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In 1941 Germans sank five Allied merchant ships off Georgia shores. By late 1943, however, Georgia’s coastal defenses had grown so formidable that German submarines no longer […]" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="New Georgia Encyclopedia" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-05-09T13:56:16+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="4789" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="3268" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@gahumanities" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="4 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/","url":"https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/","name":"U-boat Attacks during World War II - New Georgia Encyclopedia","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001.jpg","datePublished":"2011-02-01T01:04:32+00:00","dateModified":"2019-05-09T13:56:16+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/#primaryimage","url":"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001.jpg","contentUrl":"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001.jpg","width":4789,"height":3268,"caption":"The German submarine U-123, under the command of Reinhard Hardegen, is pictured in February 1942 at its home base in Lorient, France. 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https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-697x523@2x.jpg 1394w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-420x315@2x.jpg 840w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-120x90@2x.jpg 240w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-107x80@2x.jpg 214w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-800x600@2x.jpg 1600w" data-sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /><noscript><img width="60" height="45" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-60x45.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small" alt="Geography & Environment" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-300x225.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-697x523.jpg 697w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-420x315.jpg 420w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-120x90.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-107x80.jpg 107w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-800x600.jpg 800w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-300x225@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-1024x768@2x.jpg 2048w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-1440x1080@2x.jpg 2880w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-697x523@2x.jpg 1394w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-420x315@2x.jpg 840w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-120x90@2x.jpg 240w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-107x80@2x.jpg 214w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/okefenokee-swamp-with-moss-and-lily-pads_001-800x600@2x.jpg 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="mm-topics-item-text"> <h3 class="mm-topics-item-title"> <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/topics/geography-environment/">Geography & Environment</a> </h3> </div> </li> <li class="mm-topics-item"> <div class="mm-topics-item-image"> <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/topics/government-politics/" tabindex="-1"> <img width="60" height="45" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='60'%20height='45'%20viewBox='0%200%2060%2045'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small perfmatters-lazy" alt="Government & Politics" decoding="async" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-60x45.jpg" data-srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" data-sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /><noscript><img width="60" height="45" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-60x45.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small" alt="Government & Politics" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgia-general-assembly_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="mm-topics-item-text"> <h3 class="mm-topics-item-title"> <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/topics/government-politics/">Government & Politics</a> </h3> </div> </li> <li class="mm-topics-item"> <div class="mm-topics-item-image"> <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/topics/history-archaeology/" tabindex="-1"> <img width="60" height="45" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='60'%20height='45'%20viewBox='0%200%2060%2045'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small perfmatters-lazy" alt="History & Archaeology" decoding="async" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-60x45.jpg" data-srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" data-sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /><noscript><img width="60" height="45" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-60x45.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small" alt="History & Archaeology" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/etowah-mounds_003-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="mm-topics-item-text"> <h3 class="mm-topics-item-title"> <a 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https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/lucy-craft-laney-portrait_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/lucy-craft-laney-portrait_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/lucy-craft-laney-portrait_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" data-sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /><noscript><img width="60" height="45" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/lucy-craft-laney-portrait_001-60x45.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small" alt="People" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/lucy-craft-laney-portrait_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/lucy-craft-laney-portrait_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/lucy-craft-laney-portrait_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/lucy-craft-laney-portrait_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/lucy-craft-laney-portrait_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="mm-topics-item-text"> <h3 class="mm-topics-item-title"> <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/topics/people/">People</a> </h3> </div> </li> <li class="mm-topics-item"> <div class="mm-topics-item-image"> <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/topics/science-medicine/" tabindex="-1"> <img width="60" height="45" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='60'%20height='45'%20viewBox='0%200%2060%2045'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small perfmatters-lazy" alt="Science & Medicine" decoding="async" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-60x45.jpg" data-srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" data-sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /><noscript><img width="60" height="45" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-60x45.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small" alt="Science & Medicine" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/georgiacetus-museum-view_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="mm-topics-item-text"> <h3 class="mm-topics-item-title"> <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/topics/science-medicine/">Science & Medicine</a> </h3> </div> </li> <li class="mm-topics-item"> <div 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https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/atlanta-fulton-county-stadium_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/atlanta-fulton-county-stadium_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" data-sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /><noscript><img width="60" height="45" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/atlanta-fulton-county-stadium_001-60x45.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small" alt="Sports & Outdoor Recreation" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/atlanta-fulton-county-stadium_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/atlanta-fulton-county-stadium_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/atlanta-fulton-county-stadium_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/atlanta-fulton-county-stadium_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/atlanta-fulton-county-stadium_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="mm-topics-item-text"> <h3 class="mm-topics-item-title"> <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/topics/sports-outdoor-recreation/">Sports & Outdoor Recreation</a> </h3> </div> </li> </ul> </div>  <div class="mega-menu-group" data-menu="collections" style="display: none; opacity: 0"> <div class="mm-collections"> <div class="mm-collections-featured teasers"> <div class="teasers-items teasers-small"> <div class='teaser'> <div class='teaser-image'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/collections/art-across-georgia/' tabindex='-1'><img width="180" height="101" 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19.2567 5.74273 18.5111 5.74273Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span> <span class="overflow-link-text"> Print </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div>  <div class="container"> <div class="article-meta"> <div class="article-authors"><strong class="article-authors-label">Author</strong><span class="article-authors-name"><a href=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/authors/john-vanzo/">John P. Vanzo</a>, Bainbridge College</span></div><div class="article-dates"><span class="article-dates-posted">Originally published Feb 1, 2011</span><span class="article-dates-updated">Last edited May 9, 2019</span></div> </div> </div>  <div class="article-wrap has-stickynav has-collections "> <div class="article-main"> <div class="container"> <div class="article-content popover-links"> <p>Georgia’s closest brush with actual combat operations in <a href='/articles/history-archaeology/world-war-ii-in-georgia/'>World War II</a> (1941-45) occurred when American air and naval forces battled prowling German U-boats along the state’s Atlantic <a href='/articles/geography-environment/lower-coastal-plain-and-coastal-islands/'>coastline</a>. In 1941 Germans sank five Allied merchant ships off Georgia shores. By late 1943, however, Georgia’s coastal defenses had grown so formidable that German submarines no longer entered the state’s waters.</p> <h3>Georgia’s Defenses</h3> <p>Georgia’s waters were initially considered an unlikely target for enemy submarine attacks. First, the state’s coastline is relatively short, stretching approximately 100 miles between the South Carolina and Florida borders. More important, the continental shelf off Georgia’s coast is extremely shallow; submerged German U-boats would have only a few feet of water over their conning towers, making them vulnerable to being spotted and attacked.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized" data-image-id="9515"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="800" height="680" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Glynco Naval Air Station" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001.jpg 800w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001-300x255.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001-40x34.jpg 40w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001-697x592.jpg 697w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001-420x357.jpg 420w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001-106x90.jpg 106w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001-94x80.jpg 94w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001-706x600.jpg 706w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001-300x255@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001-40x34@2x.jpg 80w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001-106x90@2x.jpg 212w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Glynco-Naval-Air-Station_001-94x80@2x.jpg 188w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><div class="nge-captions"><figcaption>Glynco Naval Air Station</figcaption><figcaption class="nge-credit-text"><p>Courtesy of <a href='https://www.georgiaarchives.org/'>Georgia Archives</a>.</p></figcaption></div></figure> </div> <p>Aside from geographic factors, Georgia was relatively well defended. Because of its economic and industrial importance to the American war effort, the state was the site of several large military bases. Most important to the antisubmarine effort were Chatham and Hunter airfields, both located near <a href='/articles/counties-cities-neighborhoods/savannah/'>Savannah</a>. One of the most effective military bases in the U-boat war was Glynco Naval Air Station, located near <a href='/articles/counties-cities-neighborhoods/brunswick/'>Brunswick</a> and home to both fixed-wing and lighter-than-air antisubmarine aircraft. The port of Savannah itself hosted an assortment of small coastal patrol and antisubmarine warships.</p> <h3>War Comes to Georgia’s Shores</h3> <p>Despite elaborate prewar plans for the defense of Georgia’s coastline, the area was still vulnerable to attack when the United States entered World War II. Early antisubmarine patrols were sporadic and uncoordinated, and many Georgia coastal communities disobeyed orders for nighttime blackouts. The defenders were shaken from their complacency, however, when the U-boat threat finally hit home in the spring of 1942.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized" data-image-id="9514"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="699" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='1024'%20height='699'%20viewBox='0%200%201024%20699'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-large size-large perfmatters-lazy" alt="U-123" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-1024x699.jpg" data-srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-1024x699.jpg 1024w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-300x205.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-1583x1080.jpg 1583w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-697x476.jpg 697w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-420x287.jpg 420w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-132x90.jpg 132w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-117x80.jpg 117w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-879x600.jpg 879w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-1024x699@2x.jpg 2048w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-300x205@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-1583x1080@2x.jpg 3166w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-697x476@2x.jpg 1394w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-420x287@2x.jpg 840w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-132x90@2x.jpg 264w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-117x80@2x.jpg 234w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-879x600@2x.jpg 1758w" data-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><noscript><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="699" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-1024x699.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="U-123" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-1024x699.jpg 1024w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-300x205.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-1583x1080.jpg 1583w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-697x476.jpg 697w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-420x287.jpg 420w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-132x90.jpg 132w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-117x80.jpg 117w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-879x600.jpg 879w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-1024x699@2x.jpg 2048w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-300x205@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-1583x1080@2x.jpg 3166w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-697x476@2x.jpg 1394w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-420x287@2x.jpg 840w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-132x90@2x.jpg 264w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-117x80@2x.jpg 234w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/u-123_001-879x600@2x.jpg 1758w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></noscript><div class="nge-captions"><figcaption><em>U-123</em></figcaption><figcaption class="nge-credit-text"><p>Photograph from German Federal Archive</p></figcaption></div></figure> </div> <p>Lieutenant Commander Reinhard Hardegen, skipper of the German submarine <i>U-123</i>, had already drawn Georgian blood in January 1942, when his U-boat sank the freighter <i>City of Atlanta</i> off the coast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The 5,200-ton merchantman was based in Savannah, and many of the forty-three sailors who died in the attack were residents of the city. On his next war patrol two months later, Hardegen once again steered his submarine from its base at Lorient, France, toward the United States. Sailing southward down the Eastern Seaboard, the <i>U-123</i> sank four ships before entering Georgia’s waters.</p> <p>The <i>U-123</i> moved to a position in the shallow waters just off <a href='/articles/geography-environment/st-simons-island/'>St. Simons Island</a>. In the early morning hours of April 8, 1942, the Germans spotted a large tanker silhouetted against the illuminated shoreline. Hardegen fired a torpedo and sank the 9,200-ton oil tanker <i>Oklahoma</i>. Less than an hour later, he spotted and sank another tanker, the 8,000-ton <i>Esso Baton Rouge</i>. The next morning, the <i>U-123</i> sank a third ship, the steamship SS <i>Esparta</i>, about fourteen miles south of Brunswick. Hardegen then sailed south to prowl Florida waters, where he sank four more ships before returning to base.</p> <p>A total of twenty-three crewmen aboard the three vessels sunk in Georgia waters were killed in the attacks. Survivors from the ships were rescued and brought to shore by several U.S. Coast Guard ships and a private yacht owned by Charles Howard Candler, the son of <a href='/articles/business-economy/coca-cola-company/'>Coca-Cola Company</a> founder <a href='/articles/history-archaeology/asa-candler-1851-1929/'>Asa Candler</a>. The two tankers, sunk close to shore in shallow water, were eventually salvaged and refloated. After extensive repairs both ships rejoined the war effort. Later in the war the two ships were again sunk by U-boats, this time permanently.</p> <h3>Georgia Reacts</h3> <p>The attacks along Georgia’s coastline threw the state into a panic. The gigantic blasts from the exploding tankers had shattered windows in nearby Brunswick, and thick oil fouled beaches in the area for weeks afterward. Frightening rumors of Germans landing on shore began circulating throughout the coastal communities.</p> <p>The administration of U.S. president <a href='/articles/history-archaeology/franklin-d-roosevelt-in-georgia/'>Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> acted decisively to end the U-boat threat along the Atlantic coastline. The U.S. Navy adopted the British system of convoying ships, and air and naval patrols were increased. Most important for the defense of Georgia, the submarine-hunting blimps of Airship Squadron ZP-15 were stationed at Glynco Naval Air Station, providing around-the-clock protection against U-boats.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized" data-image-id="9256"><img decoding="async" width="800" height="618" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='800'%20height='618'%20viewBox='0%200%20800%20618'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-large size-large perfmatters-lazy" alt="Airship Squadron in Brunswick, 1942" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001.jpg" data-srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001.jpg 800w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-300x232.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-697x538.jpg 697w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-420x324.jpg 420w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-117x90.jpg 117w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-104x80.jpg 104w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-777x600.jpg 777w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-300x232@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-117x90@2x.jpg 234w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-104x80@2x.jpg 208w" data-sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><noscript><img decoding="async" width="800" height="618" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Airship Squadron in Brunswick, 1942" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001.jpg 800w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-300x232.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-697x538.jpg 697w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-420x324.jpg 420w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-117x90.jpg 117w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-104x80.jpg 104w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-777x600.jpg 777w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-300x232@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-117x90@2x.jpg 234w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-104x80@2x.jpg 208w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></noscript><div class="nge-captions"><figcaption>Airship Squadron in Brunswick, 1942</figcaption><figcaption class="nge-credit-text"><p>Courtesy of <a href='https://www.georgiaarchives.org/'>Georgia Archives</a>.</p></figcaption></div></figure> </div> <p>Georgia’s coastal defenses grew so formidable that enemy submarines never again dared to come within sight of land. During the summer of 1943, two more American tankers were sunk approximately 150 miles east of Brunswick. But by then the tide of war had turned against the U-boats. The hunters became the hunted, and the German U-boat threat in Georgia waters ended for good.</p> </div> <div class="article-meta article-meta-footer"> <div class="article-authors"><strong class="article-authors-label">Author</strong><span class="article-authors-name"><a href=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/authors/john-vanzo/">John P. Vanzo</a>, Bainbridge College</span></div><div class="article-dates"><span class="article-dates-posted">Originally published Feb 1, 2011</span><span class="article-dates-updated">Last edited May 9, 2019</span></div> </div> <footer class="article-footer">  <div class="footer-block citation"> <header class="footer-block-header citation-header"> <h3 class="footer-block-heading">Cite this Article</h3> <div class="citation-selector"> <a class="citation-selector-active" data-reveal="citation-selector-options" aria-label="Select Citation Style" aria-expanded="false" > Style: <strong class="citation-standard">Chicago</strong> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="11" height="6" viewBox="0 0 11 6" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img"> <title>Chevron down</title> <path opacity="0.5" d="M-2.71255e-07 0.630242C-2.64371e-07 0.472761 0.0643584 0.315279 0.193703 0.189167C0.452406 -0.0630561 0.856225 -0.0630561 1.11428 0.189167L5.492 4.45724L9.88539 0.189167C10.1441 -0.0630558 10.5479 -0.0630558 10.806 0.189167C11.0647 0.441391 11.0647 0.835095 10.806 1.08669L5.96014 5.81115C5.83079 5.93726 5.66926 6 5.50774 6C5.3298 6 5.16827 5.93725 5.05533 5.81115L0.2095 1.08669C0.0643775 0.9452 -2.78139e-07 0.787724 -2.71255e-07 0.630242Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </a> <div class="overflow citation-selector-options" aria-hidden="true"> <a class="overflow-link active" href="#" data-id="citation-chicago"><span class="overflow-link-text">Chicago</span></a> <a class="overflow-link inactive" href="#" data-id="citation-apa"><span class="overflow-link-text">APA</span></a> <a class="overflow-link inactive" href="#" data-id="citation-mla"><span class="overflow-link-text">MLA</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="footer-block-content citation-content"> <div class="citation-style citation-chicago active" data-id="citation-chicago"> <p>Vanzo, John. "U-boat Attacks during World War II." New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified May 9, 2019. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/</p> </div> <div class="citation-style citation-apa" data-id="citation-apa"> <p>Vanzo, J. P. (2011). U-boat Attacks during World War II. In <em>New Georgia Encyclopedia</em>. Retrieved May 9, 2019, from https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/</p> </div> <div class="citation-style citation-mla" data-id="citation-mla"> <p>Vanzo, John. "U-boat Attacks during World War II." <em>New Georgia Encyclopedia</em>, 01 February 2011, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/.</p> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="footer-block resources tabs-container"> <header class="footer-block-header resources-header"> <h3 class="footer-block-heading">Further Reading</h3> <ul role="tablist" class="resources-tabs tabs"> <li id="tab-resources-list-offline" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="resources-list-offline" tabindex="-1" class="tab " data-id="resources-list-offline" > <span class="tab-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="18" height="19" viewBox="0 0 18 19" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img"> <title>Literature</title> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.65 0.5H9.45C10.1944 0.5 10.8 1.10562 10.8 1.85V2.84223C10.8068 2.17649 11.3069 1.6005 11.9855 1.51718L14.6654 1.18812C15.4042 1.09739 16.0791 1.62467 16.1698 2.36352L17.9247 16.6562C18.0155 17.3951 17.4882 18.07 16.7494 18.1607L14.0695 18.4897C13.3306 18.5804 12.6557 18.0531 12.565 17.3142L10.8101 3.02164C10.8038 2.97071 10.8005 2.92008 10.8 2.86992V17.15C10.8 17.8944 10.1944 18.5 9.45 18.5H7.65C7.30451 18.5 6.98903 18.3694 6.75 18.1551C6.51097 18.3694 6.19549 18.5 5.85 18.5H1.35C0.605616 18.5 0 17.8944 0 17.15V3.65C0 2.90562 0.605616 2.3 1.35 2.3H5.85C6.00775 2.3 6.15915 2.32745 6.3 2.3774V1.85C6.3 1.10562 6.90562 0.5 7.65 0.5ZM1.35 17.6H5.85C6.09812 17.6 6.3 17.3981 6.3 17.15V3.65C6.3 3.40188 6.09812 3.2 5.85 3.2H1.35C1.10188 3.2 0.9 3.40188 0.9 3.65V17.15C0.9 17.3981 1.10188 17.6 1.35 17.6ZM9.45 17.6C9.69812 17.6 9.9 17.3981 9.9 17.15V1.85C9.9 1.60188 9.69812 1.4 9.45 1.4H7.65C7.40188 1.4 7.2 1.60188 7.2 1.85V17.15C7.2 17.3981 7.40188 17.6 7.65 17.6H9.45ZM2.3766 5.89979H4.95004C5.19855 5.89979 5.40004 5.6983 5.40004 5.44979C5.40004 5.20128 5.19855 4.99979 4.95004 4.99979H2.3766C2.12809 4.99979 1.9266 5.20128 1.9266 5.44979C1.9266 5.6983 2.12809 5.89979 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11.2998H7.59987C7.37897 11.2998 7.19987 11.4788 7.19987 11.6998C7.19987 11.9207 7.37897 12.0998 7.59987 12.0998Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span> <span class="tab-label">Online</span> </li> </ul> </header> <div class="footer-block-content resources-content tabs-content"> <ul class="resources-list resources-list-offline tab-content " data-id="resources-list-offline" id="resources-list-offline" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" aria-labelledby="tab-resources-list-offline" aria-hidden="true" > <li class="resource"> <div class="resource-text"> <p>Clay Blair, <i>Hitler’s U-boat War: The Hunted, 1942-1945</i> (New York: Random House, 1998).</p> </div> </li> <li class="resource"> <div class="resource-text"> <p>Clay Blair, <i>Hitler’s U-boat War: The Hunters, 1939-1942</i> (New York: Random House, 1996).</p> </div> </li> <li class="resource"> <div class="resource-text"> <p>Michael Gannon, <i>Operation Drumbeat: The Dramatic True Story of Germany’s First U-boat Attacks along the American Coast in World War II</i> (New York: Harper and Row, 1990).</p> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="resources-list resources-list-online tab-content active" data-id="resources-list-online" id="resources-list-online" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" aria-labelledby="tab-resources-list-online" aria-hidden="false" > <li class="resource"> <a class="resource-link" href="http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=15609" >Historical Marker Database: SS Oklahoma and Esso Baton Rouge</a> </li> <li class="resource"> <a class="resource-link" href="http://www.stewart.army.mil/index.php/about/Garrison/hunter-army-airfield" >Fort Stewart: Hunter Army Airfield History</a> </li> <li class="resource"> <a class="resource-link" href="http://www.uboat.net/" >U-boat.net</a> </li> <li class="resource"> <a class="resource-link" href="http://www.usmm.org/closetohome.html" >American Merchant Marine at War: "Georgians Identify Mariners Killed"</a> </li> <li class="resource"> <a class="resource-link" href="https://www.coastalgeorgiahistory.org/visit/world-war-ii-museum/" >World War II Home Front Museum</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="footer-block article-related"> <header class="footer-block-header"> <h3 class="footer-block-heading">Related Articles</h3> </header> <div class="footer-block-content teasers"> <div class="article-related-items teasers-items"> <div class='teaser'> <div class='teaser-image'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/counties-cities-neighborhoods/brunswick/' tabindex='-1'><img width="300" height="169" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='169'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20169'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-thumb-wide-large size-thumb-wide-large wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="Brunswick" decoding="async" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ship_001-300x169.jpg" 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0.189167C11.0647 0.441391 11.0647 0.835095 10.806 1.08669L5.96014 5.81115C5.83079 5.93726 5.66926 6 5.50774 6C5.3298 6 5.16827 5.93725 5.05533 5.81115L0.2095 1.08669C0.0643775 0.9452 -2.78139e-07 0.787724 -2.71255e-07 0.630242Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </a> <div class="overflow citation-selector-options" aria-hidden="true"> <a class="overflow-link active" href="#" data-id="citation-chicago"><span class="overflow-link-text">Chicago</span></a> <a class="overflow-link inactive" href="#" data-id="citation-apa"><span class="overflow-link-text">APA</span></a> <a class="overflow-link inactive" href="#" data-id="citation-mla"><span class="overflow-link-text">MLA</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="footer-block-content citation-content"> <div class="citation-style citation-chicago active" data-id="citation-chicago"> <p>Vanzo, John. "U-boat Attacks during World War II." New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified May 9, 2019. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/</p> </div> <div class="citation-style citation-apa" data-id="citation-apa"> <p>Vanzo, J. P. (2011). U-boat Attacks during World War II. In <em>New Georgia Encyclopedia</em>. Retrieved May 9, 2019, from https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/</p> </div> <div class="citation-style citation-mla" data-id="citation-mla"> <p>Vanzo, John. "U-boat Attacks during World War II." <em>New Georgia Encyclopedia</em>, 01 February 2011, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/u-boat-attacks-during-world-war-ii/.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="article-feedback-modal" class="mfp-hide modal-form"> <h3 class="modal-title">Article Feedback</h3> <script src='https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js' async defer></script> <div class="contact-form-wrap" data-mode="content-feedback"> <div id="field_reason" class="gfield contact-field-reason"><label class="gfield_label">Why are you reaching out to us?<span class="gfield_required">*</span></label> <div class="ginput_container ginput_container_radio"> <ul class="gfield_radio"> <li class="gchoice"> <input name="reason" type="radio" value="general-feedback" id="reason_general" data-id="contact-general-feedback"> <label for="reason_general">General feedback</label> </li> <li class="gchoice"> <input name="reason" type="radio" value="content-feedback" 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8.86652 14.2606 8.96753 14.4186 8.99353L19.4608 9.83357L16.1477 13.1467C16.0327 13.2608 15.9807 13.4238 16.0077 13.5828L16.8387 18.57L12.2395 16.0619Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span> <h3 class="icon-header-title">Featured Content</h3> </div> <div class="teasers-items"> <div class='teaser'> <div class='teaser-image'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/james-oglethorpe-1696-1785/' tabindex='-1'><img width="300" height="169" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='169'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20169'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-thumb-wide-large size-thumb-wide-large wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="James Oglethorpe" decoding="async" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-300x169.jpg" data-srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-300x169.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-90x51@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-90x51.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-300x169@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-180x101@2x.jpg 360w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><noscript><img width="300" height="169" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-300x169.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-wide-large size-thumb-wide-large wp-post-image" alt="James Oglethorpe" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-300x169.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-90x51@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-90x51.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-300x169@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/oglethorpe-and-creeks_001-180x101@2x.jpg 360w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></noscript></a> </div> <div class='teaser-text'> <h4 class='teaser-title'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/james-oglethorpe-1696-1785/'>James Oglethorpe</a> </h4><span class='teaser-meta'>Colonial Figures</span> </div> </div><div class='teaser'> <div class='teaser-image'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/civil-rights-movement/' tabindex='-1'><img width="300" height="169" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='169'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20169'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-thumb-wide-large size-thumb-wide-large wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="Civil Rights Movement" decoding="async" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-300x169.jpg" data-srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-300x169.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-90x51@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-90x51.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-300x169@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-180x101@2x.jpg 360w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><noscript><img width="300" height="169" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-300x169.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-wide-large size-thumb-wide-large wp-post-image" alt="Civil Rights Movement" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-300x169.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-90x51@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-90x51.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-300x169@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/segregation-protest_004-180x101@2x.jpg 360w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></noscript></a> </div> <div class='teaser-text'> <h4 class='teaser-title'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/civil-rights-movement/'>Civil Rights Movement</a> </h4><span class='teaser-meta'>Mid- to Late 20th Century Topics</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-trending teasers"> <div class="teasers-header icon-header"> <span class="icon-header-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img"> <title>Trending</title> <path d="M19.341 5.35189C19.1612 5.22069 18.9432 5.21413 18.7774 5.3356L15.265 6.61008C15.0236 6.78647 14.9673 7.17462 15.1404 7.47662C15.3134 7.77862 15.6487 7.8808 15.8887 7.70343L17.7683 7.17529L14.5011 14.2353C14.3498 14.5552 13.9495 14.6954 13.644 14.5341L10.6126 12.9286C9.82448 12.5111 8.84264 12.7876 8.37893 13.5582L4.75115 19.5901C4.58685 19.8631 4.65456 20.262 4.90174 20.4817C5.04155 20.6059 5.20787 20.6455 5.35666 20.6076C5.47056 20.5786 5.5738 20.5034 5.64522 20.3848L9.273 14.3529C9.46161 14.038 9.9277 13.9074 10.2487 14.078L13.2801 15.6836C14.0921 16.1134 15.0448 15.7823 15.4489 14.9278L18.8933 7.55029L19.6246 9.18733C19.6246 9.18733 20.0782 9.69599 20.3746 9.73544C20.4336 9.74417 20.5958 9.74903 20.6491 9.73544C20.8636 9.68082 21.0217 9.46487 21.0275 9.18733L19.6246 5.95465C19.6293 5.71569 19.5185 5.48237 19.3387 5.35117L19.341 5.35189Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span> <h3 class="icon-header-title">Trending</h3> </div> <div class="teasers-items teasers-small teasers-stacked"> <div class='teaser'> <div class='teaser-image'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/freedom-singers/' tabindex='-1'><img width="60" height="45" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='60'%20height='45'%20viewBox='0%200%2060%2045'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="Freedom Singers" decoding="async" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-60x45.jpg" data-srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-300x230.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-1024x785.jpg 1024w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-1409x1080.jpg 1409w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-697x534.jpg 697w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-420x322.jpg 420w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-117x90.jpg 117w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-104x80.jpg 104w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-783x600.jpg 783w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-300x230@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-1024x785@2x.jpg 2048w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-1409x1080@2x.jpg 2818w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-697x534@2x.jpg 1394w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-420x322@2x.jpg 840w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-117x90@2x.jpg 234w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-104x80@2x.jpg 208w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-783x600@2x.jpg 1566w" data-sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /><noscript><img width="60" height="45" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-60x45.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small wp-post-image" alt="Freedom Singers" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-300x230.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-1024x785.jpg 1024w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-1409x1080.jpg 1409w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-697x534.jpg 697w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-420x322.jpg 420w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-117x90.jpg 117w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-104x80.jpg 104w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-783x600.jpg 783w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-300x230@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-1024x785@2x.jpg 2048w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-1409x1080@2x.jpg 2818w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-697x534@2x.jpg 1394w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-420x322@2x.jpg 840w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-117x90@2x.jpg 234w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-104x80@2x.jpg 208w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/albany-movement_001-783x600@2x.jpg 1566w" sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /></noscript></a> </div> <div class='teaser-text'> <h4 class='teaser-title'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/freedom-singers/'>Freedom Singers</a> </h4><span class='teaser-meta'>Country & Folk</span> </div> </div><div class='teaser'> <div class='teaser-image'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/country-music-overview/' tabindex='-1'><img width="60" height="45" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='60'%20height='45'%20viewBox='0%200%2060%2045'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="Country Music" decoding="async" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-60x45.jpg" data-srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-300x228.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-420x319.jpg 420w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-119x90.jpg 119w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-105x80.jpg 105w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001.jpg 640w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-300x228@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-119x90@2x.jpg 238w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-105x80@2x.jpg 210w" data-sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /><noscript><img width="60" height="45" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-60x45.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small wp-post-image" alt="Country Music" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-300x228.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-420x319.jpg 420w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-119x90.jpg 119w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-105x80.jpg 105w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001.jpg 640w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-300x228@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-119x90@2x.jpg 238w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wsb-barn-dance_001-105x80@2x.jpg 210w" sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /></noscript></a> </div> <div class='teaser-text'> <h4 class='teaser-title'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/country-music-overview/'>Country Music</a> </h4><span class='teaser-meta'>Country & Folk</span> </div> </div><div class='teaser'> <div class='teaser-image'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/shermans-field-order-no-15/' tabindex='-1'><img width="60" height="45" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='60'%20height='45'%20viewBox='0%200%2060%2045'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="Sherman’s Field Order No. 15" decoding="async" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-60x45.jpg" data-srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" data-sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /><noscript><img width="60" height="45" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-60x45.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small wp-post-image" alt="Sherman’s Field Order No. 15" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/william-t-sherman_003-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /></noscript></a> </div> <div class='teaser-text'> <h4 class='teaser-title'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/shermans-field-order-no-15/'>Sherman’s Field Order No. 15</a> </h4><span class='teaser-meta'>Civil War & Reconstruction Topics</span> </div> </div><div class='teaser'> <div class='teaser-image'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/bobs-candies/' tabindex='-1'><img width="60" height="45" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='60'%20height='45'%20viewBox='0%200%2060%2045'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="Bobs Candies" decoding="async" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/bobs-candies_001-60x45.jpg" data-srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/bobs-candies_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/bobs-candies_001-90x68@2x.jpg 180w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/bobs-candies_001-90x68.jpg 90w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/bobs-candies_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/bobs-candies_001-180x135@2x.jpg 360w" data-sizes="(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px" /><noscript><img width="60" height="45" src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/bobs-candies_001-60x45.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-full-small size-thumb-full-small wp-post-image" alt="Bobs Candies" decoding="async" 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12.4246C11.7898 12.4234 11.7873 12.4216 11.7841 12.4205C11.7696 12.4135 11.7553 12.4052 11.7418 12.3963C11.7412 12.396 11.7407 12.3957 11.7401 12.3954C11.7388 12.3947 11.7373 12.3938 11.7356 12.3926C11.7207 12.3835 11.7074 12.3733 11.6948 12.3626C11.6945 12.3622 11.6939 12.3618 11.6933 12.3613C11.6927 12.3609 11.6921 12.3605 11.6918 12.3601C11.6787 12.3485 11.665 12.3363 11.6534 12.3236L11.6529 12.3229C11.6407 12.3094 11.6293 12.2955 11.6187 12.281L11.6187 12.2809C11.612 12.2718 11.6058 12.2634 11.5999 12.2536C11.5989 12.2515 11.5975 12.2492 11.5962 12.247C11.5948 12.2447 11.5935 12.2425 11.5925 12.2403C11.5912 12.2377 11.5897 12.2353 11.5882 12.2329C11.5867 12.2304 11.5852 12.228 11.5839 12.2254L11.5756 12.2092L11.5701 12.1968C11.5691 12.1937 11.5677 12.1905 11.5662 12.1872C11.565 12.1845 11.5638 12.1817 11.5627 12.1787L11.5577 12.1671L11.5512 12.1485C11.5505 12.146 11.5498 12.1439 11.5491 12.1417C11.5485 12.1396 11.5478 12.1375 11.5471 12.135C11.5458 12.1312 11.5448 12.1275 11.5439 12.1239C11.5433 12.1214 11.5426 12.1189 11.5419 12.1165C11.541 12.1125 11.5402 12.1086 11.5393 12.1048C11.5378 12.0981 11.5364 12.0917 11.5352 12.085L11.5342 12.0788C11.5322 12.0696 11.531 12.06 11.5298 12.0503C11.5296 12.0492 11.5295 12.0479 11.5294 12.0465C11.5292 12.0451 11.5291 12.0437 11.5289 12.0427C11.5277 12.033 11.5265 12.0233 11.5266 12.0139C11.5268 12.0126 11.5263 12.0118 11.5265 12.0105L11.4287 7.27559C11.4232 7.01448 11.6309 6.79798 11.892 6.7924C12.1531 6.78682 12.3696 6.99459 12.3752 7.2557L12.4669 11.6887L17.3897 13.8614Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span> <h3 class="icon-header-title">Updated Recently</h3> </div> <div class="teasers-items teasers-small teasers-stacked"> <div class='teaser'> <div class='teaser-image'> <a href='https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/townsend-prize-for-fiction/' tabindex='-1'><img width="60" height="45" 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In early April the vessel entered Georgia's waters and sank three ships.</p> </div> <div class="mediamodal-credit"> <p>Photograph from German Federal Archive</p> </div> </div> <div class="mediamodal-tab-content tab-content" data-id="credit-list-terms" id="credit-list-terms-2" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" aria-labelledby="tab-credit-list-terms-2" aria-hidden="true" > <div class="mediamodal-terms"> <p>The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. 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The station's fixed-wing and antisubmarine aircraft were integral to defending Georgia's coast from German U-boat attacks during World War II.</p> </div> <div class="mediamodal-credit"> <p>Courtesy of <a href='https://www.georgiaarchives.org/'>Georgia Archives</a>, Vanishing Georgia, # gly109.</p> <p><a href='https://vault.georgiaarchives.org/digital/collection/vg2/id/7388/rec/1' class='external-source'> View on partner site <svg aria-hidden="true" width="11" height="11" viewBox="0 0 11 11" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M10.2143 1.34099L5.77797 5.77691C5.62377 5.92569 5.37921 5.92373 5.22748 5.772C5.07574 5.62027 5.07377 5.37575 5.22257 5.22156L9.65889 0.785641H6.67859C6.46153 0.785641 6.28573 0.609859 6.28573 0.392821C6.28573 0.175782 6.46153 0 6.67859 0H10.6071C10.7113 0 10.8114 0.0412455 10.8851 0.1149C10.9588 0.188554 11 0.288721 11 0.392815V4.32102C11 4.53806 10.8242 4.71384 10.6071 4.71384C10.3901 4.71384 10.2143 4.53806 10.2143 4.32102V1.34099ZM3.14288 1.57128H1.17759C0.527408 1.57128 0 2.09668 0 2.7468V9.82448C0 10.4726 0.533304 11 1.18004 11H8.24755C8.56086 11 8.86139 10.8763 9.08237 10.6548C9.30384 10.4334 9.42809 10.1329 9.4276 9.81958V7.85698V7.85747C9.4276 7.64044 9.2518 7.46465 9.03474 7.46465C8.81817 7.46465 8.64188 7.64044 8.64188 7.85747V9.82007V9.81958C8.64237 9.92466 8.60112 10.0248 8.52697 10.099C8.45282 10.1731 8.35215 10.2144 8.24755 10.2144H1.18003C0.964458 10.2134 0.789137 10.0401 0.785705 9.82449V2.74681C0.785705 2.53125 0.961013 2.35693 1.17758 2.35693H3.14287C3.35993 2.35693 3.53572 2.18114 3.53572 1.96411C3.53572 1.74707 3.35993 1.57129 3.14287 1.57129L3.14288 1.57128Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg><br /> </a></p> </div> </div> <div class="mediamodal-tab-content tab-content" data-id="credit-list-terms" id="credit-list-terms-3" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" aria-labelledby="tab-credit-list-terms-3" aria-hidden="true" > <div class="mediamodal-terms"> <p><span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. 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Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the <a href="https://www.georgiaarchives.org/research/visual_materials_policy">Georgia Archives</a>. </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="swiper-slide"> <div class="mediamodal-main"> <div class="mediamodal-media" data-id="9256"> <img width="800" height="618" data-src="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001.jpg" class="swiper-lazy attachment-bg size-bg" alt="Airship Squadron in Brunswick, 1942" decoding="async" srcset="https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001.jpg 800w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-300x232.jpg 300w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-60x45.jpg 60w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-697x538.jpg 697w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-420x324.jpg 420w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-117x90.jpg 117w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-104x80.jpg 104w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-777x600.jpg 777w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-300x232@2x.jpg 600w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-60x45@2x.jpg 120w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-117x90@2x.jpg 234w, https://bunny-wp-pullzone-cjamrcljf0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Airship-Squadron-in-Brunswick-1942_001-104x80@2x.jpg 208w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </div> <div class="mediamodal-info tabs-container"> <header> <h2 class="mediamodal-title">Airship Squadron in Brunswick, 1942</h2> </header> <ul role="tablist" class="mediamodal-tabs tabs"> <li id="tab-credit-list-detail-4" role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="credit-list-detail-4" tabindex="0" class="tab active" data-id="credit-list-detail" > <span class="tab-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img"> <title>Info</title> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9 1.57556C13.0942 1.57556 16.4255 4.90686 16.4255 9.00109C16.4246 13.0944 13.0942 16.4257 9 16.4257C4.90577 16.4257 1.57447 13.0953 1.57447 9.00016C1.57447 4.90593 4.90484 1.57556 9 1.57556ZM9 0.75C4.44314 0.75 0.75 4.44407 0.75 9C0.75 13.5569 4.44407 17.25 9 17.25C13.5569 17.25 17.25 13.5559 17.25 9C17.25 4.44407 13.5559 0.75 9 0.75ZM9.81387 5.62582C9.81387 6.71175 8.18545 6.71175 8.18545 5.62582C8.18545 4.5399 9.81387 4.5399 9.81387 5.62582ZM9.57729 7.5498H8.42241V13.1898H9.57729V7.5498Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span> <span class="tab-label">Details</span> </li> <li id="tab-credit-list-terms-4" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="credit-list-terms-4" tabindex="-1" class="tab" data-id="credit-list-terms" > <span class="tab-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img"> <title>Citation</title> <g opacity="0.699997"> <path d="M2.76841 4.59556C2.53502 4.59556 2.3456 4.78498 2.3456 5.01836V13.4744C2.3456 13.7078 2.53502 13.8972 2.76841 13.8972H12.07C12.4091 13.8972 12.9148 13.6604 13.1321 13.4L16.2778 9.62521C16.446 9.42311 16.446 9.06881 16.2778 8.86755L13.1321 5.09278C12.9148 4.83233 12.4091 4.59556 12.07 4.59556H2.76841ZM12.07 14.7428H2.76841C2.06909 14.7428 1.5 14.1737 1.5 13.4744V5.01836C1.5 4.31905 2.06909 3.74996 2.76841 3.74996H12.07C12.6653 3.74996 13.401 4.09497 13.7815 4.55159L16.9272 8.32637C17.3576 8.84218 17.3576 9.65058 16.9272 10.1672L13.7815 13.942C13.401 14.3995 12.6645 14.7437 12.07 14.7437V14.7428Z" fill="currentColor"/> </g> </svg> </span> <span class="tab-label">Terms of Use</span> </li> </ul> <div class="mediamodal-tabs-content tabs-content"> <div class="mediamodal-tab-content tab-content active" data-id="credit-list-detail" id="credit-list-detail-4" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" aria-labelledby="tab-credit-list-detail-4" aria-hidden="false" > <div class="mediamodal-caption"> <p>An airship Squadron at Glynco Naval Air Station near Brunswick, in Glynn County, circa 1942. These blimps were used to protect the Georgia coast from the threat of German U-boats during World War II.</p> </div> <div class="mediamodal-credit"> <p>Courtesy of <a href='https://www.georgiaarchives.org/'>Georgia Archives</a>, Vanishing Georgia, # gly106.</p> <p><a href='https://vault.georgiaarchives.org/digital/collection/vg2/id/7385/rec/1' class='external-source'> View on partner site <svg aria-hidden="true" width="11" height="11" viewBox="0 0 11 11" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M10.2143 1.34099L5.77797 5.77691C5.62377 5.92569 5.37921 5.92373 5.22748 5.772C5.07574 5.62027 5.07377 5.37575 5.22257 5.22156L9.65889 0.785641H6.67859C6.46153 0.785641 6.28573 0.609859 6.28573 0.392821C6.28573 0.175782 6.46153 0 6.67859 0H10.6071C10.7113 0 10.8114 0.0412455 10.8851 0.1149C10.9588 0.188554 11 0.288721 11 0.392815V4.32102C11 4.53806 10.8242 4.71384 10.6071 4.71384C10.3901 4.71384 10.2143 4.53806 10.2143 4.32102V1.34099ZM3.14288 1.57128H1.17759C0.527408 1.57128 0 2.09668 0 2.7468V9.82448C0 10.4726 0.533304 11 1.18004 11H8.24755C8.56086 11 8.86139 10.8763 9.08237 10.6548C9.30384 10.4334 9.42809 10.1329 9.4276 9.81958V7.85698V7.85747C9.4276 7.64044 9.2518 7.46465 9.03474 7.46465C8.81817 7.46465 8.64188 7.64044 8.64188 7.85747V9.82007V9.81958C8.64237 9.92466 8.60112 10.0248 8.52697 10.099C8.45282 10.1731 8.35215 10.2144 8.24755 10.2144H1.18003C0.964458 10.2134 0.789137 10.0401 0.785705 9.82449V2.74681C0.785705 2.53125 0.961013 2.35693 1.17758 2.35693H3.14287C3.35993 2.35693 3.53572 2.18114 3.53572 1.96411C3.53572 1.74707 3.35993 1.57129 3.14287 1.57129L3.14288 1.57128Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg><br /> </a></p> </div> </div> <div class="mediamodal-tab-content tab-content" data-id="credit-list-terms" id="credit-list-terms-4" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" aria-labelledby="tab-credit-list-terms-4" aria-hidden="true" > <div class="mediamodal-terms"> <p><span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. 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