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id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Twentieth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Statute_of_Autonomy_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Statute_of_Autonomy_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Second Statute of Autonomy and after </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Statute_of_Autonomy_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_Referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_Referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 2014 Referendum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_Referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_Referendum,_Declaration_of_Independence_and_new_regional_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_Referendum,_Declaration_of_Independence_and_new_regional_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 2017 Referendum, Declaration of Independence and new regional elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_Referendum,_Declaration_of_Independence_and_new_regional_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_trial_of_Catalonia_independence_leaders_and_October_2019_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_trial_of_Catalonia_independence_leaders_and_October_2019_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 The trial of Catalonia independence leaders and October 2019 protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_trial_of_Catalonia_independence_leaders_and_October_2019_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_and_2024_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_and_2024_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 2021 and 2024 elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_and_2024_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Support for independence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Support_for_independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Support for independence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Support_for_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recent_pro-independence_vote_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_pro-independence_vote_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Recent pro-independence vote evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_pro-independence_vote_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catalan_regional_elections,_consultation_and_independence_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalan_regional_elections,_consultation_and_independence_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Catalan regional elections, consultation and independence referendum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalan_regional_elections,_consultation_and_independence_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_general_elections_in_Catalonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_general_elections_in_Catalonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Spanish general elections in Catalonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_general_elections_in_Catalonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_to_the_European_Parliament_in_Catalonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_to_the_European_Parliament_in_Catalonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Elections to the European Parliament in Catalonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_to_the_European_Parliament_in_Catalonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unofficial_consultations_and_referendums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unofficial_consultations_and_referendums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Unofficial consultations and referendums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unofficial_consultations_and_referendums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Opposition to independence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition_to_independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opposition to independence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Political parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Anti-independence movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_polling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_polling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Opinion polling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_polling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_prospects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_prospects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Long-term prospects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_prospects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Catalan independence movement</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="حركة استقلال كتالونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة استقلال كتالونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan_m%C3%BCst%C9%99qillik_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1" title="Katalan müstəqillik hərəkatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Katalan müstəqillik hərəkatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalunya_to%CC%8Dk-li%CC%8Dp_%C5%ABn-t%C5%8Dng" title="Catalunya to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Catalunya to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independentisme_catal%C3%A0" title="Independentisme català – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Independentisme català" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_hnut%C3%AD_za_nez%C3%A1vislost" title="Katalánské hnutí za nezávislost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katalánské hnutí za nezávislost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataloonia_iseseisvusliikumine" title="Kataloonia iseseisvusliikumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kataloonia iseseisvusliikumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independentismo_catal%C3%A1n" title="Independentismo catalán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Independentismo catalán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan_independentismo" title="Katalan independentismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katalan independentismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنبش استقلال کاتالان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش استقلال کاتالان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%A9pendantisme_catalan" title="Indépendantisme catalan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indépendantisme catalan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independentismo_catal%C3%A1n" title="Independentismo catalán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Independentismo catalán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A3%A8%EB%83%90_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="카탈루냐 독립운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카탈루냐 독립운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կատալոնիայի անկախացման համար շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատալոնիայի անկախացման համար շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokret_za_neovisnost_Katalonije" title="Pokret za neovisnost Katalonije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pokret za neovisnost Katalonije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_kemerdekaan_Katalonia" title="Gerakan kemerdekaan Katalonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan kemerdekaan Katalonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndependentisme_catalan" title="Índependentisme catalan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Índependentisme catalan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indipendentismo_catalano" title="Indipendentismo catalano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indipendentismo catalano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independentisem_catalan" title="Independentisem catalan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Independentisem catalan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemerdekaan_Catalonia" title="Kemerdekaan Catalonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemerdekaan Catalonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="カタルーニャ独立運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタルーニャ独立運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalansk_uavhengighet" title="Katalansk uavhengighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katalansk uavhengighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independentisme_catalan" title="Independentisme catalan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Independentisme catalan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataloniya_mustaqillik_harakati" title="Kataloniya mustaqillik harakati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kataloniya mustaqillik harakati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8D_%D8%BA%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%81%DA%9A%D8%AA" title="د کاتالان خپلواکۍ غوښتونکی خوځښت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کاتالان خپلواکۍ غوښتونکی خوځښت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independentismo_catal%C3%A3o" title="Independentismo catalão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Independentismo catalão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatismul_catalan" title="Separatismul catalan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Separatismul catalan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Движение за независимость Каталонии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение за независимость Каталонии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indipendentismu_cadelanu" title="Indipendentismu cadelanu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Indipendentismu cadelanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABvizja_p%C3%ABr_pavar%C3%ABsin%C3%AB_e_Katalonj%C3%ABs" title="Lëvizja për pavarësinë e Katalonjës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lëvizja për pavarësinë e Katalonjës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Catalan independence movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Somunanacio17.jpg/290px-Somunanacio17.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Somunanacio17.jpg/435px-Somunanacio17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Somunanacio17.jpg/580px-Somunanacio17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A Catalan independence protest in July 2010</figcaption></figure> The Catalan independence movement (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: independentisme català;<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: independentismo catalán; <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: independentisme catalan) is a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> (with roots in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalism</a>) which seeks the <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. The beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> in Catalonia can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> movements of the mid–19th century, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> ideas widespread in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> at the time. The first organised Catalan independence party was <a href="/wiki/Estat_Catal%C3%A0" title="Estat Català">Estat Català</a> (Catalan State), founded in 1922 by <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Maci%C3%A0" title="Francesc Macià">Francesc Macià</a>. In 1931, Estat Català and other parties formed <a href="/wiki/Esquerra_Republicana_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya">Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya</a> (Republican Left of Catalonia, ERC). Macià proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republic_(1931)" title="Catalan Republic (1931)">Catalan Republic</a> within Spain in 1931, subsequently accepting autonomy within the Spanish state after negotiations with the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> abolished Catalan autonomy in 1938. Following Franco's death in 1975, Catalan political parties concentrated on the recovery and further increase of autonomy rather than independence. The contemporary independence movement began around 2009 after a series of events, including the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">Partido Popular</a> (People's Party) challenging the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia_of_2006" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006">2006 Statute of Autonomy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court of Spain</a>; Catalan municipalities held symbolic <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_referendums,_2009%E2%80%9311" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan independence referendums, 2009–11">referendums on independence</a> between 2009 and 2011. The 2010 ruling of the court that parts of the statute were unconstitutional sparked <a href="/wiki/2010_Catalan_autonomy_protest" title="2010 Catalan autonomy protest">huge protests</a>, and a snap election in 2012 led to the first pro-independence majority ever in the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan parliament">Catalan parliament</a>. The new government held a "non-binding" <a href="/wiki/2014_Catalan_self-determination_referendum" title="2014 Catalan self-determination referendum">self-determination referendum</a> in 2014, which yielded a large majority in favour of independence, but with a low turnout due to boycotting by anti-independence voters. A <a href="/wiki/2015_Catalan_regional_election" title="2015 Catalan regional election">further election</a> in 2015 was followed by the calling of <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">a new, binding referendum</a>. This was however considered illegal by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Spanish government</a> and the Constitutional Court, as the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Catalan government</a> lacks legal jurisdiction to organize referendums. The referendum was nonetheless held in 2017 amidst great political and social controversy including police violence aimed at stopping it both before and during the voting. Amidst large protests from both the pro- and anti-independence camps, the Catalan parliament approved a motion with the aim to proclaim an independent republic. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish senate">Spanish senate</a> voted to take control of the Catalan institutions until <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_regional_election" title="2017 Catalan regional election">new regional elections</a>. The autonomous government leaders were arrested in the subsequent weeks with some fleeing abroad including then president <a href="/wiki/Carles_Puigdemont" title="Carles Puigdemont">Carles Puigdemont</a>. In 2019, the new Spanish government agreed to hold a 'table of negotiations' with the government of Catalonia, though refusing beforehand to consider independence or self-determination. In 2020, the Spanish government began processing a request for the pardon of the arrested leaders, which was effective in June 2021. In the Parliament of Catalonia, parties explicitly supporting independence are <a href="/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2020)" title="Together for Catalonia (2020)">Together for Catalonia</a> (Junts), heir of the former <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Convergence of Catalonia">Democratic Convergence of Catalonia</a> (CDC); <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">Republican Left of Catalonia</a> (ERC), <a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Candidacy" title="Popular Unity Candidacy">Popular Unity Candidacy</a> (CUP) and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Alliance" title="Catalan Alliance">Catalan Alliance</a>. Parties opposed to the Catalan independence are the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a> (PP), the <a href="/wiki/Socialists%27_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Socialists' Party of Catalonia">Socialists' Party of Catalonia</a> (PSC) and <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catalunya_en_Com%C3%BA" title="Catalunya en Comú">Catalunya en Comú</a> (Comuns) supports federalism and a legal and agreed referendum. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg/220px-Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg/330px-Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg/440px-Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Iberian Kingdoms in 1400</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a> was a state<a href="#cite_note-ryder-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> of the composite monarchy known as <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>. The Principality was the result of the absortion or <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalization</a> by the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a> of the other <a href="/wiki/Catalan_counties" title="Catalan counties">Catalan counties</a> (such as the counties of Girona, Osona, Urgell or Rousillon), while the Crown was created by the dynastic union of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> in 1137. In the late 15th century, Aragon united by <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">marriage</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> to form what would later become the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Monarchy of Spain</a>. Initially, the various polities of the Crown of Aragon, including the Principality of Catalonia, kept their own laws and customs, known as <a href="/wiki/Constitucions_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitucions of Catalonia">Constitutions</a>, equivalent in the other kingdoms to the <a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">fueros</a> (furs in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>), and political institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Courts" title="Catalan Courts">Catalan Courts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat" title="Generalitat">Generalitat</a> as a guarantee of their sovereignty and <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> for which they fought a civil war during the actual union of the crowns, known as the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Civil_War" title="Catalan Civil War">Catalan Civil War</a> (1462–1472) between foralists and royalists. In 1640, during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty Years War">Thirty Years War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635-59)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635-59)">Franco-Spanish War</a>, Catalan peasants and institutions revolted, starting the <a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">Reapers' War</a>. The following year, the Catalan government seceded, establishing the independence of the Principality as a <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republic_(1640%E2%80%931641)" title="Catalan Republic (1640–1641)">Catalan Republic</a>, called France for protection and finally named <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a> count of Barcelona. After a decade of war, the Spanish Monarchy counter-attacked in 1652 and recovered Barcelona and the rest of Catalonia, except for <a href="/wiki/County_of_Roussillon" title="County of Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, which was annexed by France. Catalonia retained its fueros.<a href="#cite_note-Guibernau_2004-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of Spanish Succession</a>, most of the territories of the Crown of Aragon, including the Principality of Catalonia, fiercely supported <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Charles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> contender,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> who swore the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_constitutions" title="Catalan constitutions">Catalan constitutions</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> contender,<a href="#cite_note-Strubell-8">[7]</a> who would later abolish the Catalan constitutions and political institutions through the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_Decrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva Planta Decrees">Nueva Planta Decrees</a>. The Habsburgs' English allies withdrew from the war with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> in 1713, and shortly thereafter, Habsburg troops were evacuated from Italy and from Spain. This left the Catalan government isolated, but it remained loyal to Charles and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Catalans" title="War of the Catalans">unilaterally declared the war</a> to Philip V and the Kingdom of France. After a 14-month siege, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> capitulated to a Bourbon army on 11 September 1714. 11 September, the date of the fall of Barcelona, was commemorated by Catalan nationalists from 1886,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> and in the 20th century it was chosen as the <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Catalonia" title="National Day of Catalonia">National Day of Catalonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> After the War of the Spanish Succession, based on the political position of the <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivares" title="Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares">Count-Duke of Olivares</a> and the absolutism of <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a>, the assimilation of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castilian Crown</a> through the Decrees of Nova planta was the first step in the creation of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-state</a>, with a centralised Spanish government.<a href="#cite_note-Guibernau_2004-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strubell-8">[7]</a> Like other contemporary European states, political union is the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state, in this case not on a uniform <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> basis, but through the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant ethnic group. in this case the Castilians, over those of other ethnic groups, become <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">national minorities</a> to be assimilated.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> In fact, since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards Catalan-speaking territories (<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>) and other national minorities have been a historical constant.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Recopilació_d'accions_genocides_con-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-galeusca2-16">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a,_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg/220px-Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg/330px-Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg/440px-Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>School map of Spain from 1850. The Spanish State is divided into four parts: The fully constitutional Spain, that includes most of the former <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>; Assimilated Spain: territories from the former <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Aragón">Crown of Aragón</a>, including most Catalan-speaking areas; Foral Spain, which includes the Basque-speaking territories; and Colonial Spain, with the remaining colonial territories for that year.</figcaption></figure> It begins with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed",<a href="#cite_note-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada-17">[16]</a> and from there the actions, discreet or aggressive, are continued, and reach the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate prohibiting "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish."<a href="#cite_note-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada-17">[16]</a> These nationalist policies, sometimes very aggressive,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0222-21">[20]</a> and still in forces,<a href="#cite_note-:3-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> have been and still are the seed of repeated territorial conflicts within the State. Although since its loss there were claims to recover the Furs, the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> in Catalonia can be traced back to the mid–19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a> (cultural renaissance), which aimed at the revival of the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan traditions">Catalan traditions</a>, led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalism</a> and a desire for self-government, through a Spanish federal republic or even the independence.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Between the 1850s and the 1910s, some individuals,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> organisations<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> and political parties<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> started demanding full independence of Catalonia from Spain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Twentieth century">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Ainaud_Sanchez_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Manuel_Ainaud_Sanchez_3.jpg/190px-Manuel_Ainaud_Sanchez_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Manuel_Ainaud_Sanchez_3.jpg/285px-Manuel_Ainaud_Sanchez_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Manuel_Ainaud_Sanchez_3.jpg/380px-Manuel_Ainaud_Sanchez_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> On the left, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Maci%C3%A0" title="Francesc Macià">Francesc Macià</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">ERC</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Catalonia">President of Catalonia</a> between 1931 and 1933</figcaption></figure> The first pro-independence political party in Catalonia was <a href="/wiki/Estat_Catal%C3%A0" title="Estat Català">Estat Català</a> (Catalan State), founded in 1922 by <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Maci%C3%A0" title="Francesc Macià">Francesc Macià</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Romero_Salvadó-31">[30]</a> Estat Català went into exile in France during the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a> (1923–1930), launching an unsuccessful uprising from <a href="/wiki/Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste" title="Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste">Prats de Molló</a> in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In March 1931, following the overthrow of Primo de Rivera, Estat Català joined with the Partit Republicà Català (Catalan Republican Party) and the political group L'Opinió (Opinion) to form <a href="/wiki/Esquerra_Republicana_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya">Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya</a> (Republican Left of Catalonia; ERC), with Macià as its first leader.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The following month, the ERC achieved a spectacular victory in the municipal elections that preceded the 14 April proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Macià proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republic_(1931)" title="Catalan Republic (1931)">Catalan Republic</a> on 14 April, but after negotiations with the provisional government he was obliged to settle for autonomy, under a revived <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat of Catalonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Catalonia was granted a <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia_of_1932" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932">statute of autonomy</a> in 1932, which lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">General Franco</a> abolished both the Statute of Autonomy and the Generalitat.<a href="#cite_note-Guibernau_2004-5">[4]</a> A section of <a href="/wiki/Estat_Catal%C3%A0" title="Estat Català">Estat Català</a> which had broken away from the ERC in 1936 joined with other groups to found the <a href="/wiki/Front_Nacional_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Nacional de Catalunya">Front Nacional de Catalunya</a> (National Front of Catalonia; FNC) in Paris in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Romero_Salvadó-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Güell_Ampuero-36">[35]</a> The FNC declared its aim to be "an energetic protest against Franco and an affirmation of Catalan nationalism".<a href="#cite_note-Güell_Ampuero-36">[35]</a> Its impact, however, was on Catalan exiles in France rather than in Catalonia itself.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The FNC in turn gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Partit_Socialista_d%27Alliberament_Nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional">Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional</a> (Socialist Party of National Liberation; PSAN), which combined a pro-independence agenda with a <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> stance.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> A split in the PSAN led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Partit_Socialista_d%27Alliberament_Nacional_-_Provisional" class="mw-redirect" title="Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional - Provisional">Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional - Provisional</a> (Socialist Party of National Liberation – Provisional; PSAN-P) in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Lluch52-39">[38]</a> Following Franco's death in 1975, Spain <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">moved to restore democracy</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">new constitution</a> was adopted in 1978, which asserted the "indivisible unity of the Spanish Nation", but acknowledged "the right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions which form it".<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Independence parties objected to it on the basis that it was incompatible with Catalan self-determination, and formed the Comité Català Contra la Constitució Espanyola (Catalan Committee Against the Constitution) to oppose it.<a href="#cite_note-Lluch52-39">[38]</a> The constitution was approved in a referendum by 88% of voters in Spain overall, and just over 90% in Catalonia.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia_of_1979" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979">Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979</a>, which was approved in a referendum, with 88% of voters supporting it.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> This led to the marginalisation or disappearance of pro-independence political groups, and for a time the gap was filled by militant groups such as <a href="/wiki/Terra_Lliure" title="Terra Lliure">Terra Lliure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> In 1981, a manifesto issued by intellectuals in Catalonia claiming discrimination against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castilian language</a>, drew a response in the form of published letter, Crida a la Solidaritat en Defensa de la Llengua, la Cultura i la Nació Catalanes ("Call for Solidarity in Defence of the Catalan Language, Culture and Nation"), which called for a mass meeting at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a>, out of which a popular movement arose. The Crida organised a series of protests that culminated in a massive demonstration in the <a href="/wiki/Camp_Nou" title="Camp Nou">Camp Nou</a> on 24 June 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Lluch-44">[43]</a> Beginning as a cultural organisation, the Crida soon began to demand independence.<a href="#cite_note-Conversi146-45">[44]</a> In 1982, at a time of political uncertainty in Spain, the Ley Orgánica de Armonización del Proceso Autonómico (LOAPA) was introduced in the Spanish parliament, supposedly to "harmonise" the autonomy process, but in reality to curb the power of Catalonia and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque region</a>. There was a surge of popular protest against it. The Crida and others organised a huge rally against LOAPA in Barcelona on 14 March 1982. In March 1983, it was held to be <a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">ultra vires</a> by the Spanish Constitutional Court.<a href="#cite_note-Conversi146-45">[44]</a> During the 1980s, the Crida was involved in nonviolent <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, among other things campaigning for labelling in Catalan only, and targeting big companies.<a href="#cite_note-Lluch-44">[43]</a> In 1983, the Crida's leader, Àngel Colom, left to join the ERC, "giving an impulse to the independentist refounding" of that party.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In 1992 the police operation known as "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Garz%C3%B3n" title="Operation Garzón">Operation Garzón</a>" saw the arrest of 45 Catalan pro-independence activists and politicians on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics held in Barcelona</a>, under the accusation to be members of <a href="/wiki/Terra_Lliure" title="Terra Lliure">Terra Lliure</a> without real proof. 25 of the arrested were kept in solitary confinement. They denounced torture at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Spanish police</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> and threats of violence and rape to them and their families, as well as constant <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">anti-Catalan</a> insults.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Statute_of_Autonomy_and_after">Second Statute of Autonomy and after</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Statute of Autonomy and after">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG/220px-Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG/330px-Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG/440px-Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2010_Catalan_autonomy_protest" title="2010 Catalan autonomy protest">2010 Catalan autonomy protest</a> in the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Passeig_de_Gr%C3%A0cia" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeig de Gràcia">Passeig de Gràcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrer_d%27Arag%C3%B3,_Barcelona" title="Carrer d'Aragó, Barcelona">Aragó</a> Avenues, in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> Following <a href="/wiki/2003_Catalan_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Catalan parliamentary election">elections in 2003</a>, the moderate nationalist <a href="/wiki/Converg%C3%A8ncia_i_Uni%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergència i Unió">Convergència i Unió</a> (CiU), which had governed Catalonia since 1980, lost power to a coalition of left-wing parties composed of the <a href="/wiki/Socialists%27_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Socialists' Party of Catalonia">Socialists' Party of Catalonia</a> (PSC), the pro-independence <a href="/wiki/Esquerra_Republicana_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya">Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya</a> (ERC) and a far-left/Green coalition (<a href="/wiki/ICV%E2%80%93EUiA" title="ICV–EUiA">ICV–EUiA</a>), headed by <a href="/wiki/Pasqual_Maragall" title="Pasqual Maragall">Pasqual Maragall</a>. The government produced a draft for a new <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia">Statute of Autonomy</a>, which was supported by the CiU and was approved by the parliament by a large majority.<a href="#cite_note-Morató-49">[48]</a> The draft statute then had to be approved by the Spanish parliament, which could make changes; it did so, removing clauses on finance and the language, and an article stating that Catalonia was a nation.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> When the amended statute was <a href="/wiki/2006_Catalan_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Catalan constitutional referendum">put to a referendum</a> on 18 June 2006, the ERC, in protest, called for a "no" vote. The statute was approved, but turnout was only 48.9%.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> At the subsequent election, the left-wing coalition was returned to power, this time under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Montilla" title="José Montilla">José Montilla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morató-49">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Municipis_independencia_1-10-15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Municipis_independencia_1-10-15.png/220px-Municipis_independencia_1-10-15.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Municipis_independencia_1-10-15.png/330px-Municipis_independencia_1-10-15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Municipis_independencia_1-10-15.png/440px-Municipis_independencia_1-10-15.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Municipalities supporting the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Municipalities_for_Independence" title="Association of Municipalities for Independence">Association of Municipalities for Independence</a></figcaption></figure> In November 2005, <a href="/wiki/%C3%92mnium_Cultural" title="Òmnium Cultural">Omnium Cultural</a> organized a meeting of Catalan and Madrid intellectuals in the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADrculo_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Círculo de Bellas Artes">Círculo de bellas artes</a> in Madrid to show support for ongoing reform of Catalan Statute of Autonomy, which sought to resolve territorial tensions, and among other things better protect the Catalan language. On the Catalan side, a flight was made with one hundred representatives of the cultural, civic, intellectual, artistic and sporting world of Catalonia, but on the Spanish side, except <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Carrillo" title="Santiago Carrillo">Santiago Carrillo</a>, a politician from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a>, did not attend any more.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The subsequent failure of the statutory reform with respect to its objectives opened the door to the growth of Catalan sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The conservative <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">Partido Popular</a>, which had opposed the statute in the Spanish parliament, challenged its constitutionality in the <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia Nacional (Spain)">Spanish High Court of Justice</a>. The case lasted four years.<a href="#cite_note-Guibernau-55">[54]</a> In its judgement, issued on 18 June 2010, the court ruled that fourteen articles in the statute were unconstitutional, and that 27 others were to be interpreted restrictively. The affected articles included those that gave preference to the Catalan language, freed Catalonia from responsibility for the finances of other autonomous communities, and recognised Catalonia as a nation.<a href="#cite_note-Guibernau-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crameri44-56">[55]</a> The full text of the judgement was released on 9 July 2010, and the following day a <a href="/wiki/2010_Catalan_autonomy_protest" title="2010 Catalan autonomy protest">protest demonstration</a> organised by the cultural organisation <a href="/wiki/%C3%92mnium_Cultural" title="Òmnium Cultural">Òmnium Cultural</a> was attended by over a million people, and led by José Montilla.<a href="#cite_note-Guibernau-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crameri44-56">[55]</a> During and after the court case, a series of symbolic <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_referendums,_2009%E2%80%9311" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan independence referendums, 2009–11">referendums on independence</a> were held in municipalities throughout Catalonia. The first of these was in the town of <a href="/wiki/Arenys_de_Munt" title="Arenys de Munt">Arenys de Munt</a> on 13 September 2009. About 40% of eligible voters participated, of whom 96% voted for independence.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> In all, 552 towns held independence referendums between 2009 and 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Guinjoan-58">[57]</a> These, together with demonstrations organised by Òmnium Cultural and the <a href="/wiki/Assemblea_Nacional_Catalana" title="Assemblea Nacional Catalana">Assemblea Nacional Catalana</a> (ANC), represented a "bottom-up" process by which society influenced the political movement for independence.<a href="#cite_note-Guinjoan-58">[57]</a> At an institutional level, several municipalities of Catalonia came together to create the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Municipalities_for_Independence" title="Association of Municipalities for Independence">Association of Municipalities for Independence</a>, an organisation officially established on 14 December 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Vic,_Spain" title="Vic, Spain">Vic</a> which brought local organisations together to further the national rights of Catalonia and promote its right to self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2012_Catalan_independence_demonstration" title="2012 Catalan independence demonstration">demonstration of 11 September 2012</a> explicitly called on the Catalan government to begin the process of secession.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Immediately after it, <a href="/wiki/Artur_Mas" title="Artur Mas">Artur Mas</a>, whose CiU had regained power in <a href="/wiki/2010_Catalan_regional_election" title="2010 Catalan regional election">2010</a>, called a <a href="/wiki/2012_Catalan_regional_election" title="2012 Catalan regional election">snap election</a> for 25 November 2012, and the parliament resolved that a referendum on independence would be held in the life of the next legislature.<a href="#cite_note-Crameri50-61">[60]</a> Although the CiU lost seats to the ERC, Mas remained in power.<a href="#cite_note-Crameri50-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_Referendum">2014 Referendum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2014 Referendum">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_self-determination_referendum,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan self-determination referendum, 2014">Catalan self-determination referendum, 2014</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_President_Mas_acompanyat_d%27Oriol_Junqueras_aquest_mat%C3%AD_al_Parlament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/El_President_Mas_acompanyat_d%27Oriol_Junqueras_aquest_mat%C3%AD_al_Parlament.jpg/220px-El_President_Mas_acompanyat_d%27Oriol_Junqueras_aquest_mat%C3%AD_al_Parlament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/El_President_Mas_acompanyat_d%27Oriol_Junqueras_aquest_mat%C3%AD_al_Parlament.jpg/330px-El_President_Mas_acompanyat_d%27Oriol_Junqueras_aquest_mat%C3%AD_al_Parlament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/El_President_Mas_acompanyat_d%27Oriol_Junqueras_aquest_mat%C3%AD_al_Parlament.jpg/440px-El_President_Mas_acompanyat_d%27Oriol_Junqueras_aquest_mat%C3%AD_al_Parlament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Artur_Mas" title="Artur Mas">Artur Mas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriol_Junqueras" title="Oriol Junqueras">Oriol Junqueras</a>, signing the 2012–2016 governability agreement on 19 December 2012</figcaption></figure> Mas and ERC leader <a href="/wiki/Oriol_Junqueras" title="Oriol Junqueras">Oriol Junqueras</a> signed an agreement by which the ERC would support the CiU on sovereignty issues while on other matters it might oppose it. The two leaders drafted the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sovereignty_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan Sovereignty Declaration">Declaration of Sovereignty and of the Right to Decide of the Catalan People</a>, which was adopted by the parliament at its first sitting in January 2013. The declaration stated that "the Catalan people have, for reasons of democratic legitimacy, the nature of a sovereign political and legal subject", and that the people had the right to decide their own political future.<a href="#cite_note-Crameri50-61">[60]</a> The Spanish government referred the declaration to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Spanish Constitutional Court</a>, which ruled in March 2014 that the declaration of sovereignty was unconstitutional. The court did not, however, reject the "right to decide", arguing that that right didn't necessarily imply sovereignty or self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> On 11 September 2013, an estimated 1.6 million demonstrators formed a human chain, the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Way" title="Catalan Way">Catalan Way</a>, from the French border to the regional border with Valencia.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The following month, the CiU, the ERC, the ICV-EUiA and <a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Candidacy" title="Popular Unity Candidacy">Candidatura d'Unitat Popular</a> (CUP) agreed to hold the <a href="/wiki/2014_Catalan_self-determination_referendum" title="2014 Catalan self-determination referendum">independence referendum</a> on 9 November 2014, and that it would ask two questions: "Do you want Catalonia to become a State?" and (if yes) "Do you want this State to be independent?".<a href="#cite_note-Guinjoan36-65">[64]</a> A further mass demonstration, the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Way_2014" title="Catalan Way 2014">Catalan Way 2014</a>, took place on 11 September 2014, when protesters wearing the Catalan colours of yellow and red filled two of Barcelona's avenues to form a giant "V", to call for a vote.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Following the Constitutional Court's ruling, the Catalan government changed the vote to a "process of citizen participation" and announced that it would be supervised by volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-Guinjoan36-65">[64]</a> The Spanish government again appealed to the Constitutional Court, which suspended the process pending the appeal, but the vote went ahead.<a href="#cite_note-Field-67">[66]</a> The result was an 81% vote for yes-yes, but the turnout was only 42%, which could be seen as a majority opposed to both independence and the referendum.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Criminal charges were subsequently brought against Mas and others for defying the court order.<a href="#cite_note-Field-67">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11-06-17_acte_pro_referendum_a_Montjuic_5359.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/11-06-17_acte_pro_referendum_a_Montjuic_5359.jpg/220px-11-06-17_acte_pro_referendum_a_Montjuic_5359.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/11-06-17_acte_pro_referendum_a_Montjuic_5359.jpg/330px-11-06-17_acte_pro_referendum_a_Montjuic_5359.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/11-06-17_acte_pro_referendum_a_Montjuic_5359.jpg/440px-11-06-17_acte_pro_referendum_a_Montjuic_5359.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Pro-referendum rally in Montjuic, 11 June 2017</figcaption></figure> In June 2015 the CiU broke up as a result of disagreement between its constituent parties – <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Convergence of Catalonia">Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya</a> (CDC) and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Union of Catalonia">Unió Democràtica de Catalunya</a> (UDC) – over the independence process. Mas's CDC joined with the ERC and other groups to form <a href="/wiki/Junts_pel_S%C3%AD" title="Junts pel Sí">Junts pel Sí</a> (Together for "Yes"), which announced that it would declare independence if it won the election scheduled for September.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2015_Catalan_regional_election" title="2015 Catalan regional election">September election</a>, Junts pel Sí and the CUP between them won a majority of seats, but fell short of a majority of votes, with just under 48%.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> On 9 November 2015, the parliament passed a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Initiation_of_the_Process_of_Independence_of_Catalonia" title="Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia">resolution declaring the start of the independence process</a>, proposed by Junts pel Sí and the CUP.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In response, Spanish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rajoy" title="Mariano Rajoy">Mariano Rajoy</a> said that the state would "use any available judicial and political mechanism contained in the constitution and in the laws to defend the sovereignty of the Spanish people and of the general interest of Spain", a hint that he would not stop at military intervention.<a href="#cite_note-New_Statesman-72">[71]</a> Following prolonged negotiations between Junts pel Sí and the CUP, Mas was replaced as president by <a href="/wiki/Carles_Puigdemont" title="Carles Puigdemont">Carles Puigdemont</a> in January 2016. Puigdemont, on taking the oath of office, omitted the oath of loyalty to the king and the Spanish constitution, the first Catalan president to do so.<a href="#cite_note-New_Statesman-72">[71]</a> Further pro-independence demonstrations took place in Barcelona in <a href="/wiki/Free_Way_to_the_Catalan_Republic" title="Free Way to the Catalan Republic">September 2015</a>, and in Barcelona, <a href="/wiki/Berga" title="Berga">Berga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt, Girona">Salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Go_ahead,_Catalan_Republic" title="Go ahead, Catalan Republic">September 2016</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_Referendum,_Declaration_of_Independence_and_new_regional_elections">2017 Referendum, Declaration of Independence and new regional elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2017 Referendum, Declaration of Independence and new regional elections">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_referendum,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan independence referendum, 2017">Catalan independence referendum, 2017</a>; and <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Spanish_constitutional_crisis" title="2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis">2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg/220px-El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg/330px-El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg/440px-El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>Catalan President <a href="/wiki/Carles_Puigdemont" title="Carles Puigdemont">Carles Puigdemont</a> and over 700 mayors from Catalonia meeting to support an <a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">independence referendum</a>, September 2017</figcaption></figure> In late September 2016, Puigdemont told the parliament that a <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">binding referendum on independence</a> would be held in the second half of September 2017, with or without the consent of the Spanish institutions.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Puigdemont announced in June 2017 that the referendum would take place on 1 October, and that the question would be, "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?" The Spanish government said in response, "that referendum will not take place because it is illegal."<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-74">[73]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Referendum_on_Self-determination_of_Catalonia" title="Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia">law creating an independent republic</a>—in the event that the referendum took place and there was a majority "yes" vote, without requiring a minimum turnout—was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Catalan parliament</a> in a session on 6 September 2017.<a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian06092017-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Opposition parties protested against the bill, calling it "a blow to democracy and a violation of the rights of the opposition", and staged a walkout before the vote was taken.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> On 7 September, the Catalan parliament passed a "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_juridical_transition_and_foundation_of_the_Republic" title="Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic">transition law</a>", to provide a legal framework pending the adoption of a new constitution, after similar protests and another walkout by opposition parties.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The same day, 7 September, the Spanish Constitutional Court suspended the 6 September law while it considered an appeal from Mariano Rajoy, seeking a declaration that it was in breach of the Spanish constitution, meaning that the referendum could not legally go ahead on 1 October.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The law was finally declared void on 17 October<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> and is also illegal according to the Catalan Statutes of Autonomy which require a two-thirds majority in the Catalan parliament for any change to Catalonia's status.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The national government seized ballot papers and cell phones, threatened to fine people who staffed the polling stations up to €300,000, shut down web sites, and demanded that Google remove a voting location finder from the Android app store.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Police were sent from the rest of Spain to suppress the vote and close polling locations, but parents scheduled events at schools (where polling places are located) over the weekend and vowed to occupy them to keep them open during the vote.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Some election organizers were arrested, including Catalan cabinet officials, while demonstrations by local institutions and street protests grew larger.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The referendum took place on 1 October 2017, despite being suspended by the Constitutional Court, and despite the action of Spanish police to prevent voting in some centres. Images of violence from Spanish riot police beating Catalan voters<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> shocked people and human rights organizations<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> across the globe and resulted in hundreds of injured citizens according to Catalan government officials.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Some foreign politicians, including the former Belgian Prime-Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a>, condemned violence and called for dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> According to the Catalan authorities, 90% of voters supported independence, but turnout was only 43%, and there were reports of irregularities.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_10_Oct-95">[94]</a> On 10 October 2017, in the aftermath of the referendum, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Generalitat of Catalonia">President of the Generalitat of Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carles_Puigdemont" title="Carles Puigdemont">Carles Puigdemont</a>, declared the independence of Catalonia but left it suspended. Puigdemont said during his appearance in the Catalan parliament that he assumes, in presenting the results of the referendum, "the people's mandate for Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic", but proposed that in the following weeks the parliament "suspends the effect of the declaration of independence to engage in a dialogue to reach an agreed solution" with the Spanish Government.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_10_Oct-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> On 25 October 2017, after the Spanish government had threatened to suspend the Catalan autonomy through article 155 of the Spanish constitution, the UN Independent expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order, Alfred de Zayas, deplored the decision to suspend Catalan autonomy, stating "This action constitutes retrogression in human rights protection, incompatible with Articles 1, 19, 25 and 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Pursuant to Articles 10(2) and 96 of the Spanish Constitution, international treaties constitute the law of the land and, therefore, Spanish law must be interpreted in conformity with international treaties."<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> On 27 October 2017 the Catalan Parliament voted in a secret ballot to approve a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence of Catalonia">resolution declaring independence from Spain</a> by a vote of 70–10 in the absence of the constitutionalist deputies, who refused to participate in a vote considered illegal for violating the decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court of Spain</a>. As a result, the same day (27 October 2017) Article 155 of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish constitution">Spanish constitution</a> was triggered by the Spanish government; the Catalan government was dismissed and direct rule was imposed from the central government in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElMundo27102017-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-20minutos27102017-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-LaVanguardia27102017-100">[99]</a> Under direct rule from Spain, elections were held in Catalonia on 21 December 2017. The three pro-independence parties retained their control of parliament with a reduced majority of 70 seats and a combined 47.5% of valid votes cast. <a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Arrimadas" title="Inés Arrimadas">Inés Arrimadas</a>' anti-independence Ciudadanos party was the most voted party with 25.4% of votes, the first time in Catalan history that a non-nationalist party won most votes and seats in an election. Parties which endorsed the suspension of autonomy by central government represented 43.5% of votes cast and parties which did not include independence in their electoral program amounted to 52.5% of the vote, notably Catcomu-Podem (7.5% of votes and 8 seats), which is opposed to independence but supports a legal referendum and denounced the suspension of autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The excellent performance of the centre-right parties on both sides of the independence debate, Ciudadanos and Juntxcat, and the underperformance of all other parties (notably, left wing parties and the Partido Popular) were the most significant factor in this election result. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_trial_of_Catalonia_independence_leaders_and_October_2019_protests">The trial of Catalonia independence leaders and October 2019 protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The trial of Catalonia independence leaders and October 2019 protests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Catalonia_independence_leaders" title="Trial of Catalonia independence leaders">Trial of Catalonia independence leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Catalan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Catalan protests">2019 Catalan protests</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:191026_60278_dc_(48979567256).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/191026_60278_dc_%2848979567256%29.jpg/280px-191026_60278_dc_%2848979567256%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/191026_60278_dc_%2848979567256%29.jpg/420px-191026_60278_dc_%2848979567256%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/191026_60278_dc_%2848979567256%29.jpg/560px-191026_60278_dc_%2848979567256%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Protest in Barcelona in October 2019</figcaption></figure> In 2018 some of the independence leaders were sent to preventive detention without bail, accused of crimes of <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disobedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Disobedience">disobedience</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Misappropriation" title="Misappropriation">misuse of public funds</a>. Carles Puigdemont and four members of his cabinet fled into self-exile.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Twelve people were tried by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Supreme Court of Spain</a>, including the previous vice president <a href="/wiki/Oriol_Junqueras" title="Oriol Junqueras">Oriol Junqueras</a> of the regional government and most of the cabinet as well as political activists <a href="/wiki/Jordi_S%C3%A0nchez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordi Sànchez">Jordi Sànchez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordi_Cuixart" title="Jordi Cuixart">Jordi Cuixart</a> and the former Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Parliament of Catalonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Carme_Forcadell" title="Carme Forcadell">Carme Forcadell</a>. The trial proceedings officially ended on 12 June 2019. A unanimous verdict by the seven judges that tried the case was made public on 14 October 2019. Nine of the 12 accused received prison sentences for the crimes of <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a>; of them, four were also found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Misappropriation" title="Misappropriation">misuse of public funds</a>. Their sentences ranged from 9 to 13 years. The remaining three accused were found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Disobedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Disobedience">disobedience</a> and were sentenced to pay a fine but received no prison term. The court dismissed the charges of <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-103">[102]</a> Some of the defendants of the trial have expressed their intention to appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court of Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The verdict delivered by the Supreme Court sparked <a href="/wiki/2019_Catalan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Catalan protests">multiple protests</a> across the region. Clashes erupted into open violence, as protesters reacted violently at police efforts to end the demonstration, with some demonstrators setting cars on fire and throwing jars of <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> at police officers. The Catalan Law Enforcement agency <a href="/wiki/Mossos_d%27Esquadra" title="Mossos d'Esquadra">Mossos d'Esquadra</a>, which had previously been accused of aiding the independence movement, replied by firing <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> at the demonstrators. The pro-independence speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan Parliament">Catalan Parliament</a> condemned the violent incidents and called for peaceful protests against the ruling.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The protests grew larger, as more and more Catalans took to the streets. Some demonstrators attempted to storm buildings belonging to the Spanish Government and clashed with police forces.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The Spanish Police announced that 51 protesters had been arrested.<a href="#cite_note-arrested-108">[107]</a> On 17 October, the pro-independence President of the Catalan Autonomous government, <a href="/wiki/Quim_Torra" title="Quim Torra">Quim Torra</a>, called for an immediate halt to violence and disassociated himself from violent protesters, while at the same time calling for more peaceful protests. Nevertheless, the situation in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> had evolved into open street battles between protesters and police, as both violent demonstrators attacked and provoked police forces, and police officers charged peaceful protesters for their proximity to violent ones.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Several reports<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> claim that the protests and subsequent riots had been infiltrated by Neo-Nazis who used the marches as an opportunity to incite violence. Shortly thereafter, the Catalan President attempted to rally the crowd by stating that he will push for a new independence referendum as large scale protests continued for the fourth day.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestacio_marxes_per_la_llibertat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Manifestacio_marxes_per_la_llibertat.jpg/300px-Manifestacio_marxes_per_la_llibertat.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Manifestacio_marxes_per_la_llibertat.jpg/450px-Manifestacio_marxes_per_la_llibertat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Manifestacio_marxes_per_la_llibertat.jpg/600px-Manifestacio_marxes_per_la_llibertat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>March for Liberty on <a href="/wiki/Passeig_de_Gr%C3%A0cia,_Barcelona" title="Passeig de Gràcia, Barcelona">Passeig de Gràcia, Barcelona</a> on 18 October 2019</figcaption></figure> On 18 October, Barcelona became paralyzed, as tens of thousands of peaceful protesters answered the Catalan President's call and rallied in support of the jailed independence leaders.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The demonstration grew quickly, with the Barcelona police counting at least 525,000 protesters in the city.<a href="#cite_note-casualties-113">[112]</a> By late 18 October, minor trade unions (<a href="/wiki/Intersindical-CSC" title="Intersindical-CSC">Intersindical-CSC</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intersindical_Alternativa_de_Catalunya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intersindical Alternativa de Catalunya (page does not exist)">Intersindical Alternativa de Catalunya</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersindical_Alternativa_de_Catalunya" class="extiw" title="ca:Intersindical Alternativa de Catalunya">ca</a>]) linked to pro-independence movement called for a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>. However, major trade unions (<a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">UGT</a> and <a href="/wiki/CCOO" class="mw-redirect" title="CCOO">CCOO</a>) did not endorse the event as well as representatives of the latter contested its very nature as "strike".<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Five peaceful marches converged on Barcelona's city center, essentially bringing the city to a halt. Protesters further blocked the road on the French-Spanish border. At least 20 other major roads were also blocked. Clashes nevertheless took place, with masked protesters confronting riot police by throwing stones and setting alight rubbish bins.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> 25,000 university students joined in the protest movement by declaring a peaceful <a href="/wiki/Student_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Student strike">student strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thelocal.es-116">[115]</a> As a result of the strike, trains and metro lines saw a reduction to 33% of their usual capacity, while buses saw a reduction to 25–50% of their usual capacity. The roads to the French border remained blocked and all roads leading into Barcelona were also cut. 190 flights in and out of the city were cancelled as a result of the strike. Spanish car manufacturer <a href="/wiki/SEAT" title="SEAT">SEAT</a> further announced a halt in the production of its <a href="/wiki/Martorell" title="Martorell">Martorell</a> plant and most of Barcelona's tourist sites had been closed and occupied by pro-independence demonstrators waving <a href="/wiki/Estelada" title="Estelada">Estelada</a> independence flags and posters with pro-independence slogans.<a href="#cite_note-thelocal.es-116">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/El_Cl%C3%A1sico" title="El Clásico">El Clásico</a> football match between <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF" title="Real Madrid CF">Real Madrid CF</a> was postponed due to the strike.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> By the end of the day, just like the previous days, riots developed in the centre of Barcelona. Masked individuals blocked the boulevard close to the city's police headquarters in Via Laetana. Withdrawn to the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7a_Urquinaona" title="Plaça Urquinaona">Plaça Urquinaona</a>, protesters erected <a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">barricades</a> setting trash bins in fire and hurled <a href="/wiki/Rubble" title="Rubble">rubble</a> (debris from broken paving stones) and other solid objects at riot policemen.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The riot units responded with <a href="/wiki/Non-lethal_weapon" title="Non-lethal weapon">non-lethal</a> foam and rubber bullets, tear gas and smoke grenades. The Mossos used for the first time the water cannon trunk acquired in 1994 from Israel in order to make way across the barricades.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The clashes spread to cities outside Barcelona, with Spain's acting interior minister stating that 207 policemen had been injured since the start of the protests, while also noting that 128 people had been arrested by the nation's police forces. <a href="/wiki/Miquel_Buch" title="Miquel Buch">Miquel Buch</a>, the Catalan Interior Minister, responsible for public order, and a pro-independence politician, called the violence "unprecedented" and distanced himself from the violent events, instead calling for peaceful protests to continue.<a href="#cite_note-:0-103">[102]</a> On 19 October, following a fifth consecutive night of violence, Catalan President Quim Torra called for talks between the Catalan independence movement and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish government">Spanish government</a>, adding that violence had never been the "flag" of the independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The head of the Spanish Government, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a>, refused to hold talks with the Catalan government, as it deemed the former had not condemned the violence strongly enough. He further categorically rejected the idea of discussing Catalan Independence, stating that it was impossible under Spanish law.<a href="#cite_note-arrested19oct-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_and_2024_elections">2021 and 2024 elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2021 and 2024 elections">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Catalan_regional_election" title="2021 Catalan regional election">2021 regional election</a>, which saw a low turnout due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, pro-independence parties won over 50% of the popular vote for the first time, and increased their representation in the parliament from 70 to 74 seats.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In June 2021, the nine activists who had been jailed in 2019 were released, having been pardoned by King <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a> on the advice of Spanish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In 2024, the Congress of Deputies voted in favour of amnesty for all those involved in the 2017 campaign, including Carles Puigdemont;<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> despite the law being vetoed by the Senate, it was expected to be enacted by the end of May 2024.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> On May 30, the Spanish Parliament voted 177 to 172 to pass a bill granting amnesty to hundreds of Catalan secessionists involved in the Catalan declaration of independence from 2011 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Junts and the ERC split in October 2022, leaving Pere Aragonès leading a minority government. In March 2024 Aragonès called a snap election after his budget was voted down.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2024_Catalan_regional_election" title="2024 Catalan regional election">that election</a>, the pro-independence parties lost their majority in the parliament for the first time in 10 years. Junts slightly increased their number of seats, but the ERC and CUP lost heavily, meaning the pro-independence were far short of the 68 seats needed to form a government.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_for_independence">Support for independence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Support for independence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_pro-independence_vote_evolution">Recent pro-independence vote evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recent pro-independence vote evolution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catalan_regional_elections,_consultation_and_independence_referendum">Catalan regional elections, consultation and independence referendum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Catalan regional elections, consultation and independence referendum">edit</a>]</div> <table border="0" style="text-align:center" align="top" class="wikitable"> <caption align="center" style="background:DarkSlateBlue; color:white"><big> Evolution of the independence vote in Catalan regional elections<a href="#cite_note-idescat.cat-129">[128]</a> </big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Political process </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Pro-independence votes </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">% Pro-independence (valid votes) </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Census </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Valid votes<a href="#cite_note-null-130">[b]</a> </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Turnout<a href="#cite_note-null-130">[b]</a> </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Pro-independence political parties </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_Catalan_regional_election" title="2006 Catalan regional election">2006</a></td> <td>416,355</td> <td>14.03</td> <td>5,321,274</td> <td>2,908,290</td> <td>54.7%</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">ERC</a> (416,355)</td> <td>CiU (935,756) and ICV (316,222) were pro-sovereignty </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_Catalan_regional_election" title="2010 Catalan regional election">2010</a></td> <td>368,379</td> <td>12.1</td> <td>5,363,688</td> <td>3,038,645</td> <td>56.7%</td> <td>ERC (219,173), <a href="/wiki/Solidaritat_Catalana_per_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidaritat Catalana per la Independència">SI</a> (102,921), <a href="/wiki/Reagrupament" title="Reagrupament">RI</a> (39,834), <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Pirate Party of Catalonia">PIRATA.CAT</a> (6,451)</td> <td>CiU (1,202,830), ICV (230,824) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_Catalan_regional_election" title="2012 Catalan regional election">2012</a></td> <td>687,784</td> <td>19.2</td> <td>5,413,868</td> <td>3,582,272</td> <td>66.2%</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia%E2%80%93Catalonia_Yes" title="Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes">ERC–CatSí</a> (496,292), <a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Candidacy" title="Popular Unity Candidacy">CUP</a> (126,435), SI (46,838), PIRATA.CAT (18,219)</td> <td>CiU (1,116,259), ICV (359,705) and PSC (524,707)<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> in favor of a referendum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2015_Catalan_regional_election" title="2015 Catalan regional election">2015</a></td> <td>1,966,835</td> <td>48.1</td> <td>5,510,853</td> <td>4,092,349</td> <td>74.3%</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Junts_pel_S%C3%AD" title="Junts pel Sí">Junts pel Sí</a> (1,628,714, CDC, ERC, <a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_Catalonia" title="Democrats of Catalonia">DC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_Movement" title="Left Movement">MES</a>), CUP (337,794), PIRATA.CAT (327)</td> <td>CiU was dissolved before the regional elections, leaving CDC and UDC. ICV was integrated into <a href="/wiki/Catalunya_S%C3%AD_que_es_Pot" title="Catalunya Sí que es Pot">Podem-CSQP</a>, which favored a referendum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_regional_election" title="2017 Catalan regional election">2017</a></td> <td>2,079,340</td> <td>47.7</td> <td>5,554,455</td> <td>4,357,368</td> <td>78.4%</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2017)" title="Together for Catalonia (2017)">JxCAT</a> (948,233), ERC–CatSí (935,861), CUP (195,246)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalunya_en_Com%C3%BA-Podem" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalunya en Comú-Podem">Podem-CatComú</a> (326,360) in favor of a referendum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Catalan_regional_election" title="2021 Catalan regional election">2021</a> </td> <td>1,458,950 </td> <td>51.3 </td> <td>5,623,962 </td> <td>2,843,886 </td> <td>50.6% </td> <td>ERC (605,529), <a href="/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2020)" title="Together for Catalonia (2020)">JxCAT</a> (570,733), CUP-<a href="/wiki/Guanyem_Catalunya" title="Guanyem Catalunya">G</a> (189,814), <a href="/wiki/Catalan_European_Democratic_Party" title="Catalan European Democratic Party">PdeCAT</a> (77,250), Primaries (6,006), <a href="/wiki/National_Front_of_Catalonia_(2013)" title="National Front of Catalonia (2013)">FNC</a> (5,008), <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Nationalist Party of Catalonia">PNC</a> (4,610) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/En_Com%C3%BA_Podem" title="En Comú Podem">ECP–PEC</a> (195,462) in favor of a referendum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Catalan_regional_election" title="2024 Catalan regional election">2024</a> </td> <td>1,375,179 </td> <td>43.2 </td> <td>5,754,987 </td> <td>3,183,137 </td> <td>55.3% </td> <td>Junts (681,470), ERC (431,128), CUP (129,059), <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Alliance" title="Catalan Alliance">Aliança.cat</a> (119,149), <a href="/wiki/Alhora" title="Alhora">Alhora</a> (14,104), FNC (269) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Comuns_Sumar" title="Comuns Sumar">Comuns Sumar</a> (184,297) in favor of a referendum </td></tr> </tbody></table> The parties explicitly campaigning for independence currently represented in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Catalan Parliament</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya</a> (ERC); the <a href="/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2020)" title="Together for Catalonia (2020)">Junts per Catalunya</a> coalition (composed of <a href="/wiki/National_Call_for_the_Republic" title="National Call for the Republic">Crida Nacional per la República</a>, <a href="/wiki/Action_for_the_Republic_(Catalonia)" title="Action for the Republic (Catalonia)">Acció per la República</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Greens%E2%80%93Green_Alternative" title="The Greens–Green Alternative">Els Verds–Alternativa Verda</a>, and splinter elements from the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_European_Democratic_Party" title="Catalan European Democratic Party">PDeCAT</a>); and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Candidates" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Unity Candidates">Candidatura d'Unitat Popular</a> (CUP), which included the smaller parties <a href="/wiki/Endavant" title="Endavant">Endavant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poble_Lliure" title="Poble Lliure">Poble Lliure</a>. They obtained 33, 32 and 9 seats, respectively, in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Catalan_regional_election" title="2021 Catalan regional election">2021 regional election</a> (a total of 74 out of 135 seats).<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Including those who won no seats, pro-independence parties had an overall share of 51.3% of the popular vote. Other smaller pro-independence parties or coalitions, without present representation in any parliament, are PDeCAT (formerly called <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Convergence of Catalonia">CDC</a>), <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Solidarity_for_Independence" title="Catalan Solidarity for Independence">Catalan Solidarity for Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estat_Catal%C3%A0" title="Estat Català">Estat Català</a>, PSAN, and <a href="/wiki/Reagrupament" title="Reagrupament">Reagrupament</a>. There are also youth organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Young_Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Republican Left of Catalonia">Young Republican Left of Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arran_(organization)" title="Arran (organization)">Arran</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Forja" title="La Forja">La Forja</a>, and the student unions SEPC and FNEC. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_general_elections_in_Catalonia">Spanish general elections in Catalonia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spanish general elections in Catalonia">edit</a>]</div> <table border="0" style="text-align:center" align="top" class="wikitable"> <caption align="center" style="background:DarkSlateBlue; color:white"><big> Evolution of the independence vote in the Spanish general elections (Congress of Deputies)<a href="#cite_note-idescat.cat-129">[128]</a> </big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Election </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Pro-Independence votes </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">% Pro-independence (valid votes) </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Population </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Valid votes<a href="#cite_note-null-130">[b]</a> </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Turnout<a href="#cite_note-null-130">[b]</a> </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Pro-independence political parties </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Spanish_general_election" title="2008 Spanish general election">2008</a></td> <td>298,139</td> <td>8</td> <td>5,324,909</td> <td>3,723,421</td> <td>69.9%</td> <td>ERC (298,139)</td> <td>CiU (779,425) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_Spanish_general_election" title="2011 Spanish general election">2011</a></td> <td>244,854</td> <td>7.1</td> <td>5,396,341</td> <td>3,460,860</td> <td>64.1%</td> <td>ERC (244,854)</td> <td>CiU (1,015,691) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_general_election" title="2015 Spanish general election">2015</a></td> <td>1,169,035</td> <td>31.1</td> <td>5,516,456</td> <td>3,762,859</td> <td>68.2%</td> <td>ERC (601,782), CDC-DL (567,253)</td> <td>En Comú (929,880) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_Spanish_general_election" title="2016 Spanish general election">2016</a></td> <td>1,115,722</td> <td>32.1</td> <td>5,519,882</td> <td>3,477,565</td> <td>63.0%</td> <td>ERC (632,234), CDC (483,488)</td> <td>En Comú Podem (853,102) in favor of a referendum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/April_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="April 2019 Spanish general election">April 2019</a></td> <td>1,634,986</td> <td>39.4</td> <td>5,588,145</td> <td>4,146,563</td> <td>74.2%</td> <td>ERC (1,020,392), JxCAT (500,787), Front Republicà (113,807)</td> <td>En Comú Podem (615,665) in favor of a referendum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="November 2019 Spanish general election">November 2019</a></td> <td>1,642,063</td> <td>42.5%</td> <td>5,370,359<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a></td> <td>3,828,394</td> <td>71.3%</td> <td>ERC (869.934), JxCat (527,375), CUP (244,754)</td> <td>En Comú Podem (546,733) in favor of a referendum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_general_election" title="2023 Spanish general election">2023</a></td> <td>993,109</td> <td>28%</td> <td>5,703,784</td> <td>3,575,234</td> <td>62.7%</td> <td>ERC (466,020), Junts (395,429), CUP (99,644), PDeCAT (32,016)</td> <td>En Comú Podem (497,617) in favor of a referendum </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elections_to_the_European_Parliament_in_Catalonia">Elections to the European Parliament in Catalonia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elections to the European Parliament in Catalonia">edit</a>]</div> <table border="0" style="text-align:center" align="top" class="wikitable"> <caption align="center" style="background:DarkSlateBlue; color:white"><big> Evolution of the independence vote in the European Parliament elections<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> </big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Election </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Pro-independence votes </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">% Pro-independence (valid votes) </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Population </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Valid votes<a href="#cite_note-null-130">[b]</a> </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Turnout<a href="#cite_note-null-130">[b]</a> </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Pro-independence political parties </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election" title="2004 European Parliament election">2004</a></td> <td>257,482</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>5,329,787</td> <td>2,116,962</td> <td>39.7%</td> <td>ERC (249,757), CUP (6,185), EC (1,540)</td> <td>CiU (369,103), ICV (151,871) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election" title="2009 European Parliament election">2009</a></td> <td>186,104</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>5,370,606</td> <td>1,969,043</td> <td>36.7%</td> <td>ERC (181,213), RC (4,891)</td> <td>CiU (441,810), ICV (119,755) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election" title="2014 European Parliament election">2014</a></td> <td>595,493</td> <td>23.7</td> <td>5,492,297</td> <td>2,513,628</td> <td>45.8%</td> <td>ERC (595,493), CDC (549,096)</td> <td>CiU (549,096), ICV (259,152) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019</a></td> <td>1,708,396</td> <td>49.8</td> <td>5,645,470</td> <td>3,427,549</td> <td>60.7%</td> <td>JxCat (981,357), AraRep (727,039)</td> <td>AraRep includes ERC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election" title="2024 European Parliament election">2024</a></td> <td>785,172</td> <td>32.7</td> <td>5,517,772</td> <td>2,402,001</td> <td>43.53%</td> <td>Junts (430,925), AraRep (354,247)</td> <td>AraRep includes ERC<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unofficial_consultations_and_referendums">Unofficial consultations and referendums</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unofficial consultations and referendums">edit</a>]</div> <table border="0" style="text-align:center" align="top" class="wikitable"> <caption align="center" style="background:DarkSlateBlue; color:white"><big> Evolution of the independence vote in unofficial consultations and referendums<a href="#cite_note-idescat.cat-129">[128]</a> </big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Political process </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Pro-independence votes </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">% Pro-independence (valid votes) </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Population </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Valid votes<a href="#cite_note-null-130">[b]</a> </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">% Turnout<a href="#cite_note-null-130">[b]</a> </th> <th style="background:Lavender; color:Black">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_Catalan_self-determination_referendum" title="2014 Catalan self-determination referendum">2014 referendum</a></td> <td>1,861,753</td> <td>80.8</td> <td>6,300,000</td> <td>2,305,290</td> <td>36.6</td> <td>Unofficial consultation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">2017 referendum</a> </td> <td>2,044,038 </td> <td>90.2 </td> <td>5,343,358 </td> <td>2,266,498 </td> <td>42.4 </td> <td>Referendum declared illegal by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Supreme Court of Spain</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_del_Concert_per_la_Llibertat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_del_Concert_per_la_Llibertat.jpg/220px-Mosaic_del_Concert_per_la_Llibertat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_del_Concert_per_la_Llibertat.jpg/330px-Mosaic_del_Concert_per_la_Llibertat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_del_Concert_per_la_Llibertat.jpg/440px-Mosaic_del_Concert_per_la_Llibertat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Concert_for_Freedom" title="Concert for Freedom">Concert for Freedom</a> organised by the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan National Assembly">Catalan National Assembly</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Nou" title="Camp Nou">Camp Nou</a>, on 29 June 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Only_dictatorships_jail_peaceful_political_leaders_Barcelona_Inter_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A section of the stands in a football stadium, with a capacity crowd. A corner of the pitch is visible at bottom. A large yellow banner hangs from the second tier of the stands, which says "Only dictatorships jail peaceful political leaders" (in English) in block capitals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Only_dictatorships_jail_peaceful_political_leaders_Barcelona_Inter_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-Only_dictatorships_jail_peaceful_political_leaders_Barcelona_Inter_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Only_dictatorships_jail_peaceful_political_leaders_Barcelona_Inter_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-Only_dictatorships_jail_peaceful_political_leaders_Barcelona_Inter_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Only_dictatorships_jail_peaceful_political_leaders_Barcelona_Inter_%28cropped%29.jpeg/440px-Only_dictatorships_jail_peaceful_political_leaders_Barcelona_Inter_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>"Only dictatorships jail peaceful political leaders": a banner at a <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a> match in October 2019</figcaption></figure> From around 2010, support for Catalan independence broadened from being the preserve of traditional left or far-left Catalan nationalism. Relevant examples are the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a> <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Sala-i-Mart%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Xavier Sala-i-Martín">Xavier Sala-i-Martín</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Tremosa" title="Ramon Tremosa">Ramon Tremosa Balcells</a> (elected deputy for CiU in the European parliament in the 2009 election), the lawyer and current <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a> president <a href="/wiki/Joan_Laporta" title="Joan Laporta">Joan Laporta</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> or the jurist and former member of the <a href="/wiki/Consejo_General_del_Poder_Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Consejo General del Poder Judicial">Consejo General del Poder Judicial</a> Alfons López Tena.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes, a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> led by the jurists Alfons López Tena and Hèctor López Bofill, was founded in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> It affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Solidarity_for_Independence" title="Catalan Solidarity for Independence">Solidaritat Catalana per la Independència</a> (Catalan Solidarity for Independence) in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> At the beginning of 2021, Òmnium Cultural published a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omnium.cat/ca/cinquanta-personalitats-internacionals-reclamen-lamnistia-en-un-manifest-impulsat-per-omnium/">manifesto</a> to obtain amnesty for Catalan politicians persecuted by the Spanish justice system. Among the signatories are four Nobel Peace Prize winners and several world-renowned personalities such as <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono Lennon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a>. The Nobel Peace Prize winners that signed the manifesto are: <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Corrigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mairead Corrigan">Mairead Corrigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a>. Other individuals include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Massagu%C3%A9" title="Joan Massagué">Joan Massagué</a>, Catalan scientist, director of the <a href="/wiki/Sloan-Kettering_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Sloan-Kettering Institute">Sloan Kettering Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-científicos-142">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pep_Guardiola" title="Pep Guardiola">Pep Guardiola</a>, Catalan former football player and manager of <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a> and current manager of <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C." title="Manchester City F.C.">Manchester City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Gal%C3%AD" title="Jordi Galí">Jordi Galí</a>, Catalan economist, director of the Centre for Research in International Economics at <a href="/wiki/Universitat_Pompeu_Fabra" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitat Pompeu Fabra">UPF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-científicos-142">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manel_Esteller" title="Manel Esteller">Manel Esteller</a>, Catalan scientist, director of the Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program of the Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research and editor-in-chief of the peer-reviewed journal <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_(journal)" title="Epigenetics (journal)">Epigenetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-científicos-142">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Llach" title="Lluís Llach">Lluís Llach</a>, Catalan composer and songwriter<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Punset" title="Eduard Punset">Eduard Punset</a>, Catalan politician, lawyer, economist, and science popularizer.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Carreras" class="mw-redirect" title="Josep Carreras">Josep Carreras</a>, Catalan tenor singer<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a></li> <li>Sister <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Forcades" title="Teresa Forcades">Teresa Forcades</a>, Catalan physician and Benedictine nun<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Rahola" title="Pilar Rahola">Pilar Rahola</a>, Catalan journalist and writer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miquel_Cal%C3%A7ada" title="Miquel Calçada">Miquel Calçada</a>, Catalan journalist<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Joan" title="Joel Joan">Joel Joan</a>, Catalan actor<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txarango" title="Txarango">Txarango</a>, Catalan music band<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavi_(footballer,_born_1980)" title="Xavi (footballer, born 1980)">Xavi Hernández</a>, former Catalan footballer who previously played and coached for <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_(singer)" title="Beth (singer)">Beth</a>, Catalan singer; she was a contestant at <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2003" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2003">Eurovision Song Contest 2003</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_independence">Opposition to independence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opposition to independence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political parties">edit</a>]</div> All of the Spanish national political parties in Catalonia reject the idea of independence, except <a href="/wiki/En_Com%C3%BA_Podem" title="En Comú Podem">En Comú Podem</a> and its successor <a href="/wiki/Comuns_Sumar" title="Comuns Sumar">Comuns Sumar</a>, which are pro-referendum but have remained neutral on the issue. Together they represent a minority of votes and a minority of seats in the Catalan parliament. Others such as <a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">Citizens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party of Catalonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> which had 25.4% and 4.2% of the vote respectively in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_regional_election" title="2017 Catalan regional election">2017 Catalan regional election</a>, have always opposed the notion of Catalan <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. The Socialists' Party of Catalonia (13.9% of the vote) opposes independence as well. While some of its members supported the idea of a self-determination referendum up until 2012,<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> the official position as of 2015 is that the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution">Spanish Constitution</a> should be reformed in order to better accommodate Catalonia.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> A slight majority of voters of left-wing platform Catalonia In Common-We Can (Catalunya En Comú-Podem) (8.94%) reject independence although the party favours a referendum in which it would campaign for Catalonia remaining part of Spain. CDC's <a href="/wiki/Catalanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanist">Catalanist</a> former-partner <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Union of Catalonia">Unió</a> came out against independence and fared badly in every subsequent election, eventually disbanding due to bankruptcy in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a> also strongly opposes the idea of independence or a referendum, even going so far as to propose a ban on pro-independence parties.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-independence_movement">Anti-independence movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Anti-independence movement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou!_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_09.jpg/280px-08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_09.jpg/420px-08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_09.jpg/560px-08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Constitucionalist march in Barcelona in 2017 "Recuperem el seny" (Let's recover the common sense)</figcaption></figure> On 8 October 2017, <a href="/wiki/Societat_Civil_Catalana" title="Societat Civil Catalana">Societat Civil Catalana</a> held a <a href="/wiki/2017_demonstration_against_Catalan_independence" title="2017 demonstration against Catalan independence">rally against Catalan independence</a>; the organisers claimed that over a million people attended, while the Barcelona police force estimated the number at about 300,000.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> To date this event is the largest pro-Constitution and anti-independence demonstration in the history of Catalonia.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> On 12 October 2017, 65,000 people, according to the Barcelona police, marched against independence in a smaller demonstration marking the <a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiesta Nacional de España">Spanish national day</a>. The turnout was thirteen times more than the prior year and the highest on record in Barcelona's history for this event.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> On 29 October 2017, hundreds of thousands of people demonstrated on the streets of Barcelona in favor of the unity of Spain and celebrating the Spanish government forcing <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_regional_election" title="2017 Catalan regional election">new regional elections in December</a>, in a demonstration called by Societat Civil Catalana. According to the Delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia the turnout was of 1,000,000 people whereas according to the Barcelona police it was of 300,000 people. Societat Civil Catalana itself estimated the turnout at 1,000,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> In 2017 the concept of '<a href="/wiki/Tabarnia" title="Tabarnia">Tabarnia</a>' became popular on social media and received widespread media attention. Tabarnia is a fictional region covering urban coastal Catalonia demanding independence from the wider region, should it proceed with independence. Arguments in favor of Tabarnia satirically mirror those in favor of Catalan independence from Spain. Numerous pro-independence groups and individuals were critical of the concept and responded that the parody unfairly trivializes Catalonia's independence movement, which is based in part on Catalonia's distinct culture and identity.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> This proposal, from a platform created in 2011, was shown to map the electoral results of the Catalan regional election of 21 December 2017, which provoked renewed interest. The word 'Tabarnia' went viral on 26 December 2017, reaching worldwide top-trending status with over 648,000 mentions. The first major demonstration in favour of Tabarnia's autonomy from Catalonia took place in Barcelona on 4 February 2017, with 15,000 participants according to the <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A0rdia_Urbana_de_Barcelona" title="Guàrdia Urbana de Barcelona">Guàrdia Urbana</a> and 200,000 according to organizers.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> In these years, different figures from Catalan culture and politics have spoken out against the process, like <a href="/wiki/Joan_Manuel_Serrat" title="Joan Manuel Serrat">Joan Manuel Serrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Coixet" title="Isabel Coixet">Isabel Coixet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pau_Gasol" title="Pau Gasol">Pau Gasol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Mil%C3%A1" title="Mercedes Milá">Mercedes Milá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estopa" title="Estopa">Estopa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a> or <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAria_Espert" title="Núria Espert">Núria Espert</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_individuals">Other individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other individuals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Bonet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Luis Bonet (page does not exist)">José Luis Bonet</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Bonet" class="extiw" title="es:José Luis Bonet">es</a>], Catalan businessman, Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Freixenet" title="Freixenet">Freixenet</a><a href="#cite_note-vanitatis.elconfidencial.com-175">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmobiliaria_Colonial" title="Inmobiliaria Colonial">Juan José Brugera</a>, Catalan businessman, Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Inmobiliaria_Colonial" title="Inmobiliaria Colonial">Inmobiliaria Colonial</a><a href="#cite_note-vanitatis.elconfidencial.com-175">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidre_Fain%C3%A9" title="Isidre Fainé">Isidre Fainé</a>, Catalan banker, Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Caixabank" class="mw-redirect" title="Caixabank">Caixabank</a><a href="#cite_note-vanitatis.elconfidencial.com-175">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Creuheras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Creuheras (page does not exist)">José Creuheras</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Creuheras" class="extiw" title="es:José Creuheras">es</a>], Catalan businessman, Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Group">Planeta Group</a><a href="#cite_note-vanitatis.elconfidencial.com-175">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javier_God%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javier Godó (page does not exist)">Javier Godó</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_God%C3%B3" class="extiw" title="es:Javier Godó">es</a>], Catalan businessman, Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Grupo_God%C3%B3" title="Grupo Godó">Grupo Godó</a><a href="#cite_note-vanitatis.elconfidencial.com-175">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3n_Costas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antón Costas (page does not exist)">Antón Costas</a>, Catalan businessman, Founder of pharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/Almirall" title="Almirall">Almirall</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Mendoza_Garriga" title="Eduardo Mendoza Garriga">Eduardo Mendoza Garriga</a>, Catalan novelist<a href="#cite_note-vanitatis.elconfidencial.com-175">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mars%C3%A9" title="Juan Marsé">Juan Marsé</a>, Catalan novelist, journalist and screenwriter.<a href="#cite_note-vanitatis.elconfidencial.com-175">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Boadella" title="Albert Boadella">Albert Boadella</a>, Catalan actor, director and playwright<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Mil%C3%A1" title="Mercedes Milá">Mercedes Milá</a>, Catalan television presenter and journalist<a href="#cite_note-LaNueva-178">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javier_Sard%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javier Sardà (page does not exist)">Javier Sardà</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Sard%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="es:Javier Sardà">es</a>], Catalan presenter and journalist<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jordi_%C3%89vole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jordi Évole (page does not exist)">Jordi Évole</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_%C3%89vole" class="extiw" title="es:Jordi Évole">es</a>], Catalan presenter and journalist<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a>, Catalan operatic soprano<a href="#cite_note-LaNueva-178">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Manuel_Serrat" title="Joan Manuel Serrat">Joan Manuel Serrat</a>, Catalan musician, singer-songwriter, recording artist, and performer<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estopa" title="Estopa">Estopa</a>, Catalan rock/rumba duo<a href="#cite_note-elplural.com-182">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loquillo_(singer)" title="Loquillo (singer)">Loquillo</a>, Catalan rock singer<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Poveda" title="Miguel Poveda">Miguel Poveda</a>, Catalan flamenco singer<a href="#cite_note-vanitatis.elconfidencial.com-175">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAria_Espert" title="Núria Espert">Núria Espert</a>, Catalan theatre and television actress, theatre and opera director<a href="#cite_note-vanitatis.elconfidencial.com-175">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_C%C3%A1rdenas_(presenter)" title="Javier Cárdenas (presenter)">Javier Cárdenas</a> Catalan singer and television and radio presenter<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Coixet" title="Isabel Coixet">Isabel Coixet</a>, Catalan film director<a href="#cite_note-elplural.com-182">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Mill%C3%A1n" title="Santi Millán">Santi Millán</a>, Catalan actor, showman and television presenter<a href="#cite_note-elplural.com-182">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Mejide" title="Risto Mejide">Risto Mejide</a>, Catalan publicist, author, music producer, talent show judge, TV presenter and songwriter<a href="#cite_note-elplural.com-182">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Griso" title="Susanna Griso">Susanna Griso</a>, Catalan presenter and journalist<a href="#cite_note-elplural.com-182">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Javier_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Jorge Javier Vázquez">Jorge Javier Vázquez</a>, Catalan television presenter<a href="#cite_note-elplural.com-182">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Pedrosa" title="Dani Pedrosa">Dani Pedrosa</a>, Catalan Grand Prix motorcycle racer<a href="#cite_note-vanitatis.elconfidencial.com-175">[173]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_polling">Opinion polling</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Opinion polling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Catalan_independence" title="Opinion polling on Catalan independence">Opinion polling on Catalan independence</a></div> This is a list of recent opinion polling on the subject. Most polls are conducted by the Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió, a research institute under the purview of the Catalan government, or the Institut de Ciencès Politiques i Socials, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Barcelona" title="Autonomous University of Barcelona">Autonomous University of Barcelona</a>. However newspapers such as <a href="/wiki/La_Vanguardia" title="La Vanguardia">La Vanguardia</a> or <a href="/wiki/El_Peri%C3%B3dico_de_Catalunya" title="El Periódico de Catalunya">El Periodico</a> also sometimes conduct polls on the subject. Questions about a referendum are listed below if asked, however the ICPS also asked 'Do you want Catalunya to be an independent state or do you prefer to stay part of Spain?', where 'stay part of Spain' regularly performs ~10 points better than 'No' on the referendum question. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; line-height: 14px; font-size: 95%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date(s) conducted </th> <th>Polling organisation/client </th> <th>Sample size </th> <th class="unsortable" style="background: rgb(0, 129, 66); width: 80px; color: white;">Yes </th> <th class="unsortable" style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); width: 80px; color: white;">No </th> <th class="unsortable" style="background: gray; width: 80px; color: white;">No Answer/Don't Know </th> <th>Lead </th> <th class="unsortable rowspan=">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>10 June–8 July 2024 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upceo.ceo.gencat.cat/wsceop/9368/Taules%20estad%C3%ADstiques_1101.pdf">Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió</a> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>39.9% </td> <td style="background: rgb(248, 193, 190);">53.3% </td> <td>6.9% </td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;">13.4% </td> <td><a href="#cnote_CEO">[CEO]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2021-05-12">10–12 May 2021 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/2021/05/17/pagina-11/382716708/pdf.html">GAD3/La Vanguardia</a> </td> <td>800</td> <td>41.5%</td> <td style="background: rgb(248, 193, 190);">51.9%</td> <td>6.6%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;">10.4%</td> <td><a href="#cnote_GAD3">[GAD3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 Nov–17 Dec 2021 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upceo.ceo.gencat.cat/wsceop/8248/Dossier%20de%20premsa_1011.pdf">Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió</a> </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td>40.8% </td> <td style="background: rgb(248, 193, 190);">52.3% </td> <td>6.9% </td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;">11.5% </td> <td><a href="#cnote_CEO">[CEO]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2021-05-12">10–12 May 2021 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/2021/05/17/pagina-11/382716708/pdf.html">GAD3/La Vanguardia</a> </td> <td>800</td> <td>41.5%</td> <td style="background: rgb(248, 193, 190);">51.9%</td> <td>6.6%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;">10.4%</td> <td><a href="#cnote_GAD3">[GAD3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8–12 Feb 2021 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electomania.es/epcat21f21/">ElectoPanel/Electomanía</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221224955/https://electomania.es/epcat21f21/">Archived</a> 21 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td>2,129 </td> <td>47.7% </td> <td style="background: rgb(248, 193, 190);">49.9% </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;">2.2% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 Sep–9 Oct 2020 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://upceo.ceo.gencat.cat/wsceop/7768/Dossier%20de%20premsa%20-979.pdf">Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió</a> </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>45.5% </td> <td style="background: rgb(248, 193, 190);">46.3% </td> <td>8.2% </td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;">0.8% </td> <td><a href="#cnote_CEO">[CEO]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2020-09-07">7 Sep 2020 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20200907/483338612815/encuesta-lavanguardia-cataluna-autogobierno-referendum-independencia-dialogo-espana-quim-torra.html">GAD3/La Vanguardia</a> </td> <td>800</td> <td>45.2%</td> <td style="background: rgb(248, 193, 190);">46.7%</td> <td>8.1%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;">1.5%</td> <td><a href="#cnote_GAD3">[GAD3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2020-03-09">9 Feb–3 Mar 2020 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://upceo.ceo.gencat.cat/wsceop/7548/Dossier%20de%20premsa%20-962.pdf">Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió</a> </td> <td>1,500</td> <td>44.9%</td> <td style="background: rgb(248, 193, 190);">47.1%</td> <td>8.1%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;">2.2%</td> <td><a href="#cnote_CEO">[CEO]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2020-02-06">3–6 Feb 2020 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/encatala/20200209/473375020145/sondeig-gad3-majoria-rebutja-independencia.html">GAD3/La Vanguardia</a> </td> <td>800</td> <td>44%</td> <td style="background: rgb(248, 193, 190);">49%</td> <td>7%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;">5%</td> <td><a href="#cnote_GAD3">[GAD3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2019-10-23">25 Sep–23 Oct 2019 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icps.cat/archivos/sondeigs/dossiersc2019cat.pdf?noga=1">Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials</a> </td> <td>1,200</td> <td style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153);">46.0%</td> <td>31.5%</td> <td>22.5%</td> <td style="background: rgb(0, 129, 66); color: white;">4.6%</td> <td><a href="#cnote_ICPS">[ICPS]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2019-10-07">16 Sep–7 Oct 2019 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/191088/49/catalans/rebutja/independencia/nomes/40/defensa">Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió</a> </td> <td>1,500</td> <td>40.3%</td> <td style="background: rgb(248, 193, 190);">49.3%</td> <td>10.4%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;">8.4%</td> <td><a href="#cnote_CEO">[CEO]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2019-03-09">4–25 Mar 2019 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://upceo.ceo.gencat.cat/wsceop/7008/Dossier%20de%20premsa%20-919.pdf">Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió</a> </td> <td>2,000</td> <td style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153);">48.4%</td> <td>44.1%</td> <td>7.5%</td> <td style="background: rgb(0, 129, 66); color: white;">4.3%</td> <td><a href="#cnote_CEO">[CEO]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2018-11-05">8 Oct–5 Nov 2018 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icps.cat/archivos/sondeigs/dossiersc2018cat.pdf?noga=1">Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials</a> </td> <td>1,200</td> <td style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153);">47.9%</td> <td>31.8%</td> <td>20.2%</td> <td style="background: rgb(0, 129, 66); color: white;">16.1%</td> <td><a href="#cnote_ICPS">[ICPS]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style=""><ol class="references" style="list-style-type:disc;"> <li id="cnote_CEO"><a href="#ref_CEO_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"> Question: 'Do you want Catalunya to be an independent state?' Responses: Yes, No, Don't know, No answer</div></li> <li id="cnote_ICPS"><a href="#ref_ICPS_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">Question: 'If tomorrow a referendum were held to decide the independence of Catalunya, what would you do?' Responses: 'I would vote in favour', 'I would vote against', 'I wouldn't vote', 'Blank or empty vote' or 'Don't know/No Response'</div></li> <li id="cnote_GAD3"><a href="#ref_GAD3_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">Question 'In a referendum on Catalan independence, what way would you vote?' Responses: 'Yes', 'No', 'Don't know, No answer'</div></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-term_prospects">Long-term prospects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Long-term prospects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg/220px-Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg/330px-Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg/440px-Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Catalan nationalism on display in Girona</figcaption></figure> Under Spanish law, lawfully exiting Spain would require the Spanish parliament to amend the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> It may be difficult for an independent Catalonia to gain international recognition; for example, many countries (including Spain) fail to recognize <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, despite Kosovo having a strong humanitarian claim to independence.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Most of Catalonia's foreign exports go to the European Union; Catalonia would need Spain's permission if it wishes to eventually re-enter the EU following secession.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_viable-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian_practicalities-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Catalonia already runs its own police, schools, healthcare, transport, agriculture, environment policy, and municipal governments. Other institutions, such as a central bank and a revenue collection service would have to be rebuilt, possibly losing existing <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_viable-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian_practicalities-189">[187]</a> Accounting measures vary, but the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> cite estimates that in 2014 Catalans may have paid about 10 billion euros (or about US$12 billion) more in taxes to the state than what it received in exchange.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_viable-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> As of 2014, an independent Catalonia would be the 34th largest economy in the world.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Should Catalonia secede from Spain, some residents of <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Aran" title="Val d'Aran">Val d'Aran</a> (population 10,000) have stated they might break away from Catalonia,<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berwick-195">[193]</a> although others state that the local identity has only been recognised by the Catalan government, something the Spanish state never did.<a href="#cite_note-Berwick-195">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Opponents of Catalan independence have accused the movement of racism or elitism, and argue that the majority of the Catalan public does not support independence.<a href="#cite_note-Tremlett2017-196">[194]</a> In an op-ed for The Guardian Aurora Nacarino-Brabo and Jorge San Miguel Lobeto, two political scientists affiliated with the anti-independence Ciutadans Spanish nationalist party, disputed the claim that Catalonia has been oppressed or excluded from Spanish politics. They argued that the independence movement is "neither inclusive nor progressive", and criticised nationalists for excluding the Spanish speaking population of Catalonia, and resorting to what they argue are appeals to ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-guardian2018-197">[195]</a> These criticisms of ethnic-based appeals and exclusion of Spanish speakers have been echoed by other politicians and public figures opposed to independence, such as former Spanish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> and the leader of Ciutadans in Catalonia <a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Arrimadas" title="Inés Arrimadas">Inés Arrimadas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-europa_718-199">[197]</a> Polls show that the wish for independence is positively correlated with having Catalonia-born parents and grandparents, families which also tend to fare better economically.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Statements by different key figures in the independence movement have sometimes contributed to this view. In 2013 <a href="/wiki/Carme_Forcadell" title="Carme Forcadell">Carme Forcadell</a>, then president of the influential <a href="/wiki/Assemblea_Nacional_Catalana" title="Assemblea Nacional Catalana">Assemblea Nacional Catalana</a> and later president of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Parliament of Catalonia</a> publicly declared that the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">Partido Popular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">Citizens</a> were not part of the 'Catalan people' and hence were 'enemies' to defeat.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Former president of the Parliament of Catalonia <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAria_de_Gispert" title="Núria de Gispert">Núria de Gispert</a> has been involved in controversy over the years due to her <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Tweets</a>, including comparing members of those two parties with pigs to be exported, or for revealing the address of the school where Citizens' leader <a href="/wiki/Albert_Rivera" title="Albert Rivera">Albert Rivera</a>'s daughter studied.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quim_Torra" title="Quim Torra">Quim Torra</a>, who was appointed president of the regional parliament of Catalonia in 2018, was also involved in controversy regarding past tweets suggesting "Spaniards know only how to plunder" and describing them as having "a rough patch in their DNA".<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> Members of the Catalan independence movement have strongly denied their movement is xenophobic or supremacist and define it as "an inclusive independence movement in which neither the origin nor the language are important".<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> In addition, independence supporters usually allege most far-right and xenophobic groups in Catalonia support Spanish nationalism,<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> and usually participate in unionist demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> On the part of the independence movement, the <a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Republic" title="Committees for the Defense of the Republic">Comitès de Defensa de la República</a> (Committees for the Defense of the Republic; CDR) were created and organised to hinder police action through passive resistance. In September 2019, seven members of the CDR, alleged to be a branch called "Equipos de Respuesta Técnica" (Tactical Response Teams), were arrested for terrorist offenses; they were said to have been found with explosive material and maps of official buildings.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> Three of them were released on bail in October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_autonomist_campaign_of_1918-1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919">Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Spanish_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis">2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Arqu%C3%A9_i_Solsona" title="Anna Arqué i Solsona">Anna Arqué i Solsona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carles_Castellanos_i_Lloren%C3%A7" title="Carles Castellanos i Llorenç">Carles Castellanos i Llorenç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalonia" title="History of Catalonia">History of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_independence" title="Basque Country independence">Basque Country independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe" title="List of active separatist movements in Europe">List of active separatist movements in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/21px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/32px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/42px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Andorra" title="Portal:Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/21px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/42px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Pronunciation of independentisme català in Catalan: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[indəpəndənˈtizmə kətəˈla]</a> Regional variants: Eastern Catalan: [indəpəndənˈtizmə kətəˈɫa] Western Catalan (including Valencian): [independenˈtizme kataˈla] </li> <li id="cite_note-null-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-null_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-null_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-null_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-null_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-null_130-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-null_130-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-null_130-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-null_130-7">h</a> Blank and null votes are subtracted from the number of voters </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ryder-2"><a href="#cite_ref-ryder_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRyder,_Alan2007" class="citation book cs1">Ryder, Alan (2007). The Wreck of Catalonia. Civil War in the Fifteenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. v. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920736-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920736-7"><bdi>978-0-19-920736-7</bdi></a>. <q>This group of states comprised the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca, the principality of Catalonia, and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne; further afield it embraced the kingdoms of Sicily and Sardinia. These states had no common institutions or bonds save allegiance to a common sovereign</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wreck+of+Catalonia.+Civil+War+in+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920736-7&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+independence+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler,_Cullen_J.2019" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, Cullen J. (2019). Carolingian Catalonia: Politics, Culture, and Identity in an Imperial Province, 778–987. Oxford University Press. p. 22. <q>The region is only unique in its later statehood and conjunction with the kingdom of Aragon in the high Middle Ages, while other former Carolingian territories were eventually reabsorbed by the French crown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carolingian+Catalonia%3A+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Identity+in+an+Imperial+Province%2C+778%E2%80%93987&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Chandler%2C+Cullen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+independence+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerr1974" class="citation book cs1">Herr, Richard (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalessayo0000herr/page/41">An Historical Essay on Modern Spain</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalessayo0000herr/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520025349" title="Special:BookSources/9780520025349"><bdi>9780520025349</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Essay+on+Modern+Spain&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780520025349&rft.aulast=Herr&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalessayo0000herr%2Fpage%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+independence+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guibernau_2004-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guibernau_2004_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guibernau_2004_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guibernau_2004_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuibernau2004" class="citation book cs1">Guibernau, Montserrat (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0p-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Catalan Nationalism: Francoism, Transition and Democracy</a>. Routledge. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134353262" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134353262"><bdi>978-1134353262</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527013040/https://books.google.com/books?id=H0p-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2016. 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Bloomsbury Academic. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859731802" title="Special:BookSources/978-1859731802"><bdi>978-1859731802</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 17 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arguing+Comparative+Politics&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0198299974&rft.aulast=Stepan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabIXfvcF3XcC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+independence+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Conversi (2000), p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Lluch (2014), p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lluch-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lluch_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lluch_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLluch2014" class="citation book cs1">Lluch, Jaime (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcNKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Visions of Sovereignty: Nationalism and Accommodation in Multinational Democracies</a>. 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Catalonia: A New Independent State in Europe?: A Debate on Secession Within the European Union. Routledge. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317580553" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317580553"><bdi>978-1317580553</bdi></a>. 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El País (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. Retrieved 17 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Sabotajes%2C+explosivos+y+el+asalto+al+Parlament%3A+los+planes+de+los+CDR+que+investiga+el+juez&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Fernando+J.&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Fonseca%2C+%C3%93scar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fpolitica%2F2019%2F09%2F30%2Factualidad%2F1569870894_271977.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+independence+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/193198/tres/dels/cdr/acusats/terrorisme/surten/preso">"Tres dels CDR acusats de terrorisme surten de la presó"</a>. Nació Digital. 4 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naci%C3%B3+Digital&rft.atitle=Tres+dels+CDR+acusats+de+terrorisme+surten+de+la+pres%C3%B3&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naciodigital.cat%2Fnoticia%2F193198%2Ftres%2Fdels%2Fcdr%2Facusats%2Fterrorisme%2Fsurten%2Fpreso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+independence+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catalonia_Independence_movement" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Catalonia Independence movement">Catalonia Independence movement</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/inici/">"Catalonia Votes", website on self-determination referendum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110182449/http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/inici">Archived</a> 10 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> set up by the 2015–2017 Catalan government.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GqD-D3ssHhk">Catalonia's independence</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (A video based on an article in favour of Catalonia's independence by professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin from Columbia University.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601004631/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0611FD385B0C718CDDA80994DE404482">Party Urging More Autonomy From Spain Seems to Win in Catalonia</a> Article on New York Times, November 2, 2006</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601005518/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60D10FD34550C718EDDAF0894DE404482">"Courage in Catalonia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 22 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60D10FD34550C718EDDAF0894DE404482">the original</a> on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Courage+in+Catalonia&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF60D10FD34550C718EDDAF0894DE404482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+independence+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601001715/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D11FF35550C7A8DDDAF0894DE404482">Voters in Catalonia Approve A Plan for Greater Autonomy</a> Article in The New York Times, June 19, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531235208/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C13FF39540C728FDDAA0894DE404482">Spain Moves On Law to Give Broad Powers To Catalonia</a> Article in The New York Times, March 31, 2006</li></ul> . (in Catalan) <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Catalan_nationalism_and_independence_movement_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estelada_blava.svg/23px-Estelada_blava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estelada_blava.svg/35px-Estelada_blava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estelada_blava.svg/45px-Estelada_blava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalism</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">independence movement</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Estelada_roja.svg/23px-Estelada_roja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Estelada_roja.svg/35px-Estelada_roja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Estelada_roja.svg/45px-Estelada_roja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Cu-Cut!_incident" title="¡Cu-Cut! incident">¡Cu-Cut! incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_autonomist_campaign_of_1918-1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919">1918-1919 autonomy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_of_Prats_de_Moll%C3%B3" title="Plot of Prats de Molló">Plot of Prats de Molló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republic_(1931)" title="Catalan Republic (1931)">Catalan Republic (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_6_October" title="Events of 6 October">Events of 6 October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Garz%C3%B3n" title="Operation Garzón">Operation Garzón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_Case" title="Fresno Case">Fresno Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_Catalan_independence_referendums" title="2009–2011 Catalan independence referendums">2009–2011 independence referendums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_support_for_the_queries_on_the_independence_of_Catalonia" title="Institutional support for the queries on the independence of Catalonia">support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Catalan_autonomy_protest" title="2010 Catalan autonomy protest">2010 autonomy protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Catalan_independence_demonstration" title="2012 Catalan independence demonstration">2012 independence demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Way" title="Catalan Way">2013 Catalan Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Way_2014" title="Catalan Way 2014">2014 Catalan Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Catalan_self-determination_referendum" title="2014 Catalan self-determination referendum">2014 self-determination referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Way_to_the_Catalan_Republic" title="Free Way to the Catalan Republic">2015 Free Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_ahead,_Catalan_Republic" title="Go ahead, Catalan Republic">2016 We are ready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Spanish_constitutional_crisis" title="2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis">2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_for_Yes" title="National Day for Yes">2017 National Day for Yes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_Campaign" title="Yes Campaign">2017 Yes Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Anubis" title="Operation Anubis">2017 Operation Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">2017 independence referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="Reactions to the 2017 Catalan independence referendum">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_general_strike" title="2017 Catalan general strike">2017 Catalan general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Up_Europe!" title="Wake Up Europe!">2017 Wake Up Europe!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_regional_election" title="2017 Catalan regional election">2017 Catalan regional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Catalonia_independence_leaders" title="Trial of Catalonia independence leaders">2019 trial of independence leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Catalan_protests" title="2019–2020 Catalan protests">2019–2020 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Catalan_general_strike" title="2019 Catalan general strike">2019 Catalan general strike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Generalitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Generalitat">Republican Generalitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Anti-Catalan sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Spain" title="Federalism in Spain">Federalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bases_de_Manresa" title="Bases de Manresa">Bases de Manresa</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Constitution_of_the_Catalan_Republic_of_1928" title="Draft Constitution of the Catalan Republic of 1928">Draft Constitution of the Catalan Republic</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Declaration_of_Sovereignty" title="Catalan Declaration of Sovereignty">Declaration of Sovereignty</a> (23 Jan 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Paper_on_the_National_Transition_of_Catalonia" title="White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia">White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia</a> (Sep 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Initiation_of_the_Process_of_Independence_of_Catalonia" title="Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia">Initiation of the Process of Independence</a> (9 Nov 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_Catalans_Vote" title="Let Catalans Vote">Let Catalans Vote</a> (May 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Referendum_on_Self-determination_of_Catalonia" title="Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia">Law on the Referendum on Self-determination</a> (6 Sep 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_juridical_transition_and_foundation_of_the_Republic" title="Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic">Law of juridical transition</a> (8 Sep 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a> (10/27 Oct 2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%AD_Almirall_i_Llozer" title="Valentí Almirall i Llozer">Valentí Almirall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Enric Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Puig_i_Cadafalch" title="Josep Puig i Cadafalch">Josep Puig i Cadafalch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Maci%C3%A0" title="Francesc Macià">Francesc Macià</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Lluís Companys">Lluís Companys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Comorera" title="Joan Comorera">Joan Comorera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Irla" title="Josep Irla">Josep Irla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Tarradellas" title="Josep Tarradellas">Josep Tarradellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Pujol" title="Jordi Pujol">Jordi Pujol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillem_Agull%C3%B3_i_Salvador" title="Guillem Agulló i Salvador">Guillem Agulló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep-Llu%C3%ADs_Carod-Rovira" title="Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira">Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Mas" title="Artur Mas">Artur Mas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriol_Junqueras" title="Oriol Junqueras">Oriol Junqueras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Casals_i_Couturier" title="Muriel Casals i Couturier">Muriel Casals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_Forcadell" title="Carme Forcadell">Carme Forcadell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_S%C3%A0nchez_i_Picanyol" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol">Jordi Sànchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Cuixart" title="Jordi Cuixart">Jordi Cuixart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carles_Puigdemont" title="Carles Puigdemont">Carles Puigdemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Torrent" title="Roger Torrent">Roger Torrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Gabriel_i_Sabat%C3%A9" title="Anna Gabriel i Sabaté">Anna Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quim_Torra" title="Quim Torra">Quim Torra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisenda_Paluzie" title="Elisenda Paluzie">Elisenda Paluzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Aragon%C3%A8s" title="Pere Aragonès">Pere Aragonès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Llach" title="Lluís Llach">Lluís Llach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Municipalities_for_Independence" title="Association of Municipalities for Independence">Association of Municipalities for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblea_Nacional_Catalana" title="Assemblea Nacional Catalana">Assemblea Nacional Catalana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%92mnium_Cultural" title="Òmnium Cultural">Òmnium Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Republic" title="Committees for the Defense of the Republic">Committees for the Defense of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estat_Catal%C3%A0" title="Estat Català">Estat Català</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_National_Liberation" title="Socialist Party of National Liberation">Socialist Party of National Liberation</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_European_Democratic_Party" title="Catalan European Democratic Party">Catalan European Democratic Party</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">Republican Left of Catalonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sobiranistes" title="Sobiranistes">Sobiranistes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2020)" title="Together for Catalonia (2020)">Junts per Catalunya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_Catalonia" title="Democrats of Catalonia">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Movement" title="Left Movement">MES</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Candidacy" title="Popular Unity Candidacy">Popular Unity Candidacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endavant" title="Endavant">Endavant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poble_Lliure" title="Poble Lliure">Poble Lliure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9s_per_Mallorca" title="Més per Mallorca">Més per Mallorca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party of Mallorca">PSM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9s_per_Menorca" title="Més per Menorca">Més per Menorca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Menorca" title="Socialist Party of Menorca">PSMe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Solidarity_for_Independence" title="Catalan Solidarity for Independence">Catalan Solidarity for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagrupament" title="Reagrupament">Reagrupament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_the_Valencian_Country" title="Republican Left of the Valencian Country">Republican Left of the Valencian Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Tsunami" title="Democratic Tsunami">Democratic Tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Alliance" title="Catalan Alliance">Catalan Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomist and federalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Catalonia" title="Assembly of Catalonia">Assembly of Catalonia</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia">Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Convergence of Catalonia">Democratic Convergence of Catalonia</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalunya_en_Com%C3%BA" title="Catalunya en Comú">Catalonia in Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposta_per_les_Illes" title="Proposta per les Illes">Proposta per les Illes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Youth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Republican Left of Catalonia">Young Republican Left of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Youth_of_Catalonia" title="Nationalist Youth of Catalonia">Nationalist Youth of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran_(organization)" title="Arran (organization)">Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Forja" title="La Forja">La Forja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulets_(politics)" title="Maulets (politics)">Maulets</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Sign † marks defunct organisations.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catalonia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalonia_topics" title="Template:Catalonia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catalonia_topics" title="Template talk:Catalonia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catalonia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catalonia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catalonia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalonia" title="History of Catalonia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Catalan_history" title="Timeline of Catalan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_constitutions" title="Catalan constitutions">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Civil_War" title="Catalan Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">Reapers' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republic_(1640%E2%80%931641)" title="Catalan Republic (1640–1641)">Republic (1640–1641)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Northern Catalonia loss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of Succession</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Catalans" title="War of the Catalans">War of the Catalans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Catalonia" title="Commonwealth of Catalonia">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republic_(1931)" title="Catalan Republic (1931)">Republic (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Catalonia_(1931-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Region of Catalonia (1931-1939)">Republican Generalitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia_of_1932" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932">Statute of Autonomy (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_6_October" title="Events of 6 October">Events of 6 October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Catalonia" title="Revolutionary Catalonia">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Catalonia" title="Francoist Catalonia">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia_of_1979" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979">Statute of Autonomy (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia">Statute of Autonomy (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Declaration of independence</a> (<a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">2017 referendum</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia#Geography" title="Catalonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Catalonia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains of Catalonia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Catalonia" title="List of rivers of Catalonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Catalonia" title="Extreme points of Catalonia">Extreme points</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Catalonia" title="Subdivisions of Catalonia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegueries_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegueries of Catalonia">Vegueries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Catalonia#Subdivisions_of_Aran" title="Subdivisions of Catalonia">Unique territorial entity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Aran" title="Val d'Aran">Val d'Aran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarques_of_Catalonia" title="Comarques of Catalonia">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Catalonia" title="Municipalities of Catalonia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A7on" title="Terçon">Terçons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Catalonia#Provinces" title="Subdivisions of Catalonia">Spanish provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Catalonia" title="Politics of Catalonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Catalonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Catalonia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Generalitat of Catalonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Catalonia" title="List of political parties in Catalonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossos_d%27Esquadra" title="Mossos d'Esquadra">Police force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Catalonia" title="International relations of Catalonia">International relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Independence movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_peseta" title="Catalan peseta">Catalan peseta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_Spanish_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2012 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Catalonia" title="Rail transport in Catalonia">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autopistes_and_autovies_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of autopistes and autovies in Catalonia">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Catalonia" title="List of airports in Catalonia">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Catalonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Catalonia (page does not exist)">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_wine" title="Catalan wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Catalonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Catalonia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Catalonia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Catalonia" title="Religion in Catalonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Catalonia" title="Traditions of Catalonia">Traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Catalonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_art" title="Catalan art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">Castell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correfoc" title="Correfoc">Correfoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Catalonia">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gegants_i_capgrossos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gegants i capgrossos">Gegants i capgrossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages in Catalonia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Catalonia">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Catalonia" title="Music of Catalonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Catalonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana">Sardana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Catalonia" title="Sport in Catalonia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Catalonia" title="Football in Catalonia">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Catalonia" title="National symbols of Catalonia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senyera" title="Senyera">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon" title="Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els_Segadors" title="Els Segadors">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Catalonia" title="National Day of Catalonia">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_of_Books_and_Roses" title="The Day of Books and Roses">St George's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_de_les_Tres_Branques" title="Pi de les Tres Branques">Pi de les Tres Branques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_donkey" title="Catalan donkey">Catalan donkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Catalonia" title="Outline of Catalonia">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catalonia" title="Category:Catalonia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&oldid=1255640711">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catalan_independence_movement&oldid=1255640711</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catalan_independence_movement" 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