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id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afro-Cuban_descendants_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afro-Cuban_descendants_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Afro-Cuban descendants in Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afro-Cuban_descendants_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haitian-Cubans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haitian-Cubans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Haitian-Cubans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haitian-Cubans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religion</span> 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id="toc-Racial_consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afrocubanismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrocubanismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Afrocubanismo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Afrocubanismo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Afrocubanismo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Afrocubanismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>History of the movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_of_the_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_of_the_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Results of the movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_of_the_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Afro-Cubans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Afro-Cubans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable Afro-Cubans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Afro-Cubans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable Afro-Cubans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Afro-Cubans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Arts and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Αφροκουβανοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφροκουβανοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrocubano" title="Afrocubano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Afrocubano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-kubatar" title="Afro-kubatar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afro-kubatar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Cubains" title="Afro-Cubains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afro-Cubains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika-Kuba" title="Afrika-Kuba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afrika-Kuba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95-%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אפרו-קובנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפרו-קובנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-cubanere" title="Afro-cubanere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Afro-cubanere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-cubanos" title="Afro-cubanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Afro-cubanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Afro-cubanezi" title="Categorie:Afro-cubanezi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Categorie:Afro-cubanezi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Афрокубинцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Афрокубинцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Afro-Cubans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-K%C3%BCbal%C4%B1" title="Afro-Kübalı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afro-Kübalı" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic minority in Cuba</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Afro-Cuban (disambiguation)">Afro-Cuban (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Afro-Cubans<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Black Cubans</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuban_boys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cuban_boys.jpg/220px-Cuban_boys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cuban_boys.jpg/330px-Cuban_boys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cuban_boys.jpg/440px-Cuban_boys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Afro-Cuban children</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,034,044<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(9.26% of the Cuban Population)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2012)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriente_Province" title="Oriente Province">Eastern Cuba</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_language" title="Lucumí language">Lucumí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habla_Congo" title="Habla Congo">Habla Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Afro-Cuban religions</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Arará religion">Arará religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Vod%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Vodú">Cuban Vodú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a><br /><b>Popular religions</b><br />Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, Islam, Muslim minorities of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1" title="Arará">Arará</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fang_people" title="Fang people">Fang people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubi_people" title="Bubi people">Bubi people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean Cuban">Cape Verdean Cuban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganga-Longoba" title="Ganga-Longoba">Ganga-Longoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cuban" title="Haitian Cuban">Haitian Cuban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Africans">Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans" title="Afro-Dominicans">Afro-Dominicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Afro–Puerto Ricans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Afro-Cubans</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Afrocubano</i>) or <b>Black Cubans</b> are <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a> of full or partial <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan African</a> ancestry. The term <i>Afro-Cuban</i> can also refer to historical or cultural elements in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> associated with this community, and the combining of native <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> and other cultural elements found in Cuban society, such as <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, music, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cuba" title="Demographics of Cuba">Demographics of Cuba</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8">Black Cubans 1953–2011 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Population </th> <th><small>% of<br />Cuba</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1774</b></td> <td>50,249</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 29.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1792</b></td> <td>94,380</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 34.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1817</b></td> <td>221,766</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 40.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1841</b></td> <td>490,305</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 48.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1899</b></td> <td>234,738</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1907</b></td> <td>274,272</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1919</b></td> <td>323,117</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1931</b></td> <td>437,769</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1943</b></td> <td>463,227</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1953</b></td> <td>725,311</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1981</b></td> <td>1,168,695</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2002</b></td> <td>1,126,894</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2011</b></td> <td>1,034,044</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.26% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:left;"><small>Source: Cuba census.</small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the 2002 national census that surveyed 11.2 million Cubans, 1 million or 11% of Cubans identified as Afro-Cuban or <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a>. Some 3 million identified as "<a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>", meaning of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed race">mixed race</a>, primarily a combination of African and European.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus more than 40% of the population on the island affirm some African ancestry. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> brought to power <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, who promised a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> society without racism. His government promised equal opportunities for education, health care and work. </p><p>There has been much scholarly discussion about the demographic composition of the island. A study by the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a> estimated the proportion of people as having some black ancestry is more likely about 62%.<sup id="cite_ref-staff_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They note that complex attitudes toward racial identification, and the <i>de facto</i> racial hierarchy that has existed on the island, have influenced the lower figures of self-identification as black.<sup id="cite_ref-staff_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-staffReport_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staffReport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Cuba, there are many terms to classify Afro-Cubans of varying portions of African descent, related to the historic Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">casta</a></i> system. In addition, in current society, classification may simply be made based on visible attributes; thus, a person who looks white is likely classified as white, especially if educated and middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-staff_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, in the contemporary United States, a 2010 Harvard study showed that the practice of <a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">hypodescent</a> classification persists. That is, biracial persons are typically classified by others as belonging to the race or ethnicity with lower social status, even if their ancestry is majority European. They found that persons with up to 69% European ancestry and the remainder African or African-American were still being classified as 'black'.<sup id="cite_ref-bradt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bradt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A DNA study in 2014 estimated the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">genetic admixture</a> of the population of Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African and 8% Native American.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Afro-Cubans can be found throughout Cuba, they comprise a higher proportion of the population in <a href="/wiki/Oriente_Province" title="Oriente Province">Oriente Province</a> in Eastern Cuba than in other parts of the island. As the major city, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> has the largest population of Afro-Cubans of any city in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_Data_Sheet_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD_Data_Sheet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, many native African immigrants have been going to Cuba, especially from <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> have been settling in Cuba. Most of them settle in the eastern part of the island, due to its proximity to their home countries, and further contributing to the already high percentage of ethnic blacks on that side of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_Data_Sheet_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD_Data_Sheet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The percentage of Afro-Cubans on the island increased after the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban revolution">Cuban revolution</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, because there was <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">mass migration from the island</a> of the largely white (or ethnic European) Cuban professional class, who were subject to violence, takeovers and losing their businesses and property.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small percentage of Afro-Cubans left Cuba, mostly for the United States (particularly <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>). They and their U.S.-born children are known variously as <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans#Demographics" title="Cuban Americans">Afro-Cuban Americans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lopez,_Antonio_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopez,_Antonio-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>. Relatively few Afro-Cubans resided in the nearby Spanish-speaking country of <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and the U.S. territory of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International" title="Minority Rights Group International">Minority Rights Group International</a> says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro-Cuban_descendants_in_Africa">Afro-Cuban descendants in Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Afro-Cuban descendants in Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 17th century, ex-slaves from Cuba and Brazil were transported to Africa to work for colonists as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servants">indentured servants</a> or workers. They were taken largely to present-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, the home of the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> cultures, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish Guinea</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>) home of the <a href="/wiki/Fang_people" title="Fang people">Fang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bubi_people" title="Bubi people">Bubi</a> cultures. </p><p>In the 19th century, the former slaves were taken to Africa under the <i>Royal Orders of September 13, 1845</i> (by way of voluntary arrangement). When there were an insufficient number of volunteers, the colonial government arranged a June 20, 1861, deportation from Cuba. In Spanish Guinea, the indentured servants became part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Emancipados" title="Emancipados">Emancipados</a></i>. In the area of present-day Nigeria, they were called <i><a href="/wiki/Saros_(Nigeria)#Amaros" class="mw-redirect" title="Saros (Nigeria)">Amaros</a></i>. </p><p>Although the indentured workers were nominally free to return to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> when their tenure was over, most settled in these countries, marrying into the local African indigenous tribes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> has had more recent immigrant communities of Afro-Cubans, known as Amparos. They are descendants of Afro-Cuban soldiers who were transported to serve as military in the country in 1975 as a result of Cuban involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Cuba's Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, deployed thousands of troops to the country during the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> to support a faction of society. As a result of this era, a small Spanish-speaking community formed in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> of Afro-Cubans; they number about 100,000 persons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haitian-Cubans">Haitian-Cubans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Haitian-Cubans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cuban" title="Haitian Cuban">Haitian Cuban</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> language and culture first entered Cuba with the arrival of immigrants from Saint-Domingue at the start of the 19th century. This was a <a href="/wiki/French_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="French colony">French colony</a> on the island of Hispaniola. The violence associated with the final years of the 1791–1804 <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> resulted in a wave of ethnic French settlers fleeing to Cuba, and often taking numerous African slaves with them. These refugees settled mainly in the east, and especially <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a>. There the French later introduced <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> cultivation, and constructed sugar refineries. They also developed coffee plantations for another important commodity crop. </p><p>By 1804, some 30,000 Frenchmen were living in <a href="/wiki/Baracoa" title="Baracoa">Baracoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mais%C3%AD" title="Maisí">Maisí</a>, the furthest eastern municipalities of the province. Later, Afro-Haitians continued to emigrate to Cuba to work as <i><a href="/wiki/Braceros" class="mw-redirect" title="Braceros">braceros</a></i> (Spanish for "manual laborers") cutting cane in the fields and processing it during harvest. Their living and working conditions were not much better than under slavery. Although many workers had planned to return to Haiti, most stayed on in Cuba. </p><p>For years, many Haitians and their descendants in Cuba did not identify as such or speak Creole, which is based in French and African languages. In the eastern part of the island, many Haitians suffered discrimination among the majority Spanish speakers. </p><p>In the 21st century, classes in Haitian Creole are offered in Guantanamo, Matanzas and the City of Havana, in an effort to preserve the traditional language of the Afro-Haitians. There is also a Creole-language radio program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santeria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Santeria.JPG/200px-Santeria.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Santeria.JPG/300px-Santeria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Santeria.JPG/400px-Santeria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a> icons at an open place of worship in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>. Santería is a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> practiced by many Afro-Cubans</figcaption></figure> <p>Afro-Cubans are predominantly Roman Catholic, with minorities of Protestant. Afro-Cuban religion can be broken down into three main currents: <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palo_Monte" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Monte">Palo Monte</a> and include individuals of all origins. Santería is syncretized with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_African_heritage_in_Cuba" title="Music of African heritage in Cuba">Music of African heritage in Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba#African_heritage" title="Music of Cuba">Music of Cuba § African heritage</a></div> <p>Since the mid-19th century, innovations within Cuban music have been attributed to the Afro-Cuban community. Genres such as <a href="/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano">son</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conga_(music)" title="Conga (music)">conga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-ch%C3%A1_(music)" title="Cha-cha-chá (music)">chachachá</a> combined European influences with sub-Saharan African elements. Cuban music evolved markedly away from the traditional European model towards improvisational African traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afro-Cuban musicians have taken pre-existing genres such as trova, country and rap and added their own realities of life in a socialist country and as black persons. Genres like Nueva Trova are seen as live representations of the revolution and have been affected by Afro-Cuban musicians like <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Milan%C3%A9s" title="Pablo Milanés">Pablo Milanes</a> who included African spirituals in his early repertory.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music in Cuba is encouraged both as a scholarly exercise and a popular enjoyment. To Cubans, music and study of it are integral parts of the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audiences are proud of mixed ethnicity that makes up the music from the Afro-Cuban community, despite there being a boundary of distrust and uncertainty between Cubans and Afro-Cuban culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African music and Afro-Cuban music mutually exchanged rhythmic patterns, melodies, and cultural elements, creating a dynamic musical interchange. African artists, particularly those from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> fused Afro-Cuban musical influences with their traditions, crafting distinct sounds. The result was an array of genres popular in West and Central Africa namely <a href="/wiki/Congolese_rumba" title="Congolese rumba">Congolese rumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">soukous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">mbalax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semba" title="Semba">semba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizomba" title="Kizomba">kizomba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">highlife</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dia_de_Reyes,_Federico_Mialhe._Havana,_Cuba_circa_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dia_de_Reyes%2C_Federico_Mialhe._Havana%2C_Cuba_circa_1850.jpg/280px-Dia_de_Reyes%2C_Federico_Mialhe._Havana%2C_Cuba_circa_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dia_de_Reyes%2C_Federico_Mialhe._Havana%2C_Cuba_circa_1850.jpg/420px-Dia_de_Reyes%2C_Federico_Mialhe._Havana%2C_Cuba_circa_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dia_de_Reyes%2C_Federico_Mialhe._Havana%2C_Cuba_circa_1850.jpg/560px-Dia_de_Reyes%2C_Federico_Mialhe._Havana%2C_Cuba_circa_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Afro-Cubans celebrating <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> while incorporating preserved African cultural practices. (1850)</figcaption></figure> <p>Afro-Cuban music can be divided into religious and profane. Religious music includes the chants, <a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Batá">rhythms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">instruments</a> used in rituals of the religious currents mentioned above. Profane music includes <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Rumba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Rumba">rumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaguanc%C3%B3" title="Guaguancó">guaguancó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparsa" title="Comparsa">comparsa</a> (carnival music) and lesser styles such as the <a href="/wiki/Tumba_francesa" title="Tumba francesa">tumba francesa</a>. Virtually all <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuban music</a> is influenced by African rhythms. Cuban popular music, and much of the art music, combines influences from Spain and Africa in ways unique to Cuba. For example <i><a href="/wiki/Son_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Son (music)">son</a></i> combines African instruments and playing styles with the meter and rhythm of Spanish poetic forms.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While much of the music is performed in cut-time, artists typically use an array of time signatures like 6/8 for drumming beats. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">clave</a> uses a polymetric 7/8 + 5/8 time signature.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afro-Cuban arts emerged in the early 1960s with musicians spearheading an amateur movement bringing African-influenced drumming to the forefront of Cuban music. For example, Enrique Bonne's drumming ensembles took inspiration from Cuban folklore, traditional <a href="/wiki/Trova" title="Trova">trova</a>, dance music, and American Jazz. Pello de Afrokan created a new dance rhythm called Mozambique that increased in popularity after his predominantly afro-Cuban folklore troupe performed in 1964. Afro-Cuban artists <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bauz%C3%A1" title="Mario Bauzá">Mario Bauzá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Grillo" title="Frank Grillo">Frank Grillo</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Machito" title="Machito">Machito</a>, were influential figures in shaping the Afro-Cuban community and its music. Bauzá, a trumpeter and composer, pioneered the fusion of Afro-Cuban rhythms with jazz, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a> movement which gained considerable popularity in the United States, Europe, and the Caribbean in the mid 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the revolution, authorities considered Afro-Cuban religious music a lesser culture; religious drummers were persecuted and instruments were confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the revolution, Afro-Cuban music could be practiced more openly, but authorities were suspicious due to its relation to Afro-Cuban religions. The first revolutionary institution created for the performing "national folklore" (Afro-Cuban artistic traditions) was <i>Conjunto Folklórico Nacional</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite official institutional support from the Castro's regime, Afro-Cuban music was treated mostly with ambivalence throughout the second half of the 20th century. Audiences looked down on traditional and religious Afro-Cuban music as primitive and anti-revolutionary,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> music educators continued pre-revolutionary indifference toward afro-Cuban folklore, and the religious nature of Afro-Cuban music led to criticisms of the government's whitening and de-Africanization of the music.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(December 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Religious concerts declined, musical instruments related to <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a> were confiscated and destroyed, afro-Cuban celebrations were banned outright, and strict limits were placed on the quantity of religious music heard on the radio and television.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These attitudes softened in the 1970s and 1980s as the afro-Cuban community began to fuse religious elements into their music. In the 1990s, Afro-Cuban music became a mainstay of Cuba's tourism economy. Members of religious groups earned their living by performing and teaching ritual drumming, song, and dance, to tourists visiting the country. </p><p>Rap was adopted in 1999 and solidified with the rise of hip-hop group <a href="/wiki/Orishas_(band)" title="Orishas (band)">Orishas</a>. Cuban hip-hop focused on criticism of the Cuban state and the global economic order, including racism, colonialism, imperialism, and global capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other cultural elements considered to be Afro-Cuban can be found in language (including syntax, vocabulary, and style of speech). </p><p>The Afro-Cuban religions all maintain some degree of use of African languages. <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a> both have large parts of their liturgy in African languages (<a href="/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_language" title="Lucumí language">Lucumí</a> and Ñañigo, respectively) while <a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a> uses a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kikongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikongo">Kikongo</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Habla_Congo" title="Habla Congo">Habla Congo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial_consciousness">Racial consciousness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Racial consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Cuba" title="Racism in Cuba">Racism in Cuba</a></div> <p>According to anthropologists dispatched by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, racism is entrenched in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-obamaeffect_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obamaeffect-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afro-Cubans are systematically excluded from positions in tourism-related jobs, where they could earn tips in hard currencies.<sup id="cite_ref-obamaeffect_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obamaeffect-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the EU study, Afro-Cubans are relegated to poor housing, and African Cubans are excluded from managerial positions.<sup id="cite_ref-obamaeffect_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obamaeffect-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enrique Patterson, an Afro-Cuban journalist and former <a href="/wiki/University_of_Havana" title="University of Havana">University of Havana</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a>, describes race as a "social bomb" and says that "If the Cuban government were to permit Afro-Cubans to organize and raise their problems before [authorities] ... totalitarianism would fall".<sup id="cite_ref-barrier_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrier-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esteban Morales Domínguez, a professor at the University of Havana, says that "The absence of the debate on the racial problem already threatens ... the revolution's social project".<sup id="cite_ref-barrier_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrier-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Moore_(writer)" title="Carlos Moore (writer)">Carlos Moore</a>, who has written extensively on the issue, says that "There is an unstated threat, Afro-cubans in Cuba know that whenever you raise race in Cuba, you go to jail. Therefore the struggle in Cuba is different. There cannot be a civil rights movement. You will have instantly 10,000 black people dead. [...] The government is frightened to the extent to which it does not understand African Cubans today. You have a new generation of Afro-Cubans who are looking at politics in another way."<sup id="cite_ref-barrier_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrier-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s victory has raised disturbing questions about the institutional racism in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-obamaeffect_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obamaeffect-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> noted "The danger starts with his example: after all, a young, Afro-cuban, progressive politician has no chance of reaching the highest office in Cuba, although a majority of the island's people are of mostly African descent"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years between the triumph of the revolution and the victory at Playa Girón the Cuban government was one of the world's most proactive regimes in the fight against discrimination. It achieved significant gains in racial equality through a series of egalitarian reforms early in the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s first public address on racism after his rise to power was on March 23, 1959, at a labor rally in Havana, less than three months after he defeated <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a>. He is quoted as saying: "One of the most just battles that must be fought, a battle that must be emphasized more and more, which I might call the fourth battle – the battle to end racial discrimination at work centers. I repeat: the battle to end racial discrimination at work centers. Of all the forms of racial discrimination the worst is the one that limits the colored Cuban's access to jobs. "<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castro pointed to the distinction between social segregation and employment, while placing great emphasis on correcting the latter. In response to the large amount of racism that existed in the job market, Castro issued anti-discrimination laws. In addition, he attempted to close the class gap between wealthy white Cubans and Afro-Cubans with a massive literacy campaign among other egalitarian reforms in the early and mid-1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years after his 1959 speech at the Havana Labor Rally, Castro declared that the age of racism and discrimination was over. In a speech given at the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Central_Union_of_Cuba" title="Workers' Central Union of Cuba">Confederation of Cuban Workers</a> in observance of <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a>, Castro declared that the "just laws of the revolution ended unemployment, put an end to villages without hospitals and schools, enacted laws which ended discrimination, control by monopolies, humiliation, and the suffering of the people."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although inspiring, many would consider the claim to be premature."<sup id="cite_ref-Moore,_C_1995_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore,_C_1995-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research conducted by Yesilernis Peña, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Sidanius" title="Jim Sidanius">Jim Sidanius</a> and Mark Sawyer in 2003, suggests that social discrimination is still prevalent, despite the low levels of economic discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After considering the issue solved, the Cuban government moved beyond the issue of racism. His message marked a shift in Cuban society's perception of racism that was triggered by the change in government focus."<sup id="cite_ref-Moore,_C_1995_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore,_C_1995-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government's announcement easily allowed the Cuban public to deny discrimination without first correcting the stereotypes that remained in the minds of those who grew up in a Cuba that was racially and economically divided. Many who argue that racism does not exist in Cuba base their claims on the idea of Latin American <a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a>. According to the argument of Latin American Exceptionality, a social history of intermarriage and mixing of the races is unique to Latina America. The large <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> populations that result from high levels of interracial union common to Latin America are often linked to <a href="/wiki/Racial_democracy" title="Racial democracy">racial democracy</a>. For many Cubans this translates into an argument of "racial harmony", often referred to as racial democracy. In the case of Cuba, ideas of Latin American Exceptionalism have delayed the progress of true racial harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of all the promises and speeches by government leaders, racial discrimination against Afro-Cubans<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continues to be a major <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cuba" title="Human rights in Cuba">Human Rights</a> issue for the Cuban government,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even resulting in riots in Central Havana, a mostly black neighborhood in the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Latin population of <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a> in the 1950s was working class and lived in restricted areas, ethnic enclaves in the vicinity of Tampa's hundreds of cigar factories. African Cubans were tolerated to an extent in the Latin quarter (where most neighborhoods and cigar factories were integrated). <a href="/wiki/Ybor_City" title="Ybor City">Ybor City</a> and its counterpart, <a href="/wiki/West_Tampa" title="West Tampa">West Tampa</a>, were areas that bordered on other restricted sections-areas for U.S. blacks or whites only. In this Latin quarter, there existed racial discrimination despite its subtleness.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afrocubanismo">Afrocubanismo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Afrocubanismo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afrocubanismo" title="Afrocubanismo">Afrocubanismo</a></div> <p>During the 1920s and 1930s Cuba experienced a movement geared towards Afro-Cuban culture called Afrocubanismo.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement had a large impact on <a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Cuban literature</a>, poetry, painting, music, and sculpture. It was the first artistic campaign in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> that focused on one particular theme: African culture. Specifically it highlighted the struggle for independence from Spain, African <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, and building a purely Cuban national identity. Its goal was to incorporate African <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> into traditional modes of art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_movement">History of the movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History of the movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement evolved from an interest in the rediscovery of African heritage. It developed in two very different and parallel stages. One stage stemmed from European artists and intellectuals who were interested in African art and musical folk forms.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stage paralleled the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> in New York, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="French Caribbean">French Caribbean</a>, and coincided with stylistic European Vanguard (like Cubism and its representation of African masks). It was characterized by the participation of white intellectuals such as Cubans <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B3mulo_Lachata%C3%B1er%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rómulo Lachatañeré (page does not exist)">Rómulo Lachatañeré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortunato_Vizcarrondo" title="Fortunato Vizcarrondo">Fortunato Vizcarrondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Ortiz_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Fernando Ortiz Fernández">Fernando Ortiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Cabrera" title="Lydia Cabrera">Lydia Cabrera</a>, Puerto Rican <a href="/wiki/Luis_Pal%C3%A9s_Matos" title="Luis Palés Matos">Luis Palés Matos</a> and Spaniards <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Lauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger de Lauria">Roger de Lauria</a>. The African-inspired art tended to represent Afro-Cubans with cliché images such as a black man sitting beneath a palm tree with a cigar. </p><p>Poems and essays by Afro-Cuban writers began to be published in the 1930s in newspapers, magazines and books, where they discussed their own personal heritage. Afro-Cuban and Afro-Cuban heritage artists such as Nicolás Guillén, Alberto Arredondo and Emilio Ballagas brought light to the once-marginalized African race and culture. It became a symbol of empowerment and individuality for Afro-Cubans within the established Western culture of the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This empowerment became a catalyst for the second stage to be characterized by Afro-Cuban artists making art that truly reflected what it meant to be Afro-Cuban. Beginning in the 1930s this stage depicted a more serious view of black culture like African religions and the struggles associated with slavery. The main <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> during this stage of the movement was <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Nicolás Guillén">Nicolás Guillén</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_of_the_movement">Results of the movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Results of the movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lasting reputation of the Afrocubanismo movement was the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> art form that used aesthetics from both European and African culture.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the actual movement of Afrocubanismo faded by the early 1940s, Afro-Cuban culture continues to play a vital role in the identity of Cuba. It has been the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> that opened up a space for extended research of African ethnic roots in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rhetoric of the Revolution incorporates black history and its contribution as an important <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">stratum</a> of Cuban identity. The Revolution has funded many projects that restore the work of Afro-Cubans in an effort to accommodate an African-driven identity within the new anti-racist Cuban society.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Afro-Cubans">Notable Afro-Cubans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable Afro-Cubans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arts and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Acosta" title="Carlos Acosta">Carlos Acosta</a> – dancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_Alonso" title="Laz Alonso">Laz Alonso</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor_Argud%C3%ADn_Pedroso" title="Pastor Argudín Pedroso">Pastor Argudín Pedroso</a> – painter<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renny_Arozarena" title="Renny Arozarena">Renny Arozarena</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Baquero" title="Gastón Baquero">Gastón Baquero</a> – poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamo_Brown" title="Karamo Brown">Karamo Brown</a> – television host</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Sammy Davis Jr">Sammy Davis Jr</a> – singer, dancer, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Escobar" title="Ángel Escobar">Ángel Escobar</a> – poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Falana" title="Lola Falana">Lola Falana</a> – actress, singer and dancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Flynn" title="Rome Flynn">Rome Flynn</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_G%C3%B3mez" title="Sara Gómez">Sara Gómez</a> – filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herizen_F._Guardiola" title="Herizen F. Guardiola">Herizen F. Guardiola</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Nicolás Guillén">Nicolás Guillén</a> – poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Nestor Hernández">Nestor Hernández</a> – photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Herrera" title="Georgina Herrera">Georgina Herrera</a> – poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_L%C3%B3pez" title="Coco López">Coco López</a> – artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faizon_Love" title="Faizon Love">Faizon Love</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmara_Marrero" title="Otmara Marrero">Otmara Marrero</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellow_Man_Ace" title="Mellow Man Ace">Mellow Man Ace</a> – rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Milian" title="Christina Milian">Christina Milian</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Morej%C3%B3n" title="Nancy Morejón">Nancy Morejón</a> – poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Moro" title="Luis Moro">Luis Moro</a> – actor and filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Torres" title="Gina Torres">Gina Torres</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Alexis Valdés">Alexis Valdés</a> – artist and comedian</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_2">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_All_Stars" title="Afro-Cuban All Stars">Afro-Cuban All Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Aguabella" title="Francisco Aguabella">Francisco Aguabella</a> – percussionist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_G%C3%BCines" title="Tata Güines">Federico A. "Tata Güines" Soto Alejo</a> – percussionist and bandleader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Alfonso" class="mw-redirect" title="X Alfonso">X Alfonso</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_%22Chocolate%22_Armenteros" title="Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros">Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros</a> – trumpeter and bandleader; cousin of Benny Moré</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Barreto" title="Guillermo Barreto">Guillermo Barreto</a> – percussionist with Israel "Cachao" López</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abelardo_Barroso" title="Abelardo Barroso">Abelardo Barroso</a> – singer and bandleader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bauz%C3%A1" title="Mario Bauzá">Mario Bauzá</a> – musician and songwriter; brother-in-law of Machito</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Berroa" title="Ignacio Berroa">Ignacio Berroa</a> – percussionist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descemer_Bueno" title="Descemer Bueno">Descemer Bueno</a> – singer, composer and record producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Milian" title="Christina Milian">Christina Milian</a> – singer-songwriter, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candido_Camero" class="mw-redirect" title="Candido Camero">Cándido Camero</a> – percussionist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Can%C3%A9" title="Humberto Cané">Humberto Cané</a> – tres player and singer with <a href="/wiki/Sonora_Matancera" title="Sonora Matancera">Sonora Matancera</a>; son of Valentín Cané</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Changuito" title="Changuito">Changuito</a>" – percussionist and former member of <a href="/wiki/Los_Van_Van" title="Los Van Van">Los Van Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Chappott%C3%ADn" title="Félix Chappottín">Félix Chappottín</a> – trumpeter and bandleader; when Arsenio Rodríguez left Cuba never to return he handed over to him leadership of his group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julito_Collazo" title="Julito Collazo">Julito Collazo</a> – percussionist and singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anga Díaz">Anga Díaz</a> – percussionist and former member of Irakere</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarito_Diez" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarito Diez">Barbarito Diez</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addys_D%27Mercedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Addys D'Mercedes">Addys D'Mercedes</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Eg%C3%BCes" title="Richard Egües">Richard Egües</a> – flute player, a member of <a href="/wiki/Orquesta_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Orquesta Aragón">Orquesta Aragón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ferrer" title="Ibrahim Ferrer">Ibrahim Ferrer</a> – singer (Buena Vista Social Club)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Marcos_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Juan de Marcos González">Juan de Marcos González</a> – musical director of the Buena Vista Social Club</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(pianist)" title="Rubén González (pianist)">Rubén González</a> – pianist (Conjunto de Arsenio Rodríguez and Buena Vista Social Club)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graciela" title="Graciela">Graciela</a> – singer; stepsister of Machito</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machito" title="Machito">Francisco Raúl "Machito" Gutiérrez Grillo</a> – singer, musician, and bandleader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Guerra" title="Marcelino Guerra">Marcelino "Rapindey" Guerra</a> – singer and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascarita" title="Cascarita">Orlando "Cascarita" Guerra</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaury_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Amaury Gutiérrez">Amaury Gutiérrez</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Oscar Hernández Falcón">Óscar Hernández</a> – songwriter; known for his lyrics "Ella y yo" and "La rosa roja;" cousin of Alberto Arredondo's mother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generoso_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Generoso Jiménez">Generoso "Tojo" Jiménez</a> – trombonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Jorr%C3%ADn" title="Enrique Jorrín">Enrique Jorrín</a> – violinist, composer, and inventor of the cha-cha-chá rhythm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Knight" title="Pedro Knight">Pedro Knight</a> – trumpeter with Sonora Matancera, second husband, manager after 1967, and eventual widower of <a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Laugart" title="Xiomara Laugart">Xiomara Laugart</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calixto_Leicea" title="Calixto Leicea">Calixto Leicea</a> – trumpeter, songwriter, and arranger with Sonora Matancera</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Leyva" title="Pío Leyva">Pío Leyva</a> – singer-songwriter (<a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Social_Club" title="Buena Vista Social Club">Buena Vista Social Club</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Longott" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivia Longott">Olivia Longott</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_%22Cachao%22_L%C3%B3pez" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel "Cachao" López">Israel "Cachao" López</a> – bassist, composer, and bandleader, creator of the mambo and the first to record Cuban jam sessions (descargas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes_L%C3%B3pez" title="Orestes López">Orestes "Macho" López</a> – pianist and songwriter; brother of Cachao</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_%22Cachaito%22_L%C3%B3pez" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando "Cachaito" López">Orlando "Cachaíto" López</a> – bassist (Buena Vista Social Club); nephew of Cachao and Macho</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mach%C3%ADn" title="Antonio Machín">Antonio Machín</a> – singer and bandleader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Marley" title="Rita Marley">Rita Marley</a> – singer, humanitarian, and widow of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheo_Marquetti" title="Cheo Marquetti">Cheo Marquetti</a> – singer and bandleader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marquetti" title="Luis Marquetti">Luis Marquetti</a> – composer; cousin of Cheo Marquetti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Ray Martínez">Ray Martínez</a> – American dance music icon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellow_Man_Ace" title="Mellow Man Ace">Mellow Man Ace</a> – rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeste_Mendoza" title="Celeste Mendoza">Celeste Mendoza</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Milan%C3%A9s" title="Pablo Milanés">Pablo Milanés</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Montaner" title="Rita Montaner">Rita Montaner</a> – singer, pianist and actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Mor%C3%A9" title="Benny Moré">Benny Moré</a> – singer and bandleader; cousin of Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Navarro" title="Fats Navarro">Fats Navarro</a> – jazz musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bola_de_Nieve" title="Bola de Nieve">Bola de Nieve</a> – singer and pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustino_Oramas" title="Faustino Oramas">Faustino Oramas</a> – singer, guitarist and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Peraza" title="Armando Peraza">Armando Peraza</a> – percussionist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Pi%C3%B1eiro" title="Ignacio Piñeiro">Ignacio Piñeiro</a> – musician, bandleader, and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omara_Portuondo" title="Omara Portuondo">Omara Portuondo</a> – singer (Buena Vista Social Club)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_%22Chano%22_Pozo" class="mw-redirect" title="Luciano "Chano" Pozo">Luciano "Chano" Pozo</a> – Afro-Cuban/jazz percussionist, composer, and bandleader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_P%C3%A9rez_Prado" class="mw-redirect" title="Dámaso Pérez Prado">Dámaso Pérez Prado</a> – "the king of mambo," composer, and the creator of the bachata rhythm, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Guaracha" title="Guaracha">guaracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compay_Segundo" title="Compay Segundo">Francisco "Compay Segundo" Repilado</a> – singer (Dúo Los Compadres, Grupo de Compay Segundo, and Buena Vista Social Club), composer and bandleader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_R%C3%ADos" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando Ríos">Orlando "Puntilla" Ríos</a> – percussionist, singer, and bandleader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Arsenio Rodríguez">Arsenio Rodríguez</a> – musician, bandleader, and songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotuel_Romero" title="Yotuel Romero">Yotuel Romero</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_Ros" title="Lázaro Ros">Lázaro Ros</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Rubalcaba" title="Gonzalo Rubalcaba">Gonzalo Rubalcaba</a> – jazz pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_Santamar%C3%ADa" title="Mongo Santamaría">Ramón "Mongo" Santamaría</a> – musician, songwriter, and bandleader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguito" title="Monguito">Ramón "Monguito el Único" Sardiñas Quián</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Secada" title="Jon Secada">Jon Secada</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_Dog" title="Sen Dog">Sen Dog</a> – rapper and member of <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hill" title="Cypress Hill">Cypress Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceGhostPurrp" title="SpaceGhostPurrp">SpaceGhostPurrp</a> – record producer and rapper, founder of <a href="/wiki/Raider_Klan" title="Raider Klan">Raider Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Tamayo" title="Gustavo Tamayo">Gustavo Tamayo</a> – güiro player with the groundbreaking band of Israel "Cachao" López</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebo_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Bebo Valdés">Bebo Valdés</a> – pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_%22Patato%22_Valdes" title="Carlos "Patato" Valdes">Carlos "Patato" Valdes</a> – conga player and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chucho_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Chucho Valdés">Chucho Valdés</a> – pianist and leader of <a href="/wiki/Irakere" title="Irakere">Irakere</a>, son of Bebo Valdés</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_V%C3%A1zquez_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Javier Vázquez (musician)">Javier Vázquez</a> – songwriter, arranger, and pianist with Sonora Matancera; son of Pablo "Bubú" Vázquez Gobín and brother of Elpidio Vázquez, he succeeded Lino Frías on piano as a member of Sonora Matancera</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Vera" title="María Teresa Vera">María Teresa Vera</a> – guitarist, singer and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Lupe" title="La Lupe">Lupe Victoria "La Lupe" Yolí Raymond</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusa" title="Yusa">Yusa</a> – female bassist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa" title="Salvador Valdés Mesa">Salvador Valdés Mesa</a> – First Vice President of Cuba, former trade union leader, Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Cuba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Almeida_Bosque" title="Juan Almeida Bosque">Juan Almeida Bosque</a> – politician and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Dreke" title="Víctor Dreke">Víctor Dreke</a> – Cuban revolutionary and second-in-command to <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Ernesto "Che" Guevara</a> in the Congo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gualberto_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Gualberto Gómez">Juan Gualberto Gómez</a> – 1890s revolutionary leader, close collaborator of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a>; served as a member of the committee of consultations that drafted and amended the Constitution of 1901 and as a Representative and Senator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Grajales" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariana Grajales">Mariana Grajales</a> – part of the Cuban Independence War; Antonio Maceo's mother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelio_Grillo" title="Evelio Grillo">Evelio Grillo</a> – author and community organizer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Lazo_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Esteban Lazo Hernández">Esteban Lazo Hernández</a> – politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Grajales" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Maceo Grajales">Antonio Maceo</a> – 1890s revolutionary leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_P%C3%A9rez" title="Jorge Luis García Pérez">Jorge Luis García Pérez</a> – human rights activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Serra" title="Rafael Serra">Rafael Serra</a> – writer and political journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_%22Pombo%22_Villegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry "Pombo" Villegas">Harry "Pombo" Villegas</a> – Cuban Communist guerilla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Enrique Tarrio</a> – far-right activist and leader of the far right Proud Boys movement</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Tamayo_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez">Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez</a> – cosmonaut; first Latin American and first person of African descent in outer space</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Arenas" title="Gilbert Arenas">Gilbert Arenas</a> – NBA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Arenas_(American_football)" title="Javier Arenas (American football)">Javier Arenas (American football)</a> – NFL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Arozarena" title="Randy Arozarena">Randy Arozarena</a> – MLB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoel_Romero" title="Yoel Romero">Yoel Romero</a> – Olympic wrestler and mixed martial artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Lombard" title="Héctor Lombard">Héctor Lombard</a> – Olympic Judoka and mixed martial artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Vila" title="Alexis Vila">Alexis Vila</a> – Olympic wrestler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Campaneris" title="Bert Campaneris">Bert Campaneris</a> – MLB, cousin of José Cardenal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cardenal" title="José Cardenal">José Cardenal</a> – MLB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Casamayor" title="Joel Casamayor">Joel Casamayor</a> – boxer; WBC Lightweight Champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroldis_Chapman" title="Aroldis Chapman">Aroldis Chapman</a> – MLB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Contreras" title="José Contreras">José Contreras</a> – MLB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Dihigo" title="Martín Dihigo">Martín Dihigo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Negro_leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro leagues">Negro leagues</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum">Baseball Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuniel_Dorticos" title="Yuniel Dorticos">Yuniel Dorticos</a> – Boxer:two-time cruiserweight world champion, having held the WBA title from 2017 to 2018 and the IBF title from 2019 to September 2020.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Carlos Gómez">Juan Carlos Gómez</a> – boxer; former WBC Cruiserweight Champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv%C3%A1n_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Liván Hernández">Liván Hernández</a> – MLB, half-brother of El Duque</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Orlando Hernández">Orlando "El Duque" Hernández</a> – MLB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoan_Pablo_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Yoan Pablo Hernández">Yoan Pablo Hernández</a> – professional boxer; he held the unified IBF and Ring magazine cruiserweight titles between 2011 and 2015, as well as the WBA interim cruiserweight title in 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kid_Chocolate" title="Kid Chocolate">Kid Chocolate</a> – boxer; former World Featherweight and Junior Lightweight Champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes_Kindel%C3%A1n" title="Orestes Kindelán">Orestes Kindelán</a> – most prolific home run hitter in the history of amateur Cuban baseball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnie_Mi%C3%B1oso" title="Minnie Miñoso">Minnie Miñoso</a> – MLB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_N%C3%A1poles" title="José Nápoles">José Nápoles</a> – boxer; former World Welterweight Champion; also known as "Mantequilla" Nápoles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Olave" title="Chris Olave">Chris Olave</a> – NFL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Oliva" title="Sergio Oliva">Sergio Oliva</a> – only bodybuilder to have ever beaten <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> in a Mr. Olympia competition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Oliva" title="Tony Oliva">Tony Oliva</a> – MLB, three time batting champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Ortiz_(Cuban_boxer)" title="Luis Ortiz (Cuban boxer)">Luis Ortiz</a> – professional heavyweight boxer and former WBA Heavyweight Champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayan_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Brayan Peña">Brayan Peña</a> – MLB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_P%C3%A9rez" title="Tony Pérez">Tony Pérez</a> – MLB Hall of Fame</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Echemendia" title="Anthony Echemendia">Anthony Echemendia</a> – amateur wrestler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pizarro_(baseball)" title="Juan Pizarro (baseball)">Juan Pizarro</a> – MLB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasiel_Puig" title="Yasiel Puig">Yasiel Puig</a> – MLB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Fidelia_Quirot" title="Ana Fidelia Quirot">Ana Fidelia Quirot</a> – athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Alexei Ramírez">Alexei Ramírez</a> – MLB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ramos" title="Sugar Ramos">Sugar Ramos</a> – boxer; former WBA Featherweight Champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Rubalcaba" title="Alexis Rubalcaba">Alexis Rubalcaba</a> – amateur boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sav%C3%B3n" title="Félix Savón">Félix Savón</a> – amateur boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Sotomayor" title="Javier Sotomayor">Javier Sotomayor</a> – world record holder in high jump</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Stevenson" title="Teófilo Stevenson">Teófilo Stevenson</a> – amateur boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Tiant" title="Luis Tiant">Luis Tiant</a> – MLB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regla_Torres" title="Regla Torres">Regla Torres</a> – volleyball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Torriente" title="Cristóbal Torriente">Cristóbal Torriente</a> – <a href="/wiki/Negro_leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro leagues">Negro leagues</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum">Baseball Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisnel_Cooper" title="Odisnel Cooper">Odisnel Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yordany_%C3%81lvarez" title="Yordany Álvarez">Yordany Álvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Copello" title="Alexis Copello">Alexis Copello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aricheell_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Aricheell Hernández">Aricheell Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pichardo" title="Pedro Pichardo">Pedro Pichardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Solaun" title="Havana Solaun">Havana Solaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_La_Cruz" title="Julio César La Cruz">Julio César La Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maikel_Reyes" title="Maikel Reyes">Maikel Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Marcel Hernández">Marcel Hernández</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Cuba" title="Racism in Cuba">Racism in Cuba</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Afro-Cuban+Activists+Fight+Racism+Between+Two+Fires&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft.issn=0027-8378&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Sujatha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Fafro-cuban-activists-fight-racism-between-two-fires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfro-Cubans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raceandequality.org/cuba/">"CUBA – Race and Equality"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnn.com&rft.atitle=African-Americans%3A+Blacks+in+Cuba+%27treated+with+callous+disregard%27+-+CNN.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Famericas%2F12%2F09%2Fcuba.us.race%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfro-Cubans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2000" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Eugene (12 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/11/12/cuba-begins-to-answer-its-race-question/4b7d920a-0a00-4845-a9bb-8f705eecf74e/">"Cuba Begins to Answer Its Race Question"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cuba+Begins+to+Answer+Its+Race+Question&rft.date=2000-11-12&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2000%2F11%2F12%2Fcuba-begins-to-answer-its-race-question%2F4b7d920a-0a00-4845-a9bb-8f705eecf74e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfro-Cubans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Black Cuban, Black American</i>. Houston, Texas: Arte Publico Press, 130. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnedo-Gómez, M. "Introduction." <i>Writing Rumba</i>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006: 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Afrocubanismo", <i>Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century</i>. Ed. Lenard S Klein. Continuum: Continuum Publishing Company, 2008: 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, R. "The Minorista Vanguard: Modernism and Afrocubanismo." <i>Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubanismo and artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920–1940</i>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997:200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henken, T. "Cuban Literature-The Avant-Garde vs the Vanguard: Colonial Literature", in <i>Cuba: A Global Studies Handbook</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC_CLIO, 2008: 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Literature of the Revolutionary Era", <i>Encyclopedia of Cuba: People, history, culture</i>. Ed. Luis Martinez Ternandez. Wesport: Greenwood Press, 2003: 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodríguez-Mangual, E. "Introduction", <i>Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro-Cuban Cultural Identity</i>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004: 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodríguez-Mangual, E. "Introduction", 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeigas2002" class="citation book cs1">Veigas, José, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZySKQgAACAAJ"><i>Memoria: Cuban Art of the 20th Century</i></a>. California/International Arts Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917571-11-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-917571-11-4"><bdi>978-0-917571-11-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoria%3A+Cuban+Art+of+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=California%2FInternational+Arts+Foundation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-917571-11-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZySKQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfro-Cubans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Cubans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arnedo-Gómez, Miguel. "Introduction", Writing Rumba: The Afrocubanista Movement in Poetry. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 2006: 1–170.</li> <li>Duno-Gottberg, Luis, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Solventando las diferencias: la ideología del mestizaje en Cuba</i></span>. Madrid, Iberoamericana – Frankfurt am Main, Vervuert, 2003.</li> <li>Finch, Aisha and Fannie Rushing (eds.), <i>Breaing the Chains Forging the Nation: The Afro-Cuban Fight for Freedom and Equality.</i> Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2019.</li> <li>García, Cristina. "Introduction", Cubanismo! New York: Vintage Books, 2002: 1–364.</li> <li>"Literature of the Recolutionary Era", Encyclopedia of Cuba: People, history, culture. Ed. Luis Martinez Ternandez 1st Vol. Wesport: Greenwood Press, 2003: 345–346.</li> <li>Henken, Ted. "Cuban Literature-The Avant-Garde vs the Vanguard: Colonial Literature," Cuba: A Global Studies Handbook Global Studies :Latin America & The Caribbean. Santa Barbara: ABC_CLIO, 2008: 363–385.</li> <li>Moore, Robin D. "The Minorista vanguard: Moderism and Afrocubanismo" Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubansimo and artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920–1940.Pittsburg: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997: 195–200.</li> <li>Ródriguez-Mangual, Edna M. "Introduction" Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro Cuban Cultural Identity. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004: 1–167.</li> <li>"Afrocubanismo", Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century. Ed. Lenard S. Klein. 2nd ed. 4thvol. Continuum: Continuum Publishing Company, 1989: 20–21.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/16px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/24px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cuba" title="Portal:Cuba">Cuba portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuba_articles512" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Revolution35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Pre-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cuban_history" title="Timeline of Cuban history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Little War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#Sinking" title="USS Maine (1889)">Sinking of USS <i>Maine</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_I" title="Cuba during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane" title="1932 Cuba hurricane">1932 hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Moncada_Barracks" title="Attack on the Moncada Barracks">Attack on the Moncada Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_of_the_Granma" title="Landing of the Granma">Landing of the Granma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Revolution" title="Triumph of the Revolution">Triumph of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Hill_massacre" title="San Juan Hill massacre">San Juan Hill massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_first,_elections_later" title="Revolution first, elections later">Revolution first, elections later</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reforms_in_Cuba" title="Agrarian reforms in Cuba">Agrarian reforms in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huber_Matos_affair" title="Huber Matos affair">Huber Matos affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_exile" title="Golden exile">Golden exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambray_rebellion" title="Escambray rebellion">Escambray rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Coubre_explosion" title="La Coubre explosion">La Coubre explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">Operation Peter Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literacy_campaign" title="Cuban literacy campaign">Cuban literacy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.M._affair" title="P.M. affair">P.M. affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Year_Plan_(Cuba)" title="Four Year Plan (Cuba)">Four Year Plan (Cuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Three_Ps" title="Night of the Three Ps">Night of the Three Ps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_affair" title="Escalante affair">Escalante affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)" title="Great Debate (Cuba)">Great Debate (Cuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flights" title="Freedom Flights">Freedom Flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Offensive" title="Revolutionary Offensive">Revolutionary Offensive</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grey_years" title="Grey years">Grey years</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padilla_affair" title="Padilla affair">Padilla affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Institutionalization_process" title="Institutionalization process">Institutionalization process</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_Cuba" title="Sovietization of Cuba">Sovietization of Cuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Havana_Embassy_Crisis_of_1980" title="Peruvian Havana Embassy Crisis of 1980">Peruvian Havana Embassy Crisis of 1980</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectification_process" title="Rectification process">Rectification process</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dollarization_of_Cuba" title="Dollarization of Cuba">Dollarization of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleconazo" title="Maleconazo">Maleconazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Cuban_rafter_crisis" title="1994 Cuban rafter crisis">1994 Cuban rafter crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ideas" title="Battle of Ideas">Battle of Ideas</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elian_Gonzalez_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Elian Gonzalez affair">Elian Gonzalez affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Revolution" title="Energy Revolution">Energy Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Cuban_transfer_of_presidential_duties" title="2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties">Fidel's transfer of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests" title="2021 Cuban protests">2021 protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">History of Havana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Havana" title="Timeline of Havana">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other cities <ul><li>Timelines: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Camag%C3%BCey" title="Timeline of Camagüey">Camagüey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cienfuegos" title="Timeline of Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Timeline of Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Holgu%C3%ADn" title="Timeline of Holguín">Holguín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Matanzas" title="Timeline of Matanzas">Matanzas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Timeline of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cuba" title="List of cities in Cuba">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Cuba" title="Municipalities of Cuba">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Cuba" title="Provinces of Cuba">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cuba" title="List of islands of Cuba">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Cuba" title="List of earthquakes in Cuba">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuba_hurricanes" title="List of Cuba hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cuba" title="List of rivers of Cuba">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cuba" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cuba">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cuba" title="Corruption in Cuba">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Cuba)" title="Council of Ministers (Cuba)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Cuba)" title="Council of State (Cuba)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cuba" title="Elections in Cuba">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_exodus" title="Cuban exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cuba" title="Foreign relations of Cuba">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cuba" title="Human rights in Cuba">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cuba" title="Human trafficking in Cuba">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cuba">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Cuba" title="Law of Cuba">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cuba" title="List of political parties in Cuba">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">National Assembly of People's Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of People's Power">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Cuba">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of state of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Cuba" title="Vice President of Cuba">Vice President of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Prime Minister of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of government of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Army" title="Cuban Revolutionary Army">Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Navy" title="Cuban Revolutionary Navy">Revolutionary Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Air_and_Air_Defense_Force" title="Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Troops_Militia" title="Territorial Troops Militia">Territorial Troops Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_National_Army" title="Cuban National Army">National Army</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Law enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Police_Force" title="National Revolutionary Police Force">National Revolutionary Police Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Inteligencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Inteligencia">Dirección General de Inteligencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">Military Counterintelligence Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cuba" title="Agriculture in Cuba">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Reforma_Agraria" title="Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria">Agrarian reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPA_(agriculture)" title="CPA (agriculture)">Cooperatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cuba" title="Central Bank of Cuba">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_economy_of_Cuba" title="Dual economy of Cuba">Dual economy of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_peso" title="Cuban peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_convertible_peso" title="Cuban convertible peso">Convertible peso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Cuba" title="International rankings of Cuba">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cuba" title="Tourism in Cuba">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cuba" title="Transport in Cuba">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Cubana de Aviación">airline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cuba" title="Culture of Cuba">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Society7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_art" title="Cuban art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cuba" title="Architecture of Cuba">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cigar" title="Cuban cigar">Cigars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba" title="Dance from Cuba">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Cuba">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cuba" title="Health in Cuba">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cuba" title="Healthcare in Cuba">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Cuba" title="List of hospitals in Cuba">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Cuba" title="Internet in Cuba">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Cuba" title="Internet censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cuba" title="Mass media in Cuba">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Cuba" title="List of newspapers in Cuba">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Cuba" title="Television in Cuba">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_musical_theatre" title="Cuban musical theatre">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Havana" title="Festivals in Havana">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cuba" title="Public holidays in Cuba">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Havana_Cuba" title="Radio Havana Cuba">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_Cuba" title="Rationing in Cuba">Rationing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_Cuba" title="Scouting and Guiding in Cuba">Scouting and Guiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolismo" title="Sociolismo">Sociolismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cuba" title="Sport in Cuba">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Cuba">Association Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Cuba" title="Baseball in Cuba">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_Cuba" title="Boxing in Cuba">Boxing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cuba" title="Demographics of Cuba">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afro-Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_Americans" title="List of Cuban Americans">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean Cuban">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Cubans" title="Filipino Cubans">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cuban" title="Haitian Cuban">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cubans" title="Italian Cubans">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Cubans" title="Japanese Cubans">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Cuba" title="Koreans in Cuba">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_in_Cuba" title="List of Lebanese people in Cuba">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Mexican immigration to Cuba">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Spanish immigration to Cuba">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_architects" title="List of Cuban architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_artists" title="List of Cuban artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_athletes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cuban athletes">Athletes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Cuba" title="List of Major League Baseball players from Cuba">Baseball players</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_painters" title="List of Cuban painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_abstract_painters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cuban abstract painters">abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_writers" title="List of Cuban writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_women_writers" title="List of Cuban women writers">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuba" title="Category:Cuba">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cuba" title="Outline of Cuba">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_diaspora328" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_diaspora" title="Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_diaspora" title="Template talk:African diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora328" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">Americas</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Latin_Americans" title="Afro–Latin Americans">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Anguillians" title="Afro-Anguillians">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arubans" title="Afro-Arubans">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bahamians" title="Afro-Bahamians">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadians" title="Afro-Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bermudians" title="Black Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caymanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romani" title="Afro-Romani">Afro-Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1" title="Arará">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_Cuba" title="Cape Verdeans in Cuba">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga-Longoba" title="Ganga-Longoba">Ganga-Longoba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cura%C3%A7aoans" title="Afro-Curaçaoans">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans_(Dominica)" title="Afro-Dominicans (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans" title="Afro-Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Grenadians" title="Afro-Grenadians">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Haiti" title="Maroons">Marron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Jamaica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romani" title="Afro-Romani">Afro-Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_Jamaica" title="Igbo people in Jamaica">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="Afro–Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Saint_Lucians" title="Afro–Saint Lucians">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Vincentians" title="Afro-Vincentians">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islanders" title="Afro–Turks and Caicos Islanders">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Central<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole_people" title="Belizean Creole people">Belize</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Costa_Ricans" title="Afro–Costa Ricans">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Salvadorans" title="Afro-Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guatemalans" title="Afro-Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Hondurans" title="Afro-Hondurans">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Miskito Sambu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Nicaraguans" title="Afro-Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Panamanians" title="Afro-Panamanians">Panama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Cimarrón</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">North<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Black_Canadians" title="Indigenous Black Canadians">Indigenous Black Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_New_Brunswick" title="Black Canadians in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_Ontario" title="Black Canadians in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romani" title="Afro-Romani">Afro-Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affrilachia" title="Affrilachia">Affrilachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw#Post–Civil_War" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Seminole freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge_people" title="Chestnut Ridge people">Chestnut Ridge people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_Americans" title="Garifuna Americans">Garifuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)#Louisiana_Redbone_cultural_group" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Louisiana Redbones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somali_Bantus_in_Maine" title="History of Somali Bantus in Maine">Somali Bantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">South<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentines" title="Afro-Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivians" title="Afro-Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalungas" title="Kalungas">Kalungas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocambo_(settlement)" title="Mocambo (settlement)">Macombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilombola" title="Quilombola">Quilombola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Chileans" title="Afro-Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93French_Guianans" title="Afro–French Guianans">French Guiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluku" title="Aluku">Aluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Paraguayans" title="Afro-Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Peruvians" title="Black Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Surinamese" title="Afro-Surinamese">Suriname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwinti_people" title="Kwinti people">Kwinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matawai_people" title="Matawai people">Matawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramaccan_people" title="Paramaccan people">Paramaccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Uruguayans" title="Afro-Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelans" title="Afro-Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">Europe</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Black_Europeans" title="Black Europeans">Blacks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians_of_African_descent" title="Abkhazians of African descent">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Austrians" title="Afro-Austrians">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belgians" title="Black Belgians">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish_people_of_African_descent" title="Category:Danish people of African descent">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_Finland" title="African diaspora in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_French_people" title="Black French people">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_community_of_Paris" title="Sub-Saharan African community of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Greeks" title="African Greeks">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Greeks" title="Black Greeks">Blacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_emigrants_to_Italy" title="African emigrants to Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dutch_people" title="Afro-Dutch people">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Poland" title="Africans in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Portuguese_people" title="Afro-Portuguese people">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romanians" title="Afro-Romanians">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Spaniards" title="Afro-Spaniards">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Sweden" title="African immigrants to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Switzerland" title="African immigrants to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ukrainians" title="Afro-Ukrainians">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Cambridge" title="Black people in Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Liverpool" title="Black people in Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_presence_in_London" title="History of African presence in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Welsh_people" title="Black Welsh people">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iraqis" title="Afro-Iraqis">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="African immigration to Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jordanians" title="Afro-Jordanians">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Omanis" title="Afro-Omanis">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Palestinians" title="Afro-Palestinians">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Saudis" title="Afro-Saudis">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_of_Yarmouk_Basin" title="Black people of Yarmouk Basin">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Turks" title="Afro-Turks">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Turkey" title="Africans in Turkey">Africans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Emiratis" title="Afro-Emiratis">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Asia</a> and<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians in South Asia</a></li> <li>India and Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddis_of_Karnataka" title="Siddis of Karnataka">in Karnataka</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Africans in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Saint_Helena" title="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Secondary<br />Afro-American<br />diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ghana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liberia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Nigeria" title="Brazilians in Nigeria">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sierra Leone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_France" title="Haitians in France">Haitians</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom#African_Americans" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">British Jamaicans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Asia and<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">African Hebrew Israelites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">Anti-African sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Anti-Black racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_people" title="Tikar people">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Yoruba people in the Atlantic slave trade">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery in the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" title="Category:African diaspora">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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