update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV | Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

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An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification of the orders and families of angiosperms is presented. 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Stevens </div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/botlinnean/search-results?f_Authors=P.+F.+Stevens" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22Stevens P. F.%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pub-history-wrap clearfix js-history-dropdown-wrap"> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-primary"><em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em>, Volume 181, Issue 1, May 2016, Pages 1–20, <a href='https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385'>https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385</a></div> </div> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-date-wrap"> <div class="citation-label">Published:</div> <div class="citation-date">06 April 2016</div> </div> <a href="javascript:;" class="history-label js-history-dropdown-trigger st-article-history at-ArticleHistory"> <span>Article history</span><i class="icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> </div> <div class="ww-history js-history-entries-wrap at-history-entries-wrap"> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Received:</div> <div class="wi-date">10 January 2016</div> </div> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Revision received:</div> <div class="wi-date">17 January 2016</div> </div> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Accepted:</div> <div class="wi-date">17 January 2016</div> </div> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Published:</div> <div class="wi-date">06 April 2016</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $('.article-top-widget').on('click', '.ati-toggle-trigger', function () { $(this).find('.icon-general-add, .icon-minus').toggleClass('icon-minus icon-general-add'); $(this).siblings('.ati-toggle-content').toggleClass('hide'); }); // In Chrome, an anchor tag with target="_blank" and a "mailto:" href opens a new tab/window as well as the email client // I suspect this behavior will be corrected in the future // Remove the target="_blank" $('ul.wi-affiliationList').find('a[href^="mailto:"]').each(function () { $(this).removeAttr('target'); }); }); </script> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-OUP_Article_Links_Widget"> </div> <div class="article-body js-content-body"> <div class="toolbar-wrap js-toolbar-wrap"> <div class="toolbar-inner-wrap"> <ul id="Toolbar" role="navigation"> <li class="toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-views"> <a class="at-views-dropdown drop-trigger" href="javascript:;" data-dropdown="FilterDrop" aria-haspopup="true"> <i class="icon-menu_views"></i> <div class="toolbar-label"> <div class="toolbar-text">Views</div> <i class="icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </div> </a> <ul id="ViewsDrop" class="f-dropdown js-dropdown-content" data-dropdown-content aria-label="submenu"> <div class="arrow-up"></div> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="article-content"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Article contents</span></a> </li> <li class="at-figures-tables article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="figures-tables"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Figures & tables</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="video"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Video</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="audio"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Audio</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="supplementary-data"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Supplementary Data</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-cite js-item-cite"> <div class="widget widget-ToolboxGetCitation widget-instance-OUP_Get_Citation"> <a href="#" class="js-cite-button at-CiteButton" data-reveal-id="getCitation" data-reveal> <i class="icon-read-more"></i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <div id="getCitation" class="reveal-modal js-citation-modal" data-reveal> <h3 class="modal-title">Cite</h3> <div class="oxford-citation-text"> <p>The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, M. 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Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification of the orders and families of angiosperms is presented. Several new orders are recognized: Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusiales and Vahliales. This brings the total number of orders and families recognized in the APG system to 64 and 416, respectively. We propose two additional informal major clades, superrosids and superasterids, that each comprise the additional orders that are included in the larger clades dominated by the rosids and asterids. Families that made up potentially monofamilial orders, Dasypogonaceae and Sabiaceae, are instead referred to Arecales and Proteales, respectively. Two parasitic families formerly of uncertain positions are now placed: Cynomoriaceae in Saxifragales and Apodanthaceae in Cucurbitales. Although there is evidence that some families recognized in APG III are not monophyletic, we make no changes in Dioscoreales and Santalales relative to APG III and leave some genera in Lamiales unplaced (e.g. <em>Peltanthera</em>). These changes in familial circumscription and recognition have all resulted from new results published since APG III, except for some changes simply due to nomenclatural issues, which include substituting Asphodelaceae for Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asparagales) and Francoaceae for Melianthaceae (Geraniales); however, in Francoaceae we also include Bersamaceae, Ledocarpaceae, Rhynchothecaceae and Vivianiaceae. Other changes to family limits are not drastic or numerous and are mostly focused on some members of the lamiids, especially the former Icacinaceae that have long been problematic with several genera moved to the formerly monogeneric Metteniusaceae, but minor changes in circumscription include Aristolochiaceae (now including Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae; Aristolochiales), Maundiaceae (removed from Juncaginaceae; Alismatales), Restionaceae (now re-including Anarthriaceae and Centrolepidaceae; Poales), Buxaceae (now including Haptanthaceae; Buxales), Peraceae (split from Euphorbiaceae; Malpighiales), recognition of Petenaeaceae (Huerteales), Kewaceae, Limeaceae, Macarthuriaceae and Microteaceae (all Caryophyllales), Petiveriaceae split from Phytolaccaceae (Caryophyllales), changes to the generic composition of Ixonanthaceae and Irvingiaceae (with transfer of <em>Allantospermum</em> from the former to the latter; Malpighiales), transfer of <em>Pakaraimaea</em> (formerly Dipterocarpaceae) to Cistaceae (Malvales), transfer of <em>Borthwickia</em>, <em>Forchhammeria</em>, <em>Stixis</em> and <em>Tirania</em> (formerly all Capparaceae) to Resedaceae (Brassicales), Nyssaceae split from Cornaceae (Cornales), <em>Pteleocarpa</em> moved to Gelsemiaceae (Gentianales), changes to the generic composition of Gesneriaceae (<em>Sanango</em> moved from Loganiaceae) and Orobanchaceae (now including Lindenbergiaceae and Rehmanniaceae) and recognition of Mazaceae distinct from Phrymaceae (all Lamiales).</p></section> <div class="article-metadata-panel clearfix at-ArticleMetadata"></div> <div class="kwd-group"><a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Apodanthaceae">Apodanthaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Boraginales">Boraginales</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Cistaceae">Cistaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Dasypogonaceae">Dasypogonaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Francoaceae">Francoaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Icacinales">Icacinales</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Metteniusales">Metteniusales</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" 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<td>3,350</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2022</td> <td>2,630</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2022</td> <td>2,479</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2022</td> <td>2,415</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2022</td> <td>2,792</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2022</td> <td>2,881</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2022</td> <td>3,101</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2022</td> <td>2,825</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2023</td> <td>2,791</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2023</td> <td>2,780</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2023</td> <td>2,885</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2023</td> <td>2,973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2023</td> <td>3,084</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2023</td> <td>2,775</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2023</td> <td>2,659</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2023</td> <td>2,643</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2023</td> <td>2,680</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2023</td> <td>3,272</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2023</td> <td>3,455</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2023</td> <td>2,592</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2024</td> <td>2,858</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2024</td> <td>2,984</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2024</td> <td>3,356</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2024</td> <td>3,326</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2024</td> <td>3,635</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2024</td> <td>2,844</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2024</td> <td>2,746</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2024</td> <td>2,699</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2024</td> <td>3,252</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2024</td> <td>1,207</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2024</td> <td>317</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-stats-wrap clearfix"> <div class="artmet-item artmet-citations hide"> <div class="widget-title-2 artmet-widget-title-2">Citations</div> <div class="artmet-badges-wrap artmet-dimensions"> <div class="widget widget-DimensionsBadge widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_DimensionsBadgeDetails"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1111/boj.12385" data-legend="always" data-style="" data-hide-zero-citations="false"></span> <script async src="https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js" 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update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV | Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | Oxford Academic