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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UNIX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNIX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>UNIX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNIX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GNU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GNU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>GNU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GNU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BSD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BSD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>BSD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BSD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MINIX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MINIX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>MINIX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MINIX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Linux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發展現狀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發展現狀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>發展現狀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發展現狀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-系統架構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#系統架構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>系統架構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-系統架構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux發行版" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux發行版"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Linux發行版</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux發行版-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux個應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux個應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Linux個應用</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linux個應用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关Linux個應用子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Linux個應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-個人電腦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#個人電腦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>個人電腦</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-個人電腦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伺服器、主機搭超級電腦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伺服器、主機搭超級電腦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>伺服器、主機搭超級電腦</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伺服器、主機搭超級電腦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-嵌入式設備" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#嵌入式設備"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>嵌入式設備</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-嵌入式設備-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-使用比例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#使用比例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>使用比例</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-使用比例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-命名爭論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#命名爭論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>命名爭論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-命名爭論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linux</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。156种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">156種閒話</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%91%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ሊኑክስ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊኑክስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينكس – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لينكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A3" title="ܠܝܢܘܟܣ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܝܢܘܟܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينوكس – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لينوكس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينكس – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لينكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="লীনাক্স – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লীনাক্স" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="লিনাক্স – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিনাক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 布吉语" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="布吉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured articles"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="לינוקס – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לינוקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured articles"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Լինուքս – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լինուքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Լինուքս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լինուքս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_.linuks." title="la .linuks. – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="la .linuks." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%85" title="លីនុច – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="លីនុច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಿನಕ್ಸ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿನಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%88%85%EC%8A%A4" title="리눅스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리눅스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(Bedriefsystem)" title="Linux (Bedriefsystem) – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Linux (Bedriefsystem)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BB%8C" title="ລິນຸກຊ໌ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລິນຸກຊ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux" title="GNU/Linux – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="လင်းနပ်စ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လင်းနပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लाइनक्स – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लाइनक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8" title="ଲିନକ୍ସ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିନକ୍ସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਲਿਨਅਕਸ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਨਅਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لینکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینکس – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لینکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Лінукс – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лінукс" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="لينڪس – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لينڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ලිනක්ස් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිනක්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Linux (operačný systém) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Linux (operačný systém)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="லினக்சு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லினக்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="లినక్స్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లినక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 德顿语" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="德顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ลินุกซ์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลินุกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینکس – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لینکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="לינוקס – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לינוקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF" title="林納斯 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="林納斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q388#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名字空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="望内容页[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="有关内容页面个讨论（页面弗存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">原文</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&variant=wuu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu"><span>原文</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-wuu-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&variant=wuu-hans" lang="wuu-Hans" hreflang="wuu-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-wuu-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&variant=wuu-hant" lang="wuu-Hant" hreflang="wuu-Hant"><span>正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="视图"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linux"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit" title="编辑该只页面个源码[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=history" title="该只页面老早个版本[h]" accesskey="h"><span>望历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="家生" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">家生</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">家生</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linux"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit" title="编辑该只页面个源码[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=history"><span>望历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Linux" title="链到箇里个所有wiki页面个清单[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链进来点啥</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/Linux" rel="nofollow" title="箇页链出去个全部页箇阶段变化[k]" accesskey="k"><span>搭界个改动</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=wuu" title="上传文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特别页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&oldid=305522" title="箇页当前版本个老世链接"><span>老世链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=Linux&id=305522&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关哪亨引用箇页个信息"><span>引用箇篇文章</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwuu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinux"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwuu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinux"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Linux"><span>创建书本</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Linux&action=show-download-screen"><span>作为PDF下载</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&printable=yes" title="箇页个打印版[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印版</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 别个项目里向 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q388" title="链接到有关数据存储库项[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自维基百科，自由个百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="wuu" dir="ltr"><p><b>Linux</b>是一種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8A%A0%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A2%BC%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由加開放原始源代碼軟件（页面弗存在）">自由加開放源碼</a>個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%BBUnix%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="类Unix系統（页面弗存在）">类Unix</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系統</a>。箇操作系統個<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="内核">內核</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E5%85%B9" title="林纳斯·托瓦兹">林納斯·托瓦茲</a>徠1991年10月5號第一垡發佈。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>嚴格來講，術語<i>Linux</i>單單表示操作系統個內核，不過平時用<a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="Linux内核">Linux內核</a>來表達。Linux則用來表示用Linux內核個整個操作系統，包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=GUI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GUI（页面弗存在）">GUI</a>元件搭各許實用個傢生火。箇許支持用戶空間個系統傢伙搭庫主要是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查·斯托曼（页面弗存在）">理查·斯托曼</a>徠1983年發起個<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU計畫（页面弗存在）">GNU計畫</a>提供，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="自由软件基金会">自由軟件基金會</a>提議畀種組合系統名字“GNU/Linux”。<sup id="cite_ref-lsag_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lsag-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gnu_homepage_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnu_homepage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linux最起頭是支持<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%BF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英忒（页面弗存在）">英忒</a><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>架構個個人電腦個一種自由操作系统。目前Linux已經移植進越來越多個電腦<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" title="硬件">硬件</a>平臺，超過各許操作系统無數。Linux是領先個一種操作系统，好徠<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8" title="服务器">服務器</a>搭各許大型個平臺裏向，比方<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大型主機（页面弗存在）">大型主機</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超級電腦（页面弗存在）">超級電腦</a>裏。全世界500個最快個超級電腦裏向90％以上用Linux發行版要勿變種運行<sup id="cite_ref-Top500_OS_list_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Top500_OS_list-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，包括最快個頭10名超級電腦都用Linux內核做個操作系统<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 Linux來<a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="嵌入式系统">嵌入式系統</a>裏也用得多險，比方講<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="手機">手機</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%9D%BF%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91" title="平板电脑">平板電腦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8" title="路由器">路由器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E6%9C%BA" title="电视机">電視機</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電子遊戲機（页面弗存在）">電子遊戲機</a>許。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="移動設備（页面弗存在）">移動設備</a>裏用得多險個<a href="/wiki/Android" title="Android">Android</a>操作系统便是用Linux內核個。 </p><p>Linux也是<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6" title="自由軟件">自由軟件</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A2%BC%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="開放源代碼軟件（页面弗存在）">開放源代碼軟件</a>發展裏向最有名個例子。只講遵守<a href="/wiki/GNU%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81" title="GNU通用公共许可证">GNU通用公共許可證</a>，所有人搭機構侪好自由用Linux個全部底層<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81" title="源代码">源代碼</a>，也好自由改好之後轉發佈。一般Linux都會打包起畀個人電腦搭服務器用個Linux發行版，主流Linux發佈版有<a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>（搭渠派生版<a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>，<a href="/wiki/Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">Linux Mint</a>），<a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a>（搭渠有關版<a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux（页面弗存在）">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a>，<a href="/wiki/CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a>）搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenSUSE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenSUSE（页面弗存在）">openSUSE</a>許。Linux發行版包括Linux內核搭支撐內核個實用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="程序（页面弗存在）">程序</a>搭庫，一般都帶無數滿足各種需求個應用程序。個人電腦用個Linux發行版通常包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=X_Window&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X Window（页面弗存在）">X Window</a>搭一個相應個桌面環境，比方<a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>要勿<a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a>。桌面Linux操作系统用得著個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="应用程序">應用程序</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>網頁流覽器，<a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>辦公軟件， <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>影像處理工具許。Linux是自由软件，弗管啥人侪好做一個適合自家需求個Linux發行版。 </p><p>大多數Linux操作系统用無數<a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>軟件，包括一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix_shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unix shell（页面弗存在）">shell程序</a>、傢伙、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8%E5%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="函數庫（页面弗存在）">函數庫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E5%99%A8" title="编译器">編譯器</a>許傢伙，還有無數各許程序，比方<a href="/wiki/Vi" title="Vi">Vi</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emacs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emacs（页面弗存在）">Emacs</a>。怪是講，GNU計劃個開創者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查·馬修·斯托曼（页面弗存在）">理查·馬修·斯托曼</a>提議畀Linux操作系统改名字"GNU/Linux"，不過多數人叫舊習慣講“Linux”。 </p><p>大多數Linux系統還包括像提供<a href="/w/index.php?title=GUI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GUI（页面弗存在）">GUI</a>介面個<a href="/w/index.php?title=X_Window&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X Window（页面弗存在）">X Window</a>許程序。一部分專家除外，大多數人侪是直接用<a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88" title="Linux发行版">Linux發行版</a>，弗自挑組件也弗自設。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發音"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E9.9F.B3"></span>發音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：發音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>照托瓦茲個講法，<i>Linux</i>個發音搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minix（页面弗存在）">Minix</a>押韻個。 </p><p>「Li」裏「i」個發音搭「Minix」中「i」個發音樣；「nux」裏「u」個發音搭英語「profess」裏「o」個發音樣。國際音標寫[ˈlɪnəks]。 </p><p>伊搭有一份林納斯·托瓦茲本人講話個錄音，錄音內容是「Hello, this is Linus Torvalds, and I pronounce Linux as <i>Linux</i>」。 </p> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em"><div class="haudio"> <div style="padding:2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Linus_pronounces_linux_(english).oga" title="File:Linus pronounces linux (english).oga">托瓦茲讀「Linux」</a></div> <div style="padding-right:4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Linus_pronounces_linux_(english).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Linus_pronounces_linux_%28english%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Linus_pronounces_linux_%28english%29.oga/Linus_pronounces_linux_%28english%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALinus_pronounces_linux_%28english%29.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English‪（en）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALinus_pronounces_linux_%28english%29.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی‪（fa）‬" data-dir="rtl" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description" style="padding:2px 0 0 0"></div></div><hr /></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em"><span style="font-size:smaller;">碰着问题？请看<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%B8%AE%E5%8A%A9" title="Wikipedia:媒体帮助">媒体帮助</a>。</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unix_timeline.en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/250px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/375px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/500px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Unix & Linux歷史源流</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNIX">UNIX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：UNIX"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>是美國<a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>公司<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="贝尔实验室">貝爾實驗室</a>来1969年實現個操作系统。最早由<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%99%AE%E9%80%8A" title="肯·汤普逊">肯·湯普遜</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" class="extiw" title="en:Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>），<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%A3%A1%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄧尼斯·裡奇（页面弗存在）">鄧尼斯·裡奇</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" class="extiw" title="en:Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>），<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道格拉斯·麥克羅伊（页面弗存在）">道格拉斯·麥克羅伊</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" class="extiw" title="en:Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a>），搭<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ossanna" class="extiw" title="en:Joe Ossanna">Joe Ossanna</a>於1969年来AT&T貝爾實驗室開發。1971年第一届發佈，最初是完全用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="組合語言（页面弗存在）">組合語言</a>編寫，箇是當時一種普遍個做法。後歇來，來1973年用一個重要個開拓性方法，Unix畀<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%A3%A1%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄧尼斯·裡奇（页面弗存在）">鄧尼斯·裡奇</a>用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="程式設計語言（页面弗存在）">程式設計語言</a><a href="/wiki/C%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="C语言">C</a>（內核搭I/O例外）重新編寫<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E9%9A%8E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高階語言（页面弗存在）">高階語言</a>編寫個操作系统具有更加好個可用性，允許<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="移植（页面弗存在）">移植</a>到弗同個電腦平臺更容易。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GNU">GNU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：GNU"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1983年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查·馬修·斯托曼（页面弗存在）">理查·馬修·斯托曼</a>創立<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU計劃（页面弗存在）">GNU計劃</a>。箇計劃有一個目標，要發展一個完全自由個類Unix操作系统。來1985年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查·馬修·斯托曼（页面弗存在）">理查·馬修·斯托曼</a>發起<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="自由软件基金会">自由软件基金会</a>並且來1989年寫好<a href="/w/index.php?title=GPL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPL（页面弗存在）">GPL</a>協議。1990年代早期，GNU開始大量產生或收集各種系統必備個元件，像是——函式庫、編譯器、偵錯工具、文字編輯器、網頁服务器，搭一個Unix個使用者介面（Unix shell）——但必过像一點底層環境，如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%85%E5%8B%95%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="驅動程式（页面弗存在）">驅動程式</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%88%E8%AD%B7%E9%80%B2%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="守護進程（页面弗存在）">守護進程</a>執行核心（kernel）仍旧弗完整，开发陷於停頓。GNU計劃中是來馬赫微核（Mach microkernel）個架構之上開發系統核心，也就是所謂個GNU <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurd（页面弗存在）">Hurd</a>，但是伊個基於Mach個設計非常複雜，發展進度相對比较慢。<sup id="cite_ref-gnu_history_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnu_history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E5%85%B9" title="林纳斯·托瓦兹">林納斯·托瓦茲</a>曾說如果GNU核心來1991年辰光可以用，佗弗會自家去寫一個。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BSD">BSD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：BSD"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>386BSD因為法律問題直到1992年還嘸不發布，<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NetBSD（页面弗存在）">NetBSD</a>搭<a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>是386BSD個後裔，比Linux早。林納斯·托瓦茲曾說，當時如果有可用個386BSD，佗作興就弗會編寫Linux。<sup id="cite_ref-meta_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meta-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MINIX">MINIX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：MINIX"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=MINIX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MINIX（页面弗存在）">MINIX</a>是一個輕量個小型類Unix操作系统，是為著來電腦科學上用作教學而設計個，作者是安德魯·斯圖爾特·塔能鮑姆。從第三版開始，MINIX是自由软件，而且畀「嚴重個」重新設計。 </p><p>1991年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭">芬蘭</a>人<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E5%85%B9" title="林纳斯·托瓦兹">林納斯·托瓦茲</a>来<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%9B%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="赫尔辛基大学">赫爾辛基大學</a>上學，對操作系统蛮有兴趣个<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，並且對<a href="/w/index.php?title=MINIX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MINIX（页面弗存在）">MINIX</a>只允許來教育上使用很弗滿(它弗允許任何商業使用），所以開始寫佗自家個操作系统，就是後來個<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux核心（页面弗存在）">Linux核心</a>。 </p><p>林納斯·托瓦茲開始来<a href="/w/index.php?title=MINIX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MINIX（页面弗存在）">MINIX</a>上開發<a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="Linux内核">Linux內核</a>，為<a href="/w/index.php?title=MINIX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MINIX（页面弗存在）">MINIX</a>寫個软件也可以來<a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="Linux内核">Linux內核</a>上使用。後來Linux成熟咧，可以来自家上头開發自家咧。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>使用GNU软件代替MINIX個软件，因為使用從GNU系統來個原始碼可以自由使用，箇對新操作系统是有好处個。使用GNU GPL協議個原始碼可以畀其他項目使用，只要箇點項目使用同樣個協議發布。為著讓Linux可以來商業上使用，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E5%85%B9" title="林纳斯·托瓦兹">林納斯·托瓦茲</a>決定改變佗原來個協議（伊個協議限制商業使用），使用GNU GPL協議來代替。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>開發者融合GNU元素到Linux里向，做出一個有完整功能個自由操作系统。<sup id="cite_ref-gnu_history_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnu_history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linux">Linux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：Linux"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linux個第一個版本来1991年9月畀大學FTP server管理員Ari Lemmke發佈勒<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="網際網路（页面弗存在）">Internet</a>上，最初Torvalds叫伊個核心"Freax"，它是自由（"free"）搭奇異（"freak"）個結合字，並且附上著"X"伊個常用字母，以配合所謂個類Unix個系統。但是FTP伺服器管理員嫌它弗好聽，拿名字改成「Linux」。當時僅有10000行程式碼，仍旧要运行勒Minix操作系统上，並且必須使用硬碟開機；隨後來10月份第二個版本（0.02版）就發佈咧，同時伊位芬蘭赫爾辛基個大學生来comp.os.minix上發佈一則訊息： </p> <blockquote> <p>Hello everybody out there using minix- I'm doing a (free) operation system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. </p> </blockquote> <p>1994年3月，Linux1.0版正式發佈，Marc Ewing成立著Red Hat軟件公司，成為最有名個Linux經銷商之一。 </p><p>早期Linux個開機管理程式（boot loader）使用LILO（Linux Loader），早期個LILO存在一些難以容忍個缺陷，譬如弗好識別1024柱面过後個硬盘空間，後來新增GRUB（GRand Unified Bootloader）克服了伊些缺點，具有“動態搜尋核心檔案”個功能，可以来開機個辰光編輯開機設定系統檔案，透過<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ext2（页面弗存在）">ext2</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ext3（页面弗存在）">ext3</a>檔案系統中載入Linux Kernel（GRUB通過弗同個檔系統驅動可以識別幾乎所有Linux支援個檔系統，因此可以使用蛮多点檔系統來格式化核心檔所在個磁區，並弗侷限於ext文件系統）。 </p><p>Linux個標誌搭<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%A5%A5%E7%89%A9" title="吉祥物">吉祥物</a>是一隻叫<a href="/wiki/Tux" title="Tux">Tux</a>個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E9%B9%85" title="企鹅">企鵝</a>，標誌個由來是因為Linus来澳洲辰光曾畀一隻動物園裡個企鵝咬着一口，就選企鵝作為Linux個標誌。更容易畀接受個說法是：企鵝代表南極，而南極又是全世界共有個一塊陸地。箇也就代表Linux是所有人個Linux。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發展現狀"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95.E7.8F.BE.E7.8B.80"></span>發展現狀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：發展現狀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>今朝来Linus Torvalds帶領下，弗得了开发者共同參與開發搭維護Linux內核。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>理查·斯托曼領導個自由软件基金會，繼續提供大量支持Linux內核個GNU元件。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一些個人搭企業開發個協力廠商個非GNU元件也提供對Linux內核個支援，伊點協力廠商元件包括大量個作品，有內核模組搭使用者應用程式搭庫等內容。Linux社區或企業儕推出一些重要個<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E7%99%BC%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux發行版本（页面弗存在）">Linux發行版本</a>，包括Linux內核、GNU元件、非GNU元件，搭其他形式個套裝软件、管理系統软件。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="系統架構"><span id=".E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1.E6.9E.B6.E6.A7.8B"></span>系統架構</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：系統架構"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>基於Linux個系統是一個模組化個類Unix操作系统。Linux操作系统個大部分設計思想來源於20世紀70年代到80年代個Unix操作系统所建立個基本設計思想。Linux系統使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E5%85%A7%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單內核（页面弗存在）">單內核</a>，由Linux內核負責處理<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%B2%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="進程（页面弗存在）">進程</a>控制、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="網路（页面弗存在）">網路</a>，搭<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87" title="外部设备">週邊設備</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="檔案系統（页面弗存在）">檔案系統</a>個訪問。來系統運行個辰光，設備驅動程式要麼搭內核直接整合，要麼以載入模組形式添加。 </p><p>Linux具有設備獨立性，它內核具有高度適應能力，從而提供畀系統更高級個功能。GNU使用者介面元件是大多數Linux操作系统個重要組成部分，提供常用個<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E5%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C標準函式程式庫（页面弗存在）">C函式程式庫</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shell（页面弗存在）">shell</a>，還有弗得了常見個<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E6%B8%85%E5%96%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unix實用程式清單（页面弗存在）">Unix實用工具</a>，可以完成弗得了基本個操作系统任務。大多數Linux系統使用個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%96%E5%BD%A2%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圖形化使用者介面（页面弗存在）">圖形化使用者介面</a>建立勒<a href="/w/index.php?title=X%E8%A6%96%E7%AA%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X視窗系統（页面弗存在）">X視窗系統</a>之上，由X視窗系統通過软件工具搭架構協定來建立操作系统所用個圖形化使用者介面。 </p><p>已安裝Linux操作系统包含個一點元件: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="啟動程式（页面弗存在）">啟動程式</a>——例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRUB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRUB（页面弗存在）">GRUB</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=LILO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LILO（页面弗存在）">LILO</a>。該程式來電腦開機啟動個辰光運行，並將Linux內核載入到記憶體中。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Init&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Init（页面弗存在）">init</a>程式。init是由Linux內核創建個第一個進程，稱為根進程，所有個系統進程儕是它個子進程，即所有個進程儕是通過init啟動。init啟動個進程如系統服務搭登錄提示(圖形或終端模式個選擇)。</li> <li>软件庫包含代碼，可以通過運行個進程。來Linux系統上使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=ELF%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ELF格式（页面弗存在）">ELF格式</a>來執行檔，負責管理庫使用個<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ld.so&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ld.so（页面弗存在）">動態連結器</a>是“ld-linux.so”。Linux系統上最常用個软件庫是<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_C_%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%E5%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU C 函式庫（页面弗存在）">GNU C庫</a>。</li> <li>使用者介面程式，如命令列shell或視窗環境。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linux發行版"><span id="Linux.E7.99.BC.E8.A1.8C.E7.89.88"></span>Linux發行版</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：Linux發行版"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedora-17-GNOME-Desktop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fedora-17-GNOME-Desktop.png/200px-Fedora-17-GNOME-Desktop.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fedora-17-GNOME-Desktop.png/300px-Fedora-17-GNOME-Desktop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fedora-17-GNOME-Desktop.png/400px-Fedora-17-GNOME-Desktop.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a>，是一種流行個Linux發行版。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88" title="Linux发行版">Linux發行版</a>指個就是通常所說個「Linux操作系统」，它作興是由一個組織、公司或者個人發行個。Linux主要作為Linux發行版（通常畀稱為"distro"）個一部分而使用。通常來講，一個Linux發行版包括Linux核心，將整個软件安裝到電腦上個一套安裝工具，各種GNU软件，其他個一點<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="自由软件">自由软件</a>，來一點特定個Linux發行版中也有一點<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%93%E6%9C%89%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="专有软件（页面弗存在）">专有软件</a>。發行版為弗得了弗同個目個而製作，包括對弗同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A1%AC%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電腦硬體（页面弗存在）">電腦硬體</a>結構個支援，對一個具體區域或語言個當地語系化，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E6%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實時（页面弗存在）">實時</a>應用，搭<a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="嵌入式系统">嵌入式系統</a>。目前，超過三百個發行版畀積極個開發，最普遍畀使用個發行版有大約十二個。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>一個典型個Linux發行版包括：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux核心（页面弗存在）">Linux核心</a>，一點GNU<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%E5%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="函式庫（页面弗存在）">函式庫</a>搭工具，命令列<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix_shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unix shell（页面弗存在）">shell</a>，圖形介面個<a href="/w/index.php?title=X_Window%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X Window系統（页面弗存在）">X Window系統</a>搭相應個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桌面環境（页面弗存在）">桌面環境</a>，如<a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a>或<a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>，並包含數千種從<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%A5%97%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辦公套件（页面弗存在）">辦公套件</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E5%99%A8" title="编译器">編譯器</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文字編輯器（页面弗存在）">文字編輯器</a>到科學工具個應用软件。 </p><p>很多版本Linux發行版使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=LiveCD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LiveCD（页面弗存在）">LiveCD</a>，是弗需要安裝就能使用個版本。比較著名個有<a href="/w/index.php?title=Damn_Small_Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damn Small Linux（页面弗存在）">Damn Small Linux</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knoppix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knoppix（页面弗存在）">Knoppix</a>等。LiveCD個相關技術進步到現在，其他個發行版如<a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a>，<a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>等，安裝光碟本身也是<a href="/w/index.php?title=LiveCD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LiveCD（页面弗存在）">LiveCD</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linux個應用"><span id="Linux.E5.80.8B.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>Linux個應用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：Linux個應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GNU_Tux_Revolution_-_white_background_-1280x1024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GNU_Tux_Revolution_-_white_background_-1280x1024.png/200px-GNU_Tux_Revolution_-_white_background_-1280x1024.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GNU_Tux_Revolution_-_white_background_-1280x1024.png/300px-GNU_Tux_Revolution_-_white_background_-1280x1024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GNU_Tux_Revolution_-_white_background_-1280x1024.png/400px-GNU_Tux_Revolution_-_white_background_-1280x1024.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>GNU/Linux愛好者設計個宣傳圖，並使用GPL授權</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GNU_Linux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/GNU_Linux.jpg/200px-GNU_Linux.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/GNU_Linux.jpg/300px-GNU_Linux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/GNU_Linux.jpg/400px-GNU_Linux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>GNU/Linux社群設計個立體圖，並使用GPL授權</figcaption></figure> <p>今天各種場合儕有使用各種Linux套件，從嵌入式設備到超級電腦<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，並且来伺服器領域確定著地位，通常伺服器使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=LAMP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LAMP（页面弗存在）">LAMP</a>組合。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>來家庭搭企業中使用Linux套件個情況越來越多。<sup id="cite_ref-galli2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galli2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>並且來政府當中也很受歡迎，巴西聯邦政府由於支持Linux而世界聞名。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有新聞報道俄羅斯軍隊自家製造個Linux發行版個，做為G.H.ost項目已經取得成果.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>印度個<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala（页面弗存在）">Kerala</a>聯邦計劃向全聯邦個高中推廣使用Linux。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>西班牙個一點地區開發着自家個Linux發行版，並且來政府搭教育領域廣泛使用，如<a href="/w/index.php?title=Extremadura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extremadura（页面弗存在）">Extremadura</a>地區個<a href="/w/index.php?title=GnuLinEx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GnuLinEx（页面弗存在）">gnuLinEx</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andalusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andalusia（页面弗存在）">Andalusia</a>地區個<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalinex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalinex（页面弗存在）">Guadalinex</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a>同樣使用自家個Linux 發行版<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caixa_M%C3%A1gica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caixa Mágica（页面弗存在）">Caixa Mágica</a>，用於 Magalh?es 筆記型電腦<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 搭e-escola政府软件。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法國搭德國同樣開始逐步採用Linux 。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linux發行版同樣来筆記型電腦市場很受歡迎，像<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eee_pc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eee pc（页面弗存在）">ASUS Eee PC</a> 搭 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspire_One&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspire One（页面弗存在）">Acer Aspire One</a> ，銷售時安裝有訂製個Linux 發行版。 </p><p>傳統個Linux使用者一般儕是專業人士。佗里願意安裝並設置自家個操作系统，往往比其他操作系统個用戶花更多個時間来安裝並設置自家個操作系统。伊點用戶有時畀稱作「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A7%AD%E5%AE%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="駭客（页面弗存在）">駭客</a>」或是「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%B5%E5%AE%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="極客（页面弗存在）">極客</a>」。 </p><p>使用Linux主要個成本為移植、培訓搭學習個費用，早期由於會使用Linux個人較少，並且來软件設計時並未考慮非專業者個使用，導致伊方面費用極高。但伊方面個費用已經隨著Linux個日益普及搭Linux上個软件越來越多、越來越方便而降低，但專業仍是使用Linux個主要成本。 </p><p>但必过隨著Linux慢慢開始流行，有點<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E5%95%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始設備製造商（页面弗存在）">原始設備製造商</a>（OEM）開始来佗里銷售個電腦上預裝Linux，Linux也开始有普通電腦用戶，Linux系統也開始慢慢出現來勒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91" title="个人电脑">個人電腦</a>操作系统市場。Linux來歐洲、美國搭日本個流行程度較高，歐美地區還發行Linux平臺個遊戲搭其他家用软件。Linux開源社群方面也是以歐洲、美國、日本等已開發國家個人士居多。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=OLPC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OLPC（页面弗存在）">每個孩子一台筆記型電腦</a>項目正在催生新個更為龐大個Linux用戶群，計劃將包括發展中國家個幾億學童、佗里個家庭搭社區。來2007年，已經有六個國家訂購着至少每個國家一百萬台以上免費發放給學生。<a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Hat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Hat（页面弗存在）">Red Hat</a>搭<a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>是該項目個主要支持者。 </p><p>基於其低廉成本搭高度可設定性，Linux常常畀應用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="嵌入式系统">嵌入式系統</a>，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%9F%E4%B8%8A%E7%9B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="機上盒（页面弗存在）">機上盒</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行動電話（页面弗存在）">行動電話</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行動裝置（页面弗存在）">行動裝置</a>等。來行動電話上，Linux已經成為<a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">IOS</a>個主要競爭者；而來行動裝置上，則成為<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_CE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windows CE（页面弗存在）">Windows CE</a>搭<a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a>外之另一個選擇。目前流行個<a href="/w/index.php?title=TiVo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TiVo（页面弗存在）">TiVo</a>數位攝影機使用經過客製化後個Linux。此外，有弗少硬體式個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E7%89%86_(%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="防火牆 (網路)（页面弗存在）">網路防火牆</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8" title="路由器">路由器</a>，譬如部份<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linksys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linksys（页面弗存在）">Linksys</a>個產品，其內部使用Linux來驅動、並採用操作系统提供個防火牆搭路由功能。 </p><p><i>Linux</i>個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%BB%E5%86%8A%E5%95%86%E6%A8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="註冊商標（页面弗存在）">註冊商標</a>是Linus Torvalds所有個。箇是因为來1996年，一個叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Della_Croce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Della Croce（页面弗存在）">William R. Della Croce</a>個律師開始向各個Linux發佈商發信，聲明佗擁有<i>Linux</i><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%A0%87" title="商标">商標</a>個所有權，並且要求各個發佈商支付版稅，伊點發行商集體進行上訴，要求將該註冊商標重新分配給Linus Torvalds。Linus Torvalds一再聲明Linux是自由且免費個，佗本人可以賣掉，但Linux絕對弗能賣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="個人電腦"><span id=".E5.80.8B.E4.BA.BA.E9.9B.BB.E8.85.A6"></span>個人電腦</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：個人電腦"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>轉換操作系统個開銷：自由開源意識形態搭商業用途個衝突、缺乏強而有力個推廣廠商、缺乏對特殊個硬體搭應用程式個支援、電腦技術人員弗願再花費時間重覆學習、對已有平臺個依賴，是制約Linux畀採納個主要因素。 </p><p>目前能來Windows或Mac OS上執行個應用软件大部分儕嘸不Linux個版本，不過来Linux平臺上通常可以找到類似功能個應用軟件。大多數來Windows平臺上廣泛使用個自由软件儕有相應個Linux版本，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozilla_Firefox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozilla Firefox（页面弗存在）">Mozilla Firefox</a>、<a href="/wiki/Apache_OpenOffice" title="Apache OpenOffice">Apache OpenOffice</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidgin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidgin（页面弗存在）">Pidgin</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=VLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VLC（页面弗存在）">VLC</a>、<a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>；部分流行個專有软件也有相應個Linux版本，如<a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adobe_Reader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adobe Reader（页面弗存在）">Adobe Reader</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Earth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Earth（页面弗存在）">Google Earth</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nero_Burning_ROM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nero Burning ROM（页面弗存在）">Nero Burning ROM</a>、<a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maple（页面弗存在）">Maple</a>、<a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>、<a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maya（页面弗存在）">Maya</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=SPSS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPSS（页面弗存在）">SPSS</a>、<a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>。 </p><p>另外，相當多個Windows應用程式可以通過<a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a>搭一點基於Wine個項目如<a href="/w/index.php?title=CrossOver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CrossOver（页面弗存在）">CrossOver</a>正常運行搭工作。如<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a>、<a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%AA%E5%A8%B1%E4%B9%90" title="暴雪娱乐">暴雪娛樂</a>個遊戲、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Picasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picasa（页面弗存在）">Picasa</a>其中對於Photoshop個Crossover(Wine)相容性工作有Disney、DreamWorks、Pixar投資支援，等。<a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>大力參與Wine項目改進，Picasa個GNU/Linux版本也是經Wine測試個Windows平臺編譯版本。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>整個亞洲，特別缺乏對Linux個支援，硬體搭應用程式皆只考量微軟操作系统設計個需求。例如：<a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=ActiveX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ActiveX（页面弗存在）">ActiveX</a>需求、<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a>相容性、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="网络游戏">網絡遊戲</a>搭一般用戶儕傾向於使用<a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>。 </p><p>但是，Linux下也有相當多弗可以來<a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>平臺下執行個软件，主要是依靠<a href="/w/index.php?title=X_Window%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X Window系統（页面弗存在）">X Window系統</a>搭其他Windows無法利用個資源，或者是因為穩定性等其他方面個考慮並弗準備支援Windows。不過近年來，也弗斷向其移植。有如<a href="/w/index.php?title=KDE_Software_Compilation_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KDE Software Compilation 4（页面弗存在）">KDE SC</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinepaint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinepaint（页面弗存在）">Cinepaint</a>正在進行向Windows個移植。Linux使用個增多也使得Windows開源软件向Linux移植，比如<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filezilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filezilla（页面弗存在）">Filezilla</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="伺服器、主機搭超級電腦"><span id=".E4.BC.BA.E6.9C.8D.E5.99.A8.E3.80.81.E4.B8.BB.E6.A9.9F.E6.90.AD.E8.B6.85.E7.B4.9A.E9.9B.BB.E8.85.A6"></span>伺服器、主機搭超級電腦</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：伺服器、主機搭超級電腦"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Server_Linux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Server_Linux.jpg/200px-Server_Linux.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Server_Linux.jpg/300px-Server_Linux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Server_Linux.jpg/400px-Server_Linux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>為Linux而設計個伺服器</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E7%99%BC%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux發行版本（页面弗存在）">Linux發行版本</a>一直畀用來作為伺服器個操作系统，並且已經来該領域中佔據重要地位。根據2006年9月<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcraft" class="extiw" title="en:Netcraft">en:Netcraft</a>個報告顯示，十個最大型個網路託管公司有八個公司來其Web伺服器運行Linux發行版本。 </p><p>Linux發行版本是構成LAMP（Linux操作系统， Apache， MySQL ， Perl / PHP / Python ）個重要部分，LAMP是一個常見個網站託管平臺，來開發者中已經得到普及。 </p><p>Linux發行版本也經常使用作為超級電腦個操作系统，2010年11月公佈個超級電腦前500強，有459個（91.8％）運行Linux發行版本<sup id="cite_ref-top500_osfam_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top500_osfam-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。曾經是世界上最強大個超級電腦<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>——IBM個紅杉(<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Sequoia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM Sequoia（页面弗存在）">IBM Sequoia</a>)，已於2011年交付<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%9E%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勞倫斯利福摩爾國家實驗室（页面弗存在）">勞倫斯利福摩爾國家實驗室</a>，並於2012年6月開始運作，也是選擇Linux作為操作系统。<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="嵌入式設備"><span id=".E5.B5.8C.E5.85.A5.E5.BC.8F.E8.A8.AD.E5.82.99"></span>嵌入式設備</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：嵌入式設備"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linux個低成本、強大個定制功能搭良好個移植性能，使得Linux來嵌入式系統方面也得到廣泛應用。流行個TiVo數位視訊錄影機還採用著定制個Linux，思科來網路防火牆搭路由器也使用定制個Linux。 Korg OASYS、Korg個KRONOS、雅馬哈個YAMAHA MOTIF XS/Motif XF音樂工作站、雅馬哈個S90XS/S70XS、雅馬哈MOX6/MOX8次合成器、雅馬哈MOTIF-RACK XS音源模組，搭Roland RD-700GX 數碼鋼琴均運行Linux。 Linux也用於舞臺燈光控制系統，如WholeHogIII控制台。 </p><p>來手機、平板電腦等移動設備方面，Linux也得到重要發展，基於Linux內核個操作系统也成為最廣泛個操作系统。基於Linux內核個<a href="/wiki/Android" title="Android">Android</a>操作系统已經超越諾基亞個<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbian（页面弗存在）">Symbian</a>操作系统，成為當今全球最流行個智慧手機操作系统。來2010年第三季度，銷售全球個全部智慧手機中使用<a href="/wiki/Android" title="Android">Android</a>個佔據25.5％（所有個基於Linux個手機操作系统來伊段時間為27.6％）。從2007年起，手機搭掌上型電腦上運行基於Linux個操作系统變得更加普遍，例如諾基亞N810，Openmoko個Neo1973，摩托羅拉個ROKR E8。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm（页面弗存在）">Palm</a>（後來畀<a href="/w/index.php?title=HP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HP（页面弗存在）">HP</a>公司收購）推出一個新個基於Linux個<a href="/w/index.php?title=WebOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WebOS（页面弗存在）">webOS</a>操作系统，並使用來勒新生產個Palm Pre智慧手機上。<a href="/w/index.php?title=MeeGo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeeGo（页面弗存在）">MeeGo</a>是諾基亞搭英特爾於2010年2月聯合推出個基於Linux個操作系统，諾基亞也推出使用MeeGo操作系统個N9手機。2011年9月28日，繼諾基亞宣佈放棄開發MeeGo之後，英特爾也正式宣佈將MeeGo搭LiMo合併成為新個系統<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tizen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tizen（页面弗存在）">Tizen</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jolla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jolla（页面弗存在）">Jolla</a> Mobile公司成立並推出由MeeGo發展而來個<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailfish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sailfish（页面弗存在）">Sailfish</a>操作系统。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="使用比例"><span id=".E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8.E6.AF.94.E4.BE.8B"></span>使用比例</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：使用比例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>很多開源软件個定量研究聚焦勒市場佔有率（雖然多數弗算作市場中個商品）搭可靠性上，包括數弗清個Linux分析報告。Linux份額成長迅速。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際數據資訊公司（页面弗存在）">IDC</a>個2008年第二季度報告指出，Linux來所有伺服器市場個市佔率已經達到29%，比該研究機構來2007年個調查大幅增加12個百分點。伊個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="估計（页面弗存在）">估計</a>數字基於Linux伺服器個銷售額。 </p><p>所以，Linux個市佔率是弗可小覷個。Netcraft報告，來2010年二月，每10台可靠個服務器中<a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88" title="Linux发行版">Linux發行版</a>占6台，<a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>占2台，<a href="/wiki/Microsoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>占1台。而<a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>、<a href="/wiki/CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a>兩個至關重要個發行版並弗銷售。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="命名爭論"><span id=".E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D.E7.88.AD.E8.AB.96"></span>命名爭論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：命名爭論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>GNU/Linux</i>是<a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>計畫個支持者搭開發者，特別是其創立者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查·斯托曼（页面弗存在）">理查·斯托曼</a>對於以<a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="Linux内核">Linux內核</a>為核心個<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>個稱呼。 </p><p>由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E5%85%B9" title="林纳斯·托瓦兹">林納斯·托瓦茲</a>搭其他人士開發個Linux並弗是一個完整個操作系统，而僅僅是一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%9EUnix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="類Unix（页面弗存在）">類Unix</a>個<a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="Linux内核">Linux內核</a>。事實上，Linux一開始是以完成<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minix（页面弗存在）">Minix</a>內核個功能為目標，林納斯想做一個“比Minix更好個Minix”。而GNU計畫始於<a href="/wiki/1984%E5%B9%B4" title="1984年">1984年</a>，終極目標是完成一套基於自由软件個完整作業操作系统。到1991年Linux個第一個版本公開發行時，GNU計畫已經完成除落操作系统內核之外個大部分软件，其中包括一個殼程式（shell），<a href="/wiki/C%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="C语言">C語言</a>程式庫搭一個C語言個<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E5%99%A8" title="编译器">編譯器</a>。林納斯·托瓦茲搭其他早期Linux開發人員加入伊點工具，而完成Linux操作系统。但是儘管Linux是来<a href="/wiki/GNU%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81" title="GNU通用公共许可证">GNU通用公共許可證</a>下發行，它卻弗是GNU計畫個一部分。 </p><p>正是由於Linux使用着弗得了GNU程式，理查·斯托曼認為應該將該操作系统稱為「GNU/Linux」比較恰當。 </p><p>有部分<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%A5%97%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux套件（页面弗存在）">Linux套件</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>，採用「GNU/Linux」個稱呼。但大多數商業Linux套件仍旧拿操作系统稱為Linux。有點人也認為「操作系统」一詞指個應該只是系統個內核，其他程式儕只好算是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="应用软件（页面弗存在）">应用软件</a>，敖子一來，該操作系统個內核應叫Linux，而Linux套件是來Linux內核個基礎上加入各種GNU工具。 </p><p>一點拒絕使用「GNU/Linux」作為操作系统名字個人認為Linux朗朗上口，短而好記，並且斯托曼直到1990年代中期Linux開始流行後才要求更名。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="Linux内核">Linux內核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88" title="Linux发行版">Linux發行版</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/2194d253268b0a1b?pli=1">Free minix-like kernel sources for 386-AT</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linux.com/learn/resource-center/376-linux-is-everywhere-an-overview-of-the-linux-operating-system">What Is Linux: An Overview of the Linux Operating System</a>. Linux Foundation (3 April 2009). 访问日脚15 August 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lsag-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lsag_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Weeks-2004">Weeks, Alex（2004）．“1.1”，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tldp.org/LDP/sag/html/sag.html#GNU-OR-NOT">Linux System Administrator's Guide</a>，version 0.9．於18 January 2007参阅．</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux+System+Administrator%27s+Guide&rft.atitle=1.1&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.edition=version+0.9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tldp.org%2FLDP%2Fsag%2Fhtml%2Fsag.html%23GNU-OR-NOT"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu_homepage-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gnu_homepage_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/">The GNU Operating System</a>. Gnu.org. 访问日脚17 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top500_OS_list-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Top500_OS_list_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305234455/http://www.top500.org/overtime/list/32/os">Top500 OS chart</a>. Top500.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.top500.org/overtime/list/32/os">原始文档</a>勒5 March 2012存档. 访问日脚31 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Burkhardt, KSR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.top500.org/lists/2011/06">June 2011 | TOP500 Supercomputing Sites</a>. Top500.org. 访问日脚15 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610225448/http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch02s01.html">Origins and History of Unix, 1969-1995</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(en)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch02s01.html">原始文档</a>勒2015-06-10存档. 访问日脚2013-2-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu_history-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gnu_history_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gnu_history_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html">Overview of the GNU System</a>. Gnu.org. 访问日脚2009-03-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dina.dk/~abraham/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html">Linus vs. Tanenbaum debate</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meta-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-meta_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Linksvayer, Mike (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gondwanaland.com/meta/history/interview.html">The Choice of a GNU Generation - An Interview With Linus Torvalds</a>. <i>Meta magazine</i>. 访问日脚2009-01-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b">What would you like to see most in minix?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux/msg/4ae6db18d3f49b0e">Chicken and egg: How was the first linux gcc binary created??</a>".</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chicken+and+egg%3A+How+was+the+first+linux+gcc+binary+created%3F%3F&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.linux%2Fmsg%2F4ae6db18d3f49b0e&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Linux"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linus_Torvalds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linus Torvalds（页面弗存在）">Torvalds, Linus</a> (1992-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12">Release notes for Linux v0.12</a>. Linux Kernel Archives. 访问日脚2007-07-23. “The Linux copyright will change: I've had a couple of requests to make it compatible with the GNU copyleft, removing the “you may not distribute it for money” condition. I agree. I propose that the copyright be changed so that it confirms to GNU ─ pending approval of the persons who have helped write code. I assume this is going to be no problem for anybody: If you have grievances ("I wrote that code assuming the copyright would stay the same") mail me. Otherwise The GNU copyleft takes effect since the first of February. If you do not know the gist of the GNU copyright ─ read it.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419155616/http://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/staff">The Linux Foundation; Staff</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/staff">原始文档</a>勒19 April 2009存档. 访问日脚10 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership">The Free Software Foundation Management</a>. 访问日脚10 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lwn.net/Distributions/">The LWN.net Linux Distribution List</a>. 访问日脚2006-05-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Santhanam, Anand; Vishal Kulkarni (1 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-embdev.html">Linux system development on an embedded device</a>. <i>DeveloperWorks</i>. IBM. 访问日脚2007-07-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyons, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/home/enterprisetech/2005/03/15/cz_dl_0315linux.html">Linux rules supercomputers</a>. 访问日脚2007-02-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schrecker, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/webbuilding/page5067.cfm">Turn on Web Interactivity with LAMP</a>. 访问日脚2007-02-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galli2007-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-galli2007_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Galli, Peter (2007-08-08). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Linux-and-Open-Source/Vista-Aiding-Linux-Desktop-Strategist-Says/">Vista Aiding Linux Desktop, Strategist Says</a>". <i>eWEEK</i> (Ziff Davis Enterprise Inc.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-11-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vista+Aiding+Linux+Desktop%2C+Strategist+Says&rft.jtitle=eWEEK&rft.aulast=Galli&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Galli%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=2007-08-08&rft.pub=Ziff+Davis+Enterprise+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eweek.com%2Fc%2Fa%2FLinux-and-Open-Source%2FVista-Aiding-Linux-Desktop-Strategist-Says%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Linux"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/Brazils-love-of-Linux/2009-1042_3-6245409.html">Brazil's love of Linux</a>. 访问日脚2009-02-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Ashurst, Mark (2004-02-01). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3445805.stm">Brazil falls in love with Linux</a>". <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brazil+falls+in+love+with+Linux&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.aulast=Ashurst&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Ashurst%2C%26%2332%3BMark&rft.date=2004-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F3445805.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Linux"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osor.eu/news/lv-minister-open-standards-improve-efficiency-and-transparency">LV: Minister: "Open standards improve efficiency and transparency"</a>. 访问日脚2009-02-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/sep2006/gb20060921_463452.htm">Linux Spreads its Wings in India</a>. 访问日脚2009-02-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kerala-shuts-windows-schools-to-use-only-linux/280323/0">Kerala shuts windows, schools to use only Linux</a>. 访问日脚2009-06-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caixamagica.pt/pag/f_notc00.php?id=213">Magalh?es equipped with Linux Caixa Mágica</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caixamagica.pt/pag/f_notc00.php?id=204">Oferta CM no programa e-Escolas surpreende o mercado</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/business/48925_linuxop01.shtml">Some countries are choosing Linux systems over Microsoft</a>. 访问日脚2009-02-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402171503/http://code.google.com/intl/zh-TW/opensource/wine.html">Archive copy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/intl/zh-TW/opensource/wine.html">原始文档</a>勒2010-04-02存档. 访问日脚2013-10-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-top500_osfam-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-top500_osfam_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">TOP500.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101117160440/http://www.top500.org/stats/list/36/osfam">Operating system Family share for 11/2010 | TOP500 Supercomputing Sites</a>. Top500.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.top500.org/stats/list/36/osfam">原始文档</a>勒17 November 2010存档. 访问日脚16 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618205152/http://www.top500.org/lists/2012/06/press-release">TOP500 Press Release: Lawrence Livermore’s Sequoia Supercomputer Towers above the Rest in Latest TOP500 List</a>. TOP500 (July 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.top500.org/lists/2012/06/press-release">原始文档</a>勒June 18, 2012存档. 访问日脚October 1, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/26599.wss">20 Petaflop Sequoia Supercomputer</a>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> (3 Feb 2009).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/68px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/90px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption> </figcaption></figure> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>里向寻得着搭该篇文章搭界个多媒体资源： <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Linux">Linux</a></b></div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/">Linux內核官方網站</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxfoundation.org/">Linux基金會</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/">GNU項目官方網站</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tldp.org/">The Linux Documentation Project</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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