BUnited%2BStates%2Brecognized%2Bthe%2BCastro%2Bgovernment%2Bon%2B7%2BJanuary%2B1959%2C%2Bsix%2Bdays%2Bafter%2BBatista%2Bfled%2BCuba.%2BPresident%2BEisenhower%2Bsent%2Ba%2Bnew%2Bambassador%2C%2BPhilip%2BBonsal%2C%2Bto%2Breplace%2BEarl%2BE.%2BT.%2BSmith%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/1950s-america/a/the-eisenhower-era">"The Eisenhower era (article) | 1950s America"</a>. Khan Academy. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=The+Eisenhower+era+%28article%29+%7C+1950s+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fus-history%2Fpostwarera%2F1950s-america%2Fa%2Fthe-eisenhower-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Castro to Celia Sanches, 5 June 1958 in Franqui: Diary, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Quotations from "Unofficial Visit of Prime Minister Castro of Cuba to Washington – A Tentative Evaluation", enclosed in Herter to Eisenhower, 23 April 1959, jFRUS 1958–60, 6:483, and Special NIE in: "The Situation in the Caribbean through 1959", 30 June 1959, p. 3, NSA </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> NSC meeting, 14 January 1960, FRUS 1958-60, 6:742–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Braddock to SecState, Havana, 1 February 1960, FRUS 1958–60, 6:778. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses2002" class="citation book cs1">Gleijeses, Piero (2002). "Castro's Cuba, 1959-1964". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHWGwG71hzMC">Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976</a>. Envisioning Cuba. Univ of North Carolina Press (published 2011). pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807861622" title="Special:BookSources/9780807861622"><bdi>9780807861622</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 February 2018. <q>At an NSC meeting on 14 January 1960, Under Secretary Livingstone Merchant noted that 'our present objective was to adjust all our actions in such a way as to accelerate the development of an opposition in Cuba which would bring about ... a new government favorable to U.S. interests.' He then asked the assistant secretary for inter-American affairs, Roy Rubottom, to summarize the evolution of U.S.-Cuban relations since January 1959: [...] 'The period from January to March might be characterized as the honeymoon period of the Castro government. In April a downward trend in US–Cuban relations had been evident… In June we had reached the decision that it was not possible to achieve our objectives with Castro in power and had agreed to undertake the program referred to by Mr. Merchant. [...] On 31 October, in agreement with the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department had recommended to the President approval of a program along the lines referred to by Mr. Merchant. The approved program authorized us to support elements in Cuba opposed to the Castro government while making Castro's downfall seem to be the result of his own mistakes.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Castro%27s+Cuba%2C+1959-1964&rft.btitle=Conflicting+Missions%3A+Havana%2C+Washington%2C+and+Africa%2C+1959%E2%80%931976&rft.series=Envisioning+Cuba&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780807861622&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHWGwG71hzMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/sanctions-cuba-60-3.pdf">"Case Studies in Economic Sanctions and Terrorism: US v. Gta 5 (1960– : Castro)"</a> (PDF). Peterson Institute for International Economics. October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/sanctions-cuba-60-3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2019. <q>7 February 1962[:] By presidential proclamation, US bans virtually all imports from Cuba.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+in+Economic+Sanctions+and+Terrorism%3A+US+v.+Gta+5+%281960%E2%80%93+%3A+Castro%29&rft.pub=Peterson+Institute+for+International+Economics&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iie.com%2Fpublications%2Fpapers%2Fsanctions-cuba-60-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Priestland, Jane (editor, 2003). British Archives on Cuba: Cuba under Castro 1959–1962. Archival Publications International Limited: London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903008-20-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-903008-20-4">1-903008-20-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> British Foreign Office. Chancery American Department, Foreign Office, London, 2 September 1959 (2181/59) to British Embassy Havana. Classified as restricted. Released 2000 among British Foreign Office papers. FOREIGN OFFICES FILES FOR CUBA Part 1: Revolution in Cuba. "In our letter 1011/59 May 6 we mentioned that a Russian workers' delegation had been invited to participate in the May Day celebrations here, but had been delayed. The interpreter with the party, which arrived later and stayed in Cuba a few days, was called Vadim Kotchergin although he was at the time using what he subsequently claimed was his mother's name of Liston (?). He remained in the background, and did not attract any attention." </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828201858/http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm">El campo de entrenamiento "Punto Cero" donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales</a>. Cuban American Foundation. 7 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm">the original</a> on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+campo+de+entrenamiento+%22Punto+Cero%22+donde+el+Partido+Comunista+de+Cuba+%28PCC%29+adiestra+a+terroristas+nacionales+e+internacionales&rft.pub=Cuban+American+Foundation&rft.date=2005-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canf.org%2F2005%2F1es%2Fnoticias-de-Cuba%2F2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> (English title: The training camp "Point Zero" where the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) trained national and international terrorists) "… Los coroneles soviéticos de la KGB Vadim Kochergin y Victor Simonov (ascendido a general en 1970) fueron entrenadores en "Punto Cero" desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Uno de los" graduados" por Simonov en este campo de entrenamiento es Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, más conocido como "Carlos El Chacal". Otro "alumno" de esta instalación del terror es el mexicano Rafael Sebastián Guillén, alias "subcomandante Marcos", quien se "graduó" en "Punto Cero" a principio de los años 80." </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitin2007" class="citation book cs1">Levitin, Michael (4 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928223044/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/209/story/112259.html">La Stasi entrenó a la Seguridad cubana</a>. Nuevo Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevoherald.com/209/story/112259.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Stasi+entren%C3%B3+a+la+Seguridad+cubana&rft.pub=Nuevo+Herald&rft.date=2007-11-04&rft.aulast=Levitin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevoherald.com%2F209%2Fstory%2F112259.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mtholyoke.edu-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mtholyoke.edu_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mtholyoke.edu_161-1">b</a> US Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States 1961–1963, Volume X Cuba, 1961–1962 Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/cuba/mongoose.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101172705/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/cuba/mongoose.htm">Archived</a> 1 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Angelo Trento. Castro and Cuba : From the revolution to the present. Arris books. 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Domínguez, Jorge I. "The @#$%& Missile Crisis (Or, What was 'Cuban' about US Decisions during the Cuban Missile Crisis". Diplomatic History: The Journal of the Society for Historians of Foreign Relations, Vol. 24, No. 2, (Spring 2000): 305–15.) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Jack Anderson (18 January 1971). "6 Attempts to Kill Castro Laid to CIA". The Washington Post </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagen1969" class="citation book cs1">Fagen, Richard (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationof0000fage/page/70">The Transformation of Political Culture in Cuba</a>. Stanford University: Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationof0000fage/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804707022" title="Special:BookSources/9780804707022"><bdi>9780804707022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Political+Culture+in+Cuba.&rft.place=Stanford+University&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780804707022&rft.aulast=Fagen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransformationof0000fage%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_World-166"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_World_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409001629/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-28/world/cuba.castro_1_raul-castro-fidel-castro-marks?_s=PM:WORLD">"CNN World"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-28/world/cuba.castro_1_raul-castro-fidel-castro-marks?_s=PM:WORLD">the original</a> on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNN+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2010-09-28%2Fworld%2Fcuba.castro_1_raul-castro-fidel-castro-marks%3F_s%3DPM%3AWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215051/https://gordoninstitute.fiu.edu/policy-innovation/military-culture-series/frank-mora-brian-fonseca-and-brian-latell-2016-cuban-military-culture.pdf">"Cuban Military Culture"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gordoninstitute.fiu.edu/policy-innovation/military-culture-series/frank-mora-brian-fonseca-and-brian-latell-2016-cuban-military-culture.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuban+Military+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgordoninstitute.fiu.edu%2Fpolicy-innovation%2Fmilitary-culture-series%2Ffrank-mora-brian-fonseca-and-brian-latell-2016-cuban-military-culture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cubamilitary-168"><a href="#cite_ref-cubamilitary_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324232416/http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Vol%205-2/Cuban.pdf">"CUBAN ARMED FORCES AND THE SOVIET MILITARY PRESENCE"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Vol%205-2/Cuban.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CUBAN+ARMED+FORCES+AND+THE+SOVIET+MILITARY+PRESENCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disam.dsca.mil%2Fpubs%2FVol%25205-2%2FCuban.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-castrogenocideplan-169"><a href="#cite_ref-castrogenocideplan_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgustín_BlázquezJaums_Sutton" class="citation web cs1">Agustín Blázquez; Jaums Sutton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org/oagaq003.php">"UMAP: Castro's genocide plan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721213453/http://www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org/oagaq003.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UMAP%3A+Castro%27s+genocide+plan&rft.au=Agust%C3%ADn+Bl%C3%A1zquez&rft.au=Jaums+Sutton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amigospais-guaracabuya.org%2Foagaq003.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almendros-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Almendros_170-0">^</a> Almendros, Néstor, dir. Improper Conduct. 1984. Film. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ros_155-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ros_155_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ros_155_171-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRos2004">Ros (2004)</a>, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenkenVignoli2015" class="citation web cs1">Henken, Ted; Vignoli, Gabriel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.american.edu/centers/latin-american-latino-studies/upload/2015-au-ssrc-henken-vignoli-enterprising-cuba-final.pdf">"ENTERPRISING CUBA: CITIZEN EMPOWERMENT, STATE ABANDONMENT, OR U.S. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY?"</a> (PDF). american.edu. Center for Latin American and Latino Studies. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=american.edu&rft.atitle=ENTERPRISING+CUBA%3A+CITIZEN+EMPOWERMENT%2C+STATE+ABANDONMENT%2C+OR+U.S.+BUSINESS+OPPORTUNITY%3F&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Henken&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.au=Vignoli%2C+Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.american.edu%2Fcenters%2Flatin-american-latino-studies%2Fupload%2F2015-au-ssrc-henken-vignoli-enterprising-cuba-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-castro-173"><a href="#cite_ref-castro_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrevost2007" class="citation journal cs1">Prevost, Grey (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=headwaters">"Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution"</a>. Headwaters. 24 (1): 25–26. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Headwaters&rft.atitle=Fidel+Castro+and+the+Cuban+Revolution&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-26&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Prevost&rft.aufirst=Grey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.csbsju.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1040%26context%3Dheadwaters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-decade-174"><a href="#cite_ref-decade_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek1jDwAAQBAJ&dq=revolutionary+offensive+zafra&pg=PA72">Cuba's Forgotten Decade How the 1970s Shaped the Revolution</a>. Lexington Books. 2018. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498568746" title="Special:BookSources/9781498568746"><bdi>9781498568746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%27s+Forgotten+Decade+How+the+1970s+Shaped+the+Revolution&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781498568746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEk1jDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Drevolutionary%2Boffensive%2Bzafra%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethell-Latin_America-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bethell-Latin_America_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bethell-Latin_America_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Bethell" class="citation book cs1">Leslie Bethell. The Cambridge History of Latin America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+America&rft.au=Leslie+Bethell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-176"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtaraz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Artaraz, Kepa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26382600">"Constructing Identities in a Contested Setting: Cuba's Intellectual Elite during and after the Revolution"</a>. Oral History. 45 (2): 50–59. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26382600">26382600</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+History&rft.atitle=Constructing+Identities+in+a+Contested+Setting%3A+Cuba%27s+Intellectual+Elite+during+and+after+the+Revolution.&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50-59&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26382600%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Artaraz&rft.aufirst=Kepa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26382600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray_Years-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_Years_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_Years_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_Years_177-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeppler-Grogan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Weppler-Grogan, Doreen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24487232">"Cultural Policy, the Visual Arts, and the Advance of the Cuban Revolution in the Aftermath of the Gray Years"</a>. Cuban Studies. 41: 143–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcub.2010.a413143">10.1353/cub.2010.a413143</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24487232">24487232</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuban+Studies&rft.atitle=Cultural+Policy%2C+the+Visual+Arts%2C+and+the+Advance+of+the+Cuban+Revolution+in+the+Aftermath+of+the+Gray+Years.&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=143-165&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcub.2010.a413143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24487232%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weppler-Grogan&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24487232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-178"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBUSTAMANTE2019" class="citation journal cs1">BUSTAMANTE, MICHAEL J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26614333">"Cultural Politics and Political Cultures of the Cuban Revolution: New Directions in Scholarship"</a>. Cuban Studies (47): 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-4441">0361-4441</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26614333">26614333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuban+Studies&rft.atitle=Cultural+Politics+and+Political+Cultures+of+the+Cuban+Revolution%3A+New+Directions+in+Scholarship&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26614333%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0361-4441&rft.aulast=BUSTAMANTE&rft.aufirst=MICHAEL+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26614333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-179"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2009" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Margaret (6 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.36019/9780813546452">To Change the World</a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36019%2F9780813546452">10.36019/9780813546452</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4645-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4645-2"><bdi>978-0-8135-4645-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Change+the+World&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2009-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36019%2F9780813546452&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4645-2&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.36019%2F9780813546452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Horowitz1995" class="citation book cs1">Louis Horowitz, Irving (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Cuban_Communism_8th_Editi/yNemVdadVxcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=institutionalization+of+the+revolution+cuba+1976+1985&pg=PA293&printsec=frontcover">Cuban Communism/8th Editi</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://militaryhistorynow.com/2016/01/29/the-cuban-army-abroad-fidel-castros-forgotten-foreign-wars/">the original</a> on 17 August 2020. 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University Press of Florida. pp. 172–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813048765" title="Special:BookSources/9780813048765"><bdi>9780813048765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Cuba+A+History&rft.pages=172-178&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780813048765&rft.aulast=Martinez-Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh37SEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRectification%2Bof%2BErrors%2Bcuba%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaffe2020" class="citation book cs1">Yaffe, Helen (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrHNDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rectification+of+Errors+cuba&pg=PA28">We Are Cuba! 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Retrieved 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Cuba%27s+economy%3A+Money+starts+to+talk&rft.date=2013-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Famericas%2F21581990-and-eventually-perhaps-one-currency-tempo-reform-accelerates-money-starts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=cu&v=67">"Cuba - GDP - per capita (PPP)"</a>. Index Mundi. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209155629/http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=cu&v=67">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2015. 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Retrieved 11 July 2021 – via France 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thousands+join+rare+anti-government+protests+in+Cuba&rft.date=2021-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20210711-thousands-join-rare-anti-government-protests-in-cuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RTVE-245"><a href="#cite_ref-RTVE_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20210711/manifestaciones-cuba-dictadura/2126440.shtml">"Cientos de personas protestan en varias ciudades de Cuba contra el Gobierno"</a> [Hundreds of people protest in several cities of Cuba against the Government] (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/RTVE" title="RTVE">RTVE</a>. 11 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712050215/https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20210711/manifestaciones-cuba-dictadura/2126440.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2021. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711212619/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/11/world/americas/cuba-crisis-protests.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cubans+Denounce+%27Misery%27+in+Biggest+Protests+in+Decades&rft.date=2021-07-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Robles&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F07%2F11%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcuba-crisis-protests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP-247"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaiola2021" class="citation news cs1">Faiola, Anthony (12 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/11/cuba-protests/">"Cubans hold biggest anti-government protests in decades; Biden says U.S. stands with people"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712033912/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/11/cuba-protests/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2021. 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Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=20+Minutos&rft.atitle=Miles+de+cubanos+piden+%22libertad%22+en+las+calles+y+el+presidente+Canel+detiene+a+un+centenar+mientras+anima+al+%22combate%22&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.20minutos.es%2Fnoticia%2F4760814%2F0%2Finedita-manifestacion-en-cuba-miles-de-personas-salen-a-la-calle-al-grito-de-abajo-la-dictadura%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicent2022" class="citation web cs1">Vicent, Mauricio (14 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-09-14/the-largest-mass-emigration-in-cubas-history-continues.html">"The largest mass emigration in Cuba's history continues"</a>. EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 22 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EL+PA%C3%8DS+English&rft.atitle=The+largest+mass+emigration+in+Cuba%E2%80%99s+history+continues&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft.aulast=Vicent&rft.aufirst=Mauricio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Finternational%2F2022-09-14%2Fthe-largest-mass-emigration-in-cubas-history-continues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllaire2000" class="citation book cs1">Allaire, Louis (2000). "Archaeology of the Caribbean Region". In Frank Salomon (ed.). South America. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Vol. III. Stuart B. Schwartz (third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63075-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63075-4"><bdi>0-521-63075-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeology+of+the+Caribbean+Region&rft.btitle=South+America&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Native+Peoples+of+the+Americas&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-63075-4&rft.aulast=Allaire&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRos2004" class="citation book cs1">Ros, Enrique (2004). La UMAP: El Gulag Castrista. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593880262" title="Special:BookSources/9781593880262"><bdi>9781593880262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+UMAP%3A+El+Gulag+Castrista&rft.place=Miami%2C+FL&rft.pub=Ediciones+Universal&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781593880262&rft.aulast=Ros&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography_and_further_reading">Bibliography and further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Bibliography and further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Castillo Ramos, Ruben (1956). "Muerto Edesio, El rey de la Sierra Maestra". Bohemia XLVIII No. 9 (12 August 1956). pp. 52–54, 87.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aviva_Chomsky" title="Aviva Chomsky">Chomsky, Aviva</a>; Carr, Barry; Smorkaloff, Pamela Maria, eds. (2004). The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Durham, NC & London: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuba+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC+%26+London&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"><bdi>978-0786474707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492-2015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"></li> <li>De Paz Sánchez, Manuel Antonio; Fernández, José; López, Nelson (1993–1994). El bandolerismo en Cuba (1800–1933). Presencia canaria y protesta rural. Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Two volumes.</li> <li>Foner, Philip S. (1962). A History of Cuba and its Relations with the United States.</li> <li>Franklin, James (1997). Cuba and the United States: A Chronological History. Ocean Press.</li> <li>Gleijeses, Piero (2002). Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976. University of North Carolina Press. 552 pp.</li> <li>Gott, Richard. (2004). Cuba: A New History.</li> <li>Hernández, Rafael and Coatsworth, John H., eds. (2001). Culturas Encontradas: Cuba y los Estados Unidos. Harvard University Press. 278 pp.</li> <li>Hernández, José M. (1993). Cuba and the United States: Intervention and Militarism, 1868–1933. University of Texas Press. 288 pp.</li> <li>Johnson, Willis Fletcher (1920). The History of Cuba. New York: B.F. Buck & Company, Inc.</li> <li>Kapcia, Antoni. (2021) A Short History of Revolutionary Cuba: Revolution, Power, Authority and the State from 1959 to the Present Day</li> <li>Kirk, John M. and McKenna, Peter (1997). Canada-Cuba Relations: The Other Good Neighbor Policy. University Press of Florida. 207 pp.</li> <li>McPherson, Alan (2003). Yankee No! Anti-Americanism in U.S.-Latin American Relations. Harvard University Press. 257 pp.</li> <li>Morley, Morris H. and McGillian, Chris. Unfinished Business: America and Cuba after the Cold War, 1989–2001. Cambridge University Press. 253 pp.</li> <li>Offner, John L. (2002). An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898. University of North Carolina Press, 1992. 306 pp.</li> <li>Paterson, Thomas G. (1994). Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution. Oxford University Press. 352 pp.</li> <li>Pérez, Louis A., Jr. (1998). The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography. University of North Carolina Press. 192 pp.</li> <li>Pérez, Louis A. (1990). Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy. University of Georgia Press. 314 pp.</li> <li>Perez, Louis A. (1989). Lords of the Mountain: Social Banditry and Peasant Protest in Cuba, 1878–1918. Pitt Latin American Series: University of Pittsburgh Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-3601-1">0-8229-3601-1</a>.</li> <li>Schwab, Peter (1999). Cuba: Confronting the U.S. Embargo. New York: St. Martin's. 226 pp.</li> <li>Staten, Clifford L. (2005). The History of Cuba. Palgrave Essential Histories.</li> <li>Thomas, Hugh (1998). Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80827-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80827-2">978-0-306-80827-2</a>.</li> <li>Tone, John Lawrence (2006). War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898.</li> <li>Walker, Daniel E. (2004). No More, No More: Slavery and Cultural Resistance in Havana and New Orleans. University of Minnesota Press. 188 pp.</li> <li>Whitney, Robert W. (2001). State and Revolution in Cuba: Mass Mobilization and Political Change, 1920–1940. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2611-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2611-1">0-8078-2611-1</a>.</li> <li>Zeuske, Michael (2004). Insel der Extreme: Kuba im 20. Jahrhundert. Zürich: <a href="/wiki/Rotpunktverlag" title="Rotpunktverlag">Rotpunktverlag</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85869-208-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-85869-208-5">3-85869-208-5</a>.</li> <li>Zeuske, Michael (2004). Schwarze Karibik: Sklaven, Sklavereikulturen und Emanzipation. Zürich: <a href="/wiki/Rotpunktverlag" title="Rotpunktverlag">Rotpunktverlag</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85869-272-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-85869-272-7">3-85869-272-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Bleitrach" title="Danielle Bleitrach">Danielle Bleitrach</a>, Viktor Dedaj, Jacques-François Bonaldi. Cuba est une île, Cuba es una isla, <a href="/wiki/Le_Temps_des_cerises_(publisher)" title="Le Temps des cerises (publisher)">Le Temps des cerises</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8410-9499-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8410-9499-8">978-2-8410-9499-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cuba&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208125248/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552531">Post-USSR: Modern Cuban Struggles</a>, 1991 video from the <a href="/wiki/Dean_Peter_Krogh_Foreign_Affairs_Digital_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2009/03/04/petercoyote030409.DTL&type=printable">Reflecting on Cuba's Bloody History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Coyote" title="Peter Coyote">Peter Coyote</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. 4 March 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224063257/http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/stryker/">Deena Stryker Photographs of Cuba, 1963–1964 and undated</a> – <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Libraries" title="Duke University Libraries">Duke University Libraries</a> Digital Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://merrick.library.miami.edu/cubanHeritage/manuscript/">Cuban Historical and Literary Manuscript Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531002357/http://merrick.library.miami.edu/cubanHeritage/manuscript/">Archived</a> 31 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami libraries</a> Digital Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubasettlers.com/">American Settlers in Cuba</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502192253/http://cubasettlers.com/">Archived</a> 2 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Historic photographs and information on American settlers in Cuba before the Revolution</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatin_American_Network_Information_Center" class="citation web cs1">Latin American Network Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/#history">"Cuba: History"</a>. Country Directory. USA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Directory&rft.atitle=Cuba%3A+History&rft.au=Latin+American+Network+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanic.utexas.edu%2Fla%2Fcb%2Fcuba%2F%23history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cuba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/collections/digital-photographic-archive-historic-havana/">Digital Photographic Archive of Historic Havana</a>- a digital archive of 1055 significant buildings in the Historic Center of Havana</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuba_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuba_topics" title="Template:Cuba topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuba_topics" title="Template talk:Cuba topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuba_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Revolution" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Pre-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cuban_history" title="Timeline of Cuban history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Little War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#Sinking" title="USS Maine (1889)">Sinking of USS Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_I" title="Cuba during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane" title="1932 Cuba hurricane">1932 hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambray_rebellion" title="Escambray rebellion">Escambray rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">Operation Peter Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literacy_campaign" title="Cuban literacy campaign">Cuban literacy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)" title="Great Debate (Cuba)">Great Debate (Cuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Offensive" title="Revolutionary Offensive">Revolutionary Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_years" title="Grey years">Grey years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutionalization_process" title="Institutionalization process">Institutionalization process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectification_process" title="Rectification process">Rectification process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleconazo" title="Maleconazo">Maleconazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Cuban_transfer_of_presidential_duties" title="2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties">Fidel's transfer of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">History of Havana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Havana" title="Timeline of Havana">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other cities <ul><li>Timelines: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Camag%C3%BCey" title="Timeline of Camagüey">Camagüey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cienfuegos" title="Timeline of Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Timeline of Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Holgu%C3%ADn" title="Timeline of Holguín">Holguín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Matanzas" title="Timeline of Matanzas">Matanzas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Timeline of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cuba" title="List of cities in Cuba">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Cuba" title="Municipalities of Cuba">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Cuba" title="Provinces of Cuba">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cuba" title="List of islands of Cuba">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Cuba" title="List of earthquakes in Cuba">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuba_hurricanes" title="List of Cuba hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cuba" title="List of rivers of Cuba">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cuba" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cuba">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cuba" title="Corruption in Cuba">Corruption in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Cuba)" title="Council of Ministers (Cuba)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Cuba)" title="Council of State (Cuba)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cuba" title="Elections in Cuba">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cuba" title="Foreign relations of Cuba">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cuba" title="Human rights in Cuba">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cuba" title="Human trafficking in Cuba">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cuba">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Cuba" title="Law of Cuba">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cuba" title="List of political parties in Cuba">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">National Assembly of People's Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of People's Power">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Cuba">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of state of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Cuba" title="Vice President of Cuba">Vice President of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Prime Minister of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of government of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Army" title="Cuban Revolutionary Army">Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Navy" title="Cuban Revolutionary Navy">Revolutionary Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Air_and_Air_Defense_Force" title="Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Troops_Militia" title="Territorial Troops Militia">Territorial Troops Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_National_Army" title="Cuban National Army">National Army</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Law enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Police_Force" title="National Revolutionary Police Force">National Revolutionary Police Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Inteligencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Inteligencia">Dirección General de Inteligencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">Military Counterintelligence Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cuba" title="Agriculture in Cuba">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Reforma_Agraria" title="Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria">Agrarian reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPA_(agriculture)" title="CPA (agriculture)">Cooperatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cuba" title="Central Bank of Cuba">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_economy_of_Cuba" title="Dual economy of Cuba">Dual economy of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_peso" title="Cuban peso">Peso (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_convertible_peso" title="Cuban convertible peso">Convertible peso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Cuba" title="International rankings of Cuba">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cuba" title="Tourism in Cuba">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cuba" title="Transport in Cuba">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Cubana de Aviación">airline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cuba" title="Culture of Cuba">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Society" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_art" title="Cuban art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cuba" title="Architecture of Cuba">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cigar" title="Cuban cigar">Cigars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba" title="Dance from Cuba">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Cuba">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cuba" title="Health in Cuba">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cuba" title="Healthcare in Cuba">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Cuba" title="List of hospitals in Cuba">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Cuba" title="Internet in Cuba">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Cuba" title="Internet censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cuba" title="Mass media in Cuba">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Cuba" title="List of newspapers in Cuba">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Cuba" title="Television in Cuba">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_musical_theatre" title="Cuban musical theatre">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Havana" title="Festivals in Havana">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cuba" title="Public holidays in Cuba">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Havana_Cuba" title="Radio Havana Cuba">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_Cuba" title="Rationing in Cuba">Rationing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_Cuba" title="Scouting and Guiding in Cuba">Scouting and Guiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolismo" title="Sociolismo">Sociolismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cuba" title="Sport in Cuba">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Cuba">Association Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Cuba" title="Baseball in Cuba">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_Cuba" title="Boxing in Cuba">Boxing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cuba" title="Demographics of Cuba">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Afro-Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_Americans" title="List of Cuban Americans">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean Cuban">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Cubans" title="Filipino Cubans">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cuban" title="Haitian Cuban">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cubans" title="Italian Cubans">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Cubans" title="Japanese Cubans">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Cuba" title="Koreans in Cuba">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_in_Cuba" title="List of Lebanese people in Cuba">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Mexican immigration to Cuba">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Spanish immigration to Cuba">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_architects" title="List of Cuban architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_artists" title="List of Cuban artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_athletes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cuban athletes">Athletes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Cuba" title="List of Major League Baseball players from Cuba">Baseball players</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_painters" title="List of Cuban painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_abstract_painters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cuban abstract painters">abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_writers" title="List of Cuban writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_women_writers" title="List of Cuban women writers">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuba" title="Category:Cuba">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cuba" title="Outline of Cuba">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Cuba_(1741–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Cuba" title="Template:Years in Cuba"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Cuba" title="Template talk:Years in Cuba"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Cuba" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Cuba"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Cuba_(1741–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Years in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (1741–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_18th_century_in_Cuba" title="Category:Years of the 18th century in Cuba">18th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1741_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1741 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1741</a>‎</li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1748_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1748 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1748</a>‎</li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1760_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1760 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1760</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1761_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1761 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1761</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1762_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1762 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1762</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1763_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1763 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1763</a>‎</li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1793_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1793 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1793</a>‎</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_19th_century_in_Cuba" title="Category:Years of the 19th century in Cuba">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1815_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1815 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1815</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1822_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1822 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1822</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1835_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1835 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1835</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1840_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1840 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1840</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1846_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1846 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1846</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1853_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1853 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1854_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1854 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1854</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1862_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1862 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1862</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1868_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1868 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1869 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1870 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1871_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1871 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1872_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1872 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1873_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1873 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1874_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1874 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1875_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1875 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1876_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1876 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1877 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1878_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1878 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1879_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1879 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1880 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1881_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1881 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1882_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1882 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1883_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1883 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1884_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1884 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1885_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1885 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1886_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1886 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1887_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1887 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1888_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1888 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1889_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1889 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1890 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1891_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1892_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1892 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1893_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1893 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1894_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1894 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1895_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1895 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1896_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1896 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1897_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1897 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1898 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1899_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1899 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1900_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1900 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1900</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_Cuba" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in Cuba">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1901 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1902 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1903 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1904_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1904 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1905 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1906_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1906 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1907_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1907 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1908 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1910_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1910 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1911_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1911 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1912_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1912 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1913_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1913 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1914_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1914 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1916_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1916 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1917_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1917 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1918_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1918 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1919_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1919 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1920_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1920 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1921_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1921 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1923_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1923 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1924_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1926_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1926 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1929_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1929 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1930_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1940_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1940 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1942_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1942 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1944_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1944 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1945_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1945 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Cuba" title="1959 in Cuba">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 in Cuba">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1975_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_21st_century_in_Cuba" title="Category:Years of the 21st century in Cuba">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Cuba" title="2013 in Cuba">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Cuba" title="2014 in Cuba">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Cuba" title="2015 in Cuba">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Cuba" title="2016 in Cuba">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Cuba" title="2017 in Cuba">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Cuba" title="2018 in Cuba">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Cuba" title="2019 in Cuba">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Cuba" title="2020 in Cuba">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Cuba" title="2021 in Cuba">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Cuba" title="2022 in Cuba">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Cuba" title="2023 in Cuba">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Cuba" title="2024 in Cuba">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Cuba" title="2025 in Cuba">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">History of North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize" title="History of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras" title="History of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamaica" title="History of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama" title="History of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Lucia" title="History of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anguilla" title="History of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda" title="History of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="History of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinique" title="History of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="History of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Havana_landmarks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Havana_landmarks" title="Template:Havana landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Havana_landmarks" title="Template talk:Havana landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Havana_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Havana landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Havana_landmarks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> landmarks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Capitolio" class="mw-redirect" title="El Capitolio">El Capitolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_los_Capitanes_Generales" title="Palacio de los Capitanes Generales">Palacio de los Capitanes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_del_Segundo_Cabo" title="Palacio del Segundo Cabo">Palacio del Segundo Cabo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuartel_de_Milicias,_Havana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuartel de Milicias, Havana (page does not exist)">Cuartel de Milicias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Caba%C3%B1a" title="La Cabaña">La Cabaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_la_Real_Fuerza" title="Castillo de la Real Fuerza">Castillo de la Real Fuerza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Salvador_de_la_Punta" title="Castillo San Salvador de la Punta">Castillo San Salvador de la Punta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morro_Castle_(Havana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morro Castle (Havana)">Morro Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe_(Havana)" title="Castillo del Príncipe (Havana)">Castillo del Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n_de_la_Chorrera" title="Torreón de la Chorrera">Torreón de la Chorrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Battery" title="Santa Clara Battery">Santa Clara Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bater%C3%ADa_de_la_de_la_Reina" class="mw-redirect" title="Batería de la de la Reina">Batería de la de la Reina</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n_de_San_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Torreón de San Lázaro">Torreón de San Lázaro</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_Atar%C3%A9s" title="Castillo de Atarés">Castillo de Atarés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Banks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Nova_Scotia_Building,_Havana" title="Bank of Nova Scotia Building, Havana">Bank of Nova Scotia</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada_Building,_Havana" title="Royal Bank of Canada Building, Havana">Royal Bank of Canada</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_Bel%C3%A9n,_Havana" title="Colegio de Belén, Havana">Colegio de Belén</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candler_College_and_Colegio_Buenavista" title="Candler College and Colegio Buenavista">Candler College and Colegio Buenavista</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_de_Arquitectos_de_Cuba" title="Colegio Nacional de Arquitectos de Cuba">Colegio Nacional de Arquitectos de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELAM_(Latin_American_School_of_Medicine)_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="ELAM (Latin American School of Medicine) Cuba">Escuela Latinoamericana de Ciencias Médicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_T%C3%A9cnico_Militar" title="Instituto Técnico Militar">Instituto Técnico Militar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Havana" title="University of Havana">University of Havana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bandstand of el Prado†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliseo_de_la_Ciudad_Deportiva" title="Coliseo de la Ciudad Deportiva">Coliseo de la Ciudad Deportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans_Souci_Cabaret" title="Sans Souci Cabaret">Sans Souci Cabaret</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_N%C3%A1utico" title="Club Náutico">Club Náutico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_Anti-Imperialist_Platform" title="José Martí Anti-Imperialist Platform">José Martí Anti-Imperialist Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Park_Racetrack" title="Oriental Park Racetrack">Oriental Park Racetrack</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocentro_CMQ_Building" title="Radiocentro CMQ Building">Radiocentro CMQ Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Jai_alai" title="Havana Jai alai">Havana Jai alai</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicana_Club" title="Tropicana Club">Tropicana Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Food and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modelo_Brewery" title="Modelo Brewery">Modelo Brewery</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacardi_Building_(Havana)" title="Bacardi Building (Havana)">Bacardí Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridita" title="Floridita">Floridita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppelia_(ice_cream_parlor)" title="Coppelia (ice cream parlor)">Heladería Coppelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloppy_Joe%27s_Bar,_Havana" title="Sloppy Joe's Bar, Havana">Sloppy Joe's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodeguita_del_Medio" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodeguita del Medio">Bodeguita del Medio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Hospitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maternidad_Obrera_de_Marianao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maternidad Obrera de Marianao (page does not exist)">Maternidad Obrera de Marianao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_J._Finlay_Military_Hospital" title="Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital">Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Psychiatric_Hospital" title="Havana Psychiatric Hospital">Havana Psychiatric Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanos_Ameijeiras_Hospital" title="Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital">Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_de_San_L%C3%A1zaro,_Havana" title="Hospital de San Lázaro, Havana">Hospital de San Lázaro</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Hotels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Pasaje,_Havana" title="Hotel Pasaje, Havana">Hotel Pasaje</a>†</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotel_San_Carlos,_Havana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotel San Carlos, Havana (page does not exist)">Hotel San Carlos</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Saratoga,_Havana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Saratoga, Havana">Hotel Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Perla_de_Cuba,_Havana" title="Hotel Perla de Cuba, Havana">Hotel Perla de Cuba</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palm_Hotel_(Havana)" title="Royal Palm Hotel (Havana)">Royal Palm Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosita_De_Hornedo" title="Rosita De Hornedo">Rosita De Hornedo Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Ambos_Mundos_(Havana)" title="Hotel Ambos Mundos (Havana)">Hotel Ambos Mundos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Capri" title="Hotel Capri">Hotel NH Capri La Habana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Deauville_(Havana)" title="Hotel Deauville (Havana)">Hotel Deauville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Hotel_Manzana_Kempinski_La_Habana" title="Gran Hotel Manzana Kempinski La Habana">Gran Hotel Manzana Kempinski La Habana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Habana_Riviera" title="Hotel Habana Riviera">Hotel Habana Riviera by Iberostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Inglaterra" title="Hotel Inglaterra">Hotel Inglaterra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Nacional_de_Cuba" title="Hotel Nacional de Cuba">Hotel Nacional de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Hotel_(Havana)" title="Plaza Hotel (Havana)">Hotel Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Sevilla" title="Hotel Sevilla">Hotel Sevilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Tryp_Habana_Libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Tryp Habana Libre">Hotel Tryp Habana Libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meli%C3%A1_Cohiba_Hotel" title="Meliá Cohiba Hotel">Meliá Cohiba Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acueducto_de_Albear" class="mw-redirect" title="Acueducto de Albear">Acueducto de Albear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Tunnel" title="Havana Tunnel">Havana Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shipyard_of_Havana" title="Royal Shipyard of Havana">Royal Shipyard of Havana</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Decorative_Arts,_Havana" title="Museum of Decorative Arts, Havana">Museo de Artes Decorativas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Aire_(Cuba)" title="Museo del Aire (Cuba)">Museo del Aire</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes_de_La_Habana" title="Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana">Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Museum_(Havana)" title="Napoleon Museum (Havana)">Museo Napoleónico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Revolution_(Cuba)" title="Museum of the Revolution (Cuba)">Museo de la Revolución</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Mosque" title="Abdallah Mosque">Abdallah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_Menor_de_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Basílica Menor de San Francisco de Asís">Basílica Menor de San Francisco de Asís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Shalom_Temple_(Havana,_Cuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Shalom Temple (Havana, Cuba)">Temple Beth Shalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Cathedral" title="Havana Cathedral">Catedral de La Habana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_Jes%C3%BAs_de_Miramar" title="Iglesia de Jesús de Miramar">Iglesia de Jesús de Miramar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_del_Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo,_Havana" class="mw-redirect" title="Iglesia del Espíritu Santo, Havana">Iglesia del Espíritu Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Francisco_de_Paula,_Havana" class="mw-redirect" title="Iglesia de San Francisco de Paula, Havana">Iglesia de San Francisco de Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_Santo_Cristo_del_Buen_Viaje,_Havana" class="mw-redirect" title="Iglesia Santo Cristo del Buen Viaje, Havana">Iglesia Santo Cristo del Buen Viaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Rosario" title="Iglesia de Santa María del Rosario">Iglesia de Santa María del Rosario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_and_San_Ambrosio_Seminary" title="San Carlos and San Ambrosio Seminary">San Carlos and San Ambrosio Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Casa_de_Beneficencia_y_Maternidad_de_La_Habana" title="La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana">Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Kazan_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Our Lady of Kazan Orthodox Cathedral">Our Lady of Kazan Orthodox Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_Adventist_Theological_Seminary" title="Cuba Adventist Theological Seminary">Seminario Teológico Adventista</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Bel%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuestra Señora de Belén (page does not exist)">Nuestra Señora de Belén</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitage_of_the_Catalans,_Havana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermitage of the Catalans, Havana (page does not exist)">Hermitage of the Catalans, Havana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coliseo_of_Havana" title="Coliseo of Havana">Coliseo of Havana</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(Havana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (Havana)">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Teatro_de_La_Habana" title="Gran Teatro de La Habana">Gran Teatro de La Habana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Rold%C3%A1n_Theatre" title="Amadeo Roldán Theatre">Teatro Amadeo Roldán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_de_Blanck_Theater" title="Hubert de Blanck Theater">Teatro Hubert de Blanck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx_Theatre" title="Karl Marx Theatre">Teatro Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Mart%C3%AD" title="Teatro Martí">Teatro Martí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Miramar" title="Teatro Miramar">Teatro Miramar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Cuba" title="National Theatre of Cuba">Teatro Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tac%C3%B3n_Theatre" title="Tacón Theatre">Teatro Tacón</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Central_railway_station" title="Havana Central railway station">Central Railway Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Libertad_Airport" title="Ciudad Libertad Airport">Ciudad Libertad Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_International_Airport" title="José Martí International Airport">José Martí International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managua_Airport_(Cuba)" title="Managua Airport (Cuba)">Managua Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Aldama" title="Palacio de Aldama">Palacio de Aldama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palacio_de_la_Marquesa_de_Villalba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palacio de la Marquesa de Villalba (page does not exist)">Palacio de la Marquesa de Villalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCSA_Building" title="FOCSA Building">FOCSA Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mansi%C3%B3n" title="La Mansión">La Mansión de Mark Pollack</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonja_del_Comercio_building" title="Lonja del Comercio building">Lonja del Comercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3pez_Serrano_Building" title="López Serrano Building">López Serrano Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="National Library José Martí">National Library José Martí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_del_Seguro_M%C3%A9dico,_Havana" title="Edificio del Seguro Médico, Havana">Edificio del Seguro Médico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_del_Vapor,_Havana" title="Plaza del Vapor, Havana">Plaza del Vapor</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Marista" title="Villa Marista">Villa Marista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Templete" title="El Templete">El Templete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_monument,_Havana" title="Antonio Maceo monument, Havana">Antonio Maceo monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_Memorial" title="José Martí Memorial">José Martí Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Victims_of_the_USS_Maine_(Havana)" title="Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana)">USS Maine monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Soviet_Internationalist_Soldier" title="Memorial to the Soviet Internationalist Soldier">Memorial to the Soviet Internationalist Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumento_El_Cacahual" title="Monumento El Cacahual">Monumento El Cacahual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_of_Havana" title="Christ of Havana">Christ of Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuente_de_la_India" title="Fuente de la India">Fuente de la India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuente_de_los_Leones,_Havana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuente de los Leones, Havana">Fuente de los Leones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almendares_River" title="Almendares River">Almendares River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Harbor" title="Havana Harbor">Havana Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleta_de_San_Lazaro" title="Caleta de San Lazaro">Caleta de San Lazaro</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_Naranjo" title="Arroyo Naranjo">Arroyo Naranjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrio_de_San_L%C3%A1zaro,_Havana" title="Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana">Barrio de San Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyeros" title="Boyeros">Boyeros</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calabazar" title="Calabazar">Calabazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_las_Vegas" title="Santiago de las Vegas">Santiago de las Vegas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wajay" title="Wajay">Wajay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayo_Hueso,_Havana" title="Cayo Hueso, Havana">Cayo Hueso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_Habana" title="Centro Habana">Centro Habana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro,_Havana" title="Cerro, Havana">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotorro" title="Cotorro">Cotorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diez_de_Octubre" title="Diez de Octubre">Diez de Octubre</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_V%C3%ADbora,_Havana" title="La Víbora, Havana">La Víbora</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanabacoa" title="Guanabacoa">Guanabacoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianao" title="Marianao">Marianao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habana_del_Este" title="Habana del Este">Habana del Este</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alamar" title="Alamar">Alamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coj%C3%ADmar" title="Cojímar">Cojímar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guanabo" title="Guanabo">Guanabo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Havana" title="Old Havana">Habana Vieja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Lisa" title="La Lisa">La Lisa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punta_Brava" title="Punta Brava">Punta Brava</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n" title="Plaza de la Revolución">Plaza de la Revolución</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vedado" title="Vedado">Vedado</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa,_Havana" title="Playa, Havana">Playa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miramar,_Havana" title="Miramar, Havana">Miramar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puentes_Grandes" title="Puentes Grandes">Puentes Grandes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Havana" title="Santa Fe, Havana">Santa Fe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regla" title="Regla">Regla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca,_Havana" title="Casablanca, Havana">Casablanca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_del_Padr%C3%B3n" title="San Miguel del Padrón">San Miguel del Padrón</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diezmero" title="Diezmero">Diezmero</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Squares, parks, and gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_Tac%C3%B3n" title="Paseo de Tacón">Paseo de Tacón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Old_Havana" title="Amphitheatre of Old Havana">Amphitheatre of Old Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_de_los_molinos" title="Quinta de los molinos">Quinta de los molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Alameda_de_Paula,_Havana" class="mw-redirect" title="La Alameda de Paula, Havana">La Alameda de Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_Central,_Havana" title="Parque Central, Havana">Parque Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_de_la_Fraternidad" title="Parque de la Fraternidad">Parque de la Fraternidad</a> (formerly Campo de Marte}</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paseo_del_Prado,_Havana" title="Paseo del Prado, Havana">Paseo del Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon_Park" title="John Lennon Park">John Lennon Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Catedral" title="Plaza de la Catedral">Plaza de la Catedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n" title="Plaza de la Revolución">Plaza de la Revolución</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Plaza de San Francisco de Asís">Plaza de San Francisco de Asís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Vieja,_Havana" title="Plaza Vieja, Havana">Plaza Vieja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obispo_Street_(Havana)" title="Obispo Street (Havana)">Obispo Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rampa" title="La Rampa">La Rampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malec%C3%B3n,_Havana" title="Malecón, Havana">Malecón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calle_Monserrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calle Monserrate (page does not exist)">Calle Monserrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calle_Zulueta,_Havana" title="Calle Zulueta, Havana">Calle Zulueta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Urbanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Plan_Piloto" title="Havana Plan Piloto">Havana Plan Piloto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arco_de_Bel%C3%A9n,_Havana" title="Arco de Belén, Havana">Arco de Belén, Havana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_Cemetery,_Havana" title="Colon Cemetery, Havana">Colon Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espada_Cemetery" title="Espada Cemetery">Espada Cemetery</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>† closed</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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