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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Masonic" and "Freemason" redirect here. For the ghost town, see <a href="/wiki/Masonic,_California" title="Masonic, California">Masonic, California</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Freemason_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Freemason (disambiguation)">Freemason (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Freemasons" redirects here. For the house music producers, see <a href="/wiki/Freemasons_(DJs)" title="Freemasons (DJs)">Freemasons (DJs)</a>.</div> Freemasonry (sometimes spelled Free-Masonry)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> or simply Masonry includes various <a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">fraternal organisations</a> that trace their origins to the local <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonemasons</a> that, from the end of the 14th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. Freemasonry is the oldest fraternity in the world and among the oldest continued organizations in history.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Square_compasses.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Standard image of masonic square and compasses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Square_compasses.svg/220px-Square_compasses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Square_compasses.svg/330px-Square_compasses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Square_compasses.svg/440px-Square_compasses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="852"></a><figcaption>The Masonic <a href="/wiki/Square_and_Compasses" title="Square and Compasses">Square and Compasses</a> (found with or without the letter <a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_abbreviations#G" title="List of Masonic abbreviations">G</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups: <a href="/wiki/Regular_Masonic_jurisdiction" title="Regular Masonic jurisdiction">Regular Freemasonry</a>, which insists that a “volume of sacred law”, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, or other religious <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scripture</a> be open in a working lodge, that every member professes belief in a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a>, that no women be admitted, and that the discussion of religion and politics do not take place within the lodge; and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental Freemasonry</a>, which consists of the jurisdictions that have removed some, or all, of these restrictions. The basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge">Lodge</a>. These private Lodges are usually supervised at the regional level (usually coterminous with a state, province, or national border) by a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a> or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry; each Grand Lodge is independent, and they do not necessarily recognise each other as being legitimate. Lodges are found around the world and on all populated continents; however due to <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">anti-Masonry</a> and laws that effectively ban the tradition, it does not have a presence in every country. In the spirit of brotherhood and hopefulness, however, Freemasons usually presume that clandestine lodges may nonetheless exist in those countries in which it is banned, even if they may not actually exist. The degrees of Freemasonry are the three grades of medieval craft <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>: <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Entered Apprentice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">Journeyman</a> or Fellow of the craft<a href="#cite_note-:8-5">[5]</a> (now called either “Fellowcraft” or “Fellow Craft”<a href="#cite_note-:8-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> in English speaking jurisdictions, and “Companion” in non-English speaking jurisdictions), and <a href="/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">Master Mason</a>. The candidate of these three degrees is progressively taught the meanings of the symbols of Freemasonry and entrusted with grips, signs, and words to signify to other members that he has been so initiated. The degrees are part allegorical <a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">morality play</a> and part lecture. These three degrees form Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry, and members of any of these degrees are known as Free-Masons,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Freemasons or Masons. Once the Craft degrees have been conferred upon a Mason, he is qualified to join various "Concordant bodies" which offer additional degrees. These organisations are usually administered separately from the Grand Lodges who administer the Craft degrees. The extra degrees vary with locality and <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>. In addition to these bodies, there are further organizations outside of the more traditional <a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_rites" title="List of Masonic rites">Rites</a> of Freemasonry, that require an individual to be a Master Mason before they can join (such as the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Society_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosicrucian Society of England">Rosicrucian Society of England</a>). Throughout its history, Freemasonry has received <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">criticism and opposition</a> on religious and political grounds. The Catholic Church, some Protestant denominations, and certain Islamic countries or entities have expressed opposition to or banned membership in Free-Masonry. Opposition to Freemasonry is sometimes rooted in <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and Freemasons have historically been persecuted by authoritarian states.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Masonic_lodge">1 Masonic lodge</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Joining_a_lodge">1.1 Joining a lodge</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Organisation">2 Organisation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Grand_Lodges">2.1 Grand Lodges</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Recognition,_amity_and_regularity">2.2 Recognition, amity and regularity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Exclusive_Jurisdiction">2.2.1 Exclusive Jurisdiction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Modern_Challenges_and_Evolution">2.2.2 Modern Challenges and Evolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Regularity">2.2.3 Regularity</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Other_degrees,_orders,_and_bodies">3 Other degrees, orders, and bodies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ritual_and_symbolism">4 Ritual and symbolism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#History">5 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Origins">5.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#North_America">5.2 North America</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Jamaican_Freemasonry">5.2.1 Jamaican Freemasonry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Prince_Hall_Freemasonry">5.2.2 Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Emergence_of_Continental_Freemasonry">5.3 Emergence of Continental Freemasonry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Freemasonry_in_the_Middle_East">5.4 Freemasonry in the Middle East</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Schism">5.5 Schism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Freemasonry_and_women">5.6 Freemasonry and women</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Development_and_expansion">6 Development and expansion</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#18th_century_Enlightenment">6.1 18th century Enlightenment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#France">6.2 France</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Russia">6.3 Russia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Italy">6.4 Italy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Latin_America">6.5 Latin America</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Mexico">6.5.1 Mexico</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#China">6.6 China</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Hong_Kong">6.6.1 Hong Kong</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Anti-Masonry">7 Anti-Masonry</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Religious_opposition">7.1 Religious opposition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Christianity_and_Freemasonry">7.1.1 Christianity and Freemasonry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Islam_and_Freemasonry">7.1.2 Islam and Freemasonry</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Political_opposition">7.2 Political opposition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#The_Holocaust">7.2.1 The Holocaust</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#United_States">10.1 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Historiography_and_memory">10.2 Historiography and memory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Masonic_lodge">Masonic lodge</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Masonic lodge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Roffia,_galleria_00.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Italian lodge at Palazzo Roffia, Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Palazzo_Roffia%2C_galleria_00.JPG/220px-Palazzo_Roffia%2C_galleria_00.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Palazzo_Roffia%2C_galleria_00.JPG/220px-Palazzo_Roffia%2C_galleria_00.JPG" data-alt="Italian lodge at Palazzo Roffia, Florence" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Palazzo_Roffia%2C_galleria_00.JPG/330px-Palazzo_Roffia%2C_galleria_00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Palazzo_Roffia%2C_galleria_00.JPG/440px-Palazzo_Roffia%2C_galleria_00.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lodge in Palazzo Roffia, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, set out for French (Premiere Grand Lodge) ritual</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodge</a> is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Lodge meets regularly and conducts the usual formal business of any small organisation (approve <a href="/wiki/Minutes" title="Minutes">minutes</a>, elect new members, appoint officers and take their reports, consider correspondence, bills and annual accounts, organise social and charitable events, etc.). In addition to such business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a <a href="/wiki/Masonic_ritual_and_symbolism" title="Masonic ritual and symbolism">Masonic degree</a><a href="#cite_note-UGLEFAQ-13">[13]</a> or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual.<a href="#cite_note-:5-14">[14]</a> At the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge may hold a <a href="/wiki/Formal_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal dinner">formal dinner</a>, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song.<a href="#cite_note-:6-15">[15]</a> The bulk of <a href="/wiki/Masonic_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic ritual">Masonic ritual</a> consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. At some later time, in separate ceremonies, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft; and then raised to the degree of Master Mason. In each of these ceremonies, the candidate must first take the new obligations of the degree, and is then entrusted with secret knowledge including passwords, signs and grips (<a href="/wiki/Secret_handshake" title="Secret handshake">secret handshakes</a>) confined to his new rank.<a href="#cite_note-:3-16">[16]</a> Although these symbols and gestures are nominally secret, they are readily found in public sources, including those published by Masonic organizations themselves.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master of the Lodge and his appointed or elected officers.<a href="#cite_note-UGLEFAQ-13">[13]</a> In some jurisdictions, an Installed Master elected, obligated, and invested to preside over a Lodge, is valued as a separate rank with its own secrets and distinctive title and attributes; after each full year in the chair the Master invests his elected successor and becomes a Past Master with privileges in the Lodge and Grand Lodge.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Most Lodges have some sort of social functions, allowing members, their partners, and non-Masonic guests to meet openly.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Often coupled with these events is the discharge of every Mason's and Lodge's collective obligation to contribute to charity. This occurs at many levels, including in annual dues, subscriptions, fundraising events, Lodges and Grand Lodges. Masons and their charities contribute for the relief of need in many fields, such as education, health and old age.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Private Lodges form the backbone of Freemasonry, with the sole right to elect their own candidates for initiation as Masons or admission as joining Masons, and sometimes with exclusive rights over residents local to their premises. There are non-local Lodges where Masons meet for wider or narrower purposes, such or in association with some hobby, sport, Masonic research, business, profession, regiment or college. The rank of Master Mason also entitles a Freemason to explore Masonry further through other degrees, administered separately from the basic Craft or "Blue Lodge" degrees described here, but generally having a similar structure and meetings.<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-24">[24]</a> There is much diversity and little consistency in Freemasonry because each Masonic jurisdiction is independent and sets its own rules and procedures while Grand Lodges have limited jurisdiction over their constituent member Lodges, which are ultimately private clubs. The wording of the ritual, the number of officers present, the layout of the meeting room, etc. varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maconnieke-25">[25]</a> Almost all <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge Officers">officers of a Lodge</a> are elected or appointed annually. Every Masonic Lodge has a Master, two Wardens, a treasurer and a secretary. There is also always a <a href="/wiki/Tyler_(Masonic)" title="Tyler (Masonic)">Tyler</a>, or outer guard, outside the door of a working Lodge, who may be paid to secure its privacy. Other offices vary between jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-24">[24]</a> Each Masonic Lodge exists and operates according to ancient principles known as the <a href="/wiki/Landmarks_of_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmarks of Freemasonry">Landmarks of Freemasonry</a>, which elude any universally accepted definition.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joining_a_lodge">Joining a lodge</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Joining a lodge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Masonic_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Worshipful Master George Washington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Washington_Masonic_print.jpg/220px-Washington_Masonic_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1414"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 332px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Washington_Masonic_print.jpg/220px-Washington_Masonic_print.jpg" data-alt="Worshipful Master George Washington" data-width="220" data-height="332" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Washington_Masonic_print.jpg/330px-Washington_Masonic_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Washington_Masonic_print.jpg/440px-Washington_Masonic_print.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Print from 1870 portraying <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> as Master of his Lodge</figcaption></figure> Candidates for Freemasonry will usually have met the most active members of the Lodge they are joining before being elected for initiation. The process varies among Grand Lodges, but in modern times interested people often look up a local Lodge through the Internet and will typically be introduced to a Lodge social function or open evening. The onus is upon candidates to ask to join; while they may be encouraged to ask, they may not be invited. Once the initial inquiry is made, a formal application may be proposed and seconded or announced in open Lodge and a more or less formal interview usually follows. If the candidate wishes to proceed, references are taken up during a period of notice so that members may enquire into the candidate's suitability and discuss it. Finally, the Lodge takes an officially secret ballot on each application before a candidate is either initiated or rejected.<a href="#cite_note-MLoE-27">[27]</a> The exact number of adverse ballots ("blackballs") required to reject a candidate varies between Masonic jurisdictions. As an example, the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> only requires a single "blackball", while the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_York" title="Grand Lodge of New York">Grand Lodge of New York</a> requires three. A minimum requirement of every body of Freemasons is that each candidate must be "free and of good reputation".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The question of freedom, a standard feudal requirement of mediaeval guilds, is nowadays one of independence: the object is that every Mason should be a proper and responsible person.<a href="#cite_note-MLoE-27">[27]</a> Thus, each Grand Lodge has a standard minimum age, varying greatly and often subject to dispensation in particular cases. (For example, in England the standard minimum age to join is 18, but university lodges are given dispensations to initiate undergraduates below that age.) Additionally, most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a> (although every candidate must interpret this condition in his own way, as all religious discussion is commonly prohibited). In a few cases, the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion. The form of Freemasonry most common in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> (known as the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Rite" title="Swedish Rite">Swedish Rite</a>), for example, accepts only Christians.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> At the other end of the spectrum, "Liberal" or <a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental Freemasonry</a>, exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient de France</a>, does not require a declaration of belief in any deity and accepts atheists (the cause of the distinction from the rest of Freemasonry).<a href="#cite_note-:1-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buta-31">[31]</a> During the ceremony of initiation, the candidate is required to undertake an obligation, swearing on the religious volume sacred to his personal faith to do good as a Mason. In the course of three degrees, Masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders, as far as practicality and the law permit, and to support a fellow Mason in distress.<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-24">[24]</a> There is formal instruction as to the duties of a Freemason, but on the whole, Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying. Some will simply enjoy the dramatics, or the management and administration of the lodge, others will explore the history, ritual and symbolism of the craft, others will focus their involvement on their Lodge's sociopolitical side, perhaps in association with other lodges, while still others will concentrate on the lodge's charitable functions.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Lodges">Grand Lodges</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grand Lodges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freemasons%27_Hall,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Freemason's Hall, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/220px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1790"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/220px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG" data-alt="Freemason's Hall, London" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/330px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/440px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons Hall</a>, London, home of the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Orient_de_France_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grand_Orient_de_France_2.jpg/220px-Grand_Orient_de_France_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grand_Orient_de_France_2.jpg/220px-Grand_Orient_de_France_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grand_Orient_de_France_2.jpg/330px-Grand_Orient_de_France_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grand_Orient_de_France_2.jpg/440px-Grand_Orient_de_France_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Historical Grand Lodge of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient de France</a></figcaption></figure> Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are independent and sovereign bodies that govern Masonry in a given country, state or geographical area (termed a jurisdiction). There is no single overarching governing body that presides over worldwide Freemasonry; connections between different jurisdictions depend solely on mutual recognition.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Estimates of the worldwide membership of Freemasonry in the early 21st century ranged from about two million to more than six million.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The fraternity is administratively organised into independent <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodges</a> (or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. The <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> remains the largest Masonic jurisdiction worldwide. However, its membership has declined dramatically - from about 500,000 members in the 1960s to approximately 175,000 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The organization is structured into various Provincial Grand Lodges at the local level. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a> has experienced a steep decline, with membership falling from 100,000 in 1960 to around 19,000 members currently.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, Masonic membership is organized in two systems, first through 51 Conservative Grand Lodges - one for each state plus the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>. While these Grand Lodges once boasted over 4 million members in 1957, membership has declined sharply. According to the Masonic Service Association of North America, current combined membership across these jurisdictions stands at approximately 875,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Additionally, there are 46 Prince Hall Grand Lodges in amity with UGLE, operating across various U.S. states. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall</a> Masonry is a historically <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> branch of Freemasonry that maintains its own separate Grand Lodge system parallel to the state Grand Lodge system.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Together, these two systems - the conservative Grand Lodges and Prince Hall Grand Lodges make up for a total of 97 <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">UGLE</a> recognized Grand Lodges, sharing jurisdictions in the United States. They represent the main bodies of Masonic governance in the United States, though both have experienced significant membership declines since their mid-20th century peaks.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient de France</a>, the largest jurisdiction in Continental or Liberal Freemasonry in terms of membership, is over 53,000 members spread across approximately 1,381 lodges for an average of 38 members per Lodges. The Grand Orient de France has been growing in membership since the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">second world war</a> from 33,000 in 1960 to 53,000 in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition,_amity_and_regularity">Recognition, amity and regularity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recognition, amity and regularity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amity" class="extiw" title="wikt:amity">in amity</a>, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exclusive_Jurisdiction">Exclusive Jurisdiction</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exclusive Jurisdiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby normally only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two overlapping Grand Lodges are themselves in amity and agree to share jurisdiction. For example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Likewise, the five distinct kinds of lodges in Germany have nominally united under one Grand Lodge in order to obtain international recognition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Challenges_and_Evolution">Modern Challenges and Evolution</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern Challenges and Evolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The concept of Exclusive Jurisdiction has been significantly challenged in the United States with the increasing recognition of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Masonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Hall Masonry">Prince Hall Grand Lodges</a>, a branch of Freemasonry created for African Americans. Historically, many "mainstream" or conservative U.S. Grand Lodges refused to recognize Prince Hall Grand Lodges operating in their states, citing Exclusive Jurisdiction. However, this began to change in 1989 when the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Connecticut" title="Grand Lodge of Connecticut">Grand Lodge of Connecticut</a> extended recognition to its Prince Hall counterpart.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> This initial recognition created a precedent for "shared jurisdiction" between mainstream and Prince Hall Grand Lodges, effectively modifying the traditional interpretation of Exclusive Jurisdiction. By 2024, most U.S. Grand Lodges have recognized their Prince Hall counterparts, establishing a new norm where two Grand Lodges can legitimately operate within the same geographical area, provided they maintain mutual recognition and amity.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The evolution of this practice demonstrates how traditional Masonic principles can adapt to accommodate social progress while maintaining the fundamental aims of regular Freemasonry. Some jurisdictions have formalized this arrangement through written agreements that specifically outline the terms of shared jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regularity">Regularity</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regularity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regular_Masonic_jurisdictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Masonic jurisdictions">Regular Masonic jurisdictions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_038_-_Freemasons%27_Hall_(tone).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="First Freemason's Hall, 1809" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_038_-_Freemasons%27_Hall_%28tone%29.jpg/220px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_038_-_Freemasons%27_Hall_%28tone%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1364"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_038_-_Freemasons%27_Hall_%28tone%29.jpg/220px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_038_-_Freemasons%27_Hall_%28tone%29.jpg" data-alt="First Freemason's Hall, 1809" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_038_-_Freemasons%27_Hall_%28tone%29.jpg/330px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_038_-_Freemasons%27_Hall_%28tone%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_038_-_Freemasons%27_Hall_%28tone%29.jpg/440px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_038_-_Freemasons%27_Hall_%28tone%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Freemasons' Hall, London, c. 1809</figcaption></figure> Regularity is a concept based on adherence to <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Landmarks" title="Masonic Landmarks">Masonic Landmarks</a>, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft. Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are, and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular (and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges). Essentially, every Grand Lodge will hold that its landmarks (its requirements, tenets and rituals) are Regular, and judge other Grand Lodges based on those. If the differences are significant, one Grand Lodge may declare the other "Irregular" and withdraw or withhold recognition.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The most commonly shared rules for Recognition (based on Regularity) are those given by the United Grand Lodge of England in 1929: <ul><li>The Grand Lodge should be established by an existing regular Grand Lodge, or by at least three regular Lodges.</li> <li>A belief in a supreme being and scripture is a condition of membership.</li> <li>Initiates should take their vows on that scripture.</li> <li>Only men can be admitted, and no relationship exists with mixed Lodges.</li> <li>The Grand Lodge has complete control over the first three degrees and is not subject to another body.</li> <li>All Lodges shall display a volume of scripture with the square and compasses while in session.</li> <li>There is no discussion of politics or religion.</li> <li>"Ancient landmarks, customs and usages" observed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[55]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Other_degrees,_orders,_and_bodies">Other degrees, orders, and bodies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other degrees, orders, and bodies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Masonic_bodies" title="Masonic bodies">Masonic bodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_rites" title="List of Masonic rites">List of Masonic rites</a></div> Blue Lodges, known as Craft Lodges in the United Kingdom, offer only the three traditional degrees. In most jurisdictions, the rank of past or installed master is also conferred in Blue/Craft Lodges. Master Masons are able to extend their Masonic experience by taking further degrees, in appendant or other bodies whether or not approved by their own Grand Lodge.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The Ancient and Accepted <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a> is a system of 33 degrees, including the three Blue Lodge degrees administered by a local or national Supreme Council. This system is popular in North America, South America and in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>. In America, the <a href="/wiki/York_Rite" title="York Rite">York Rite</a>, with a similar range, administers three orders of Masonry, namely the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arch_Masonry" title="Royal Arch Masonry">Royal Arch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptic_Masonry" title="Cryptic Masonry">Cryptic Masonry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Knights Templar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In Britain, separate bodies administer each order. Freemasons are encouraged to join the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Royal_Arch" title="Holy Royal Arch">Holy Royal Arch</a>, which is linked to <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mark_Master_Masons" title="Order of Mark Master Masons">Mark Masonry</a> in Scotland and Ireland, but completely separate in England. In England, the Royal Arch is closely associated with the Craft, automatically having many Grand Officers in common, including H.R.H the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Kent" title="Duke of Kent">Duke of Kent</a> as both Grand Master of the Craft and First Grand Principal of the Royal Arch. The English Knights Templar and Cryptic Masonry share the Mark Grand Lodge offices and staff at Mark Masons Hall.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The Ancient and Accepted Rite (similar to the Scottish Rite), requires a member to proclaim the Trinitarian Christian faith, and is administered from Duke Street in London.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/Societas_Rosicruciana_in_Anglia" title="Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia">Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia</a> is a fully independent <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> organization that requires members be <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Master_Masons" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Masons">Master Masons</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Rite" title="Swedish Rite">Swedish Rite</a> is dominant; a variation of it is also used in parts of Germany. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Ritual_and_symbolism">Ritual and symbolism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ritual and symbolism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Masonic_ritual_and_symbolism" title="Masonic ritual and symbolism">Masonic ritual and symbolism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmad_nami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ahmad_nami.jpg/220px-Ahmad_nami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 338px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ahmad_nami.jpg/220px-Ahmad_nami.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="338" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Ahmad_nami.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman</a> noble <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Nami" title="Ahmad Nami">Ahmad Nami</a> dressed in full Masonic attire in 1925</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masonic_symbols_in_Szprotawa_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Masonic_symbols_in_Szprotawa_Poland.jpg/220px-Masonic_symbols_in_Szprotawa_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Masonic_symbols_in_Szprotawa_Poland.jpg/220px-Masonic_symbols_in_Szprotawa_Poland.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Masonic_symbols_in_Szprotawa_Poland.jpg/330px-Masonic_symbols_in_Szprotawa_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Masonic_symbols_in_Szprotawa_Poland.jpg/440px-Masonic_symbols_in_Szprotawa_Poland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Example of Masonic symbols in <a href="/wiki/Szprotawa" title="Szprotawa">Szprotawa</a> Poland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblematic_Structure_of_Freemasonry.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Emblematic_Structure_of_Freemasonry.gif/220px-Emblematic_Structure_of_Freemasonry.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="691"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 299px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Emblematic_Structure_of_Freemasonry.gif/220px-Emblematic_Structure_of_Freemasonry.gif" data-width="220" data-height="299" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Emblematic_Structure_of_Freemasonry.gif/330px-Emblematic_Structure_of_Freemasonry.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Emblematic_Structure_of_Freemasonry.gif/440px-Emblematic_Structure_of_Freemasonry.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Freemasonry structure showing the symbols associated with the organization</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Freemasonry describes itself as a "beautiful system of morality, veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The symbolism is mainly, but not exclusively, drawn from the tools of stonemasons – the <a href="/wiki/Square_and_compasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Square and compasses">square and compasses</a>, the level and plumb rule, the <a href="/wiki/Trowel" title="Trowel">trowel</a>, the rough and smooth <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlars</a>, among others. Moral lessons are attributed to each of these tools, although the assignment is by no means consistent. The meaning of the symbolism is taught and explored through ritual,<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-24">[24]</a> and in lectures and articles by individual Masons who offer their personal insights and opinions. According to the <a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_Western_esotericism" title="Academic study of Western esotericism">scholar of Western esotericism</a> Jan A. M. Snoek: "the best way to characterize Freemasonry is in terms of what it is not, rather than what it is".<a href="#cite_note-Theokritoff_2016-61">[61]</a> All Freemasons begin their journey in the "craft" by being progressively "initiated", "passed" and "raised" into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the Masonic symbols, and entrusted with grips or tokens, signs, and words to signify to other Masons which degrees he has taken. The dramatic allegorical ceremonies include explanatory lectures and revolve around the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Solomon">Temple of Solomon</a>, and the artistry and death of the chief architect, <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Abiff" title="Hiram Abiff">Hiram Abiff</a>. The degrees are those of "Entered apprentice", "Fellowcraft" and "Master Mason". While many different versions of these rituals exist, with various lodge layouts and versions of the Hiramic legend, each version is recognizable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-24">[24]</a> In some jurisdictions, the main themes of each degree are illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Tracing_board" title="Tracing board">tracing boards</a>. These painted depictions of Masonic themes are exhibited in the lodge according to which degree is being worked and are explained to the candidate to illustrate the legend and symbolism of each degree.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a "brother" as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In most Lodges, the oath or obligation is taken on a <a href="/wiki/Volume_of_Sacred_Law" title="Volume of Sacred Law">Volume of Sacred Law</a>, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In Progressive continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History of Freemasonry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Charges" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Charges">Old Charges</a>, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Regius_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Regius Poem">Regius Poem</a> in about 1425<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of <a href="/wiki/Operative_Freemasonry" title="Operative Freemasonry">operative masons</a>, they relate it to a <a href="/wiki/Masonic_myths" title="Masonic myths">mythologised history</a> of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The 15th century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges. The earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft gradually came to be known.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The minutes of the <a href="/wiki/Lodge_of_Edinburgh_(Mary%27s_Chapel)_No._1" title="Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1">Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1</a> in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> It is reputed to be the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Room_at_Masonic_Hall_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Royal Arch Chapter in England, beginning of c20" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Room_at_Masonic_Hall_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg/220px-Room_at_Masonic_Hall_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Room_at_Masonic_Hall_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg/220px-Room_at_Masonic_Hall_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg" data-alt="Royal Arch Chapter in England, beginning of c20" data-width="220" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Room_at_Masonic_Hall_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg/330px-Room_at_Masonic_Hall_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Room_at_Masonic_Hall_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg/440px-Room_at_Masonic_Hall_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of room at the Masonic Hall, <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, Suffolk, England, early 20th century, set up for a Holy Royal Arch convocation</figcaption></figure> Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">Thomas De Quincey</a> in his work titled Rosicrucians and Freemasonry put forward the theory that suggested that Freemasonry may have been an outgrowth of <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a>. The theory had also been postulated in 1803 by German professor; <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Buhle" title="Johann Gottlieb Buhle">J. G. Buhle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster, later called the <a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Grand Lodge of England</a>, was founded on <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Day,_Masonic_feast" title="St. John's Day, Masonic feast">St John's Day</a>, 24 June 1717,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Over the next decade, most of the existing Lodges in England joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. New lodges were created, and the fraternity began to grow. During the course of the 18th century, as aristocrats and artists crowded out the craftsmen originally associated with the organization, Freemasonry became fashionable throughout Europe and the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">American colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Between 1730 and 1750, the Grand Lodge endorsed several significant changes that some Lodges could not endorse. A rival Grand Lodge was formed on 17 July 1751, which called itself the "<a href="/wiki/Antient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Antient Grand Lodge of England">Antient Grand Lodge of England</a>" to signify that, in their opinion, these lodges were maintaining older traditions and rejected changes that the Premiere Grand Lodge had adopted. As an insult, the self proclaimed "Antient Grand Lodge" coined the term "modern" to designate the Premiere Grand Lodge (historians now use Premiere Grand Lodge and Antient Grand Lodge – to differentiate the two bodies)<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>. These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Premiere Grand Lodge made a <a href="/wiki/Emulation_Lodge_of_Improvement" title="Emulation Lodge of Improvement">compromise</a> with the antient Grand Lodge to return to a ritual that worked for both Grand Lodges. They re-united on 27 December 1813 to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-78">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland" title="Grand Lodge of Scotland">Grand Lodge of Scotland</a> were formed in 1725 and 1736, respectively, although neither persuaded all of the existing lodges in their countries to join for many years.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erasmus_James_Philipps,_Old_Burying_Ground,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Erasmus_James_Philipps%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/220px-Erasmus_James_Philipps%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Erasmus_James_Philipps%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/220px-Erasmus_James_Philipps%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Erasmus_James_Philipps%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/330px-Erasmus_James_Philipps%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Erasmus_James_Philipps%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/440px-Erasmus_James_Philipps%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_James_Philipps" title="Erasmus James Philipps">Erasmus James Philipps</a>, first Freemason in present-day Canada, <a href="/wiki/Old_Burying_Ground_(Halifax,_Nova_Scotia)" title="Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)">Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest known American lodges were in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. The collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the putative formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The <a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Grand Lodge of England</a> appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Pennsylvania" title="Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania">Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania</a>. In Canada, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_James_Philipps" title="Erasmus James Philipps">Erasmus James Philipps</a> became a Freemason while working on a commission to resolve boundaries in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and, in 1739, he became provincial Grand Master for <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>; Philipps founded the first Masonic lodge in Canada at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia">Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Other lodges in the colony of Pennsylvania obtained authorisations from the later <a href="/wiki/Antient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Antient Grand Lodge of England">Antient Grand Lodge of England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland" title="Grand Lodge of Scotland">Grand Lodge of Scotland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a>, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, independent U.S. Grand Lodges developed within each state. Some thought was briefly given to organising an overarching "Grand Lodge of the United States," with <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, who was a member of a Virginian lodge, as the first Grand Master, but the idea was short-lived. The various state Grand Lodges did not wish to diminish their own authority by agreeing to such a body.<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[86]</a> On April 30, 1789, George Washington took his <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">oath of office</a> at his <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">first inauguration</a> upon a bible belonging to <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Lodge_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Lodge (New York)">St. John's Lodge No. 1</a> of New York. Originally, it was expected that Washington would bring his own Bible upon which to swear his oath of office, and there was some consternation when it turned out that no one had informed Washington to bring one. Thinking quickly, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Morton" title="Jacob Morton">Jacob Morton</a>, the Marshal of the Inauguration (and Master of St. John's Lodge), borrowed the Lodge's Bible for use in the ceremony. That bible has been known since as the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Inaugural_Bible" title="George Washington Inaugural Bible">George Washington Inaugural Bible</a>, and is still in possession of St. John's Lodge No. 1 of the Grand Lodge of New York.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Chancery" title="New York Court of Chancery">Chancellor</a> of the State of New York, also the first <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_York" title="Grand Lodge of New York">Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the State of New York</a>, administered the oath.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> This event effectuated the establishment of the Executive Branch of the Federal Government of the United States, which had until then existed only virtually after the US Constitution become operational almost two months earlier, on March 4, 1789.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jamaican_Freemasonry">Jamaican Freemasonry</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jamaican Freemasonry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Freemasonry was imported to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> by British immigrants who colonized the island for over 300 years. In 1908, there were eleven recorded Masonic lodges, which included three Grand Lodges, two Craft lodges, and two Rose Croix chapters.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook_of_Jamaica-91">[91]</a> During slavery, the lodges were open to all "freeborn" men. According to the Jamaican 1834 census, that potentially included 5,000 free black men and 40,000 free people of colour (mixed race).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">full abolition of slavery in 1838</a>, the Lodges were open to all Jamaican men of any race.<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Gleaner_Newspaper-93">[93]</a> Jamaica also kept close relationships with Masons from other countries. Jamaican Freemasonry historian Jackie Ranston, noted that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Jamaica served as an arms depot for the revolutionary forces when two Kingston Freemasons, Wellwood and Maxwell Hyslop, financed the campaigns of Simón Bolívar, the Liberator, to whom six Latin American Republics owe their independence". Bolívar himself was a Mason, enjoying contacts with Brethren in Spain, England, France, and Venezuela until after gaining power in Venezuela, he prohibited all secret societies in 1828 and included the Freemasons.<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Gleaner_Newspaper-93">[93]</a></blockquote> On 25 May 2017, Masons around the world celebrated the 300th anniversary of the fraternity. Jamaica hosted one of the regional gatherings for this celebration.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Handbook_of_Jamaica-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prince_Hall_Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prince Hall Freemasonry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></div> Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans. In 1775, an African American named <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall" title="Prince Hall">Prince Hall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> along with 14 other African American men, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a>, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. When the British military Lodge left North America after the end of the Revolution, those 15 men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Grand Lodge of England (Premiere Grand Lodge) and formed <a href="/wiki/African_Lodge_No._459" title="African Lodge No. 459">African Lodge, Number 459</a>. When the two English grand lodges united in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – largely because of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Thus, separated from both English jurisdiction and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge retitled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a de facto Grand Lodge. (This lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges in Africa.) As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Unlike other fraternal orders, there was never any blanket rule against the admission of men based on their race. Each lodge and grand lodge had their own rules, both written and unwritten. A few non-Prince Hall lodges did admit Blacks, with <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Soliman" title="Angelo Soliman">Angelo Soliman</a> being one notable Masonic personality of African descent. Nonetheless, widespread <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions. Even if a lodge was willing to entertain non-White applicants, generally only a single anonymous vote could prevent someone from being admitted. Inter-jurisdiction recognition between traditional and Prince Hall U.S. Masonic authorities was also not forthcoming. As demonstrated by the case of the famous black boxer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a>, if word spread that a mainstream lodge had admitted a Black person, that lodge could potentially face sanction from other discriminatory lodges.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Today most (but not all) U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> While celebrating their heritage as lodges of African Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_Continental_Freemasonry">Emergence of Continental Freemasonry</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Emergence of Continental Freemasonry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freimaurer_Initiation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Masonic initiation, Paris, 1745" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Freimaurer_Initiation.jpg/220px-Freimaurer_Initiation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="594"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Freimaurer_Initiation.jpg/220px-Freimaurer_Initiation.jpg" data-alt="Masonic initiation, Paris, 1745" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Freimaurer_Initiation.jpg/330px-Freimaurer_Initiation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Freimaurer_Initiation.jpg/440px-Freimaurer_Initiation.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Masonic initiation, Paris, 1745</figcaption></figure> English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a>, and then as distinctively French lodges that still follow the ritual of the <a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Moderns</a>. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France was formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a>, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> at first under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Francois_Auguste_de_Grasse" title="Alexandre Francois Auguste de Grasse">Alexandre Francois Auguste de Grasse</a>, Comte de Grassy-Tilly. A career Army officer, he lived with his family in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> from 1793 to the early 1800s, after leaving <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, now Haiti, during the years of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freemasonry_in_the_Middle_East">Freemasonry in the Middle East</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Freemasonry in the Middle East" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry#Freemasonry_in_the_Middle_East" title="History of Freemasonry">Freemasonry in the Middle East</a></div> After the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830#In_Italy" title="Revolutions of 1830">1830 Italian revolution</a>, a number of Italian Freemasons were forced to flee. They secretly set up an approved chapter of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, a town already inhabited by a large Italian community. Meanwhile, the French Freemasons publicly organised a local chapter in Alexandria in 1845.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> During the 19th and 20th century <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Masonic lodges operated widely across all parts of the empire and numerous <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi orders</a> shared a close relationship with them. Many <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi order</a> were members and patrons of Freemasonry. They were also closely allied against <a href="/wiki/European_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European imperialism">European imperialism</a>. Many Ottoman intellectuals believed that <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and Freemasonry shared close similarities in doctrines, spiritual outlook and mysticism.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schism">Schism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Schism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> in 1813. However, the two jurisdictions continued in amity, or mutual recognition, until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish Rite body admitted Black people. The resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour, race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> A dispute during the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Congress_of_Supreme_Councils_of_1875" title="Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875">Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875</a> prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor, which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortality of the soul">immortality of the soul</a> being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today.<a href="#cite_note-Buta-31">[31]</a> Not all French lodges agreed with the new wording. In 1894, lodges favouring the compulsory recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Loge_de_France" title="Grande Loge de France">Grande Loge de France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In 1913, the United Grand Lodge of England recognised a new Grand Lodge of Regular Freemasons, a Grand Lodge that follows a similar rite to Anglo-American Freemasonry with a mandatory belief in a deity.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> There are now three strands of Freemasonry in France, which extend into the rest of Continental Europe: – <ul><li>Liberal, also called adogmatic or progressive – Principles of liberty of conscience, and laicity, particularly the separation of the Church and State.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li>Traditional – Old French ritual with a requirement for a belief in a Supreme Being.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> (This strand is typified by the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Loge_de_France" title="Grande Loge de France">Grande Loge de France</a>).</li> <li>Regular – Standard Anglo-American ritual, mandatory belief in Supreme Being.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li></ul> The term <a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental Freemasonry</a> was used in Mackey's 1873 Encyclopedia of Freemasonry to "designate the Lodges on the Continent of Europe which retain many usages which have either been abandoned by, or never were observed in, the Lodges of England, Ireland, and Scotland, as well as the United States of America".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Today, it is frequently used to refer to only the Liberal jurisdictions typified by the Grand Orient de France.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. The Continental lodges, however, did not want to sever masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation, <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_Liaison_et_d%27Information_des_Puissances_ma%C3%A7onniques_Signataires_de_l%27Appel_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg">Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg</a> (CLIPSAS) was set up, which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide. Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories, including mixed and women's organisations. The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions and expects its allies to follow suit. This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freemasonry_and_women">Freemasonry and women</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Freemasonry and women" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_and_women" title="Freemasonry and women">Freemasonry and women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Co-Freemasonry</a></div> The status of women in the old guilds and corporations of medieval masons remains uncertain. The principle of "femme sole" allowed a widow to continue the trade of her husband, but its application had wide local variations, such as full membership of a trade body or limited trade by deputation or approved members of that body.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In masonry, the small available evidence points to the less empowered end of the scale.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> At the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry#Early_Grand_Lodge_period" title="History of Freemasonry">Grand Lodge era</a>, during the 1720s, <a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)" title="James Anderson (Freemason)">James Anderson</a> composed the <a href="/wiki/Anderson%27s_Constitutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Anderson's Constitutions">first printed constitutions for Freemasons</a>, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry.<a href="#cite_note-AndersonCharge3-115">[115]</a> As Freemasonry spread, women began to be added to the <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Adoption" title="Rite of Adoption">Lodges of Adoption</a> by their husbands who were continental masons, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thames-117">[117]</a> Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Deraismes" title="Maria Deraismes">Maria Deraismes</a> was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882, then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Martin_(freemason)" title="Georges Martin (freemason)">Georges Martin</a> started a mixed masonic lodge that worked masonic ritual.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> spread the phenomenon to the English-speaking world.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in 1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry.<a href="#cite_note-Thames-117">[117]</a> In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry among women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Accepted_Scottish_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite">Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite</a> to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite.<a href="#cite_note-DHHistoire-121">[121]</a> The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there, The Order of Women Freemasons<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and The Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry "in general".<a href="#cite_note-UGLEFAQ-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 2018, guidance was released by the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> stating that, in regard to transgender women, "A Freemason who after initiation ceases to be a man does not cease to be a Freemason".<a href="#cite_note-trans-126">[126]</a> The guidance also states that transgender men are allowed to apply to become Freemasons.<a href="#cite_note-trans-126">[126]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Development_and_expansion">Development and expansion</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Development and expansion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century_Enlightenment">18th century Enlightenment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 18th century Enlightenment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goose_and_Gridiron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Goose_and_Gridiron.jpg/220px-Goose_and_Gridiron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1293"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Goose_and_Gridiron.jpg/220px-Goose_and_Gridiron.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Goose_and_Gridiron.jpg/330px-Goose_and_Gridiron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Goose_and_Gridiron.jpg/440px-Goose_and_Gridiron.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Goose and Gridiron, where the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster, later called the <a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Grand Lodge of England</a>, was founded.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Enlightenment">Age of the Enlightenment</a> in the 18th century, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. They promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. British Freemasonry offered a systematic creed with its own myths, values and set of rituals. It fostered new codes of conduct – including a communal understanding of liberty and equality inherited from guild sociability – "liberty, fraternity, and equality"<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Scottish soldiers and Jacobite Scots brought to the Continent ideals of fraternity which reflected not the local system of Scottish customs but the institutions and ideals originating in the English Revolution against royal absolutism.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Freemasonry was particularly prevalent in France – by 1789, there were between 50,000 and 100,000 French Masons, making Freemasonry the most popular of all Enlightenment associations.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Jacob argues that Masonic lodges probably had an effect on society as a whole, for they "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives". In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society as a whole. This was especially true on the Continent: when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s, their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities. For example, the Parisian lodge that met in the mid-1720s was composed of English <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> exiles.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Furthermore, freemasons all across Europe made reference to the Enlightenment in general in the 18th century. In French lodges, for example, the line "As the means to be enlightened I search for the enlightened" was a part of their initiation rites. British lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initiate the unenlightened". Many lodges praised the Grand Architect, the masonic terminology for the divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> On the other hand, historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Roswell_Palmer" title="Robert Roswell Palmer">Robert Roswell Palmer</a> noted that lodges operated separately and Masons politically did not act together as a group.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> American historians note that <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> were leading Masons, but the significance of freemasonry in the revolution is a topic of debate.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Daniel Roche contests freemasonry's claims for egalitarianism, writing that "the real equality of the lodges was elitist", only attracting men of similar social backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In long-term historical perspective, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> has argued that Freemasonry was a powerful force in Europe, from about 1700 to the twentieth century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe, as well as the European colonies in the New World and Asia. Davies states, "In the nineteenth century and beyond it would be strongly associated with the cause of Liberalism."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In Catholic lands it was anti-clerical and came under heavy attack from the Catholic Church. In the 20th century, it was suppressed by Fascist and Communist regimes. It was especially attractive to royalty, aristocrats and politicians and businessmen, as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists. Davies notes that prominent members included <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Sir Robert Walpole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Steven Bullock notes that in the late 18th century, English lodges were headed by the Prince of Wales, Prussian lodges by king <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, and French lodges by royal princes. Emperor Napoleon selected his own brother as the Grand Master of France.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_France" title="Freemasonry in France">Freemasonry in France</a></div> In the 18th century, liberal French politicians met together in Masonic lodges to develop some of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideas that dominated the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Avner Halpern has traced French Freemasonry's major role in building France's first modern political party in 1901, <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">the Radical Party</a>. It used two Masonic devices: the "civil leadership model", which Freemasonry developed in late 19th century France, and the local Masonic congresses of the Grand Orient of France federations.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Russia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry_in_Russia" title="History of Freemasonry in Russia">History of Freemasonry in Russia</a></div> Freemasons had been active in Russia in the 18th century, working to introduce <a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Enlightenment ideals</a>; however, they were increasingly suppressed by the government.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> According to Ludwick Hass, Freemasonry was officially illegal in Tsarist Russia, but would later be introduced by exiles who returned after the 1905 revolution. These individuals had been active Masons in Paris, where lodges were politically active in the new Radical Party. In Russia, the Freemasons supported constitutional liberalism, and maintained ties with France while simplifying many of the ceremonial rituals. Their secret meetings became a centre of progressive ideals, attracting politicians and activists. The lodges initially supported World War I, promoting close ties with France. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> was an important Masonic activist who came to political power with the overthrow of the tsars, in 1917. The organization collapsed as the Bolsheviks took power and was again outlawed.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Italy" title="Freemasonry in Italy">Freemasonry in Italy</a></div> According to Adrian Lyttelton, in the early 20th century, Freemasonry was an influential but semi-secret force in Italian politics; with a strong presence among professionals and the middle class across Italy, its appeal spread to the leadership of the parliament, public administration, and the army. The two main organisations were the Grand Orient and the Grand Lodge of Italy. They had around 25,000 members in some 500 lodges. Freemasons typically espoused <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism">anticlericalism</a> and promoted unification. The Catholic Church was a vigorous opponent of unification, and thus of the Freemasons; various national governments would repeatedly alternate and backpedal between the anticlerical side and the Church side.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Politically, they promoted <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> focused on unification and undermining the power of the Catholic Church. Freemasons took on the challenge of mobilizing the press, encouraging public opinion and the leading political parties in support of <a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy's joining of the Allies</a> of the First World War in 1914–1915. In 1919, they favoured a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> to promote a new post-war, universal order based upon the peaceful coexistence of independent and democratic nations.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In the early 1920s, many of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s collaborators, especially the leaders in organizing the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>, were Masons. The lodges hailed <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> as the saviour of Italy from <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>; however, Mussolini decided he needed to come to terms with the Catholic Church, in the mid-1920s, outlawing Freemasonry.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Latin America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Spanish government outlawed Freemasonry in its overseas empire in the mid-18th century, and energetically enforced the ban. Nevertheless, many Freemasons were active in planning and plotting for independence.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Leaders with Freemason membership included Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco de Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="José de San Martin">José de San Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bolivar" class="mw-redirect" title="Simón Bolivar">Simón Bolivar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins" title="Bernardo O'Higgins">Bernardo O'Higgins</a>, and many others.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The movement was important after independence was achieved in the 1820s.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In Brazil, many prominent men were Freemasons, and they played a leading role in the abolition of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mexico" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Freemasons were leaders in liberalism and anti-clericalism in 19th and 20th-century Mexico. Members included numerous top leaders.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The Freemasons were divided regarding relations with the United States, with a pro-U.S. faction supported by the American ambassador <a href="/wiki/Joel_Poinsett" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel Poinsett">Joel Poinsett</a> known as the "Yorkinos."<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> According to historian Karen Racine, Freemasons in <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">the presidency of Mexico</a> included: <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Portes_Gil" title="Emilio Portes Gil">Emilio Portes Gil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio" title="Pascual Ortiz Rubio">Pascual Ortiz Rubio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abelardo_L._Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Abelardo L. Rodríguez">Abelardo L. Rodríguez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán Valdés</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The first lodge formed in China was the Amity Lodge which constituted at Canton in 1767. In 1875, District Grand Lodge of China split into two Districts, Northern China, and Hong Kong and South China. During the second world war, All Masonic activity in Hong Kong was brought to a halt due to the Japanese invasion. After the 1949, the new China government (Communist) established, some lodges in China moved to Hong Kong or closed due to lack of new candidates.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hong Kong" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Royal Sussex Lodge No. 501 was the first lodge established in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria City</a> of Hong Kong on 29 April 1844. For the English Constitution, Provincial or District Grand Lodge name in Hong Kong Changed as following:<a href="#cite_note-:4-154">[154]</a> <ul><li>1847–1866, Provincial Grand Lodge of China</li> <li>1866–1875, District Grand Lodge of China</li> <li>1875–1963, District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and South China</li> <li>1963–present, District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and the Far East</li></ul> For the Scottish Constitution, District Grand Lodge name in Hong Kong Changed as following:<a href="#cite_note-:4-154">[154]</a> <ul><li>1905–1958, District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and South China</li> <li>1958–present, District Grand Lodge of the Far East</li></ul> For the Irish Constitution, Provincial or District Grand Lodge name in Hong Kong Changed as following:<a href="#cite_note-:4-154">[154]</a> <ul><li>1933–1938, District Grand Inspector</li> <li>1938–1947, Grand Inspector</li> <li>1947–1954, Grand Inspector for Hong Kong and China</li> <li>1954–1967, Grand Inspector for Hong Kong, China and Malaya</li> <li>1967–1988, Grand Inspector for the Far East</li> <li>1988–present, Provincial Grand Lodge of the Far East</li></ul> Now, there are 19 (English Constitution) lodges under the District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and Far East, United Grand Lodge of England and meet at <a href="/wiki/Zetland_Hall" title="Zetland Hall">Zetland Hall</a>, Hong Kong:<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <ul><li>Cathay Lodge No. 4373</li> <li>Corinthian Lodge of Amoy No. 1806</li> <li>Foochow Lodge No. 1912</li> <li>Harriers Lodge No. 9882</li> <li>Hong Kong and Far East District Grand Stewards Lodge No. 9879</li> <li>Lodge of Lu Pan No. 9387</li> <li>Lodge Star of Southern China No. 2013</li> <li>Paul Chater Lodge of Installed Masters No. 5391</li> <li>Perseverance Lodge of Hong Kong No. 1165</li> <li>Rotarian Lodge of Hong Kong No. 9378</li> <li>Royal Sussex Lodge No. 501</li> <li>St. Paul's Lodge No. 9718</li> <li>St Joseph's & La Salle No. 10050</li> <li>Swatow Lodge No. 3705</li> <li>The Club Lodge No. 9880</li> <li>United Service Lodge No. 1341</li> <li>University Lodge of Hong Kong No. 3666</li> <li>Victoria Lodge of Hong Kong No. 1026</li> <li>Zetland Lodge No. 525</li></ul> The Rising Sun Lodge No. 1401 is the lodge meeting in Kobe, Japan and under the jurisdiction of District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and Far East rather than Grand Lodge of Japan. As a result, there are 20 lodges currently under the District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and Far East. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Anti-Masonry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_mas%C3%B3nico_hist%C3%B3rico,_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2012-12-15,_DD_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Templo_mas%C3%B3nico_hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-15%2C_DD_03.jpg/220px-Templo_mas%C3%B3nico_hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-15%2C_DD_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="2563"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Templo_mas%C3%B3nico_hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-15%2C_DD_03.jpg/220px-Templo_mas%C3%B3nico_hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-15%2C_DD_03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Templo_mas%C3%B3nico_hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-15%2C_DD_03.jpg/330px-Templo_mas%C3%B3nico_hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-15%2C_DD_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Templo_mas%C3%B3nico_hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-15%2C_DD_03.jpg/440px-Templo_mas%C3%B3nico_hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-15%2C_DD_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masonic_Temple_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Masonic Temple of Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Masonic Temple of Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, one of the few Masonic temples that survived the <a href="/wiki/Franco_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco dictatorship">Franco dictatorship</a> in Spain</figcaption></figure> Anti-Masonry (alternatively called Anti-Freemasonry) has been defined as "opposition to Freemasonry",<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> but there is no homogeneous anti-Masonic movement. Anti-Masonry consists of widely differing criticisms from diverse (and often incompatible) groups who are hostile to Freemasonry in some form. Critics have included religious groups, political groups, and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theorists">conspiracy theorists</a>, in particular, those espousing <a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Masonic conspiracy theories</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory</a>. Certain prominent Anti-Masons, such as <a href="/wiki/Nesta_Helen_Webster" title="Nesta Helen Webster">Nesta Helen Webster</a>, exclusively criticized "Continental Masonry", while considering "Regular Masonry" to be an honourable association.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> There have been many disclosures and exposés dating as far back as the 18th century. These often lack context,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> may be outdated for various reasons,<a href="#cite_note-changes-160">[160]</a> or could be outright <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxes</a> on the part of the author, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Taxil_hoax" title="Taxil hoax">Taxil hoax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> These hoaxes and exposés have often become the basis for criticism of Masonry, often religious or political in nature or are based on suspicion of corrupt conspiracy of some form. The political opposition that arose after the American "<a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(anti-Mason)#Disappearance" title="William Morgan (anti-Mason)">Morgan Affair</a>" in 1826 gave rise to the term Anti-Masonry, which is still in use in America today, both by Masons in referring to their critics and as a self-descriptor by the critics themselves.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_opposition">Religious opposition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religious opposition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Freemasonry has attracted criticism from <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> states and organised religions that believe it is in competition with religion or perceive the fraternity's views or practices as <a href="/wiki/Heterodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodox">heterodox</a>; it has also long been the target of <a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> that assert Freemasonry to be an <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> and evil power.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity_and_Freemasonry">Christianity and Freemasonry</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Christianity and Freemasonry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_attitudes_towards_Freemasonry" title="Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry">Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry</a></div> Although members of various faiths cite objections, certain Christian <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denominations</a> have had high-profile negative attitudes to Masonry, banning or discouraging their members from being Freemasons. The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. The objections raised by the Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic <a href="/wiki/Deistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deistic">deistic</a> religion which is in conflict with Church <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> More than 600 Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The first was <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Pope Clement XII</a>'s <a href="/wiki/In_eminenti_apostolatus" title="In eminenti apostolatus">In eminenti apostolatus</a>, 28 April 1738; the most recent was <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> in a letter by the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith 13 November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a> explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> and banned books favouring Freemasonry.<a href="#cite_note-canon2335-167">[167]</a> In 1983, the Church issued a new code of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a>. Unlike its predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> did not explicitly name Masonic orders among the <a href="/wiki/Secret_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret societies">secret societies</a> it condemns. It states: "A person who joins an association which plots against the Church is to be punished with a just penalty; one who promotes or takes office in such an association is to be punished with an <a href="/wiki/Interdict_(Roman_Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdict (Roman Catholic Church)">interdict</a>." This named omission of Masonic orders caused both Catholics and Freemasons to believe that the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons may have been lifted, especially after the perceived liberalisation of <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RCLaw-168">[168]</a> However, the matter was clarified when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger_as_Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" title="Joseph Ratzinger as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">as the Prefect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a>, issued a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_Masonic_Associations" title="Declaration on Masonic Associations">Declaration on Masonic Associations</a>, which states: "... the Church's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged since their principles have always been considered irreconcilable with the doctrine of the Church and therefore membership in them remains forbidden. The faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>."<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> reaffirmed the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons stating the «[...] irreconcilability between Catholic doctrine and Freemasonry [...]»<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> in response to <a href="/wiki/Julito_Cortes" title="Julito Cortes">Julito Cortes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dumaguete" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Dumaguete">Bishop of</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumaguete" title="Dumaguete">Dumanguete</a>, who stated concerns over the growing number of Freemasons in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-171">[171]</a> The renewed ban cited both the 1983 Code of Canon Law, as well as the Guidelines made by a Bishops Conference in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-:7-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> For its part, Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity. Those Grand Lodges in amity with the United Grand Lodge of England deny the Church's claims, stating that "Freemasonry does not seek to replace a Mason's religion or provide a substitute for it."<a href="#cite_note-UGLEFAQ-13">[13]</a> In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Satanism-173">[173]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Masonic scholar <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pike" title="Albert Pike">Albert Pike</a> is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore, an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the US. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>'s Home Mission Board determined that some parts of freemasonry are incompatible with Christianity, while others are compatible, concluding that participation in freemasonry should be considered "a matter of personal conscience".<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The topic of Freemasonry remains controversial within the convention. James L. Holly, president of Mission and Ministry to Men, published a three volume book series titled "The Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry," critiquing the report to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> in addition to the influence of Gary Leazer, then Director of the Interfaith Witness Department of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Mission_Board" title="North American Mission Board">North American Mission Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Gary Leazer published "Fundamentalism and Freemasonry", arguing that the convention's discussion of Freemasonry was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention_conservative_resurgence" title="Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence">Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> founder <a href="/wiki/B.T._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="B.T. Roberts">B.T. Roberts</a> was a vocal opponent of Freemasonry in the mid 19th century. Roberts opposed the society on moral grounds and stated, "The god of the lodge is not the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God of the Bible</a>." Roberts believed Freemasonry was a "<a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery</a>" or "alternate" religion and encouraged his church not to support ministers who were Freemasons. Freedom from secret societies is one of the "frees" upon which the Free Methodist Church was founded.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Since the founding of Freemasonry, many Bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> have been Freemasons, including <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher" title="Geoffrey Fisher">Geoffrey Fisher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In the past, few members of the Church of England would have seen any incongruity in concurrently adhering to Anglican Christianity and practising Freemasonry. In recent decades, however, reservations about Freemasonry have increased within Anglicanism, perhaps due to the increasing prominence of the evangelical wing of the church. The former <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Dr Rowan Williams</a>, appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual, while being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England. In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a> officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">apostasy</a> and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Regular Freemasonry has traditionally not responded to these claims, beyond the often-repeated statement that Freemasonry explicitly adheres to the principle that "Freemasonry is not a religion, nor a substitute for religion. There is no separate 'Masonic deity,' and there is no separate proper name for a deity in Freemasonry."<a href="#cite_note-a_religion?-182">[182]</a> Christian men, who were discouraged from joining the Freemasons by their Churches or who wanted a more religiocentric society, joined similar fraternal organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Peter_Claver" title="Knights of Peter Claver">Knights of Peter Claver</a> for Catholics, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Black_Institution" title="Royal Black Institution">Royal Black Institution</a> for Protestants,<a href="#cite_note-Fields1980-183">[183]</a> although these fraternal organisations have been "organized in part on the style of and use many symbols of Freemasonry".<a href="#cite_note-Fields1980-183">[183]</a> There are some elements of Freemasonry within the <a href="/wiki/Temple_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Temple (Latter Day Saints)">temple</a> <a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">rituals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonry and Mormonism">Mormonism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam_and_Freemasonry">Islam and Freemasonry</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Islam and Freemasonry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this section's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a>. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (December 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ottoman Caliph <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a> outlawed Freemasonry in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1748 CE and since that time Freemasonry was equated with <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the broader Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-FitIW-184">[184]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">antisemitic conspiracy theories</a>, though other criticisms are made, such as linking Freemasonry to <a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a> (the false Messiah in Islamic Scripture).<a href="#cite_note-freemasonryinSHIraq-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFMNAD-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> Islamic theologian <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Mūhammād Rashīd Ridâ</a> (1865–1935) played the crucial role in leading the opposition to Freemasonry across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a> during the early twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Influenced by Rida, Islamic anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa Mosque compound</a> in order to rebuild the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Solomon">Temple of Solomon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Through his popular <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamic</a> journal <a href="/wiki/Al-Man%C4%81r_(magazine)" title="Al-Manār (magazine)">Al-Manar</a>, Rashid Rida spread anti-Masonic ideas which would directly influence the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and subsequent Islamist movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In article 28 of its Covenant, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> states that Freemasonry, <a href="/wiki/Rotary_International" title="Rotary International">Rotary</a>, and other similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ..."<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Several predominantly Muslim countries have banned Freemasonry within their borders, while others have not. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> have established Grand Lodges,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> while in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> there are District Grand Lodges operating under a warrant from an established Grand Lodge. In 1972, in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a>, placed a ban on Freemasonry. Lodge buildings were confiscated by the government.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Masonic lodges existed in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> (UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> This position was later reinforced under <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>; the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations."<a href="#cite_note-freemasonryinSHIraq-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_opposition">Political opposition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Political opposition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></div> In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Societies_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlawful Societies Act">Unlawful Societies Act</a> banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oath</a> or obligation.<a href="#cite_note-USA1799-197">[197]</a> The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a> (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967, when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USA1799-197">[197]</a> Freemasonry in the United States faced political pressure following the 1826 kidnapping of <a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(anti-Mason)" title="William Morgan (anti-Mason)">William Morgan</a> by Freemasons and his subsequent disappearance. Reports of the "Morgan Affair", together with opposition to <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a> (Andrew Jackson was a prominent Mason), helped fuel an Anti-Masonic movement. The short-lived <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a> was formed, which fielded candidates for the presidential elections of 1828 and 1832.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W1028-507,_Erlangen,_Freimaurer_bei_Zeremonie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Erlangen Lodge revival, meeting in 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W1028-507%2C_Erlangen%2C_Freimaurer_bei_Zeremonie.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W1028-507%2C_Erlangen%2C_Freimaurer_bei_Zeremonie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W1028-507%2C_Erlangen%2C_Freimaurer_bei_Zeremonie.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W1028-507%2C_Erlangen%2C_Freimaurer_bei_Zeremonie.jpg" data-alt="Erlangen Lodge revival, meeting in 1948" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W1028-507%2C_Erlangen%2C_Freimaurer_bei_Zeremonie.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W1028-507%2C_Erlangen%2C_Freimaurer_bei_Zeremonie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W1028-507%2C_Erlangen%2C_Freimaurer_bei_Zeremonie.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W1028-507%2C_Erlangen%2C_Freimaurer_bei_Zeremonie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lodge in Erlangen, Germany. First meeting after World War II with guests from US, France and Czechoslovakia, 1948.</figcaption></figure> In Italy, Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Due" title="Propaganda Due">Propaganda Due</a> lodge (a.k.a. P2). This lodge was chartered by the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Oriente_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Oriente d'Italia">Grande Oriente d'Italia</a> in 1877, as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges. Under <a href="/wiki/Licio_Gelli" title="Licio Gelli">Licio Gelli</a>'s leadership, in the late 1970s, P2 became involved in the financial scandals that nearly bankrupted the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Bank">Vatican Bank</a>. However, by this time the lodge was operating independently and irregularly, as the Grand Orient had revoked its charter and expelled Gelli in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theorists">Conspiracy theorists</a> have long associated Freemasonry with the <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a>, and state that Freemasonry as an organisation is either bent on world domination or already secretly in control of world politics. Historically Freemasonry has attracted criticism, and suppression from both the politically far right (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>)<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> and the far left (e.g., the former <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a> in Eastern Europe).<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Freemasonry is viewed with distrust even in some modern democracies.<a href="#cite_note-Hodapp86-203">[203]</a> In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were required to disclose their membership from 1999 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianMP-204">[204]</a> While a parliamentary inquiry found that there had been no evidence of wrongdoing, the government believed that Masons' potential loyalties to support fellow Masons should be transparent to the public.<a href="#cite_note-Hodapp86-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardianMP-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership by applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Justice" title="Secretary of State for Justice">Justice Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a> (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Freemasonry is both successful and controversial in France. As of the early 21st century, membership is rising, but reporting of it in popular media is often negative.<a href="#cite_note-Hodapp86-203">[203]</a> In some countries, anti-Masonry is often related to <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and anti-<a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>. For example, in 1980, the Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">legal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Penal_Code" title="Iraqi Penal Code">penal code</a> was changed by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s ruling <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraq)">Ba'ath Party</a>, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations".<a href="#cite_note-freemasonryinSHIraq-185">[185]</a> Professor Andrew Prescott of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> writes: "Since at least the time of the <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that <a href="/wiki/11_September_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September 2001 attacks">11 September</a> was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order".<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The Holocaust" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims#Freemasons" title="Holocaust victims">Holocaust victims § Freemasons</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9_ch%C3%A9rie" title="Liberté chérie">Liberté chérie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Suppression of Freemasonry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forgetmenotflower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Forget-me-not" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Forgetmenotflower.JPG/170px-Forgetmenotflower.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Forgetmenotflower.JPG/170px-Forgetmenotflower.JPG" data-alt="Forget-me-not" data-width="170" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Forgetmenotflower.JPG/255px-Forgetmenotflower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Forgetmenotflower.JPG/340px-Forgetmenotflower.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Myosotis" title="Myosotis">Forget-me-not</a></figcaption></figure> The preserved records of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reichssicherheitshauptamt</a> (the Reich Security Main Office) show the persecution of Freemasons during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> RSHA Amt VII (Written Records), overseen by Professor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Six" title="Franz Six">Franz Six</a>, was responsible for "ideological" tasks, by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda. While the number of victims is not accurately known, historians estimate that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were killed under the <a href="/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel" title="Nacht und Nebel">Nazi regime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-holocaust-209">[209]</a> Masonic concentration camp inmates were classified as political prisoners and wore an inverted <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">red triangle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Hitler believed Freemasons had succumbed to Jews conspiring against Germany.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The small blue <a href="/wiki/Myosotis" title="Myosotis">forget-me-not</a> flower was first used by the Grand Lodge Zur Sonne in 1926, as a Masonic emblem at the annual convention in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Germany. In 1938, a forget-me-not badge, made by the same factory as the Masonic badge, was chosen for the Nazi Party's <a href="/wiki/Winterhilfswerk" title="Winterhilfswerk">Winterhilfswerk</a>, the annual charity drive of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_People%27s_Welfare" title="National Socialist People's Welfare">National Socialist People's Welfare</a> (the welfare branch of the Nazi party). This coincidence enabled Freemasons to wear the forget-me-not badge as a secret sign of membership.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the forget-me-not flower was used again as a Masonic emblem in 1948 at the first Annual Convention of the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodges_of_Germany" title="United Grand Lodges of Germany">United Grand Lodges of Germany</a> in 1948. The badge is now sometimes worn in the coat lapel by Freemasons around the world to remember all who suffered in the name of Freemasonry, especially those during the Nazi era.<a href="#cite_note-Galen_forget-me-not-216">[216]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Freemasons</a> – Lists of notable Freemasons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_general_fraternities" title="List of general fraternities">List of general fraternities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a> – Fraternity organized as an order</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Co-Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_during_World_War_I" title="Freemasonry during World War I">Freemasonry during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_under_the_Second_French_Empire" title="Freemasonry under the Second French Empire">Freemasonry under the Second French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Latin_America" title="Freemasonry in Latin America">Freemasonry in Latin America</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://linfordresearch.info/fordownload/Other%20Books/J%20and%20B%20exposure%201797%20edn.pdf">https://linfordresearch.info/fordownload/Other%20Books/J%20and%20B%20exposure%201797%20edn.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtnebo91wv.org/history-of-free-masonry">"History of Free Masonry"</a>. mtnebo91wv.org. 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(French Language) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/history_of_co-freemasonry.htm">Jeanne Heaslewood, "A Brief History of the Founding of Co-Freemasonry"</a>, 1999, Phoenix Masonry, retrieved 12 August 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-DHHistoire-121"><a href="#cite_ref-DHHistoire_121-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021235404/http://www.droithumain-france.org/contenu/identite-histoire/histoire/les-grandes-figures/histoire-du-droit-humain">"Histoire du Droit Humain"</a>, Droit Humain, retrieved 12 August 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.owf.org.uk/">"The Order of Women Freemasons | Womens Freemasonry | Nationwide"</a>. www.owf.org.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.owf.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Order+of+Women+Freemasons+%7C+Womens+Freemasonry+%7C+Nationwide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.owf.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hfaf.org/">"HFAF | Freemasonry for Women"</a>. Retrieved 17 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HFAF+%7C+Freemasonry+for+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhfaf.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hfaf.org/ugle.htm">"Text of UGLE statement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604174900/http://www.hfaf.org/ugle.htm">Archived</a> 4 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons – Freemasonry For Women, retrieved 12 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Karen Kidd, Haunted Chambers: the Lives of Early Women Freemasons, Cornerstone, 2009, pp. 204–205 </li> <li id="cite_note-trans-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trans_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trans_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_Gayle2018" class="citation news cs1">Damien Gayle (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/aug/01/freemasons-to-admit-women-but-only-if-they-first-joined-as-men">"Freemasons to admit women – but only if they first joined as men | UK news"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Freemasons+to+admit+women+%E2%80%93+but+only+if+they+first+joined+as+men+%26%23124%3B+UK+news&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Damien+Gayle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2018%2Faug%2F01%2Ffreemasons-to-admit-women-but-only-if-they-first-joined-as-men&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Margaret C. Jacob's seminal work on Enlightenment freemasonry, Margaret C. Jacob, Living the Enlightenment: Free masonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Oxford University Press, 1991) p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Margaret C. Jacob, "Polite worlds of Enlightenment", in Martin Fitzpatrick and Peter Jones, eds. The Enlightenment World (Routledge, 2004) pp. 272–287. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Daniel Roche, France in the Enlightenment (Harvard U.P. 1998)) p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Jacob, Living the Enlightenment, pp. 20, 73, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Jacob, Living the Enlightenment, pp. 145–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Robert R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: The struggle (1970) p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Neil L. 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Retrieved 2 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.freemasons-freemasonry.com&rft.atitle=Chinese+Masonic+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemasons-freemasonry.com%2Fchinese-masonic-society.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zetlandhall.com/">"HOME"</a>. Zetland Hall Website. 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Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Antimasonry&rft.pub=Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webster-dictionary.net%2Fd.aspx%3Fw%3DAntimasonry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeimbichnerParfrey2012" class="citation book cs1">Heimbichner, S. Craig; Parfrey, Adam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVRjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">Ritual America: Secret Brotherhoods and Their Influence on American Society: A Visual Guide</a>. Feral House. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1936239153" title="Special:BookSources/978-1936239153"><bdi>978-1936239153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+America%3A+Secret+Brotherhoods+and+Their+Influence+on+American+Society%3A+A+Visual+Guide&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1936239153&rft.aulast=Heimbichner&rft.aufirst=S.+Craig&rft.au=Parfrey%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVRjCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2006" class="citation book cs1">Morris, S. Brent (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu00morr/page/85">The Complete Idiot's Guide to Freemasonry</a>. New York: Alpha Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu00morr/page/85">85 (also discussed in chapters 13 and 16)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-490-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-490-2"><bdi>978-1-59257-490-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68042376">68042376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Freemasonry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=85+%28also+discussed+in+chapters+13+and+16%29&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68042376&rft.isbn=978-1-59257-490-2&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=S.+Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteidiotsgu00morr%2Fpage%2F85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-changes-160"><a href="#cite_ref-changes_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1993" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, John J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pilgrimspathfree00robi/page/129">A Pilgrim's Path</a>. New York: M. 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Brent Morris (18 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/taxilhoax.html">"Leo Taxil Hoax –Bibliography"</a>. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Retrieved 7 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leo+Taxil+Hoax+%E2%80%93Bibliography&rft.pub=Grand+Lodge+of+British+Columbia+and+Yukon&rft.date=2002-08-18&rft.aulast=de+Hoyos&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft.au=S.+Brent+Morris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Fanti-masonry%2Ftaxilhoax.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> Lists many books which perpetuate Masonic ritual hoaxes. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.infoplease.com/anti-mason">"Anti-mason"</a> infoplease.com retrieved 9 January 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Morris, S. 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Retrieved 9 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CatholicCulture.org&rft.atitle=Letter+of+19+April+1985+to+U.S.+Bishops+Concerning+Masonry&rft.date=1985-04-19&rft.aulast=Cardinal+Law&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Fid%3D5285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuela_TulliAngela_Pellicciari2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Emanuela Tulli; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Pellicciari" class="extiw" title="it:Angela Pellicciari">Angela Pellicciari</a> [in Italian] (26 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ansa.it/oltretevere/notizie/2023/06/26/da-clemente-xii-a-ratzinger-i-papi-contro-la-massoneria_8f26e8e6-17c6-4e6a-b0ab-8ae0e21d039a.html">"From Clement XII to Ratzinger, the Popes and Freemasonry"</a> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Nazionale_Stampa_Associata" title="Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata">ANSA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231209224543/https://www.ansa.it/oltretevere/notizie/2023/06/26/da-clemente-xii-a-ratzinger-i-papi-contro-la-massoneria_8f26e8e6-17c6-4e6a-b0ab-8ae0e21d039a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Clement+XII+to+Ratzinger%2C+the+Popes+and+Freemasonry&rft.pub=ANSA&rft.date=2023-06-26&rft.au=Emanuela+Tulli&rft.au=Angela+Pellicciari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Foltretevere%2Fnotizie%2F2023%2F06%2F26%2Fda-clemente-xii-a-ratzinger-i-papi-contro-la-massoneria_8f26e8e6-17c6-4e6a-b0ab-8ae0e21d039a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2023-11/vatican-catholics-still-forbidden-masonic-lodge.html">"Vatican confirms Catholics still forbidden to join Masonic lodges"</a>. 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+confirms+Catholics+still+forbidden+to+join+Masonic+lodges&rft.date=2023-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fvatican-city%2Fnews%2F2023-11%2Fvatican-catholics-still-forbidden-masonic-lodge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canon2335-167"><a href="#cite_ref-canon2335_167-0">^</a> Canon 2335, 1917 Code of Canon Law from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/canon.html">"Canon Law regarding Freemasonry, 1917–1983"</a>. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canon+Law+regarding+Freemasonry%2C+1917%E2%80%931983&rft.pub=Grand+Lodge+of+British+Columbia+and+Yukon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Fanti-masonry%2Fcanon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCLaw-168"><a href="#cite_ref-RCLaw_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInvale1991" class="citation journal cs1">McInvale, Reid (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bessel.org/cathtlor.htm">"Roman Catholic Church Law Regarding Freemasonry"</a>. Transactions of Texas Lodge of Research. 27: 86–97. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47204246">47204246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+Texas+Lodge+of+Research&rft.atitle=Roman+Catholic+Church+Law+Regarding+Freemasonry&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=86-97&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47204246&rft.aulast=McInvale&rft.aufirst=Reid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbessel.org%2Fcathtlor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19831126_declaration-masonic_en.html">Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration on Masonic Associations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010314042333/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19831126_declaration-masonic_en.html">Archived</a> 14 March 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 26 November 1983, retrieved 26 November 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Franciscus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_ddf_doc_20231113_richiesta-cortes-massoneria_en.pdf">Dicasterium Pro Doctrina Fidei</a>: Note for the audience with the Holy Father, Vatican City, 13 November 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2023-11/vatican-catholics-still-forbidden-masonic-lodge.html">"Vatican confirms Catholics still forbidden to join Masonic lodges"</a>. Vatican News. 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=Vatican+confirms+Catholics+still+forbidden+to+join+Masonic+lodges&rft.date=2023-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fvatican-city%2Fnews%2F2023-11%2Fvatican-catholics-still-forbidden-masonic-lodge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojas2020" class="citation news cs1">Rojas, Jose R. (20 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/pastoral-guidelines-in-dealing-with-individual-catholics-members-of-masonry/">"Pastoral guidelines in dealing with individual Catholics – members of Masonry"</a>. CBCPNews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBCPNews&rft.atitle=Pastoral+guidelines+in+dealing+with+individual+Catholics+%E2%80%93+members+of+Masonry&rft.date=2020-02-20&rft.aulast=Rojas&rft.aufirst=Jose+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbcpnews.net%2Fcbcpnews%2Fpastoral-guidelines-in-dealing-with-individual-catholics-members-of-masonry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satanism-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Satanism_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Chick" class="citation web cs1">Jack Chick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0093/0093_01.asp">"The Curse of Baphomet"</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Curse+of+Baphomet&rft.au=Jack+Chick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chick.com%2Freading%2Ftracts%2F0093%2F0093_01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArturo_de_Hoyos_and_S._Brent_Morris2004" class="citation book cs1">Arturo de Hoyos and S. Brent Morris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202094337/http://204.3.136.66/web/SRpublications/DeHoyos.htm#i8">Is it True What They Say About Freemasonry, 2nd edition (revised), chapter 1</a>. M. Evans & Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://204.3.136.66/web/SRpublications/DeHoyos.htm#i8">the original</a> on 2 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+it+True+What+They+Say+About+Freemasonry%2C+2nd+edition+%28revised%29%2C+chapter+1&rft.pub=M.+Evans+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Arturo+de+Hoyos+and+S.+Brent+Morris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F204.3.136.66%2Fweb%2FSRpublications%2FDeHoyos.htm%23i8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPikeT._W._Hugo;_Scottish_Rite_(Masonic_order)._Supreme_Council_of_the_Thirty-Third_Degree_for_the_Southern_Jurisdiction1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pike" title="Albert Pike">Pike, Albert</a>; T. W. Hugo; Scottish Rite (Masonic order). Supreme Council of the Thirty-Third Degree for the Southern Jurisdiction (1950) [1871]. Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. Washington, DC: House of the Temple. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12870276">12870276</a>. <q>In preparing this work [Pike] has been about equally Author and Compiler. (p. iii.) ... The teachings of these Readings are not sacramental, so far as they go beyond the realm of Morality into those of other domains of Thought and Truth. The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite uses the word "Dogma" in its true sense of doctrine, or teaching; and is not dogmatic in the odious sense of that term. Everyone is entirely free to reject and dissent from whatsoever herein may seem to him to be untrue or unsound (p. iv)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morals+and+Dogma+of+the+Ancient+and+Accepted+Scottish+Rite+of+Freemasonry&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=House+of+the+Temple&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12870276&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=T.+W.+Hugo%3B+Scottish+Rite+%28Masonic+order%29.+Supreme+Council+of+the+Thirty-Third+Degree+for+the+Southern+Jurisdiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jeffstraub.net/baptists-and-freemasonry-can-a-christian-be-a-faithful-believer-and-be-a-freemason/">"Baptists and Freemasonry? Can a Christian be a Faithful Believer and be a Freemason? | Jeff Straub"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptists+and+Freemasonry%3F+Can+a+Christian+be+a+Faithful+Believer+and+be+a+Freemason%3F+%26%23124%3B+Jeff+Straub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjeffstraub.net%2Fbaptists-and-freemasonry-can-a-christian-be-a-faithful-believer-and-be-a-freemason%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ericbarger.com/articles/fmasonry-sbc.2.htm">"FREEMASONRY AND THE SOUTHERN BAPTIST CHURCH Part 2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FREEMASONRY+AND+THE+SOUTHERN+BAPTIST+CHURCH+Part+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ericbarger.com%2Farticles%2Ffmasonry-sbc.2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2006" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Howard (2006). 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Retrieved 9 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Rowan+Williams+apologises+to+Freemasons&rft.date=2003-04-20&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Elizabeth+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2003%2F04%2F20%2Fnmason20.xml%26sSheet%3D%2Fnews%2F2003%2F04%2F20%2Fixhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/masonry.aspx">"Freemasonry: Official Statement of the Church of Greece (1933)"</a>. Orthodoxinfo.com. 12 October 1933. 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Retrieved 7 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=guardian.co.uk&rft.atitle=Jack+Straw+scraps+rule+saying+judges+must+declare+if+they+are+masons&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft.au=Sparrow%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2Fblog%2F2009%2Fnov%2F05%2Fjack-straw-judges-masons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Prescott, pp. 13–14, 30, 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121210071945/http://mill-valley.freemasonry.biz/persecution.htm">"World War II Documents showing the persecution of Freemasonry"</a>. Mill Valley Lodge #356. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mill-valley.freemasonry.biz/persecution.htm">the original</a> on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Documents+showing+the+persecution+of+Freemasonry&rft.pub=Mill+Valley+Lodge+%23356&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmill-valley.freemasonry.biz%2Fpersecution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-holocaust-209"><a href="#cite_ref-holocaust_209-0">^</a> Freemasons for Dummies, by Christopher Hodapp, Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, 2005, p. 85, sec. "Hitler and the Nazi" </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Katz (1990). "Jews and Freemasons in Europe". In Israel Gutman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4/page/">The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4/page/">vol. 2, p. 531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897166-7"><bdi>978-0-02-897166-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20594356">20594356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jews+and+Freemasons+in+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=vol.+2%2C+p.+531&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20594356&rft.isbn=978-0-02-897166-7&rft.au=Katz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007186">"Freemasonry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freemasonry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeown" class="citation web cs1">McKeown, Trevor W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/hitler.html">"Hitler and Freemasonry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Freemasonry&rft.aulast=McKeown&rft.aufirst=Trevor+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Fanti-masonry%2Fhitler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetloge.de/arst/forgetd.htm">"Das Vergißmeinnicht-Abzeichen und die Freimaurerei, Die wahre Geschichte"</a> (in German). Internetloge.de. Retrieved 8 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Vergi%C3%9Fmeinnicht-Abzeichen+und+die+Freimaurerei%2C+Die+wahre+Geschichte&rft.pub=Internetloge.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetloge.de%2Farst%2Fforgetd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernheim2004" class="citation web cs1">Bernheim, Alain (10 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/bernheim3.html">"The Blue Forget-Me-Not: Another Side Of The Story"</a>. Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry. Retrieved 8 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pietre-Stones+Review+of+Freemasonry&rft.atitle=The+Blue+Forget-Me-Not%3A+Another+Side+Of+The+Story&rft.date=2004-09-10&rft.aulast=Bernheim&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemasons-freemasonry.com%2Fbernheim3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranckeErnst-Günther_Geppert1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Francke, Karl Heinz; Ernst-Günther Geppert (1974). Die Freimaurer-Logen Deutschlands und deren Grosslogen 1737–1972 (in German) (Second rev. ed.). Bayreuth: Quatuor Coronati.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Freimaurer-Logen+Deutschlands+und+deren+Grosslogen+1737%E2%80%931972&rft.place=Bayreuth&rft.edition=Second+rev.&rft.pub=Quatuor+Coronati&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Francke&rft.aufirst=Karl+Heinz&rft.au=Ernst-G%C3%BCnther+Geppert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988">Also in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranckeErnst-Günther_Geppert1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Francke, Karl Heinz; Ernst-Günther Geppert (1988). Die Freimaurer-Logen Deutschlands und deren Grosslogen 1737–1985 : Matrikel und Stammbuch; Nachschlagewerk über 248 Jahre Geschichte der Freimaurerei in Deutschland (in German). Bayreuth: Quatuor Coronati. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-925749-05-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-925749-05-6"><bdi>978-3-925749-05-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75446479">75446479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Freimaurer-Logen+Deutschlands+und+deren+Grosslogen+1737%E2%80%931985+%3A+Matrikel+und+Stammbuch%3B+Nachschlagewerk+%C3%BCber+248+Jahre+Geschichte+der+Freimaurerei+in+Deutschland&rft.place=Bayreuth&rft.pub=Quatuor+Coronati&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F75446479&rft.isbn=978-3-925749-05-6&rft.aulast=Francke&rft.aufirst=Karl+Heinz&rft.au=Ernst-G%C3%BCnther+Geppert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galen_forget-me-not-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Galen_forget-me-not_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306011314/http://www.masonicnetwork.org/blog/2009/the-story-behind-forget-me-not-emblem/">"The Story Behind Forget Me Not Emblem!"</a>. Masonic Network. 11 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masonicnetwork.org/blog/2009/the-story-behind-forget-me-not-emblem/">the original</a> on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Masonic+Network&rft.atitle=The+Story+Behind+Forget+Me+Not+Emblem%21&rft.date=2009-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masonicnetwork.org%2Fblog%2F2009%2Fthe-story-behind-forget-me-not-emblem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_France#Bibliography" title="Freemasonry in France">Freemasonry in France § Bibliography</a></div> <ul><li>Belton, John L., et al. Freemasonry in context: history, ritual, controversy (Lexington Books, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXq4lJeX_DUC&dq=History+of+freemasonry+symbols&pg=PR7">online</a>.</li> <li>Berger, Joachim. "The great divide: Transatlantic brothering and masonic internationalism, c. 1870–c. 1930." Atlantic Studies 16.3 (2019): 405–422.</li> <li>Dickie, John. The Craft: How the Freemasons Made the Modern World (PublicAffairs, 2020).</li> <li>Fozdar, Vahid. " 'That Grand Primeval and Fundamental Religion': The Transformation of Freemasonry into a British Imperial Cult." Journal of World History 22#3 (2011), pp. 493–525. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23011747">online</a></li> <li>Hamill, John. The Craft: A History of English Freemasonry (1986)</li> <li>Harland-Jacobs, Jessica L. Builders of Empire: Freemasons and British Imperialism, 1717–1927 (2007)</li> <li>Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig. Freemasonry and German Civil Society, 1840–1918 (U of Michigan Press, 2007).</li> <li>Jacob, Margaret C. Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe (1991)</li> <li>Jacob, Margaret C. The Origins of Freemasonry: Facts and Fictions (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2007).</li> <li>Jacob, Margaret, and Matthew Crow. "Freemasonry and the Enlightenment." in Handbook of Freemasonry (Brill, 2014) pp. 100–116. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://milwaukeefreemasonryformenandwomen.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Handbook-of-Freemasonry-Henrik-Bogdan-Jan-A.-M.-Snoek.pdf#page=121">online</a></li> <li>Loiselle, Kenneth. "Freemasonry and the Catholic Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century France." Journal of Modern History 94.3 (2022): 499–536. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1060&context=hist_faculty">online</a></li> <li>Önnerfors, Andreas. Freemasonry: a very short introduction (Oxford University Press, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3AuDwAAQBAJ&dq=History+of+freemasonry+symbols&pg=PP1">excerpt</a>.</li> <li>Racine, Karen. "Freemasonry" in Michael S. Werner, ed. Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society, and Culture (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997) 1:538–540.</li> <li>Ridley, Jasper. The Freemasons (1999), wide-ranging global popular history.</li> <li>Snoek Jan A.M. and Henrik Bogdan. "The History of Freemasonry: An Overview" in Bogdan and Snoek, eds. Handbook of Freemasonry (Brill, 2014) ch. 2 pp 13–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://milwaukeefreemasonryformenandwomen.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Handbook-of-Freemasonry-Henrik-Bogdan-Jan-A.-M.-Snoek.pdf#page=34">online</a></li> <li>Stevenson, David. "Four Hundred Years of Freemasonry in Scotland." Scottish Historical Review, 90#230 (2011), pp. 280–295. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23073288">online</a></li> <li>Stevenson, David. The First Freemasons. Scotland's Early Lodges and Their Members (1988)</li> <li>Weisberger, R. William et al. Freemasonry on Both Sides of the Atlantic: Essays concerning the Craft in the British Isles, Europe, the United States, and Mexico (2002), 969 pp</li> <li>Weisberger, R. William. Speculative Freemasonry and the Enlightenment: A Study of the Craft in London, Paris, Prague and Vienna (Columbia University Press, 1993) 243 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Bullock, Steven C. Revolutionary brotherhood: Freemasonry and the transformation of the American social order, 1730–1840 (UNC Press Books, 2011).</li> <li>Formisano, Ronald P., and Kathleen Smith Kutolowski. "Antimasonry and Masonry: The Genesis of Protest, 1826–1827." American Quarterly 29.2 (1977): 139–165. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712356">online</a></li> <li>Hackett, David G. That Religion in Which All Men Agree : Freemasonry in American Culture (U of California Press, 2015)</li> <li>Hinks, Peter P. et al. All Men Free and Brethren: Essays on the History of African American Freemasonry (Cornell UP, 2013).</li> <li>Kantrowitz, Stephen. " 'Intended for the Better Government of Man': The Political History of African American Freemasonry in the Era of Emancipation." Journal of American History 96#4, (2010), pp. 1001–1026. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40661823">online</a>.</li> <li>Weisberger, R. William et al. Freemasonry on Both Sides of the Atlantic: Essays concerning the Craft in the British Isles, Europe, the United States, and Mexico (2002), 969pp</li> <li>York, Neil L. "Freemasons and the American Revolution." Historian 55#2 (1993), pp. 315–330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24449525">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Jacob, Margaret. "The Radical Enlightenment and Freemasonry: where we are now." REHMLAC: Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña 1 (2013): 11–25.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5285155.pdf">online</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Freemasonry at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freemasonry" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Freemasonry">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Freemasonry" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Freemasonry">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freemasonry" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Freemasonry">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Freemasonry" class="extiw" title="q:Freemasonry">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Freemasonry" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Freemasonry">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freemasonry" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Freemasonry">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freemasonry" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Freemasonry">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Freemasonry">"Freemasonry" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freemasonry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brad.ac.uk/webofhiram/">Web of Hiram</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929054435/http://www.brad.ac.uk/webofhiram/">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the University of Bradford. A database of donated Masonic material.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/masonic_books_online.html">Masonic Books Online</a> of the Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/25/">The Constitutions of the Free-Masons</a> (1734), James Anderson, Benjamin Franklin, Paul Royster. Hosted by the Libraries at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18136/18136-h/18136-h.htm">The Mysteries of Free Masonry</a>, by William Morgan, from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alegislativeinv00hallgoog">A Legislative Investigation into Masonry (1832)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1560509">1560509</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugle.org.uk/library-museum/">The United Grand Lodge of England's Library and Museum of Freemasonry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527152317/https://www.ugle.org.uk/library-museum/">Archived</a> 27 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, London</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oztorah.com/category/freemasonry/">Articles on Judaism and Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://masonicinfo.com/">Anti-Masonry: Points of View</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519134436/http://www.masonicinfo.com/">Archived</a> 19 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Edward L. King's Masonic website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ledroithumain.international/?lang=en">The International Order of Co-Freemasonry Le Droit Humain</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&oldid=1259481150">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&oldid=1259481150</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 November 2024, at 11:51 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrymesselary" title="Vrymesselary – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vrymesselary" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الماسونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الماسونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoner%C3%ADa" title="Masonería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Masonería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonluq" title="Masonluq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Masonluq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="ফ্রিম্যাসনরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রিম্যাসনরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%8Dng-ch%C3%A8-ho%C4%93" title="Kiōng-chè-hoē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiōng-chè-hoē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Масонства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Масонства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Масонства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Масонства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoneriya" title="Masoneriya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Masoneriya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Масонство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Масонство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodno_zidarstvo" title="Slobodno zidarstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slobodno zidarstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra%C3%B1masonerezh" title="Frañmasonerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frañmasonerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francma%C3%A7oneria" title="Francmaçoneria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francmaçoneria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Масонлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Масонлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodn%C3%A9_zedn%C3%A1%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Svobodné zednářství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svobodné zednářství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiri_Rhyddion" title="Seiri Rhyddion – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seiri Rhyddion" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frimureri" title="Frimureri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frimureri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freimaurerei" title="Freimaurerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freimaurerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabam%C3%BC%C3%BCrlus" title="Vabamüürlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabamüürlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ελευθεροτεκτονισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελευθεροτεκτονισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francmasoner%C3%ADa" title="Francmasonería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francmasonería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framasonismo" title="Framasonismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Framasonismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoneria" title="Masoneria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Masoneria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فراماسونری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فراماسونری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie" title="Franc-maçonnerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Franc-maçonnerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frijmitselderij" title="Frijmitselderij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frijmitselderij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnachas" title="Máisiúnachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Máisiúnachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonar%C3%ADa" title="Masonaría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Masonaría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A8" title="프리메이슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리메이슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մասոնականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մասոնականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodno_zidarstvo" title="Slobodno zidarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slobodno zidarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Freemasonry" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framasonaro" title="Framasonaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Framasonaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Freemasonry" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%ADm%C3%BArarareglan" title="Frímúrarareglan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frímúrarareglan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massoneria" title="Massoneria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massoneria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הבונים החופשיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבונים החופשיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მასონობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მასონობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Масондық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Масондық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamasoni" title="Wamasoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wamasoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franmasonri" title="Franmasonri – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Franmasonri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latomismus" title="Latomismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Latomismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%ABvm%C5%ABrniec%C4%ABba" title="Brīvmūrniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brīvmūrniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4imaurerei" title="Fräimaurerei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fräimaurerei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laisvieji_masonai" title="Laisvieji masonai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laisvieji masonai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vriemetselariej" title="Vriemetselariej – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vriemetselariej" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massoneria" title="Massoneria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Massoneria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabadk%C5%91m%C5%B1vess%C3%A9g" title="Szabadkőművesség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szabadkőművesség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%95%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Слободно ѕидарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слободно ѕидарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framas%C3%B4neria" title="Framasôneria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Framasôneria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="ഫ്രീമേസണ്മാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രീമേസണ്മാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ماسونيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماسونيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فراماسونری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فراماسونری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason" title="Freemason – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Freemason" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%82_%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3" title="Чөлөөт өрлөг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чөлөөт өрлөг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဖရီးမေဆန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖရီးမေဆန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrijmetselarij" title="Vrijmetselarij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrijmetselarij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrymetselarye" title="Vrymetselarye – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vrymetselarye" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="フリーメイソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリーメイソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frimureri" title="Frimureri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frimureri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frimureri" title="Frimureri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frimureri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francma%C3%A7oneria" title="Francmaçoneria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francmaçoneria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonlik" title="Masonlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Masonlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86" title="فری میسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فری میسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ماسونيان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماسونيان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-manchonnrie" title="Franc-manchonnrie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Franc-manchonnrie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolnomularstwo" title="Wolnomularstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolnomularstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A7onaria" title="Maçonaria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maçonaria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francmasonerie" title="Francmasonerie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francmasonerie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Масонство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Масонство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%C3%ABria_e_Lir%C3%AB" title="Masonëria e Lirë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Masonëria e Lirë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92" title="ෆ්‍රීමේසනරි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෆ්‍රීමේසනරි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Freemasonry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodomur%C3%A1rstvo" title="Slobodomurárstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slobodomurárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostozidarstvo" title="Prostozidarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prostozidarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ماسۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماسۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Слободно зидарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слободно зидарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodno_zidarstvo" title="Slobodno zidarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slobodno zidarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapaamuurarit" title="Vapaamuurarit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vapaamuurarit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frimureri" title="Frimureri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frimureri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="விடுதலைக் கட்டுநர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விடுதலைக் கட்டுநர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ฟรีเมสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟรีเมสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Франкмасонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Франкмасонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonluk" title="Masonluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Masonluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Масонство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Масонство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86" title="فری میسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فری میسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoneria" title="Masoneria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Masoneria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Tam_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m" title="Hội Tam Điểm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội Tam Điểm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%BF%9F%E6%9C%83" title="共濟會 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="共濟會" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%B5%8E%E4%BC%9A" title="共济会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="共济会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%BF%9F%E6%9C%83" title="共濟會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="共濟會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%B5%8E%E4%BC%9A" title="共济会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="共济会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 11:51 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a 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