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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuk_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Seljuk migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuk_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ottoman migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Ottoman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Ottoman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Post-Ottoman era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Ottoman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politicization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.1 Politicization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Official status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_the_Turkish_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_the_Turkish_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Adoption of the Turkish alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_the_Turkish_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_in_Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_in_Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Education in Turkish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_in_Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_in_Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_in_Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Media in Turkish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_in_Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Official statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_censuses_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_censuses_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Past censuses and controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_censuses_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Other estimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Areas_of_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_of_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Areas of settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areas_of_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Persecution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Persecution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Persecution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Massacres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1924_Kirkuk_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1924_Kirkuk_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 1924 Kirkuk massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1924_Kirkuk_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1946_Gavurbağı_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946_Gavurbağı_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 1946 Gavurbağı massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946_Gavurbağı_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959_Kirkuk_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959_Kirkuk_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 1959 Kirkuk massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959_Kirkuk_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991_Altun_Kupri_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991_Altun_Kupri_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 1991 Altun Kupri massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991_Altun_Kupri_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Arabization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmen–Kurdish_tension_and_Kurdification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmen–Kurdish_tension_and_Kurdification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Turkmen–Kurdish tension and Kurdification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmen–Kurdish_tension_and_Kurdification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_under_IS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_under_IS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Genocide under IS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide_under_IS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iraqi Turkmen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="تركمان العراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركمان العراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq_t%C3%BCrkmanlar%C4%B1" title="İraq türkmanları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İraq türkmanları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="عراق تورکمانلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عراق تورکمانلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Ираҡ төркмәндәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ираҡ төркмәндәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmans_de_l%27Iraq" title="Turcmans de l'Iraq – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turcmans de l'Iraq" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1%C4%8Dt%C3%AD_Turkmeni" title="Iráčtí Turkmeni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iráčtí Turkmeni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakiske_tyrkere" title="Irakiske tyrkere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irakiske tyrkere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenen_(Irak)" title="Turkmenen (Irak) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turkmenen (Irak)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraagi_t%C3%BCrkmeenid" title="Iraagi türkmeenid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraagi türkmeenid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomanos_iraqu%C3%ADes" title="Turcomanos iraquíes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turcomanos iraquíes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ترکمان‌های عراق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکمان‌های عراق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nes_d%27Irak" title="Turkmènes d'Irak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turkmènes d'Irak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC_%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%98" title="이라크 투르크멘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이라크 투르크멘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C4%8Dki_Turkmeni" title="Irački Turkmeni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irački Turkmeni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_Irak" title="Turkmen Irak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turkmen Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomanni_iracheni" title="Turcomanni iracheni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turcomanni iracheni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="טורקמנים בעיראק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקמנים בעיראק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Ирак түрікмендері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирак түрікмендері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkmen%C3%AAn_iraq%C3%AA" title="Tirkmenên iraqê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkmenên iraqê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="تركمان العراق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تركمان العراق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraakse_Turkmenen" title="Iraakse Turkmenen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iraakse Turkmenen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF)" title="トルクメン人 (イラク) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルクメン人 (イラク)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakiske_tyrkere" title="Irakiske tyrkere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irakiske tyrkere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroq_Turkmanlari" title="Iroq Turkmanlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iroq Turkmanlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عراقی ترکمان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عراقی ترکمان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeni_iraccy" title="Turkmeni iraccy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turkmeni iraccy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomanos_iraquianos" title="Turcomanos iraquianos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turcomanos iraquianos" data-language-autonym="Português" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Third largest ethnic group in Iraq</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Iraqi Turkmen</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Irak Türkmenleri</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="684" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of Turkmeneli</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">3 million (2013 Iraqi Ministry of Planning estimate)<a href="#cite_note-Triana-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bassem2016-2">[2]</a> Estimated 4 million to 5 million (or 10%–13% of the Iraqi population in 2020–21)<a href="#cite_note-Tastekin2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolamari2016-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Güger2021-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sari2020-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli region</a>: Governorates of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate">Diyala</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmen language">Turkmen dialect</a><a href="#cite_note-Johanson2021-9">[9]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Arabic">Iraqi Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Standard Turkish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">60%-70% Sunni</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">30%-40% Shia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313-10">[10]</a> Minority <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>)<a href="#cite_note-IraqTheMinoritiesOfNineveh-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled as Turkoman and Turcoman; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Irak Türkmenleri), also referred to as Iraqi Turks,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kushner1987p202-14">[14]</a> Turkish-Iraqis,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> the Turkish minority in Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-Kushner1987p202-14">[14]</a> and the Iraqi-Turkish minority<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تركمان العراق, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Turkumān al-ʻIrāq; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Irak Türkleri, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: تورکمانی عێراق, Turkmanî Êraq) are <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>'s third largest ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> They make up to 10%–13% of the Iraqi population and are native to northern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Tastekin2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolamari2016-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Güger2021-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sari2020-6">[6]</a> Iraqi Turkmen share ties with <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a>, and do not identify with the <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peyrouse2015-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner1987209-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewYorkTimes-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Triana-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bassem2016-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonyms">Ethnonyms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnonyms">edit</a>]</div> According to Iraqi Turkmen scholar Professor Suphi Saatçi, prior to the mid-20th century the Turkmens in Iraq were known simply as "Turks".<a href="#cite_note-Saatçi_2018_loc=331-22">[22]</a> It was not until after the military coup of July 14, 1958, that the ruling military junta officially introduced the name "Turkman/Turkmen":<a href="#cite_note-Saatçi_2018_loc=331-22">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">the political goal of the Iraqi government was to distinguish the Iraqi Turkmen from other Turks in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, just as the <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> government used the name "<a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority</a>" for those <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Western_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Western Thrace">Turks living within the borders of Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saatçi_2018_loc=331-22">[22]</a></blockquote> The state-imposed terms on the Turks of Iraq were not resisted, for the word "Turkmen" had historically been designated to the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> who had accepted <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and migrated westwards from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Saatçi_2018_loc=331-22">[22]</a> and had continued to be used in the region. Thus, the Iraqi Turkmen (as well as the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmens</a> and Anatolian Turkmens) do not identify themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peyrouse2015-19">[19]</a> Rather, the term "Turkmen" in the Middle East is often used to designate Turkic-speakers, particularly in the Arab areas, or where Sunni Turks live in Shiite dominated areas.<a href="#cite_note-Peyrouse2015-19">[19]</a> Despite the modern usage of the term "Turkmen", Professor David Kushner has pointed out that the term "Turks" continues to be used in referring to the "Outside Turks" of the former Ottoman Empire, including the Turks in Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-Kushner1987p202-14">[14]</a> which is in contrast to the terms used for other Turkic peoples who did not share this Ottoman history: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Generally one may distinguish between the 'closer' communities [to Turkey] of Turks in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, on the one hand, and the more 'distant' ones in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, on the other...even the term "Turks" is selectively used. It is habitually used in reference to the 'closer' Turkish communities while the others are commonly referred to by their own particular names (i.e., Azeris, Turkestanis, etc.)... More important perhaps than the legal factor has been the historical and cultural identity of the Turks in Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria and Iraq with the Turks of Turkey. Not only are these communities geographically adjacent to the Turks but they have all shared the Ottoman past, speak more or less the same language, and are predominantly Sunni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner1987209-20">[20]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In literature">edit</a>]</div> Professor Orit Bashkin has observed that within Iraqi Turkmen literature, poets have managed to "remain loyal to Iraq as a state" whilst they have also "concurrently upheld their Turkish distinctiveness": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For Mustafa Gökkaya (b. 1910), this signified that his community was Muslim and that "my father is Turk, and the homeland [is] my mother". For Reşit Ali Dakuklu (b. 1918), being part of "the Turks of Iraq" signified maintaining brotherly relations with every nation, being united with Iraq, while speaking in Turkish. Universal and local, Iraqi and Turkish at the same time, the Turkoman poets were willing to serve their nation yet unwilling to neglect their culture and their Turkishness.<a href="#cite_note-Bashkin-23">[23]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/220px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/330px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/440px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> on December 31, 1534, gaining <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and, later, southern Iraq. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman reign</a>, the Ottomans encouraged Turkish migration along northern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=31-24">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> The exact origin of the Iraqi Turkmen is uncertain, but several possible explanations and theories of settlement in the region indicate that they likely originally emerged in Iraq as garrisons established by multiple rulers in various time periods.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=31-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jawhar_2010_loc=314-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group-26">[26]</a> The Iraqi Turkmen are believed to be the descendants of various waves of Turkic settlement in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> beginning from the 7th century until the end of Ottoman rule (1919). The first wave of migration dates back to the 7th century, followed by migrations during the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> (1037–1194), the fleeing Oghuz during the Mongol destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ag_Qoyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ag Qoyunlu">Ag Qoyunlu</a>), and the largest migration, during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (1535–1919). With the conquest of Iraq by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> in 1534, followed by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a>'s capture of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 1638, a large influx of Turks—predominantly from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>—settled down in Iraq. It is believed that many of today's Iraqi Turkmen are the descendants of the Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq during the rule of the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=31-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jawhar_2010_loc=314-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-LibraryofCongress-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_under_Arab_rule">Migration under Arab rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Migration under Arab rule">edit</a>]</div> The presence of Turkic peoples in what is today Iraq first began in the 7th century when approximately 2,000<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=30-28">[28]</a>–5,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200915-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200770-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> were recruited in the Muslim armies of <a href="/wiki/Ubayd-Allah_ibn_Ziyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad">Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=30-28">[28]</a> They arrived in 674 with the Umayyud conquest of Basra.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin2015-31">[31]</a> More Turkic troops settled during the 8th century, from Bukhara to Basra and also Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin2015-31">[31]</a> During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> era, thousands more of Turkmen warriors were brought into Iraq; however, the number of Turkmen who had settled in Iraq were not significant, as a result, the first wave of Turkmen became assimilated into the local Arab population.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=30-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seljuk_migration">Seljuk migration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seljuk migration">edit</a>]</div> The second wave of Turkmens to descend on Iraq were the Turks of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=31-24">[24]</a> Large scale migration of the Turkmen in Iraq occurred in 1055 with the invasion of Sultan <a href="/wiki/To%C4%9Fr%C3%BCl" class="mw-redirect" title="Toğrül">Tuğrul Bey</a>, the second ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk dynasty</a>, who intended to repair the holy road to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. For the next 150 years, the Seljuk Turks placed large Turkmen communities along the most valuable routes of northern Iraq, especially <a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandali,_Iraq" title="Mandali, Iraq">Mandali</a>, which is now identified by the modern community as <a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200916-32">[32]</a> Many of these settlers assumed positions of military and administrative responsibilities in the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_migration">Ottoman migration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ottoman migration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murad_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Murad_IV.jpg/220px-Murad_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Murad_IV.jpg/330px-Murad_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Murad_IV.jpg/440px-Murad_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>A large influx of Turks continued to settle in Iraq once <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a> recaptured <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 1638.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200770-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jawhar_2010_loc=314-25">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> The third, and largest, wave of Turkmen migration to Iraq arose during the four centuries of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule (1535–1919).<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=31-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200770-30">[30]</a> By the first half of the sixteenth century the Ottomans had begun their expansion into Iraq, waging wars against their arch rival, the Persian <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009115-33">[33]</a> In 1534, under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> was sufficiently secure within the Ottoman Empire and became the chief province (<a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalet</a>) responsible for all other administrative districts in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Fattah_&_Caso_2009_loc=116-34">[34]</a> The Ottomans encouraged migration from Anatolia and the settlement of immigrant Turkmen along northern Iraq, religious scholars were also brought in to preach <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> (Sunni) Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Fattah_&_Caso_2009_loc=116-34">[34]</a> With loyal Turkmen inhabiting the area, the Ottomans were able to maintain a safe route through to the southern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=31-24">[24]</a> Following the conquest, Kirkuk came firmly under Turkish control and was referred to as "Gökyurt",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200917-35">[35]</a> it is this period in history whereby modern Iraqi Turkmen claim association with Anatolia and the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200917-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosul_Vilayet,_Ottoman_Empire_(1900).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mosul_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg/220px-Mosul_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mosul_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg/330px-Mosul_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mosul_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg/440px-Mosul_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosul_vilayet" title="Mosul vilayet">Mosul vilayet</a>.</figcaption></figure> With the conquest of Iraq by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> in 1534, followed by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a>'s capture of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 1638, a large influx of Turks settled down in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200770-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jawhar_2010_loc=314-25">[25]</a> After defeating the Safavids on December 31, 1534, Suleiman entered Baghdad and set about reconstructing the physical infrastructure in the province and ordered the construction of a dam in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> and major water projects in and around the city's countryside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009117-36">[36]</a> Once the new governor was appointed, the town was to be composed of 1,000 foot soldiers and another 1,000 cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009118-37">[37]</a> However, war broke out after 89 years of peace and the city was besieged and finally conquered by <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Abbas the Great</a> in 1624. The Persians ruled the city until 1638 when a massive Ottoman force, led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a>, recaptured the city.<a href="#cite_note-Fattah_&_Caso_2009_loc=116-34">[34]</a> In 1639, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> was signed that gave the Ottomans control over Iraq and ended the military conflict between the two empires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009120-38">[38]</a> Thus, more Turks arrived with the army of Sultan Murad IV in 1638 following the capture of Baghdad whilst others came even later with other notable Ottoman figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200917-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalabany200775-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Ottoman_era">Post-Ottoman era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-Ottoman era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misak-i_milli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Misak-i_milli.png/220px-Misak-i_milli.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Misak-i_milli.png/330px-Misak-i_milli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Misak-i_milli.png/440px-Misak-i_milli.png 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE" title="Misak-ı Millî">Misak-ı Millî</a> ("national oath") sought to include the <a href="/wiki/Mosul_vilayet" title="Mosul vilayet">Mosul vilayet</a> in the proposals for the new borders of a Turkish nation in 1920.</figcaption></figure> Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> in 1923, the Iraqi Turkmens wanted Turkey to annex the <a href="/wiki/Mosul_vilayet" title="Mosul vilayet">Mosul vilayet</a> and for them to become part of an expanded state;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772-40">[40]</a> this is because, under the Ottoman monarchy, the Iraqi Turkmens enjoyed a relatively trouble-free existence as the administrative and business classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772-40">[40]</a> However, due to the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">Ottoman monarchy</a>, the Iraqi Turkmen participated in elections for the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a>; the purpose of these elections was to formalise the 1922 treaty with the British government and obtain support for the drafting of a constitution and the passing of the 1923 Electoral law.<a href="#cite_note-Lukitz_1995_loc=41-41">[41]</a> The Iraqi Turkmens made their participation in the electoral process conditional on the preservation of the Turkish character of Kirkuk's administration and the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> as the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Liwa_(Arabic)" title="Liwa (Arabic)">liwa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lukitz_1995_loc=41-41">[41]</a> Although they were recognized as a constitutive entity of Iraq, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, in the constitution of 1925, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772-40">[40]</a> Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen have found themselves increasingly mistreated under successive regimes, such as in the massacres of 1923, 1946, and 1959, and from 1980, when the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27th_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'th Party">Ba'th Party</a> targeted the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> The Iraqi Turkmens are mostly <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and have close cultural and linguistic ties with the <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_sign_to_the_village_of_%C3%87arda%C4%9Fl%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Welcome_sign_to_the_village_of_%C3%87arda%C4%9Fl%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Welcome_sign_to_the_village_of_%C3%87arda%C4%9Fl%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Welcome_sign_to_the_village_of_%C3%87arda%C4%9Fl%C4%B1.jpg/330px-Welcome_sign_to_the_village_of_%C3%87arda%C4%9Fl%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Welcome_sign_to_the_village_of_%C3%87arda%C4%9Fl%C4%B1.jpg/440px-Welcome_sign_to_the_village_of_%C3%87arda%C4%9Fl%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of a Turkmen village.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Village_of_Yahyava_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Village_of_Yahyava_sign.jpg/220px-Village_of_Yahyava_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Village_of_Yahyava_sign.jpg/330px-Village_of_Yahyava_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Village_of_Yahyava_sign.jpg/440px-Village_of_Yahyava_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of a Turkmen village.</figcaption></figure> The Iraqi Turkmen<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2018b_loc=354-44">[44]</a> dialects fall under the Western <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> and are often referred to as "Iraqi Turkmen Turkish"<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bayatlı_1996_loc=329-46">[46]</a> "Iraqi Turkish",<a href="#cite_note-Stein_2010_loc=244-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and "Iraqi Turkic".<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2018_loc=354-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johanson_2001_loc=15-52">[52]</a> The dialects possess their own unique characteristics, but have also been influenced by the historical standards of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> (which was the official language of administration and <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in Iraq between 1534 and 1920<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2007_loc=166-53">[53]</a>) and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Azeri_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Turkic">Azerbaijani Turkic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2007_loc=167-54">[54]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">standard (i.e. Istanbul) Turkish</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Prestige_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige language">prestige language</a> has exerted a profound influence on their dialects;<a href="#cite_note-Johanson_2001_loc=16-55">[55]</a> thus, the <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> in Iraqi Turkmen differs sharply from neighboring Irano-Turkic varieties.<a href="#cite_note-Johanson_2001_loc=16-55">[55]</a> Collectively, the Iraqi Turkmen dialects also show similarities with <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Turkish" title="Cypriot Turkish">Cypriot Turkish</a> and Balkan Turkish regarding <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">modality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The written language of the Iraqi Turkmen is based on Istanbul Turkish using the modern <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2018_loc=357-57">[57]</a> The Turkish language was recognized as a minority language in <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a> in 1930,<a href="#cite_note-Bammarny_2016_loc=482-58">[58]</a> until the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">revolutionary government</a> introduced the names "Turkman" and "Turkmanja" in 1959 with the aim of politically distancing the Turks of Iraq from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saatçi_2018_loc=331-22">[22]</a> Then, in 1972, the Iraqi government banned the Turkish language<a href="#cite_note-Simmons_1997_loc=88-59">[59]</a> and schools and media using Turkish were prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-Simmons_1997_loc=88-59">[59]</a> Further bans on the Turkish language were made in the 1980s when the Baath regime prohibited the Iraqi Turkmens from speaking Turkish in public.<a href="#cite_note-Simmons_1997_loc=88-59">[59]</a> It was not until 2005 that the Turkmen dialects were recognized under the Iraqi constitution; since then, the Iraqi Turkmens have opened numerous Turkish schools<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanks201657-60">[60]</a> and media exposure from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> has led to the standardisation of their dialects towards <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Standard Turkish</a> and the preferable language for adolescents associating with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish culture">Turkish culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanks201658-61">[61]</a> Indeed, Iraqi Turkmens themselves (according to the 1957 census), as well as a range of linguistic sources, tend to view their language as a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> dialect (of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>),<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gülensoy_1981_loc=7-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akar_2006_loc=46-71">[71]</a> which they call Irak Türkmen Türkçesi, Irak Türkçesi, or Irak Türkmencesi. Studies have long noted the similarities between Iraqi Turkmen and certain <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Anatolia">Southeastern Anatolian</a> dialects around the region of <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_1999_loc=9-72">[72]</a> or have described it as an "<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a>"<a href="#cite_note-Gülensoy_1981_loc=7-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> or an "<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">Eastern Anatolian</a> dialect".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> There are also linguists who have said that Iraqi Turkmen is closer to Azerbaijani,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> placing the Kirkuk dialect as "more or less"<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> an "Azerbaijani Turkish" dialect.<a href="#cite_note-Bayatlı_1996_loc=329-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gökdağ_2019_loc=103-79">[79]</a> Yet, the Kirkuk dialect also shows comparable features with Urfa,<a href="#cite_note-Karahan_1996_loc=14-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akar_2006_loc=46-71">[71]</a> and there are other regions in the <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk Governorate</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Altun_Kupri" title="Altun Kupri">Altun Kupri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taza_Khurmatu" title="Taza Khurmatu">Taza Khurmatu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bashir,_Iraq" title="Bashir, Iraq">Bashir</a>, which are said to show unity with the Eastern Anatolian dialect of Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Karahan_1996_loc=25-81">[81]</a> Indeed, the dialects spoken in Turkmen-dominated regions in other parts of the country – including <a href="/wiki/Amirli" title="Amirli">Amirli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuz_Khurmatu" title="Tuz Khurmatu">Tuz Khurmatu</a> – are all said to be similar to the Turkish dialect of Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Karahan_1996_loc=25-81">[81]</a> Hence, there are linguists who acknowledge similarities with Azerbaijani spoken in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> but say that Iraqi Turkmen has "greater proximity to Turkish of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Stein_2010_loc=244-47">[47]</a> According to Christiane Bulut, Iraqi Turkman is neither Azeri nor Anatolian Turkish but "a transitional dialect group, displaying linguistic features similar to both".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulut2007179-82">[82]</a> Besides their traditional dialects, the <a href="#Diaspora">Iraqi Turkmen diaspora</a> also communicate in standard (Istanbul) Turkish,<a href="#cite_note-Gökdağ_2019_loc=106-83">[83]</a> whilst the younger generations in Iraq (below the age of 18 in 2019) speak <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> Turkish with ease.<a href="#cite_note-Gökdağ_2019_loc=105-84">[84]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> in Iraq Turkmen dialects and Istanbul Turkish has become a widespread phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2018_loc=357-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johanson_2006_loc=13-85">[85]</a> Most Iraqi Turkmen can also speak <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2000_loc=161-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2007_loc=166-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dialects">Dialects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> Due to the existence of different Turkish migration waves to Iraq for over 1,200 years, the Iraqi Turkmen varieties are by no means homogeneous;<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2000_loc=161-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2007_loc=167-54">[54]</a> dialects can vary according to regional features.<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2018_loc=357-57">[57]</a> Several prestige languages in the region have been particularly influential: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> from 1534 onwards and then <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1624)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1624)">Capture of Baghdad (1624)</a>. Once the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a> retook Iraq in 1640 the Turkish varieties of Iraq continued to be influenced by Ottoman Turkish, as well as other languages in the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2000_loc=161-86">[86]</a> Ottoman Turkish had a strong influence in Iraq until 1920, for it was not only the official language of administration but also the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2007_loc=166-53">[53]</a> Indeed, Turkish has remained a <a href="/wiki/Prestige_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige language">prestige language</a> among Iraqi Turkmen, exerting a profound historical influence on their dialect. As a result, Iraqi Turkmen syntax differs sharply from Irano-Turkic.<a href="#cite_note-Johanson_2001_loc=16-55">[55]</a> In general, the Iraqi Turkmen dialects of <a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a> (approx 700,000 speakers),<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Altun_Kupri" title="Altun Kupri">Altun Kupri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuz_Khurmatu" title="Tuz Khurmatu">Tuz Khurmatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taza_Khurmatu" title="Taza Khurmatu">Taza Khurmatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashir,_Iraq" title="Bashir, Iraq">Bashir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amirli" title="Amirli">Amirli</a> show unity with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolian</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Karahan_1996_loc=25-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gökdağ_2019_loc=103-79">[79]</a> meanwhile, the dialects in <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dohuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk">Dohuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandali,_Iraq" title="Mandali, Iraq">Mandali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a> show similarities with <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabrizi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afshar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afshar language">Afshar</a> Turkic dialects.<a href="#cite_note-Gökdağ_2019_loc=103-79">[79]</a> Yet, the Kirkuk dialect also shows comparable features with Urfa,<a href="#cite_note-Karahan_1996_loc=14-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akar_2006_loc=46-71">[71]</a> and 21.4% of Kirkuk province's population had self-declared their mother tongue as "Turkish" in the last census which asked about language.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In particular, a cultural orientation towards <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> prevails among Iraqi Turkmen intellectuals and <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> (Turkish of Turkey) is very frequent in educated circles, especially in <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2007_loc=166-53">[53]</a> In addition, the Erbil dialect shows similarities with Turkish dialects stretching from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The Iraqi Turkmen generally also have an active command in standard Turkish due to their cultural orientation towards the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2018_loc=357-57">[57]</a> Turkish media outlets (especially satellite TV) has been influential; moreover, there are a number of private schools which teach in Turkish backed by Turkish institutions. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> in Iraq Turkmen and standard Turkish (of Turkey) has become a widespread phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2018_loc=357-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johanson_2006_loc=13-85">[85]</a> In 2020, a request to grant ISO 639 code for Iraqi Turkmen was submitted to SIL<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>, but later rejected in 2024 as it doesn't meet the criteria for being a distinct language.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Politicization">Politicization</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politicization">edit</a>]</div> Professor Christiane Bulut has argued that publications from <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> often use expressions such as "Azerbaijani (dialects) of Iraq" or "South Azerbaijani" to describe Iraqi Turkmen dialects "with political implications"; however, in <a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turcological</a> literature, closely related dialects in Turkey and Iraq are generally referred to as "eastern Anatolian" or "Iraq-Turkic/-Turkman" dialects, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2018b_loc=354-44">[44]</a> Furthermore, the terms "Turkmen/Turkman" are also considered to be historically political because in the early 20th century the minority were simply recognized as Turks who spoke the Turkish language, until after the military coup of 14 July 1958, when the ruling military junta introduced the names "Turkman/Turkmen" to distance the Turks of Iraq from those in Anatolia,<a href="#cite_note-Saatçi_2018_loc=331-22">[22]</a> and then banned the Turkish language in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Simmons_1997_loc=88-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_status">Official status</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Official status">edit</a>]</div> Under the <a href="/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mandate of Iraq">British Mandate over Iraq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a> was recognized as an official language in <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a> under Article 5 of the Language Act of 1930.<a href="#cite_note-Bammarny_2016_loc=482-58">[58]</a> Article 6 of the Act permitted the language of education to be determined by the native language of the majority of students, whilst Article 2 and Article 4 gave Iraqi citizens the right to have court hearings and decisions verbally translated into <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, or Turkish in all cases.<a href="#cite_note-Bammarny_2016_loc=482-58">[58]</a> Upon Iraq's entry into the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1932, the League demanded that Iraq recognize its ethnic and religious minorities.<a href="#cite_note-Bammarny_2016_loc=482-58">[58]</a> Consequently, the Turkish language, alongside Kurdish, was to be recognized as an official language under the Iraqi constitution of 1932: "in the liwa of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, where a considerable part of the population is of Turkmen race, the official language, side by side with Arabic, shall be either Kurdish or Turkish".<a href="#cite_note-Allison_2007_loc=142-92">[92]</a> According to Article 1, no law, order, or act of government was allowed to contradict the terms of the 1932 constitution, nor could it be changed in the future.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> However, in 1959 the military junta introduced the names "Turkman" and "Turkmanja".<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2018_loc=354-51">[51]</a> More recently, Article 4 of the 2005 Iraqi Constitution recognizes "Turkomen" as an official minority language in the "administrative units in which they constitute density of population" (alongside <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Karimi_2016_loc=594-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adoption_of_the_Turkish_alphabet">Adoption of the Turkish alphabet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adoption of the Turkish alphabet">edit</a>]</div> In 1997 the Iraqi Turkmen Congress adopted a Declaration of Principles, Article Three states that "the official written language of the Turkmen is <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Istanbul Turkish</a>, and its alphabet is the new <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Bulut_2018_loc=357-57">[57]</a> By 2005 the Turkish language replaced traditional Turkmeni, which had used the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, in Iraqi schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanks201657-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_in_Turkish">Education in Turkish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education in Turkish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karakoyunlu_Boys_Secondary_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Karakoyunlu_Boys_Secondary_School.jpg/220px-Karakoyunlu_Boys_Secondary_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Karakoyunlu_Boys_Secondary_School.jpg/330px-Karakoyunlu_Boys_Secondary_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Karakoyunlu_Boys_Secondary_School.jpg/440px-Karakoyunlu_Boys_Secondary_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of an Iraqi Turkmen boys intermediate school.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeynep_Ana_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zeynep_Ana_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg/220px-Zeynep_Ana_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zeynep_Ana_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg/330px-Zeynep_Ana_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zeynep_Ana_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg/440px-Zeynep_Ana_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of an Iraqi Turkmen girls intermediate school.</figcaption></figure> Iraq's first two Turkmen schools were opened on November 17, 1993, one in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> and the other in Kifri.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 2010 the Turkmen Federation of Scouts (Türkmen Izcilik Federasyonu) was founded, based in <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 2005 Iraqi Turkmen community leaders decided that the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a> would replace the use of traditional Turkmeni in Iraqi schools;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanks201657-60">[60]</a> Turkmeni had used the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> whereas Turkish uses the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanks201657-60">[60]</a> Kelsey Shanks has argued that "the move to Turkish can be seen as a means to strengthen the collective "we" identity by continuing to distinguish it from the other ethnic groups. ... The use of Turkish was presented as a natural progression from the Turkmen; any suggestion that the oral languages were different was immediately rejected."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanks201660-97">[97]</a> Parental literacy rates in Turkish are low, as most are more familiar with the Arabic script (due to the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist</a> regime). Therefore, the Turkmen Directorate of Education in <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk</a> has started Turkish language lessons for the wider society. Furthermore, the Turkmen officer for the Ministry of Education in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh</a> has requested from the "United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq" the instigation of Turkish language classes for parents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanks201659-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_in_Turkish">Media in Turkish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Media in Turkish">edit</a>]</div> The current prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> and media exposure from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> may have led to the standardisation of Turkmeni towards Turkish, and the preferable language for adolescents associating with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish culture">Turkish culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanks201658-61">[61]</a> In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmeneli_TV" title="Türkmeneli TV">Türkmeneli TV</a> channel was launched in <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. It broadcasts programmes in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-orsam-99">[99]</a> As of 2012, Türkmeneli TV has studios in <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya,_Ankara_(neighbourhood)" title="Çankaya, Ankara (neighbourhood)">Çankaya</a> neighbourhood in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-orsam-99">[99]</a> Türkmeneli TV has signed agreements with several Turkish channels, such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Turkish Radio and Television Corporation">TRT</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGRT" title="TGRT">TGRT</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATV_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="ATV (Turkey)">ATV</a>, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a>'s main broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Bayrak" title="Bayrak">BRT</a>, to share programmes and documentaries.<a href="#cite_note-orsam-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> The Iraqi Turkmen are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Turkmen form the majority (about 60–70%), but there is also a significant number of Turkmen practicing the <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> branch of Islam (about 30% to 40%).<a href="#cite_note-Jawar-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313-10">[10]</a> Nonetheless, the Turkmen are mainly <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a>, having internalized the secularist interpretation of state–religion affairs practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> since its foundation in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313-10">[10]</a> Moreover, the fact that the Turkmen mainly live in urban areas, where they deal with trade and commerce, and their tendency to acquire <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, the power of religious and tribal factors inherent in Iraq's political culture does not significantly affect the Turkmens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004314-101">[101]</a> A small minority of the Iraqi Turkmens are Catholics,<a href="#cite_note-IraqTheMinoritiesOfNineveh-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> it is estimated their number at about 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> They are not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Christians" title="Citadel Christians">Citadel Christians</a>. The Turkmen Bible Partnership translated the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> into the Iraqi Turkmen dialect and printed and distributed 2,000 copies of it in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_statistics">Official statistics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Official statistics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics of Iraq</a></div> The Iraqi Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-MEO-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNPO-106">[106]</a> According to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning the Iraqi Turkmens have a population of about 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million (approximately 9% of the country's population).<a href="#cite_note-Bassem2016-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Past_censuses_and_controversies">Past censuses and controversies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Past censuses and controversies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_man_in_Kirkuk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Iraqi_Turkmen_man_in_Kirkuk.jpg/220px-Iraqi_Turkmen_man_in_Kirkuk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Iraqi_Turkmen_man_in_Kirkuk.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Turkmen_man_in_Kirkuk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Iraqi_Turkmen_man_in_Kirkuk.jpg/440px-Iraqi_Turkmen_man_in_Kirkuk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi Turkmen in <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to Mesut Yeğen, documents from the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">British Foreign Office</a> claim that the Turkmens made a majority in the city of Erbil in 1919<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The 1957 Iraqi census (which is recognized as the last reliable census, as later censuses were reflections of the Arabization policies of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ath">Ba'ath</a> regime<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=43-109">[109]</a>) recorded 567,000 Turks out of a total population of 6.3 million, forming 9% of the total Iraqi population.<a href="#cite_note-Knights_2004_loc=262-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Güçlü_2007_loc=79-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Betts_2013_loc=86-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> This put them third, behind <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gunter_2004_loc=131-114">[114]</a> However, due to the undemocratic environment, their number has always been underestimated and has long been a point of controversy. For example, in the 1957 census, the Iraqi government first claimed that there was 136,800 Turks in Iraq. However, the revised figure of 567,000 was issued after the 1958 revolution when the Iraqi government admitted that the Iraqi Turkmen population was actually more than 400% from the previous year's total.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=79-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Scott Taylor (journalist)">Scott Taylor</a> has described the political nature of the results thusly: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">According to the 1957 census conducted by King <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II" title="Faisal II">Faisal II</a> – a monarch supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> – there were only 136,800 Turkmen in all of Iraq. Bearing in mind that since the British had wrested control of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> from the Turks after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, a deliberate campaign had been undertaken to eradicate or diminish all remnants of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> influence. Therefore it should not be surprising that after <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Kassem" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Karim Kassem">Abdul Karim Kassem</a> launched his successful <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">revolution</a> in 1958 – killing 23-year-old King Faisal II, expelling the British and declaring Iraq a republic – that a different set of numbers was published. According to the second census of 1958, the Turkmen registry stood at 567,000 – an increase of more than 400 per cent from the previous year's total.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=28-116">[116]</a></blockquote> Subsequent censuses, in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, are all considered highly unreliable, due to suspicions of manipulation by the various regimes in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group_2008_loc=16-117">[117]</a> The 1997 census states that there was 600,000<a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Iraqi Turkmen out of a total population of 22,017,983,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> forming 2.72% of the total Iraqi population; however, this census only allowed its citizens to indicate belonging to one of two ethnicities, Arab or Kurd, this meant that many Iraqi Turkmen identified themselves as Arabs (the Kurds not being a desirable ethnic group in Saddam Hussein's Iraq), thereby skewing the true number of Iraqi Turkmen.<a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group_2008_loc=16-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_estimates">Other estimates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other estimates">edit</a>]</div> In 2004 <a href="/wiki/Scott_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Scott Taylor (journalist)">Scott Taylor</a> suggested that the Iraqi Turkmen population accounted for 2,080,000 of Iraq's 25 million inhabitants (forming 8.32% of the population)<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=28-116">[116]</a> whilst <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Clawson" title="Patrick Clawson">Patrick Clawson</a> has stated that the Iraqi Turkmen make up about 9% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-UNPO-106">[106]</a> Furthermore, international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a> has stated that the Iraqi Turkmen community is 3 million or 9–13% of the Iraqi population.<a href="#cite_note-UNPO1-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNPO2-121">[121]</a> Iraqi Turkmen claim that their total population is over 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200432-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kibaroğlu_2009_loc=165-123">[123]</a> It is estimated to be 2.7% of total Iraqi population at 2015 by Gulf/2000 Project of Columbia University.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas_of_settlement">Areas of settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Areas of settlement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmeneli_map_on_a_monument_in_Altun_Kopru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Turkmeneli_map_on_a_monument_in_Altun_Kopru.jpg/220px-Turkmeneli_map_on_a_monument_in_Altun_Kopru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Turkmeneli_map_on_a_monument_in_Altun_Kopru.jpg/330px-Turkmeneli_map_on_a_monument_in_Altun_Kopru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Turkmeneli_map_on_a_monument_in_Altun_Kopru.jpg/440px-Turkmeneli_map_on_a_monument_in_Altun_Kopru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Türkmeneli) on a monument in <a href="/wiki/Altun_Kupri" title="Altun Kupri">Altun Kupri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Altınköprü).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_youth_holding_a_Turkmeneli_scarf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Iraqi_Turkmen_youth_holding_a_Turkmeneli_scarf.jpg/220px-Iraqi_Turkmen_youth_holding_a_Turkmeneli_scarf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Iraqi_Turkmen_youth_holding_a_Turkmeneli_scarf.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Turkmen_youth_holding_a_Turkmeneli_scarf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Iraqi_Turkmen_youth_holding_a_Turkmeneli_scarf.jpg/440px-Iraqi_Turkmen_youth_holding_a_Turkmeneli_scarf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi Turkmen youth holding a <a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a> scarf.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_in_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_in_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_in_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_in_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_in_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_in_Istanbul.jpg/440px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_in_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi Turkmen woman in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Iraqi Turkmen primarily inhabit northern Iraq, in a region they refer to as "<a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a>" which stretches from the northwest to the east at the middle of Iraq. Iraqi Turkmen consider their capital city to be <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MEO-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200432-122">[122]</a> Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield describe the Turkmeneli region as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...what Turkmens refer to as <a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a> – a vast swath of territory running from Iraq's border with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and diagonally down the country to the border with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Turkmen sources note that Turcomania – an Anglicized version of "Turkmeneli" – appears on a map of the region published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Guthrie_(mapmaker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Guthrie (mapmaker) (page does not exist)">William Guthrie</a> in 1785, but there is no clear reference to Turkmeneli until the end of the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200956-125">[125]</a></blockquote> The Iraqi Turkmen generally consider several major cities, and small districts associated with these cities, as part of Turkmeneli.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313-10">[10]</a> The major cities claimed to be a part of their homeland include: <a href="/wiki/Altun_Kupri" title="Altun Kupri">Altun Kupri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badra,_Iraq" title="Badra, Iraq">Badra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baqubah" title="Baqubah">Bakuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diala" title="Diala">Diala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadiyah" title="Sadiyah">Kizilribat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeli">Mendeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Salahaldeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sancar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuz_Khurmatu" title="Tuz Khurmatu">Tuz Khurmatu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313-10">[10]</a> Thus, the Turkmeneli region lies between the Arab areas of settlement to the south and Kurdish areas to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313-10">[10]</a> According to the 1957 census the Iraqi Turkmen formed the majority of inhabitants in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, with 40% declaring their mother tongue as "<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200432-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2009152-126">[126]</a> The second-largest Iraqi Turkmen city is Tel Afar where they make up 95% of the inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHashim2005370-127">[127]</a> The once mainly Turkoman cities of the <a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate">Diyala Province</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a> have been heavily <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdified</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNPO2-121">[121]</a> Some Iraqi Turkmen also live outside the Turkmeneli region. For example, there is a significant community living in Iraq's capital city of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, especially in the neighbourhoods of Adhamiyah and Ragheba Khatun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The Turkmen population in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> is estimated to be around 300,000. They mainly reside in the neighbourhoods of Taci, Mareke and Three Tak in Erbil's city centre, around the citadel. Until 2006, they were living in the Tophane, Tekke and Saray neighborhoods of the Citadel, which contained almost 700 houses. In 2006, the citadel was emptied, and the Turkmen in the citadel were relocated to other neighbourhoods. Some Turkmen also participate in the political institutions of the KRG, including the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Erbil's citadel also contains the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Culture_House" title="Turkmen Culture House">Turkmen Culture House</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam_4.jpg/220px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam_4.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam_4.jpg/440px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi Turkmen protest in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> Most Iraqi Turkmens migrate to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. There are also Iraqi Turkmen communities living in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirkeci200520-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> According to Professor Suphi Saatçi, in 2010 approximately 1,000 Iraqi Turkmen were living in Canada, 2,000 in Denmark, and 4,000 in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-Duman2010p11-134">[134]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> (2014–19) the number of Iraqi Turkmen has continued to increase in Europe. There are many established Iraqi Turkmen diaspora communities, such as the Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association, based in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The Turkoman community in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> dates from the aftermath of the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War. They have tended to settle in the northern neighborhoods of the city and in the suburbs, and many have taken jobs as factory workers or cabdrivers. Owing to their small size, they attend the mosques of other communities. They maintain a distinct cultural identity and close ties with brethren outside of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Iraqi_Turkmen_man_dancing_with_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/An_Iraqi_Turkmen_man_dancing_with_flag.jpg/220px-An_Iraqi_Turkmen_man_dancing_with_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/An_Iraqi_Turkmen_man_dancing_with_flag.jpg/330px-An_Iraqi_Turkmen_man_dancing_with_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/An_Iraqi_Turkmen_man_dancing_with_flag.jpg/440px-An_Iraqi_Turkmen_man_dancing_with_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi Turkmen man in traditional clothes bearing a Turkmen flag.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution">Persecution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Persecution">edit</a>]</div> The position of the Iraqi Turkmen has changed from being administrative and business classes of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> to an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">discriminated</a> against minority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772-40">[40]</a> Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen have been victims of several massacres, such as the Kirkuk Massacre of 1959. Furthermore, under the Ba'th party, discrimination against the Iraqi Turkmen increased, with several leaders being executed in 1979<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772-40">[40]</a> as well as the Iraqi Turkmen community being victims of <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> policies by the state, and <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a> by Kurds seeking to push them forcibly out of their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200962-137">[137]</a> Thus, they have suffered from various degrees of suppression and assimilation that ranged from political persecution and exile to terror and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>. Despite being recognized in the 1925 constitution as a constitutive entity, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status; hence, cultural rights were gradually taken away and activists were sent to exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacres">Massacres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Massacres">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Iraqi_Turkmen_cemetery.jpg/250px-Iraqi_Turkmen_cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Iraqi_Turkmen_cemetery.jpg/375px-Iraqi_Turkmen_cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Iraqi_Turkmen_cemetery.jpg/500px-Iraqi_Turkmen_cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi Turkmen cemetery.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1924_Kirkuk_massacre">1924 Kirkuk massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1924 Kirkuk massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1924_Kirkuk_massacre" title="1924 Kirkuk massacre">1924 Kirkuk massacre</a></div> In 1924, the Iraqi Turkmens were seen as a disloyal remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, with a natural tie to <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>'s new Turkish nationalist ideology emerging in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200963-138">[138]</a> The Iraqi Turkmen living in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> were perceived as posing a threat to the stability of Iraq, particularly as they did not support the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Faisal I">King Faisal I</a> to the Iraqi throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200963-138">[138]</a> On May 4, these tensions boiled over into violence when soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Levies" title="Iraq Levies">Iraq Levies</a> —a levied force raised by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and consisting primarily of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> — clashed with Turkmen in a Kirkuk market square after a dispute between an Assyrian soldier and a Turkmen shopkeeper. In the ensuing fracas, 200 Turkmen were killed by Assyrian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200963-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1946_Gavurbağı_massacre">1946 Gavurbağı massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1946 Gavurbağı massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gavurba%C4%9F%C4%B1_massacre" title="Gavurbağı massacre">Gavurbağı massacre</a></div> Around 20 Iraqi Turkmen civilians were killed by <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Iraqi policemen</a> including women and children on 12 July 1946 in Gavurbağı, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1959_Kirkuk_massacre">1959 Kirkuk massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1959 Kirkuk massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1959_Kirkuk_massacre" title="1959 Kirkuk massacre">1959 Kirkuk massacre</a></div> The Kirkuk massacre of 1959 came about due to the Iraqi government allowing the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a>, which in Kirkuk was largely Kurdish, to target the Iraqi Turkmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200964-141">[141]</a> With the appointment of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maarouf_Barzinji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maarouf Barzinji (page does not exist)">Maarouf Barzinji</a>, a Kurd, as the mayor of Kirkuk in July 1959, tensions rose following the 14 July revolution celebrations, with animosity in the city polarizing rapidly between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen. On 14 July 1959, skirmishes broke out between the Iraqi Turkmen and Kurds, leaving some 20 Iraqi Turkmen dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200934-142">[142]</a> Furthermore, on 15 July 1959, Kurdish soldiers of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Brigade_(Iraq)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Brigade (Iraq) (page does not exist)">Fourth Brigade</a> of the Iraqi army mortared Iraqi Turkmen residential areas, destroying 120 houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200934-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhanim2011380-143">[143]</a> Order was restored on 17 July by military units from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. The Iraqi government referred to the incident as a "massacre"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEntessar201079-144">[144]</a> and stated that between 31 and 79 Iraqi Turkmen were killed and some 130 injured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200934-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1991_Altun_Kupri_massacre">1991 Altun Kupri massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1991 Altun Kupri massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1991_Altun_Kupri_massacre" title="1991 Altun Kupri massacre">1991 Altun Kupri massacre</a></div> Over 135 Turkmen civilians were killed on 28 March 1991 during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> by Iraqi forces, in the Turkmen town of <a href="/wiki/Altun_Kupri" title="Altun Kupri">Altun Kupri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabization">Arabization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Arabization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Erbil_massacre" title="Erbil massacre">Erbil massacre</a></div> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s government adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of its minorities. Due to government relocation programs, thousands of Iraqi Turkmen were relocated from their traditional homelands in northern Iraq and replaced by Arabs, in an effort to <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabize</a> the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200815-147">[147]</a> Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'th regime</a> recognised that the city of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200964-141">[141]</a> Thus, the first wave of Arabization saw Arab families move from the centre and south of Iraq into Kirkuk to work in the expanding oil industry. Although the Iraqi Turkmen were not actively forced out, new Arab quarters were established in the city and the overall demographic balance of the city changed as the Arab migrations continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200964-141">[141]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi Turkmen protesting in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, the banner reads: 'Kirkuk is an Iraqi city with Turkmen characteristics'.</figcaption></figure> Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. For example, the Iraqi Military Intelligence issued directive 1559 on 6 May 1980 ordering the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen officials from Kirkuk, issuing the following instructions: "identify the places where Turkmen officials are working in governmental offices [in order] to deport them to other governorates in order to disperse them and prevent them from concentrating in this governorate [Kirkuk]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200965-148">[148]</a> In addition, on 30 October 1981, the Revolution's Command Council issued decree 1391, which authorized the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen from Kirkuk with paragraph 13 noting that "this directive is specially aimed at Turkmen and Kurdish officials and workers who are living in Kirkuk".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200965-148">[148]</a> As primary victims of these Arabization policies, the Iraqi Turkmen suffered from land expropriation and job discrimination, and therefore would register themselves as "Arabs" in order to avoid discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group20065-149">[149]</a> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200966-150">[150]</a> Those Iraqi Turkmen who remained in cities such as Kirkuk were subject to continued assimilation policies;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200966-150">[150]</a> school names, neighbourhoods, villages, streets, markets and even mosques with names of Turkic origin were changed to names that emanated from the Ba'th Party or from Arab heroes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200966-150">[150]</a> Moreover, many Iraqi Turkmen villages and neighbourhoods in Kirkuk were simply demolished, particularly in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200966-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmen–Kurdish_tension_and_Kurdification">Turkmen–Kurdish tension and Kurdification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Turkmen–Kurdish tension and Kurdification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg/220px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg/440px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi Turkmen woman holding a placard written in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Kerkük'ü hiçbir güç Kürtleştiremez ("No power can Kurdify Kirkuk").</figcaption></figure> The Kurds claimed <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over land that Iraqi Turkmen regard as theirs. For the Iraqi Turkmen, their identity is deeply inculcated as the rightful inheritors of the region as a legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200967-151">[151]</a> Thus, it is claimed that the Kurdistan Region and Iraqi government has constituted a threat to the survival of the Iraqi Turkmen through strategies aimed at eradicating or assimilating them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200967-151">[151]</a> The formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> in 1991 created high animosity between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen, resulting in some Iraqi Turkmen being victims of <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a>, according to Liam Anderson. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in the de facto capital of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, a city which they had assumed prominent administrative and economic positions. Thus, they increasingly came into dispute and often conflict with the ruling powers of the city, which after 1996 was the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massoud_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Massoud Barzani">Massoud Barzani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200968-152">[152]</a> According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen inflamed as the KDP and the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmen, sought to marginalize them from the positions of authority and to subsume their culture with an all-pervading Kurdistani identity. With the support of <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, a new political front of Turkmen parties, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a> (ITF), was formed on 24 April 1995.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200968-152">[152]</a> The relationship between the Iraqi Turkmen Front and the KDP was tense and deteriorated as the decade went on. Iraqi Turkmen associated with the Iraqi Turkmen Front complained about harassment by Kurdish security forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200968-152">[152]</a> In March 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that the KDP's security attacked the offices of the ITF in Erbil, killing two guards, following a lengthy period of disputes between the two parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200968-152">[152]</a> In 2002, the KDP created an Iraqi Turkmen political organization, the Turkmen National Association, that supported the further institutionalization of the Kurdistan Region. This was viewed by pro-ITF Iraqi Turkmen as a deliberate attempt to "buy off" Iraqi Turkmen opposition and break their bonds with <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200969-153">[153]</a> Promoted by the KDP as the "true voice" of the Iraqi Turkmen, the Turkmen National Association has a pro-Kurdistani stance and has effectively weakened the ITF as the sole representative voice of the Iraqi Turkmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200969-153">[153]</a> Beginning in 2003, there were riots between Kurds and Turkmen in Kirkuk, a city that Turkmen view as historically theirs.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-154">[154]</a> According to United Nations reports, the KRG and Peshmerga were "illegaily policing Kirkurk, abducting Turkmen and Arabs and subjecting them to torture". Between 2003 and 2006, 1,350 Turkmens in Tal A'far died mainly from sectarian violence and war and thousands of houses were damaged or demolished, resulting in 4,685 displaced families.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genocide_under_IS">Genocide under IS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Genocide under IS">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_rally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iraqi_Turkmen_rally.jpg/225px-Iraqi_Turkmen_rally.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iraqi_Turkmen_rally.jpg/338px-Iraqi_Turkmen_rally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iraqi_Turkmen_rally.jpg/450px-Iraqi_Turkmen_rally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi Turkmen rally.</figcaption></figure> Between ten and twelve Turkmen individuals were <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_legislative_election,_January_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi legislative election, January 2005">elected</a> to the transitional <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Iraq">National Assembly of Iraq</a> in January 2005, including five on the <a href="/wiki/United_Iraqi_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="United Iraqi Alliance">United Iraqi Alliance</a> list, three from the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a> (ITF), and either two or four from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Patriotic_Alliance_of_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan">Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Setav-156">[156]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_legislative_election,_December_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi legislative election, December 2005">December 2005 elections</a>, between five and seven Turkmen candidates were elected to the Council of Representatives. This included one candidate from the ITF (its leader <a href="/wiki/Saadeddin_Arkej" title="Saadeddin Arkej">Saadeddin Arkej</a>), two or four from the <a href="/wiki/United_Iraqi_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="United Iraqi Alliance">United Iraqi Alliance</a>, one from the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Accord_Front" title="Iraqi Accord Front">Iraqi Accord Front</a> and one from the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistani_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistani Alliance">Kurdistani Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Setav-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Iraqi Turkmen have also emerged as a key political force in the controversy over the future status of northern Iraq and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>. The government of Turkey has helped fund such political organizations as the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a>, which opposes Iraqi federalism and in particular the proposed annexation of Kirkuk to the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Tensions between the two groups over Kirkuk, however, have slowly died out and on January 30, 2006, the President of Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>, said that the "Kurds are working on a plan to give Iraqi Turkmens autonomy in areas where they are a majority in the new constitution they're drafting for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> However, it never happened and the policies of <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">KDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a> after 2003 (with non-Kurds being pressed to move) have prompted serious inter-ethnic problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200771-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farah_Zeynep_Abdullah" title="Farah Zeynep Abdullah">Farah Zeynep Abdullah</a>, Turkish actress<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_al-Askari" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar al-Askari">Jafar al-Askari</a>, former Prime Minister of Iraq (1923–24 and 1926–27)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakash201187-162">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_al-Bayati" title="Abbas al-Bayati">Abbas al-Bayati</a>, politician<a href="#cite_note-TodaysZaman-163">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mahdi_al-Bayati" title="Mohammed Mahdi al-Bayati">Mohammed Mahdi al-Bayati</a>, Iraqi politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_al-Hashimi" title="Yasin al-Hashimi">Yasin al-Hashimi</a>, former Prime Minister of Iraq (1924–25 and 1935–36)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakash201187-162">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khairi_Al-Hindawi" title="Khairi Al-Hindawi">Khairi Al-Hindawi</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruf_al_Rusafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruf al Rusafi">Maruf al Rusafi</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri al-Said</a>, former Prime Minister of Iraq (1930–32, 1938–40, 1941–44, 1946–47, 1949, 1950–52, 1954–57 and 1958)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakash201187-162">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arshad_al-Salihi" title="Arshad al-Salihi">Arshad al-Salihi</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_al-Shahwani" title="Mohammed Abdullah al-Shahwani">Mohammed Abdullah al-Shahwani</a>, Iraqi general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Sidqi_al-Zahawi" title="Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi">Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi</a>, Iraqi poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadeddin_Arkej" title="Saadeddin Arkej">Saadeddin Arkej</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_Bayraktar" title="Selim Bayraktar">Selim Bayraktar</a>, Turkish actor<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_of_Manisa" title="Tarzan of Manisa">Ahmet bin Carlak</a>, considered the first environmentalist in Turkey and called the "Tarzan of <a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Chadirji" title="Kamil Chadirji">Kamil Chadirji</a>, Iraqi politician<a href="#cite_note-auto1-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifat_Chadirji" title="Rifat Chadirji">Rifat Chadirji</a>, Iraqi architect<a href="#cite_note-auto1-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chokachi" title="David Chokachi">David Chokachi</a>, American actor<a href="#cite_note-Wilcox2008-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-milliyet-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_Dede" title="Hijri Dede">Hijri Dede</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0hsan_Do%C4%9Framac%C4%B1" title="İhsan Doğramacı">İhsan Doğramacı</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Bilkent_University" title="Bilkent University">Bilkent University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hacettepe_University" title="Hacettepe University">Hacettepe University</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esad_Erbili" title="Esad Erbili">Esad Erbili</a>, Sufi sheikh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzûlî">Fuzûlî</a>, 16th century poet, writer and thinker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kb%C3%B6ri" title="Gökböri">Gökböri</a>, leading emir and general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amine_G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Amine Gülşe">Amine Gülşe</a>, Swedish model; crowned <a href="/wiki/Miss_Turkey" title="Miss Turkey">Miss Turkey</a> (2014) and actress<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sadiq_Hassan" title="Muhammad Sadiq Hassan">Muhammad Sadiq Hassan</a>, Iraqi poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_H%C3%BCrm%C3%BCzl%C3%BC" title="İsmet Hürmüzlü">İsmet Hürmüzlü</a>, Turkish actor<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasim_Mohammed_Jaafar" title="Jasim Mohammed Jaafar">Jasim Mohammed Jaafar</a>, Minister for Youth & Sports<a href="#cite_note-TodaysZaman-163">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijak" title="Jijak">Jijak</a>, mother of the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi">al-Muktafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6khan_K%C4%B1rdar" title="Gökhan Kırdar">Gökhan Kırdar</a>, Turkish musician<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_Zumurrud_Khatun" title="Sayyida Zumurrud Khatun">Sayyida Zumurrud Khatun</a>, was the mother of Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtfi_K%C4%B1rdar" title="Lütfi Kırdar">Lütfi Kırdar</a>, Turkish politician<a href="#cite_note-Kidar_2012_loc=4-173">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemir_Kirdar" title="Nemir Kirdar">Nemir Kirdar</a>, billionaire businessman<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Safwat_Kirdar" title="Fathi Safwat Kirdar">Fathi Safwat Kirdar</a>, Iraqi painter and sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rena_Kirdar_Sindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rena Kirdar Sindi">Rena Kirdar</a>, author and socialite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cner_K%C4%B1rdar" title="Üner Kırdar">Üner Kırdar</a>, Turkish diplomat and senior United Nations official<a href="#cite_note-Kidar_2012_loc=4-173">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiyam_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiyam Köprülü (page does not exist)">Hiyam Köprülü</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyam_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="tr:Hiyam Köprülü">tr</a>], Minister of State in Iraq (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidir_Lutfi" title="Hidir Lutfi">Hidir Lutfi</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younis_Mahmoud" title="Younis Mahmoud">Younis Mahmoud</a>, football player<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasemin_Mansoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasemin Mansoor (page does not exist)">Yasemin Mansoor</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasemin_Mansoor" class="extiw" title="de:Yasemin Mansoor">de</a>], winner of <a href="/wiki/Miss_Germany" title="Miss Germany">Miss Germany</a> (1996)<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reha_Muhtar" title="Reha Muhtar">Reha Muhtar</a>, Turkish television personality<a href="#cite_note-Milliyet-177">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_Mushtaq" title="Talib Mushtaq">Talib Mushtaq</a>, poet and diplomat<a href="#cite_note-auto2-178">[178]</a></li> <li>Zahra mother of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_I" title="Al-Mustansir I">Al-Mustansir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Neft%C3%A7i" title="Salih Neftçi">Salih Neftçi</a>, Turkish economist<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Mandan_Omar" title="Rashad Mandan Omar">Rashad Mandan Omar</a>, Minister of Science and Technology (2003)<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Hasan Rıza Pasha">Hasan Rıza Pasha</a>, Ottoman general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maridah_bint_Shabib" title="Maridah bint Shabib">Maridah bint Shabib</a>, wife of Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> and mother of eighth Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahmi_Said" title="Fahmi Said">Fahmi Said</a>, army officer<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amel_Senan" title="Amel Senan">Amel Senan</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Sulayman" title="Hikmat Sulayman">Hikmat Sulayman</a>, former Prime Minister of Iraq (1936–37)<a href="#cite_note-auto2-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_T%C3%BCrkmehmet" title="Mehmet Türkmehmet">Mehmet Türkmehmet</a>, football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Saip_Ursava%C5%9F" title="Ali Saip Ursavaş">Ali Saip Ursavaş</a>, Turkish politician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eser_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eser West (page does not exist)">Eser West</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA" class="extiw" title="ar:آسر ويست">ar</a>], American actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Din_Zengi" title="Imad al-Din Zengi">Imad al-Din Zengi</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6khan_K%C4%B1rdar" title="Gökhan Kırdar">Gökhan Kırdar</a>, musician</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_minorities_in_the_former_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire">Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Arab_world" title="Turks in the Arab world">Turks in the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Turks in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">Human rights in post-invasion Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Taza_bombing" title="2009 Taza bombing">2009 Taza bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Turkmen_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Turkmen Brigade">16th Turkmen Brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iraq–Turkey relations">Iraq–Turkey relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Triana-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Triana_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Triana_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTriana2017">Triana 2017</a>, p. 168: "Turkmen, Iraqi citizens of Turkish origin, are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds and they are said to number about 3 million of Iraq's 34.7 million citizens according to the Iraqi Ministry of Planning." </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassem2016-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bassem2016_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassem2016_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassem2016_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBassem2016" class="citation web cs1">Bassem, Wassim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912130041/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html">"Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html">the original</a> on 12 September 2021. <q>Iraqi Turkmens, who are citizens of Iraq with Turkish origins, have been calling for their own independent province in the Tal Afar district west of Mosul, located in the center of the Ninevah province...Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering around 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Turkmens+call+for+independent+province&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bassem&rft.aufirst=Wassim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2016%2F10%2Fturkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tastekin2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tastekin2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tastekin2018_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTastekin2018" class="citation web cs1">Tastekin, Fehim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125910/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/10/turkey-iraq-new-administration-excludes-turkmens.html">"Why Iraqi Turkmens are excluded from the new government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/10/turkey-iraq-new-administration-excludes-turkmens.html">the original</a> on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021. <q>Turkmens are said to be 10-13% of the overall Iraqi population, but that ratio is not reflected in parliament.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Iraqi+Turkmens+are+excluded+from+the+new+government&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Tastekin&rft.aufirst=Fehim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2018%2F10%2Fturkey-iraq-new-administration-excludes-turkmens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dolamari2016-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dolamari2016_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolamari2016_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolamari2016" class="citation web cs1">Dolamari, Mewan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125718/https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/3349-%27Turkmens-marginalized-in-Mosul-liberation%27">"'Turkmens marginalized in Mosul liberation'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan24" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan24">Kurdistan24</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/3349-%27Turkmens-marginalized-in-Mosul-liberation%27">the original</a> on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021. <q>Turkmens in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region... represent the third largest ethnic group in Iraq (13 percent of the population).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Turkmens+marginalized+in+Mosul+liberation%27&rft.pub=Kurdistan24&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Dolamari&rft.aufirst=Mewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistan24.net%2Fen%2Fstory%2F3349-%2527Turkmens-marginalized-in-Mosul-liberation%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Güger2021-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Güger2021_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Güger2021_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüger2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Güger, M. Birol (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/olaylar-ve-gorusler/ersat-salihi-ic-savas-ve-irak-turklerinin-gelecegi-m-birol-guger-1824748">"Erşat Salihi'nin istifası, iç savaş senaryoları ve Irak Türklerinin geleceği"</a> [Erşat Salihi's resignation, civil war scenarios and the future of Iraqi Turks] (in Turkish). <a href="/wiki/Cumhuriyet" title="Cumhuriyet">Cumhuriyet</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2021. <q>Peki, bu durumda Irak'ta yaşayan 4 milyon Türk ne ile karşılaşacak?</q> [So, what will the 4 million Turks living in Iraq face in this case?]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Er%C5%9Fat+Salihi%27nin+istifas%C4%B1%2C+i%C3%A7+sava%C5%9F+senaryolar%C4%B1+ve+Irak+T%C3%BCrklerinin+gelece%C4%9Fi&rft.pub=Cumhuriyet&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCger&rft.aufirst=M.+Birol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumhuriyet.com.tr%2Fyazarlar%2Folaylar-ve-gorusler%2Fersat-salihi-ic-savas-ve-irak-turklerinin-gelecegi-m-birol-guger-1824748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sari2020-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sari2020_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sari2020_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSari2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sari, Esra (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026232535/http://www.ticarihayat.com.tr/haber/Irak-ta-5-milyon-Turkmen-yasiyor/58049">"Irak'ta 5 milyon Türkmen yaşıyor"</a> [5 million Turkmen live in Iraq] (in Turkish). Ticari Hayat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ticarihayat.com.tr/haber/Irak-ta-5-milyon-Turkmen-yasiyor/58049">the original</a> on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021. <q>Irak'ta yaklaşık 5 milyon Türkmen yaşamaktadır.</q> [About 5 million Turkmen live in Iraq.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irak%27ta+5+milyon+T%C3%BCrkmen+ya%C5%9F%C4%B1yor&rft.pub=Ticari+Hayat&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Sari&rft.aufirst=Esra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ticarihayat.com.tr%2Fhaber%2FIrak-ta-5-milyon-Turkmen-yasiyor%2F58049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge2013" class="citation book cs1">Bainbridge, Margaret (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=rdrWAQAAQBAJ">Turkic Peoples Of The World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136153624" title="Special:BookSources/9781136153624"><bdi>9781136153624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkic+Peoples+Of+The+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136153624&rft.aulast=Bainbridge&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%3Fid%3DrdrWAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://al-bab.com/minority-groups/turkmen">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johanson2021-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Johanson2021_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson2021" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lars_Johanson" title="Lars Johanson">Johanson, Lars</a> (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=huk9EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT135">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 98–99, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009038218" title="Special:BookSources/9781009038218"><bdi>9781009038218</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, <q>Turkish is the largest and most vigorous Turkic language, spoken by over 80 million people, a third of the total number of Turkic-speakers... Turkish is a recognized regional minority language in North Macedonia, Kosovo, Romania, and Iraq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkic&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781009038218&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhuk9EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004313_10-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFOğuzlu2004">Oğuzlu 2004</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-IraqTheMinoritiesOfNineveh-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IraqTheMinoritiesOfNineveh_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IraqTheMinoritiesOfNineveh_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Lami2014" class="citation news cs1">al-Lami, Mina (21 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-28351073">"Iraq: The minorities of Nineveh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514010333/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28351073">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+The+minorities+of+Nineveh&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft.aulast=al-Lami&rft.aufirst=Mina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-28351073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShams" class="citation news cs1">Shams, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/2/13/iraqs-turkmen-mobilise-for-a-post-isil-future">"Iraq's Turkmen mobilise for a post-ISIL future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Turkmen+mobilise+for+a+post-ISIL+future&rft.aulast=Shams&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2017%2F2%2F13%2Firaqs-turkmen-mobilise-for-a-post-isil-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemirci1991" class="citation book cs1">Demirci, Fazil (1991). The Iraqi Turks Yesterday and Today. Turkish Historical Society Printing Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9759544326" title="Special:BookSources/9759544326"><bdi>9759544326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iraqi+Turks+Yesterday+and+Today&rft.pub=Turkish+Historical+Society+Printing+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9759544326&rft.aulast=Demirci&rft.aufirst=Fazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kushner1987p202-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kushner1987p202_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kushner1987p202_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kushner1987p202_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushner1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kushner, David (1987). "Pan-Turkism Today: Contemporary Turkey and the "Outside Turks"". Asian and African Studies: Journal of the Israel Oriental Society. 21 (2): 202. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-8281">0066-8281</a>. <q>Official reaction to the question of the Turkish minority in Iraq did change somewhat in the course of 1980 when it was learnt that several Iraqi Turks had been tried and executed on charges of reason</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+and+African+Studies%3A+Journal+of+the+Israel+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Pan-Turkism+Today%3A+Contemporary+Turkey+and+the+%22Outside+Turks%22&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0066-8281&rft.aulast=Kushner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuthell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cuthell, David (2007). "Turkey Eyes Iraq". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 8 (2). <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a>: 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Turkey+Eyes+Iraq&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Cuthell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/kirkuk.htm">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/GlobalSecurity.org" title="GlobalSecurity.org">GlobalSecurity.org</a>, <q>Ankara had strongly opposed Iraqi Kurdish aspirations to take control of Kirkuk, arguing it belongs as much to the Iraqi Turkish minority.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirkuk&rft.pub=GlobalSecurity.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Firaq%2Fkirkuk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadik2009">Sadik 2009</a>, p. 13: "the Turkmen are Iraq's third-largest ethnic group after the Arabs and Kurds" </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker2012">Barker 2012</a>, p. 23: "The Turkish-speaking Turkmen are the third-largest ethnic group in Iraq after the Arabs and the Kurds." </li> <li id="cite_note-Peyrouse2015-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peyrouse2015_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyrouse2015_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyrouse2015_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyrouse2015" class="citation book cs1">Peyrouse, Sebastien (2015). Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11552-1"><bdi>978-0-230-11552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmenistan%3A+Strategies+of+Power%2C+Dilemmas+of+Development&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11552-1&rft.aulast=Peyrouse&rft.aufirst=Sebastien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner1987209-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKushner1987209_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKushner1987209_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKushner1987">Kushner 1987</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-TheNewYorkTimes-21"><a href="#cite_ref-TheNewYorkTimes_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/world/middleeast/who-are-the-turkmens-of-syria.html?_r=1">"Who Are the Turkmens of Syria?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114085556/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/world/middleeast/who-are-the-turkmens-of-syria.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Turkmens+of+Syria%3F&rft.date=2015&rft.au=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F25%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fwho-are-the-turkmens-of-syria.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saatçi_2018_loc=331-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saatçi_2018_loc=331_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saatçi_2018_loc=331_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saatçi_2018_loc=331_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saatçi_2018_loc=331_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saatçi_2018_loc=331_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saatçi_2018_loc=331_22-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaatçi2018" class="citation book cs1">Saatçi, Suphi (2018). "The Turkman of Iraq". In Bulut, Christiane (ed.). Linguistic Minorities in Turkey and Turkic-Speaking Minorities of the Periphery. <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag" title="Harrassowitz Verlag">Harrassowitz Verlag</a>. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447107235" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447107235"><bdi>978-3447107235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turkman+of+Iraq&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Minorities+in+Turkey+and+Turkic-Speaking+Minorities+of+the+Periphery&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3447107235&rft.aulast=Saat%C3%A7i&rft.aufirst=Suphi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bashkin-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Bashkin_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashkin2008" class="citation book cs1">Bashkin, Orit (2008). The Other Iraq: Pluralism and Culture in Hashemite Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804774154" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804774154"><bdi>978-0804774154</bdi></a>. <q>For Mustafa Gökkaya (b. 1910), this signified that his community was Muslim and that "my father is Turk, and the homeland [is] my mother. For Reşit Ali Dakuklu (b. 1918), being part of "the Turks of Iraq" signified maintaining brotherly relations with every nation, being united with Iraq, while speaking in Turkish. Universal and local, Iraqi and Turkish at the same time, the Turkoman poets were willing to serve their nation yet unwilling to neglect their culture and their Turkishness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Iraq%3A+Pluralism+and+Culture+in+Hashemite+Iraq&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0804774154&rft.aulast=Bashkin&rft.aufirst=Orit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=31-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=31_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=31_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=31_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=31_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=31_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=31_24-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2004">Taylor 2004</a>, p. 31: "The largest number of Turkmen immigrants followed the army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent when he conquered all of Iraq in 1535. Throughout their reign, the Ottomans encouraged the settlement of immigrant Turkmen along the loosely formed boundary that divided Arab and Kurdish settlements in northern Iraq." </li> <li id="cite_note-Jawhar_2010_loc=314-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jawhar_2010_loc=314_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jawhar_2010_loc=314_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jawhar_2010_loc=314_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jawhar_2010_loc=314_25-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJawhar2010">Jawhar 2010</a>, p. 314: "There's a strong conflict of opinions regarding the origins of Iraqi Turkmen, however, it is certain that they settled down during the Ottoman rule in the northwest of Mosul, whence they spread to eastern Baghdad. Once there, they became high ranked officers, experts, traders, and executives in residential agglomerations lined up along the vast, fertile plains, and mingled with Kurds, Assyrians, Arabs, and other confessions. With the creation of the new Iraqi state in 1921, Iraqi Turkmen managed to maintain their socioeconomic status." </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Crisis_Group-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_Crisis_Group_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Crisis_Group_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Crisis_Group_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2008">International Crisis Group 2008</a>: "Turkomans are descendents of Ottoman Empire-era soldiers, traders and civil servants... The 1957 census, Iraq’s last reliable count before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958, put the country’s population at 6,300,000 and the Turkoman population at 567,000, about 9 per cent...Subsequent censuses, in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation." </li> <li id="cite_note-LibraryofCongress-27"><a href="#cite_ref-LibraryofCongress_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress" class="citation cs2">Library of Congress, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+iq0033)">Iraq: Other Minorities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, retrieved 24 November 2011, <q>The Turkomans, who speak a Turkish dialect, have preserved their language but are no longer tribally organized. Most are Sunnis who were brought in by the Ottomans to repel tribal raids.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+Other+Minorities&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.au=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Biq0033%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=30-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=30_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=30_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=30_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2004">Taylor 2004</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200915-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200915_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200770-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200770_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200770_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200770_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200770_30-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStansfield2007">Stansfield 2007</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin2015-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin2015_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin2015_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin2015">Rubin 2015</a>, pp. 528–529 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200916-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200916_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009115-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009115_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFattahCaso2009">Fattah & Caso 2009</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fattah_&_Caso_2009_loc=116-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fattah_&_Caso_2009_loc=116_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fattah_&_Caso_2009_loc=116_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fattah_&_Caso_2009_loc=116_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFattahCaso2009">Fattah & Caso 2009</a>, p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200917-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200917_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200917_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200917_35-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009117-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009117_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFattahCaso2009">Fattah & Caso 2009</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009118-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009118_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFattahCaso2009">Fattah & Caso 2009</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009120-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattahCaso2009120_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFattahCaso2009">Fattah & Caso 2009</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalabany200775-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalabany200775_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalabany2007">Talabany 2007</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772_40-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772_40-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200772_40-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFStansfield2007">Stansfield 2007</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukitz_1995_loc=41-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lukitz_1995_loc=41_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukitz_1995_loc=41_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLukitz1995">Lukitz 1995</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-42"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (18 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3770923.stm">"Who's who in Iraq: Turkmen"</a>. Retrieved 23 November 2011. <q>The predominantly Muslim Turkmen are an ethnic group with close cultural and linguistic ties to Anatolia in Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who%27s+who+in+Iraq%3A+Turkmen&rft.date=2004-06-18&rft.au=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F3770923.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoeschoten1998">Boeschoten 1998</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulut_2018b_loc=354-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bulut_2018b_loc=354_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulut_2018b_loc=354_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulut2018b" class="citation book cs1">Bulut, Christiane (2018b). "The Turkic varieties of Iran". In Haig, Geoffrey; Khan, Geoffrey (eds.). The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110421682" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110421682"><bdi>978-3110421682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turkic+varieties+of+Iran&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Western+Asia%3A+An+Areal+Perspective&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3110421682&rft.aulast=Bulut&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŞen2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Şen, Serkan (2008). "Çağdaş Irak Türkmen Türkçesinde Yaşayan Eski Türkçe Deyimler" [Old Turkish Idioms Living in Contemporary Iraqi Turkmen Turkish]. Black Sea Journal of Public and Social Science (in Turkish). 1 (1): 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Sea+Journal+of+Public+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=%C3%87a%C4%9Fda%C5%9F+Irak+T%C3%BCrkmen+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7esinde+Ya%C5%9Fayan+Eski+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e+Deyimler&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=%C5%9Een&rft.aufirst=Serkan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayatlı_1996_loc=329-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bayatlı_1996_loc=329_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bayatlı_1996_loc=329_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayatlı1996">Bayatlı 1996</a>, p. 329 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein_2010_loc=244-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_2010_loc=244_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_2010_loc=244_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stein, Heidi (2010). "Optativ versus Voluntativ-Imperativ in irantürkischen Texten" [Optative versus Voluntative-Imperatives in Iranian-Turkish Texts]. In Boeschoten, Hendrik; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Rentzsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Rentzsch (page does not exist)">Rentzsch, Julian</a> (eds.). Turcology in Mainz [Turkology in Mainz] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Otto_Harrassowitz_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Harrassowitz Verlag">Otto Harrassowitz Verlag</a>. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447061131" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447061131"><bdi>978-3447061131</bdi></a>. <q>Damit weist das Iraktürkische hier – wie auch bei einigen anderen Merkmalen – eine großere Nähe zum Türkeitürkischen auf.</q> [As a result, Iraqi-Turkish is closer to Turkey-Turkish here – as is the case with some other characteristics.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Optativ+versus+Voluntativ-Imperativ+in+irant%C3%BCrkischen+Texten&rft.btitle=Turcology+in+Mainz&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3447061131&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkiclanguages.com/">Map: "The Turkic Language Family"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_Languages_(journal)" title="Turkic Languages (journal)">Turkic Languages Journal</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Map%3A+%22The+Turkic+Language+Family%22&rft.pub=Turkic+Languages+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkiclanguages.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Johanson, Lars (2002). Türk Dili Haritası Üzerinde Keşifler [Discoveries on the Turkish Language Map] (in Turkish). Grafiker Yayınları. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9759334488" title="Special:BookSources/9759334488"><bdi>9759334488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk+Dili+Haritas%C4%B1+%C3%9Czerinde+Ke%C5%9Fifler&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Grafiker+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9759334488&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulut1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bulut, Christiane (1999). "Klassifikatorische Merkmale des Iraktürkischen" [Classificatory features of Iraqi Turkish]. Orientalia Suecana (in German). 48: 5–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia+Suecana&rft.atitle=Klassifikatorische+Merkmale+des+Irakt%C3%BCrkischen&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=5-27&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bulut&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulut_2018_loc=354-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bulut_2018_loc=354_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulut_2018_loc=354_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulut2018" class="citation book cs1">Bulut, Christiane (2018). "Iraq-Turkic". In Haig, Geoffrey; Khan, Geoffrey (eds.). 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Kirkuknow. Retrieved 3 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirkuknow&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Turkmen+are+happy+as+their+national+days+recognized&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkirkuknow.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F61220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matso.org.tr/haberler/turkmen-ogrenciler-matsoyu-ziyaret-etti.html">"Türkmen Öğrenciler MATSO'yu Ziyaret Etti Haberler"</a>. www.matso.org.tr. Retrieved 12 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.matso.org.tr&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkmen+%C3%96%C4%9Frenciler+MATSO%27yu+Ziyaret+Etti+Haberler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matso.org.tr%2Fhaberler%2Fturkmen-ogrenciler-matsoyu-ziyaret-etti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanks201660-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShanks201660_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShanks2016">Shanks 2016</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanks201659-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShanks201659_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShanks2016">Shanks 2016</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-orsam-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orsam_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orsam_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orsam_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orsam.org.tr/orsam/soylesi/10076?dil=ar">"Türkmeneli Tv-Radyo Genel Yayın Yönetmeni Yalman Hacaroğlu ile Söyleşi"</a> [Interview with Turkmeneli Tv-Radio Editor-in-Chief Yalman Hacaroğlu] (in Turkish). ORSAM. 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkmeneli+Tv-Radyo+Genel+Yay%C4%B1n+Y%C3%B6netmeni+Yalman+Hacaro%C4%9Flu+ile+S%C3%B6yle%C5%9Fi&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forsam.org.tr%2Forsam%2Fsoylesi%2F10076%3Fdil%3Dar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jawar-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Jawar_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJawhar2010">Jawhar 2010</a>, pp. 313–328: "In short, Iraqi Turkmen are a unique ethnic group; they are predominantly Muslim and divided into two main sects: Shiites (40%) Sunnites (60%), and have strong cultural ties with Turkey" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004314-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOğuzlu2004314_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOğuzlu2004">Oğuzlu 2004</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.fildisiajans.com.tr" class="citation web cs1">www.fildisiajans.com.tr, Fildişi Ajans, Danışmanlık ve Yazılım. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orsam.org.tr/en/the-popes-visit-to-iraq-and-turkmens/">"ORSAM-Center for Middle Eastern Studies"</a>. ORSAM-Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ORSAM-Center+for+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=ORSAM-Center+for+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.aulast=www.fildisiajans.com.tr&rft.aufirst=Fildi%C5%9Fi+Ajans%2C+Dan%C4%B1%C5%9Fmanl%C4%B1k+ve+Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orsam.org.tr%2Fen%2Fthe-popes-visit-to-iraq-and-turkmens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHann2015" class="citation book cs1">Hann, Geoff (2015). Iraq: The ancient sites and Iraqi Kurdistan. Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841624884" title="Special:BookSources/9781841624884"><bdi>9781841624884</bdi></a>. <q>There are estimated to be some three million Turkmen in Iraq, but despite ... There are also about 30,000 Christian 'Catholic'Turks and some Jews living in Iraq...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+The+ancient+sites+and+Iraqi+Kurdistan&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781841624884&rft.aulast=Hann&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkmenbiblepartnership.org/">"Home | Turkmen Bible Partnership"</a>. Turkmen Bible Partne. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkmen+Bible+Partne&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Turkmen+Bible+Partnership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmenbiblepartnership.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEO-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MEO_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEO_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hurmezi2010" class="citation cs2">Al-Hurmezi, Ahmed (9 December 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018105232/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=42958">The Human Rights Situation of the Turkmen Community in Iraq</a>, Middle East Online, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=42958">the original</a> on 18 October 2017, retrieved 31 October 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Rights+Situation+of+the+Turkmen+Community+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Middle+East+Online&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft.aulast=Al-Hurmezi&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middle-east-online.com%2Fenglish%2F%3Fid%3D42958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNPO-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNPO_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNPO_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" class="citation web cs1">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018105236/http://www.unpo.org/images/reports/iraqi_turkmen_hr_situation_kerkuk_report.pdf">"Iraqi Turkmen: The Human Rights Situation and Crisis in Kerkuk"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/images/reports/iraqi_turkmen_hr_situation_kerkuk_report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Turkmen%3A+The+Human+Rights+Situation+and+Crisis+in+Kerkuk&rft.au=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unpo.org%2Fimages%2Freports%2Firaqi_turkmen_hr_situation_kerkuk_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeğen2012" class="citation book cs1">Yeğen, Mesut (2012). İngiliz Belgelerinde Kürdistan. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%B0ngiliz+Belgelerinde+K%C3%BCrdistan&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Dipnot+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ye%C4%9Fen&rft.aufirst=Mesut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> FO 371/4193, 27th November 1919 </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=43-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=43_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Knights_2004_loc=262-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Knights_2004_loc=262_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnights2004">Knights 2004</a>, p. 262: "The 1957 Iraqi census — the last in which the Turkmens were permitted to register — counted 567,000 Turkmens" </li> <li id="cite_note-Güçlü_2007_loc=79-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Güçlü_2007_loc=79_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGüçlü2007">Güçlü 2007</a>, p. 79: "The last reliable census in Iraqi – and the only one in which participants could declare their mother tongue – was in 1957. It found that Turkomans were the third largest ethnicity in Iraq, after Arabs and Kurds. The Turkomans numbered 567,000 out of a total population of 6,300,000." </li> <li id="cite_note-Betts_2013_loc=86-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Betts_2013_loc=86_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBetts2013">Betts 2013</a>, p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunter_2004_loc=131-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Gunter_2004_loc=131_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunter2004">Gunter 2004</a>, p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=79-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=79_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2004">Taylor 2004</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_2004_loc=28-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=28_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2004_loc=28_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2004">Taylor 2004</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Crisis_Group_2008_loc=16-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_Crisis_Group_2008_loc=16_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Crisis_Group_2008_loc=16_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2008">International Crisis Group 2008</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips2006">Phillips 2006</a>, p. 304: "Behind the Arabs and the Kurds, Turkmen are the third-largest ethnic group in Iraq. The ITF claim Turkmen represent 12 percent of Iraq's population. In response, the Kurds point to the 1997 census which showed that there were only 600,000 Turkmen." </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham-Brown1999">Graham-Brown 1999</a>, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-UNPO1-120"><a href="#cite_ref-UNPO1_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/members/7878">"Iraqi Turkmen"</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Turkmen&rft.au=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unpo.org%2Fmembers%2F7878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNPO2-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNPO2_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNPO2_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/article/2610">"The Turkmen of Iraq: Underestimated, Marginalized and exposed to assimilation Terminology"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turkmen.nl&rft.atitle=Report&rft.date=2004-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmen.nl%2F1A_soitm%2FG-28-04-R-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilgay_Duman2016" class="citation report cs1">Bilgay Duman (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orsam.org.tr/en/the-situation-of-turkmens-and-the-turkmen-areas-after-isis/">The Situation of Turkmens and The Turkmen Areas After ISIS</a> (Report). Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi (ORSAM).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Situation+of+Turkmens+and+The+Turkmen+Areas+After+ISIS&rft.pub=Ortado%C4%9Fu+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Merkezi+%28ORSAM%29&rft.date=2016-08&rft.au=Bilgay+Duman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forsam.org.tr%2Fen%2Fthe-situation-of-turkmens-and-the-turkmen-areas-after-isis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> Also available via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40261120">Academia.edu</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/irakli-turkmenler-kerkuk-icin-yurudu-9788823">"Iraklı Türkmenler Kerkük için yürüdü"</a> [Iraqi Turkmens marched for Kirkuk] (in Turkish). Hürriyet. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irakl%C4%B1+T%C3%BCrkmenler+Kerk%C3%BCk+i%C3%A7in+y%C3%BCr%C3%BCd%C3%BC&rft.pub=H%C3%BCrriyet&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fdunya%2Firakli-turkmenler-kerkuk-icin-yurudu-9788823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanche2004" class="citation web cs1">Wanche, Sophia I. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/reports/aoticig.pdf">"An Assessment of the Iraqi Community in Greece"</a> (PDF). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Assessment+of+the+Iraqi+Community+in+Greece&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wanche&rft.aufirst=Sophia+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Freports%2Faoticig.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESirkeci200520-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirkeci200520_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSirkeci2005">Sirkeci 2005</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Organization_for_Migration2007" class="citation cs2">International Organization for Migration (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163637/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf">Iraq Mapping Exercise</a> (PDF), International Organization for Migration, p. 5, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 July 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+Mapping+Exercise&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Migration&rft.date=2007&rft.au=International+Organization+for+Migration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iomlondon.org%2Fdoc%2Fmapping%2FIOM_IRAQ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duman2010p11-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Duman2010p11_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuman2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duman, Bilgay (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/turkiye-ye-yonelik-turkmen-gocu-ve-turkiye-deki-turkmen-varligi/">Türkiye'ye Yönelik Türkmen Göçü ve Türkiye'deki Türkmen Varlığı</a> [Turkmen Migration to Turkey and Turkmen Presence in Turkey] (in Turkish). <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Middle_Eastern_Strategic_Studies" title="Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies">Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-5330-64-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-5330-64-4"><bdi>978-605-5330-64-4</bdi></a>. <q>Kerkük Vakfı Genel Sekreteri Prof. Dr. Suphi Saatçi'nin verdiği rakamlara göre, yaklaşık olarak Kanada'da 1000, Danimarka'da 2000, Hollanda'da ise 4000'e yakın Türkmen'in yaşadığı ve Türkiye üzerinden bu ülkelere göç ettiği bilinmektedir.</q> [Kirkuk Foundation Secretary General Prof. Dr. According to the figures given by Suphi Saatçi, it is known that approximately 1000 Turkmen live in Canada, 2000 in Denmark, and close to 4000 in the Netherlands and immigrated to these countries via Turkey.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiye%27ye+Y%C3%B6nelik+T%C3%BCrkmen+G%C3%B6%C3%A7%C3%BC+ve+T%C3%BCrkiye%27deki+T%C3%BCrkmen+Varl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Center+for+Middle+Eastern+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-605-5330-64-4&rft.aulast=Duman&rft.aufirst=Bilgay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orsam.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fturkiye-ye-yonelik-turkmen-gocu-ve-turkiye-deki-turkmen-varligi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmeninfocentre.com/">"Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association (CITCAL)"</a>. Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association (CITCAL). Retrieved 26 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Iraqi+Turkmen+Culture+Association+%28CITCAL%29&rft.atitle=Canadian+Iraqi+Turkmen+Culture+Association+%28CITCAL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmeninfocentre.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/651.html">"Iraqis"</a>. www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 15 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org&rft.atitle=Iraqis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org%2Fpages%2F651.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200962-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200962_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200963-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200963_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200963_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200963_138-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardakçı" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bardakçı, Murat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kerkuk-katliamlarini-irak-a-ayip-olur-diye-eskiden-sansur-ederdik-292618">"Kerkük katliamlarını 'Irak'a ayıp olur' diye eskiden sansür ederdik"</a> [We used to censor the Kirkuk massacres because it would be a disgrace to Iraq.]. www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 29 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hurriyet.com.tr&rft.atitle=Kerk%C3%BCk+katliamlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1+%27Irak%27a+ay%C4%B1p+olur%27+diye+eskiden+sans%C3%BCr+ederdik&rft.aulast=Bardak%C3%A7%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fkerkuk-katliamlarini-irak-a-ayip-olur-diye-eskiden-sansur-ederdik-292618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120125806/https://www.tbajansi.com/gavurbagi-katliami-12-temmuz-1946/">"Gâvurbağı Katliamı (12 Temmuz 1946) – Türkmen Basın Ajansı"</a> [Gavurbagi Massacre (12 July 1946) – Turkmen Press Agency]. www.tbajansi.com (in Turkish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbajansi.com/gavurbagi-katliami-12-temmuz-1946/">the original</a> on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tbajansi.com&rft.atitle=G%C3%A2vurba%C4%9F%C4%B1+Katliam%C4%B1+%2812+Temmuz+1946%29+%E2%80%93+T%C3%BCrkmen+Bas%C4%B1n+Ajans%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbajansi.com%2Fgavurbagi-katliami-12-temmuz-1946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200964-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200964_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200964_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200964_141-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200934-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200934_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200934_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200934_142-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhanim2011380-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhanim2011380_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhanim2011">Ghanim 2011</a>, p. 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEntessar201079-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEntessar201079_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEntessar2010">Entessar 2010</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_Others/ms3.11.pdf">"Altunköprü the ancient name of Türkmen Township"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Altunk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC+the+ancient+name+of+T%C3%BCrkmen+Township&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmen.nl%2F1A_Others%2Fms3.11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.parliament.iq/2019/03/27/al-haddad-offers-condolences-to-turkmen-people-on-anniversary-of-kirkuk-altun-kupri-tuzhurmatu-and-taza-massacres/">"Al-Haddad offers condolences to Turkmen people on anniversary of Kirkuk, Altun Kupri, Tuzhurmatu and Taza massacres – Iraqi Parliament Council"</a>. Retrieved 19 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Haddad+offers+condolences+to+Turkmen+people+on+anniversary+of+Kirkuk%2C+Altun+Kupri%2C+Tuzhurmatu+and+Taza+massacres+%E2%80%93+Iraqi+Parliament+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.parliament.iq%2F2019%2F03%2F27%2Fal-haddad-offers-condolences-to-turkmen-people-on-anniversary-of-kirkuk-altun-kupri-tuzhurmatu-and-taza-massacres%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200815-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins200815_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2008">Jenkins 2008</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200965-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200965_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200965_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group20065-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group20065_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2006">International Crisis Group 2006</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200966-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200966_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200966_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200966_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200966_150-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200967-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200967_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200967_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200968-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200968_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200968_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200968_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200968_152-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200969-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200969_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonStansfield200969_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsakhan2015" class="citation book cs1">Isakhan, Benjamin, ed. (1 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696161.001.0001">The Legacy of Iraq</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748696161.001.0001">10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696161.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9616-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9616-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-9616-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748696161.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-9616-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748696161.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaman.com/?bl=columnists&alt=&trh=20050220&hn=16703">Interesting Outcomes in Iraqi Election</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051103012724/http://www.zaman.com/?bl=columnists&alt=&trh=20050220&hn=16703">Archived</a> 2005-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Zaman Daily Newspaper </li> <li id="cite_note-Setav-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Setav_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Setav_156-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setav.org/document/SE1_406_Iraq_English.pdf">The New Iraq, The Middle East and Turkey: A Turkish View</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305150302/http://www.setav.org/document/SE1_406_Iraq_English.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research, 2006-04-01, accessed on 2007-09-06 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerkuk.net/haberler/haber.aspx?dil=2057&metin=200601229">Turkmen Win Only One Seat in Kerkuk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619232538/http://www.kerkuk.net/haberler/haber.aspx?dil=2057&metin=200601229">Archived</a> 2008-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Iraqi Turkmen Front </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/563D3875-FE1D-4C26-9146-F91377A4FB19.htm">Kurds Accused Of Rigging Kirkuk Vote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821184732/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/563D3875-FE1D-4C26-9146-F91377A4FB19.htm">Archived</a> 2006-08-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCevik2006" class="citation web cs1">Cevik, Ilnur (30 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629115048/http://www.kurdistanweekly.dk/news.php?readmore=103">"Talabani: Autonomy for Turkmen in Kurdistan"</a>. Kurdistan Weekly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurdistanweekly.dk/news.php?readmore=103">the original</a> on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talabani%3A+Autonomy+for+Turkmen+in+Kurdistan&rft.pub=Kurdistan+Weekly&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft.aulast=Cevik&rft.aufirst=Ilnur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistanweekly.dk%2Fnews.php%3Freadmore%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansfield200771-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStansfield200771_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStansfield2007">Stansfield 2007</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilliyet2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Milliyet (16 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/engin-akyurek-in-yeni-sinema-filmi---bir-eylul-meselesi-/Blog/?BlogNo=425833">"Engin Akyürek'in yeni sinema filmi, "Bir Eylül Meselesi""</a> [Engin Akyürek's new feature film, "A September Matter".] (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 June 2014. <q>Farah Zeynep Abdullah, Iraklı Türkmen kökenli baba ve bir Türk annenin kızıdır</q> [Farah Zeynep Abdullah is the daughter of an Iraqi Turkmen father and a Turkish mother.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engin+Aky%C3%BCrek%27in+yeni+sinema+filmi%2C+%22Bir+Eyl%C3%BCl+Meselesi%22.&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft.au=Milliyet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.milliyet.com.tr%2Fengin-akyurek-in-yeni-sinema-filmi---bir-eylul-meselesi-%2FBlog%2F%3FBlogNo%3D425833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakash201187-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakash201187_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakash201187_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakash201187_162-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakash2011">Nakash 2011</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-TodaysZaman-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TodaysZaman_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TodaysZaman_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToday's_Zaman2010" class="citation web cs1">Today's Zaman (16 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/news-219152-davutoglu-meets-iraqs-turkmen-politicians-urges-unity.html">"Davutoğlu meets Iraq's Turkmen politicians, urges unity"</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Davuto%C4%9Flu+meets+Iraq%27s+Turkmen+politicians%2C+urges+unity&rft.date=2010-08-16&rft.au=Today%27s+Zaman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fnews-219152-davutoglu-meets-iraqs-turkmen-politicians-urges-unity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatuman2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Batuman, Elift (17 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/02/17/ottomania">"Letter From Istanbul: Ottomania A his TV show reimagines Turkey's imperial past"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514011034/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/02/17/ottomania">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Letter+From+Istanbul%3A+Ottomania+A+his+TV+show+reimagines+Turkey%27s+imperial+past&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft.aulast=Batuman&rft.aufirst=Elift&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F02%2F17%2Fottomania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazine2020" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Wallpaper* (21 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/in-memoriam-rifat-chadirji-obituary">"In memoriam: Rifat Chadirji (1926–2020)"</a>. Wallpaper*.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wallpaper%2A&rft.atitle=In+memoriam%3A+Rifat+Chadirji+%281926%E2%80%932020%29&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Wallpaper%2A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallpaper.com%2Farchitecture%2Fin-memoriam-rifat-chadirji-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilcox2008-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilcox2008_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2008" class="citation news cs1">Wilcox, Emily (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyregister.com/x1838792293">"Plymouth TV star says 'yes' to studio"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Register" title="The Daily Register">The Daily Register</a>. Retrieved 9 December 2020. <q>Chokachi is not from Japan. He has Turkish and Finnish ancestry and grew up in Plymouth, where his dad is a renowned surgeon. David attended Tabor Academy, where he played lacrosse and football, then Bates College in Maine, where he earned a bachelor's in political science. But he still hadn't found his calling; he said he was like so many young people unsure of their path in life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plymouth+TV+star+says+%27yes%27+to+studio&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyregister.com%2Fx1838792293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> also in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2008" class="citation cs2">Wilcox, Emily (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sj-r.com/article/20080427/NEWS/304279993">Plymouth TV star says 'yes' to studio</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_State_Journal-Register" title="The State Journal-Register">The State Journal-Register</a>, retrieved 9 December 2020, <q>Chokachi is not from Japan. He has Turkish and Finnish ancestry and grew up in Plymouth, where his dad is a renowned surgeon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plymouth+TV+star+says+%27yes%27+to+studio&rft.pub=The+State+Journal-Register&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sj-r.com%2Farticle%2F20080427%2FNEWS%2F304279993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-milliyet-167"><a href="#cite_ref-milliyet_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milliyet.com.tr/kultur-sanat/hollywoodda-turk-izleri-1424910">Hollywood'da Türk izleri!</a>, Milliyet, 2011, retrieved 20 November 2020, <q>Türkiye doğumlu Iraklı bir baba ve Finlandiyalı bir anneden dünyaya gelen Chokachi, Marion, Massachusetts'te Tabor Acedemy'de eğitim aldı. Bates College'de siyaset bilimi bölümünden mezun oldu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood%27da+T%C3%BCrk+izleri%21&rft.pub=Milliyet&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milliyet.com.tr%2Fkultur-sanat%2Fhollywoodda-turk-izleri-1424910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2007/dirt/real-estalker/david-chokachi-surfs-his-way-to-the-miracle-mile-1201226294/">David Chokachi Surfs His Way to The Miracle Mile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>, 2007, retrieved 9 December 2020, <q>Mister Chokachi... is of Turkish and Finnish extract.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Chokachi+Surfs+His+Way+to+The+Miracle+Mile&rft.pub=Variety&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2007%2Fdirt%2Freal-estalker%2Fdavid-chokachi-surfs-his-way-to-the-miracle-mile-1201226294%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilkent_News2010" class="citation web cs1">Bilkent News, Elift (26 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/hocabey/ihsan_dogramaci_ozel_sayi_eng.pdf">"Bilkent Mourns the Loss of its founder, Prof. Ihsan Dogramaci"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 16 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilkent+Mourns+the+Loss+of+its+founder%2C+Prof.+Ihsan+Dogramaci&rft.date=2010-02-26&rft.aulast=Bilkent+News&rft.aufirst=Elift&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bilkent.edu.tr%2Fhocabey%2Fihsan_dogramaci_ozel_sayi_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurriyet2016" class="citation web cs1">Hurriyet (17 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kerkuklu-turkmen-oyuncu-amine-gulse-arapcayi-biraz-biliyorum-29098947">"Kerküklü Türkmen oyuncu Amine Gülşe Arapçayı biraz biliyorum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerk%C3%BCkl%C3%BC+T%C3%BCrkmen+oyuncu+Amine+G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fe+Arap%C3%A7ay%C4%B1+biraz+biliyorum&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft.au=Hurriyet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fkerkuklu-turkmen-oyuncu-amine-gulse-arapcayi-biraz-biliyorum-29098947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabah2013" class="citation web cs1">Sabah (20 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabah.com.tr/Yasam/2013/01/20/ismet-hurmuzluyu-kaybettik">"İsmet Hürmüzlü'yü kaybettik"</a>. 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The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Jubilant+Iraqis+Savor+Their+Soccer+Triumph&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.aulast=Greenwell&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F07%2F29%2FAR2007072900269.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth2018" class="citation cs2">Barth, Alexander (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627110927/https://www.nrz.de/thema/sommerkroenung/bankrott-der-biedermaenner-id229079529.html">Schönheit im Wandel der Zeit (Image 45 of 67)</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Ruhr_Zeitung" class="extiw" title="de:Neue Ruhr Zeitung">Neue Ruhr Zeitung</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrz.de/thema/sommerkroenung/bankrott-der-biedermaenner-id229079529.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2021, retrieved 27 March 2021, <q>Yasemin Mansoor (Jahrgang 1979) ist Miss Germany 1996. Die damals 16-Jährige brach brach den Rekord als jüngste gewinnerin des schönheitswettbewerbs. Später arbeitete die Tochter irakisch-türkischer Immigranten als Fotomodell und produzierte Popmusik mit der Mädchenband "4 Unique...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sch%C3%B6nheit+im+Wandel+der+Zeit+%28Image+45+of+67%29&rft.pub=Neue+Ruhr+Zeitung&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrz.de%2Fthema%2Fsommerkroenung%2Fbankrott-der-biedermaenner-id229079529.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milliyet-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Milliyet_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilliyet" class="citation web cs1">Milliyet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2003/04/14/son/sontur03.html">"Türkmenler, Irak'ta eğitim düzeyleriyle öne çıkıyor..."</a> Retrieved 16 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkmenler%2C+Irak%27ta+e%C4%9Fitim+d%C3%BCzeyleriyle+%C3%B6ne+%C3%A7%C4%B1k%C4%B1yor...&rft.au=Milliyet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milliyet.com.tr%2F2003%2F04%2F14%2Fson%2Fsontur03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_178-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWien2014">Wien 2014</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilliyet" class="citation web cs1">Milliyet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milliyet.com.tr/salih-neftci/">"Salih Neftçi"</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salih+Neft%C3%A7i&rft.au=Milliyet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milliyet.com.tr%2Fsalih-neftci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2004" class="citation news cs1">BBC (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3766401.stm">"Interim Iraqi government"</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interim+Iraqi+government&rft.date=2004&rft.au=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F3766401.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-MarashisaSalama2008" class="citation cs2">Al-Marashisa, Ibrahim; Salama, Sammy (2008), Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, p. 52, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-14564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-14564-5"><bdi>978-1-134-14564-5</bdi></a>, <q>Fahmi Said was from Sulaymaniyya, his father an Arab from the Anbak tribe situated near the Tigris and his mother was of Turkish origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Armed+Forces%3A+An+Analytical+History&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-14564-5&rft.aulast=Al-Marashisa&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft.au=Salama%2C+Sammy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hirmizi2003" class="citation cs2">Al-Hirmizi, Ershad (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_Others/EH_english.pdf">The Turkmen And Iraqi Homeland</a> (PDF), Kerkuk Vakfi</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkmen+And+Iraqi+Homeland&rft.pub=Kerkuk+Vakfi&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Al-Hirmizi&rft.aufirst=Ershad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmen.nl%2F1A_Others%2FEH_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Shawi2006" class="citation cs2">Al-Shawi, Ibrahim (2006), A Glimpse of Iraq, Lulu, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4116-9518-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4116-9518-6"><bdi>1-4116-9518-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glimpse+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Lulu&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4116-9518-6&rft.aulast=Al-Shawi&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Liam D.; Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2009), Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise, University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4176-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-4176-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Kirkuk%3A+The+Ethnopolitics+of+Conflict+and+Compromise&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4176-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Liam+D.&rft.au=Stansfield%2C+Gareth+R.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2012" class="citation cs2">Barker, Geoff (2012), Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61535-637-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61535-637-9"><bdi>978-1-61535-637-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq&rft.pub=Britannica&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61535-637-9&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayatlı1996" class="citation cs2">Bayatlı, Hidayet Kemal (1996), İrak Türkmen Türkçesi, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, p. 329, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789751608338" title="Special:BookSources/9789751608338"><bdi>9789751608338</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%B0rak+T%C3%BCrkmen+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7esi&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Atat%C3%BCrk+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%2C+Dil+ve+Tarih+Y%C3%BCksek+Kurumu&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789751608338&rft.aulast=Bayatl%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Hidayet+Kemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2013" class="citation cs2">Betts, Robert Brenton (2013), The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences, Potomac books, University of Nebraska Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-522-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-522-2"><bdi>978-1-61234-522-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunni-Shi%27a+Divide%3A+Islam%27s+Internal+Divisions+and+Their+Global+Consequences&rft.pub=Potomac+books%2C+University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-522-2&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Robert+Brenton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeschoten1998" class="citation cs2">Boeschoten, Hendrik (1998), "Speakers of Turkic Languages", in Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (eds.), The Turkic Languages, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Speakers+of+Turkic+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Turkic+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Boeschoten&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulut2000" class="citation cs2">Bulut, Christiane (2000), "Optative constructions in Iraqi Turkmen", in Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia (eds.), Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-04293-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-04293-1"><bdi>3-447-04293-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Optative+constructions+in+Iraqi+Turkmen&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Turkish+and+Turkic+Languages&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-447-04293-1&rft.aulast=Bulut&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEntessar2010" class="citation cs2">Entessar, Nader (2010), Kurdish Politics in the Middle East, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4039-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-4039-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Politics+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-4039-0&rft.aulast=Entessar&rft.aufirst=Nader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFattahCaso2009" class="citation cs2">Fattah, Hala; Caso, Frank (2009), "Turkish Tribal Migrations and the Early Ottoman State", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofir0000fatt">A Brief History of Iraq</a>, Infobase Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5767-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-5767-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkish+Tribal+Migrations+and+the+Early+Ottoman+State&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5767-2&rft.aulast=Fattah&rft.aufirst=Hala&rft.au=Caso%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofir0000fatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhanim2011" class="citation cs2">Ghanim, David (2011), Iraq's Dysfunctional Democracy, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39801-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39801-8"><bdi>978-0-313-39801-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Dysfunctional+Democracy&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39801-8&rft.aulast=Ghanim&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunter2004" class="citation cs2">Gunter, Michael M. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623131454/http://www.navend.de/aktuell/pdf/2004-03-30/Kurds_In_Iraq_Middle_East_Policy_2004_No_1.pdf">"The Kurds in Iraq"</a> (PDF), Middle East Policy, 11 (1): 106–131, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1061-1924.2004.00145.x">10.1111/j.1061-1924.2004.00145.x</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navend.de/aktuell/pdf/2004-03-30/Kurds_In_Iraq_Middle_East_Policy_2004_No_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Kurds+in+Iraq&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106-131&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1061-1924.2004.00145.x&rft.aulast=Gunter&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navend.de%2Faktuell%2Fpdf%2F2004-03-30%2FKurds_In_Iraq_Middle_East_Policy_2004_No_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Brown1999" class="citation cs2">Graham-Brown, Sarah (1999), Sanctioning Saddam: The Politics of Intervention in Iraq, I.B.Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-473-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-473-2"><bdi>1-86064-473-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanctioning+Saddam%3A+The+Politics+of+Intervention+in+Iraq&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86064-473-2&rft.aulast=Graham-Brown&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüçlü2007" class="citation cs2">Güçlü, Yücel (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_soitm/WOK.pdf">Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East Quarterly">Middle East Quarterly</a>, Winter 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Owns+Kirkuk%3F+The+Turkoman+Case&rft.pub=Middle+East+Quarterly%2C+Winter+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=G%C3%BC%C3%A7l%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Y%C3%BCcel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmen.nl%2F1A_soitm%2FWOK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashim2005" class="citation cs2">Hashim, Ahmed (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insurgencycounte00hash">Insurgency and counter-insurgency in Iraq</a>, Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4452-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4452-7"><bdi>0-8014-4452-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurgency+and+counter-insurgency+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8014-4452-7&rft.aulast=Hashim&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsurgencycounte00hash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2006" class="citation cs2">International Crisis Group (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/reports/icgkirkuk.pdf">Iraq and the Kurds: The Brewing Battle Over Kirkuk</a> (PDF), International Crisis Group</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+and+the+Kurds%3A+The+Brewing+Battle+Over+Kirkuk&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.au=International+Crisis+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Freports%2Ficgkirkuk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2008" class="citation cs2">International Crisis Group (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110112131324/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Iraq/81Turkey%20and%20Iraqi%20Kurds%20Conflict%20or%20Cooperation.ashx">Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Iraq/81Turkey%20and%20Iraqi%20Kurds%20Conflict%20or%20Cooperation.ashx">the original</a> on 12 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+and+the+Iraqi+Kurds%3A+Conflict+or+Cooperation%3F&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.au=International+Crisis+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FMiddle%2520East%2520North%2520Africa%2FIraq%2520Syria%2520Lebanon%2FIraq%2F81Turkey%2520and%2520Iraqi%2520Kurds%2520Conflict%2520or%2520Cooperation.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJawhar2010" class="citation cs2">Jawhar, Raber Tal'at (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifpo.revues.org/1115">"The Iraqi Turkmen Front"</a>, in Catusse, Myriam; Karam, Karam (eds.), Returning to Political Parties?, Co-éditions, The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, pp. 313–328, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351592618" title="Special:BookSources/9782351592618"><bdi>9782351592618</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Iraqi+Turkmen+Front&rft.btitle=Returning+to+Political+Parties%3F&rft.series=Co-%C3%A9ditions&rft.pages=313-328&rft.pub=The+Lebanese+Center+for+Policy+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9782351592618&rft.aulast=Jawhar&rft.aufirst=Raber+Tal%27at&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifpo.revues.org%2F1115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2008" class="citation cs2">Jenkins, Gareth (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112230412/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Jamestown-JenkinsTurkeyNIraq.pdf">Turkey and Northern Iraq: An Overview</a> (PDF), The Jamestown Foundation, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Jamestown-JenkinsTurkeyNIraq.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 January 2012, retrieved 10 December 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+and+Northern+Iraq%3A+An+Overview&rft.pub=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FJamestown-JenkinsTurkeyNIraq.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson2001" class="citation cs2">Johanson, Lars (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/DILBILIM/johanson_01.pdf">Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map</a> (PDF), Stockholm: Svenska Forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discoveries+on+the+Turkic+Linguistic+Map&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Svenska+Forskningsinstitutet+i+Istanbul&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fturkoloji.cu.edu.tr%2FDILBILIM%2Fjohanson_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson2009" class="citation cs2">Johanson, Lars (2009), "Turkmen", in Brown, Keith; Sarah, Ogilvie (eds.), Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7"><bdi>978-0-08-087774-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkmen&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087774-7&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibaroğluKibaroğluHalman2009" class="citation cs2">Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Halman, Talât Sait (2009), Global security watch Turkey: A reference handbook, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34560-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34560-9"><bdi>978-0-313-34560-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+security+watch+Turkey%3A+A+reference+handbook&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34560-9&rft.aulast=Kibaro%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft.au=Kibaro%C4%9Flu%2C+Ay%C8%99eg%C3%BCl&rft.au=Halman%2C+Tal%C3%A2t+Sait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirdar2012" class="citation cs2">Kirdar, Nemir (2012), In Pursuit of Fulfilment: Principle Passion Resolve, Hachette, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86951-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86951-1"><bdi>978-0-297-86951-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Pursuit+of+Fulfilment%3A+Principle+Passion+Resolve&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-297-86951-1&rft.aulast=Kirdar&rft.aufirst=Nemir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnights2004" class="citation cs2">Knights, Michael (2004), Operation Iraqi Freedom And The New Iraq: Insights And Forecasts, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944029-93-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-944029-93-0"><bdi>0-944029-93-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Iraqi+Freedom+And+The+New+Iraq%3A+Insights+And+Forecasts&rft.pub=Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-944029-93-0&rft.aulast=Knights&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukitz1995" class="citation cs2">Lukitz, Liora (1995), Iraq: The Search for National Identity, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4550-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4550-8"><bdi>0-7146-4550-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+The+Search+for+National+Identity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7146-4550-8&rft.aulast=Lukitz&rft.aufirst=Liora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukitz2006" class="citation cs2">Lukitz, Liora (2006), A quest in the Middle East: Gertrude Bell and the making of modern Iraq, I.B.Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-415-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-415-8"><bdi>1-85043-415-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+quest+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Gertrude+Bell+and+the+making+of+modern+Iraq&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85043-415-8&rft.aulast=Lukitz&rft.aufirst=Liora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakash2011" class="citation cs2">Nakash, Yitzhak (2011), Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4146-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4146-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-4146-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaching+for+Power%3A+The+Shi%27a+in+the+Modern+Arab+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4146-2&rft.aulast=Nakash&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOğuzlu2004" class="citation cs2">Oğuzlu, Tarik H. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/11693/49129/1/Endangered_community_the_Turkoman_identity_in_Iraq.pdf">"Endangered community:The Turkoman identity in Iraq"</a> (PDF), Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 24 (2), <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 313, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1360200042000296681">10.1080/1360200042000296681</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F49129">11693/49129</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56385519">56385519</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=Endangered+community%3AThe+Turkoman+identity+in+Iraq&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F49129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56385519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1360200042000296681&rft.aulast=O%C4%9Fuzlu&rft.aufirst=Tarik+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.bilkent.edu.tr%2Fbitstream%2F11693%2F49129%2F1%2FEndangered_community_the_Turkoman_identity_in_Iraq.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2009" class="citation cs2">O'Leary, Brendan (2009), How to get out of Iraq with integrity, University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4201-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-4201-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+get+out+of+Iraq+with+integrity&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4201-0&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2005" class="citation cs2">Park, Bill (2005), Turkey's policy towards northern Iraq: problems and perspectives, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-38297-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-38297-1"><bdi>0-415-38297-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+policy+towards+northern+Iraq%3A+problems+and+perspectives&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-38297-1&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2006" class="citation cs2">Phillips, David L. (2006), Losing Iraq: Inside the Postwar Reconstruction Fiasco, Basic Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-05681-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-05681-4"><bdi>0-465-05681-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losing+Iraq%3A+Inside+the+Postwar+Reconstruction+Fiasco&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-465-05681-4&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2015" class="citation cs2">Rubin, Barry (17 March 2015), The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45578-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45578-3"><bdi>978-1-317-45578-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+A+Guide+to+Politics%2C+Economics%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45578-3&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanMullen1998" class="citation cs2">Ryan, J. Atticus; Mullen, Christopher A. (1998), Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: Yearbook 1997, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-1022-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-1022-4"><bdi>90-411-1022-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization%3A+Yearbook+1997&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-411-1022-4&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=J.+Atticus&rft.au=Mullen%2C+Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadik2009" class="citation cs2">Sadik, Giray (2009), American Image in Turkey: U.S. Foreign Policy Dimensions, <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3380-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3380-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-3380-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Image+in+Turkey%3A+U.S.+Foreign+Policy+Dimensions&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3380-4&rft.aulast=Sadik&rft.aufirst=Giray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks2016" class="citation cs2">Shanks, Kelsey (2016), Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-52043-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-52043-6"><bdi>978-1-317-52043-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+Ethno-Politics%3A+Defending+Identity+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-52043-6&rft.aulast=Shanks&rft.aufirst=Kelsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirkeci2005" class="citation cs2">Sirkeci, Ibrahim (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231635/http://www.migrationletters.com/turkmen/turkmeneng.pdf">Turkmen in Iraq and International Migration of Turkmen</a> (PDF), University of Bristol, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationletters.com/turkmen/turkmeneng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2016, retrieved 9 March 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmen+in+Iraq+and+International+Migration+of+Turkmen&rft.pub=University+of+Bristol&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sirkeci&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationletters.com%2Fturkmen%2Fturkmeneng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansfield2007" class="citation cs2">Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqpeoplehistor0000stan">Iraq: People, History, Politics</a>, Polity, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3227-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3227-8"><bdi>978-0-7456-3227-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+People%2C+History%2C+Politics&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3227-8&rft.aulast=Stansfield&rft.aufirst=Gareth+R.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firaqpeoplehistor0000stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalabany2007" class="citation cs2">Talabany, Nouri (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/1075/who-owns-kirkuk-the-kurdish-case">"Who Owns Kirkuk? The Kurdish Case"</a>, Middle East Quarterly, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Who+Owns+Kirkuk%3F+The+Kurdish+Case&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Talabany&rft.aufirst=Nouri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F1075%2Fwho-owns-kirkuk-the-kurdish-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2004" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Scott (2004), Among the Others: Encounters with the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq, Esprit de Corps Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-895896-26-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-895896-26-6"><bdi>1-895896-26-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Among+the+Others%3A+Encounters+with+the+Forgotten+Turkmen+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Esprit+de+Corps+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-895896-26-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriana2017" class="citation cs2">Triana, María (2017), Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-42368-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-42368-3"><bdi>978-1-317-42368-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Diversity+in+Organizations%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-42368-3&rft.aulast=Triana&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWien2014" class="citation cs2">Wien, Peter (2014), Iraqi Arab Nationalism: Authoritarian, Totalitarian and Pro-Fascist Inclinations, 1932–1941, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20479-3"><bdi>978-1-134-20479-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Arab+Nationalism%3A+Authoritarian%2C+Totalitarian+and+Pro-Fascist+Inclinations%2C+1932%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-134-20479-3&rft.aulast=Wien&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Turkmen" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Iraq" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics of Iraq</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Sunni Islam in Iraq">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Iraq" title="Evangelical Church in Iraq">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Iraq" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Iraq">Oriental Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iraqis" title="Afro-Iraqis">Afro-Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feylis" class="mw-redirect" title="Feylis">Feylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Kawliya/Zott/Ghorbati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Iraq" title="Palestinians in Iraq">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Iraqis" title="Sudanese Iraqis">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_topics" title="Template talk:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">2011–present</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives (legislative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Language">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_people_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_people_by_country" title="Template:Turkish people by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_people_by_country" title="Template talk:Turkish people by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_people_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish people by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_people_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_population" title="Turkish population">by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional areas of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> settlement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish majorities:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Northern Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus">Mainland Turks</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish minorities <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Balkans" title="Turks in the Balkans">in the Balkans</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish minorities in the Caucasus:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Azerbaijan" title="Turks in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish minorities in the Levant:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Turkish Jews in Israel">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Jordan" title="Turks in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Mountain" title="Turkmen Mountain">Turkmen Mountain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish minorities in North Africa:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Turks in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_South_Africa" title="Turks in South Africa">South Africa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Austria" title="Turks in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Belgium" title="Turks in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Turks in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Denmark" title="Turks in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Finland" title="Turks in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_France" title="Turks in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Berlin" title="Turks in Berlin">Berlin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Hungary" title="Turks in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Italy" title="Turks in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Liechtenstein" title="Turks in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Turks in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Norway" title="Turks in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Poland" title="Turks in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Spain" title="Turks in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Sweden" title="Turks in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Switzerland" title="Turks in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Turks" title="British Turks">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_community_of_London" title="Turkish community of London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Canadians" title="Turkish Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Mexico" title="Turks in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_South_Carolina" title="Turks of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in the Persian Gulf</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kuwait" title="Turks in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Qatar" title="Turks in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Australians" title="Turkish Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_New_Zealanders" title="Turkish New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Argentines" title="Turkish Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Turco-brasileiro">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Venezuelan" title="Turkish Venezuelan">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_India" title="Turks in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Pakistan" title="Turks in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Japan" title="Turks in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in Post-Soviet States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Azerbaijan" title="Turks in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Turks in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Turks in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Russia" title="Turks in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Turkmenistan" title="Turks in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ukraine" title="Turks in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Uzbekistan" title="Turks in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkophobia">Turkophobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_Ottoman_contraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Muslims_from_Serbia_(1862)" title="Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)">Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1924">Kirkuk Massacre of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Meskhetian_Turks" title="Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks">1944 Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavurba%C4%9F%C4%B1_massacre" title="Gavurbağı massacre">Gavurbağı massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks#Assimilation_policy_(1956–1989)" title="Bulgarian Turks">1956–1989 Assimilation of Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Kirkuk_massacre_of_1959">1959 Kirkuk massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)" title="Bloody Christmas (1963)">Bloody Christmas (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritas_plan" title="Akritas plan">Akritas plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaanderwijk_riots" title="Afrikaanderwijk riots">Afrikaanderwijk riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochni_massacre" title="Tochni massacre">Tochni massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha,_Santalaris_and_Aloda_massacre" title="Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre">Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_diplomats_assassinated_by_Armenian_militant_organisations" title="List of Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations">Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Taha_Car%C4%B1m" title="Assassination of Taha Carım">Assassination of Taha Carım</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Orhan_G%C3%BCnd%C3%BCz" title="Assassination of Orhan Gündüz">Assassination of Orhan Gündüz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Erkut_Akbay" title="Assassination of Erkut Akbay">Assassination of Erkut Akbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Galip_Balkar" title="Assassination of Galip Balkar">Assassination of Galip Balkar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Orly_Airport_attack" title="1983 Orly Airport attack">1983 Orly Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_massacre" title="Fergana massacre">1989 Fergana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Komotini_events" title="1990 Komotini events">1990 Komotini events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Altun_Kupri_massacre" title="1991 Altun Kupri massacre">1991 Altun Kupri massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Solingen_arson_attack" title="1993 Solingen arson attack">1993 Solingen arson attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Underground_murders" title="National Socialist Underground murders">National Socialist Underground murders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Enver_%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fek" title="Murder of Enver Şimşek">Murder of Enver Şimşek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Cologne_bombing" title="2004 Cologne bombing">2004 Cologne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_clashes" title="Banya Bashi Mosque clashes">Banya Bashi Mosque clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_communities_and_minorities_in_the_former_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire">Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_population" title="Turkish population">Turkish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Turks in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Arab_world" title="Turks in the Arab world">Turks in the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Balkans" title="Turks in the Balkans">Turks in the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="Turks in the former Soviet Union">Turks in the former Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_peoples" title="Template talk:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Western Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen1 communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gajal" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in Europe (exc. Russia)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div>1 Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. 2 In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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[\"CITEREFHann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHashim2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurriyet2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Organization_for_Migration2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsakhan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJawhar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohanson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohanson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohanson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohanson2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohanson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarahan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarimi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpat1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKibaroğluKibaroğluHalman2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKirchner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirdar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnights2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushner1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukitz1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukitz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagazine2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilliyet\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMilliyet2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilliyet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakash2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Leary2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOğuzlu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeyrouse2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyanMullen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaatçi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabah2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadik2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSari2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShams\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanks2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSirkeci2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStansfield2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalabany2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTastekin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_York_Times2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimurtaş1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToday\u0026#039;s_Zaman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriana2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnderhill1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWanche2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWien2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilcox2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYeğen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Lami2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.fildisiajans.com.tr\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŞen2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Ayn\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 70,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 34,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Turkmen, Iraqi\"] = 1,\n [\"Demographics of Iraq\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 38,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 3,\n [\"Iraq topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Pull quote\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 80,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkic peoples\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkish diaspora\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","20.3"],["?","240","18.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","12.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","10.9"],["date","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.1"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.1"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","40","3.1"],["[others]","220","17.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-cr4kl","timestamp":"20241122144158","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Iraqi Turkmen","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraqi_Turkmen","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1165171","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1165171","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-06-25T18:53:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T18:33:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/61\/Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg","headline":"ethnic kin of the Turks and the third largest ethnic group in Iraq"}</script> </body> </html>