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</li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_European_settlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_European_settlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relations with European settlers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_European_settlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Relationship with the French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Relationship with the British</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Relationship with the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_their_neighbours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_their_neighbours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Relations with their neighbours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_their_neighbours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_indigenous_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_indigenous_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Other indigenous groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_indigenous_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nibwaakaawin:_Wisdom_(Amik)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nibwaakaawin:_Wisdom_(Amik)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span><i>Nibwaakaawin</i>: Wisdom (Amik)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nibwaakaawin:_Wisdom_(Amik)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaagi'idiwin:_Love_(Migizi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaagi'idiwin:_Love_(Migizi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span><i>Zaagi'idiwin</i>: Love (Migizi)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaagi'idiwin:_Love_(Migizi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minaadendamowin:_Respect_(Shkode-bzhiki)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minaadendamowin:_Respect_(Shkode-bzhiki)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span><i>Minaadendamowin</i>: Respect (Shkode-bzhiki)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minaadendamowin:_Respect_(Shkode-bzhiki)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aakode'ewin:_Bravery_(Makwa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aakode'ewin:_Bravery_(Makwa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span><i>Aakode'ewin</i>: Bravery (Makwa)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aakode'ewin:_Bravery_(Makwa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gwayakwaadiziwin:_Honesty_(Gaagaakshiinh_/Gitchi'Sabe)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gwayakwaadiziwin:_Honesty_(Gaagaakshiinh_/Gitchi'Sabe)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span><i>Gwayakwaadiziwin</i>: Honesty (Gaagaakshiinh /Gitchi'Sabe)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gwayakwaadiziwin:_Honesty_(Gaagaakshiinh_/Gitchi'Sabe)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dabaadendiziwin:_Humility_(Maa'iingan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dabaadendiziwin:_Humility_(Maa'iingan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span><i>Dabaadendiziwin</i>: Humility (Maa'iingan)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dabaadendiziwin:_Humility_(Maa'iingan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debwewin:_Truth_(Mshiikenh/Mikinak)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debwewin:_Truth_(Mshiikenh/Mikinak)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span><i>Debwewin</i>: Truth (Mshiikenh/Mikinak)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debwewin:_Truth_(Mshiikenh/Mikinak)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storytelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storytelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Storytelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storytelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trickster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trickster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Trickster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trickster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_the_1800s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_1800s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Before the 1800s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_1800s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_and_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_and_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Symbols and flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_and_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinabe" title="Anishinabe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anishinabe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anishinaabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani%C5%9Dinaboj" title="Aniŝinaboj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aniŝinaboj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="انیشینابه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انیشینابه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anichinab%C3%A9s" title="Anichinabés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anichinabés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88%EC%8B%9C%EB%82%98%EB%B2%A0" title="아니시나베 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아니시나베" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabeg" title="Anishinaabeg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anishinaabeg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabelar" title="Anishinaabelar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anishinaabelar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Анишинаабе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анишинаабе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani%C5%9Finabeler" title="Anişinabeler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anişinabeler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Анішинаабе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анішинаабе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%8C%E7%BA%B3%E8%B4%9D%E4%BA%BA" title="阿尼希纳贝人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尼希纳贝人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous ethnic groups of the United States and Canada</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Anishinaabe</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒃ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anishinabe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Anishinabe.svg/220px-Anishinabe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Anishinabe.svg/330px-Anishinabe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Anishinabe.svg/440px-Anishinabe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Anishinaabe Thunderbird or <i>Aanimkii-benishiinh</i>, based on a design by Nicholas Deleary<sup id="cite_ref-deleary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deleary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg/220px-Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg/330px-Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg/440px-Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="993" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Homelands of Anishinaabe and Anishinini, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Canada (<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>)<br />United States (<a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Odawa_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa dialect">Odawa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, and others</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Odawa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa people">Odawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwe people">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree" title="Oji-Cree">Oji-Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anishinaabe ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anishinaabeg ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒃ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabemowin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabemowin">Anishinaabemowin ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Anishinaabewaki ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐗᑭ</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Anishinaabe</b> (alternatively spelled <b>Anishinabe</b>, <b>Anicinape</b>, <b>Nishnaabe</b>, <b>Neshnabé</b>, <b>Anishinaabeg</b>, <b>Anishinabek</b>, <b>Aanishnaabe</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are a group of culturally related <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. They include the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree" title="Oji-Cree">Oji-Cree</a>), <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation" title="Nipissing First Nation">Nipissing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin peoples</a>. The Anishinaabe speak <i>Anishinaabemowin</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabe language">Anishinaabe languages</a> that belong to the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language family</a>. </p><p>At the time of <a href="/wiki/First_contact_(anthropology)" title="First contact (anthropology)">first contact</a> with Europeans they lived in the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Northeast Woodlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a>, and some have since spread to the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Great Plains</a>. </p><p>The word <i>Anishinaabe</i> means "people from whence lowered". Another definition is "the good humans", meaning those who are on the right road or path given to them by the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a> <a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a>, or Great Spirit. <a href="/wiki/Basil_Johnston" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Johnston">Basil Johnston</a>, an Ojibwe historian, linguist, and writer, wrote that the term's literal translation is "beings made out of nothing" or "spontaneous beings". The Anishinaabe believe that their people were created by divine breath.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Anishinaabe</i> is often mistakenly considered a synonym of <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, but it refers to a much larger group of Nations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agawa_Rock,_panel_VIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Agawa_Rock%2C_panel_VIII.jpg/220px-Agawa_Rock%2C_panel_VIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Agawa_Rock%2C_panel_VIII.jpg/330px-Agawa_Rock%2C_panel_VIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Agawa_Rock%2C_panel_VIII.jpg/440px-Agawa_Rock%2C_panel_VIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2843" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pictograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictograph">Pictograph</a> of a canoe (top left), <a href="/wiki/Mishipeshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishipeshu">Mishipeshu</a> (top right), and two giant serpents (<i>chi'gnebikoog</i>), panel VIII, Agawa Rock, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park" title="Lake Superior Provincial Park">Lake Superior Provincial Park</a>, Ontario, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ <i>Anishinaabe</i> has many different spellings. Different spelling systems may indicate <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> or spell certain consonants differently (<i>Anishinabe</i>, <i>Anicinape</i>); meanwhile, variants ending in -<i>eg/ek</i> (<i>Anishinaabeg</i>, <i>Anishinabek</i>) come from an <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquian</a> plural, while those ending in an -<i>e</i> come from an Algonquian singular. </p><p>The name <i>Anishinaabe</i> is sometimes shortened to <i>Nishnaabe</i>, mostly by <a href="/wiki/Odawa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa people">Odawa people</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> <i>Neshnabé</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, a people long allied with the Odawa and Ojibwe in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation" title="Nipissing First Nation">Nipissing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a> are identified as Anishinaabe but are not part of the Council of Three Fires. </p><p>Closely related to the Ojibwe and speaking a language mutually intelligible with <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language"><i>Anishinaabemowin</i></a> (Anishinaabe language) is the <a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree" title="Oji-Cree">Oji-Cree</a> (also known as "Severn Ojibwe"). Their most common <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonym</a> is <i>Anishinini</i> (plural: <i>Anishininiwag</i>), and they call their language <i><a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree_language" title="Oji-Cree language">Anishininiimowin</a></i>. </p><p>Among the Anishinaabe, the Ojibwe collectively call the Nipissings and the Algonquins <i>Odishkwaagamii</i> (those who are at the end of the lake),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those among the Nipissings who identify themselves as Algonquins call the Algonquins proper <i>Omàmiwinini</i> (those who are downstream).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all Anishinaabemowin-speakers call themselves Anishinaabe. The Ojibwe people who migrated to what are now Canada's <a href="/wiki/Prairie_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie provinces">prairie provinces</a> call themselves <i>Nakawē(-k)</i> and call their branch of the Anishinaabemowin <i>Nakawēmowin</i>. (The French <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> for the group is <i><a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a></i>.) Particular Anishinaabeg groups have different names from region to region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clans">Clans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">Anishinaabe clan system</a></div> <p>The Anishinaabe use of the clan system represents familial, spiritual, economic and political relations between members of their communities. Often an animal is used to represent a person's clan or <i>dodem</i> but plants and other spirit beings are sometimes used as well. The word <i>dodem</i> means "the heart or core of a person". There are different teachings about how many clans there are and which are clans in leadership positions. This is due to the decentralized mode of governance that the Anishinaabe practice. Each person is a self-determining authority, and it is their duty to uphold their own roles and responsibilities for the wellbeing of <i>all our relations</i>. This is understood as the "Law of Non-interference". Nobody can interfere with another being's path unless they are causing great harm to another or themselves. </p><p>Within the Anishinaabe governance structure there are seven leader clans that each facilitate a specific role and have responsibilities within the community and to the rest of Creation. Within each grouping of clans are seven clans. This means there are a total of 49 total Anishinaabe clans.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Waawaakeshi</i> (Deer) <ul><li><i>Zaagi'idiwin</i> (Love)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Maang</i> (Loon) <ul><li><i>Debaadendiziwin</i> (Humility)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Migizi</i> (Bald Eagle) <ul><li><i>Debwewin</i> (Truth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Makwa</i> (Bear) <ul><li><i>B'Maadziwin</i> (Good Life or Balanced Life)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ajijaak</i> (Crane) <ul><li><i>Mnaadendimowin</i> (Respect)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Waabizheshii</i> (Marten) <ul><li><i>Aakedhwin</i> (Bravery)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Mshiikenh</i> (Turtle) <ul><li><i>Nbwaakaawin</i> (Wisdom)</li></ul></li></ol> <p>The clan system is integral to the Anishinaabe governance structure and to the Anishinaabe way of life as well as to their spiritual practices. People of the same clan are forbidden from getting married or having intimate relations as this would spell doom for the clan as a whole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anishinaabe" title="Special:EditPage/Anishinaabe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anishinaabe%22">"Anishinaabe"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anishinaabe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anishinaabe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anishinaabe%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anishinaabe%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anishinaabe%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anishinaabe_shoulder_bag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Anishinaabe_shoulder_bag.jpg/170px-Anishinaabe_shoulder_bag.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Anishinaabe_shoulder_bag.jpg/255px-Anishinaabe_shoulder_bag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Anishinaabe_shoulder_bag.jpg/340px-Anishinaabe_shoulder_bag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>Anishinaabe shoulder bag, Ojibwa, Ontario, 1820</figcaption></figure> <p>In Anishinaabe cultural tradition it is believed that human beings were created on the earth in four distinct places, in their own way. This is what <i>Gizhe Mnidoo</i> or The Creator intended. There are many versions and parts to the Creation story that tell about the creation of the cosmos, the earth, the plants, the animals and human beings. To Anishinaabe all life contains the sacred breath of life that was given by <i>Gizhe Mnidoo</i> and all things are animated through this sacred breath. The Anishinaabe give thanks for this gift of Creation through the burning or offering of <i>Semaa</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a>. </p><p><i>Anishinaabe</i> oral tradition and records of <i><a href="/wiki/Wiigwaasabak" title="Wiigwaasabak">wiigwaasabak</a></i> (birch bark scrolls) are still carried on today through the <i>Midewewin</i> society.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This oral and written records contain the Anishinaabe creation stories as well as histories of migration that closely match other Indigenous groups of North America, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Anishinaabe became Anishinaabe the people migrated from Waubanaukee, an island of the East Coast, which may have been what is now called <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, as the great ice sheet receded at the end of the last ice age. This migrating group split in many different directions as they headed towards the land of the rising sun and became the many Indigenous populations that now exist on North America. After reaching the East Coast seven prophets came to the people. Each prophet delivered a specific prophecy to the people that are known as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caid.ca/SevFir013108.pdf">Seven Fires Prophecies</a>. After the prophets delivered their messages groups of people began to migrate westward to find the land where food grows on the water. The fulfilment of this prophecy is understood as when the Anishinaabe found the <i>Mnoomin</i> or <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild Rice</a> that grew on the lakes in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region. This is where the Anishinaabe became Anishinaabe. To the <i>Anishinaabeg</i> the land they encompass is still recognized as <i>Gitchi Mikinaak</i> or Turtle Island. </p><p>The ethnic identities of the Ojibwa, Odawa, and Potawatomi did not develop until after the Anishinaabeg reached Michilimackinac on their journey westward from the Atlantic coast. Using the <i>Midewewin</i> scrolls, Potawatomi elder Shop-Shewana dated the formation of the Council of Three Fires to 796 AD at Michilimackinac. In this council, the Ojibwa were addressed as the "Older Brother", the Odawa as the "Middle Brother", and the Potawatomi as the "Younger Brother". Consequently, when the three Anishinaabeg nations are mentioned in this specific order: Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi, it implies the Council of Three Fires as well. Each tribe had different functions: the Ojibwa were the "keepers of the faith", the Odawa the "keepers of trade," and the Potawatomi are the "keepers/maintainers of/for the fire" (boodawaadam). This was the basis for their <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonyms</a> of Boodewaadamii<i> (Ojibwe spelling) or </i>Bodéwadmi<i> (Potawatomi spelling).</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a>-system (a totem is any entity which watches over or assists a group of people, such as a family, clan or tribe) and promotion of trade, the Council generally had a peaceful existence with its neighbours. However, occasional unresolved disputes erupted into wars.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Odawa (also known as Ottawa or Outaouais) are a Native American and First Nations people. Ojibwe, Ojibwa, Chippewa (or <i>Anishinaabemowin</i> in Eastern Ojibwe syllabics) is the third most commonly spoken Native language in Canada (after Cree and Inuktitut), and the fourth most spoken in North America behind Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut. Potawatomi is a Central Algonquian language. It is spoken around the Great Lakes in Michigan and Wisconsin, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. In southern Ontario in Canada, it is spoken by fewer than 50 people. Though the Three Fires had several meeting places, they preferred <i><a href="/wiki/Michilimackinac" title="Michilimackinac">Michilimackinac</a></i> due to its central location. The Council met for military and political purposes, and maintained relations with other indigenous peoples, including both fellow Anishinaabeg: the <i>Ozaagii</i> (Sac), <i>Odagaamii</i> (Meskwaki), <i>Omanoominii</i> (Menominee), and non-Anishinaabeg: <i>Wiinibiigoo</i> (Ho-Chunk), <i>Naadawe</i> (Iroquois Confederacy), <i>Nii'inaa-Naadawe</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a>), <i>Naadawensiw</i> (Sioux), <i>Wemitigoozhi</i> (France), <i>Zhaaganaashi</i> (Britain) and the <i>Gichi-mookomaan</i> (the United States). The Anishinaabeg communities are recognized as <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations in Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_European_settlers">Relations with European settlers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relations with European settlers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anishinaabe" title="Special:EditPage/Anishinaabe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anishinaabe%22">"Anishinaabe"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anishinaabe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anishinaabe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anishinaabe%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anishinaabe%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anishinaabe%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first of the Anishinaabeg to encounter European settlers were those of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Fires_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Fires Confederation">Three Fires Confederation</a>, within the states of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in the territory of the present-day United States, and southern Ontario and Quebec of Canada. There were many interactions between the Anishinaabeg and the European settlers, the Anishinaabeg dealt with Europeans through the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> and as allies in European-centered conflicts. Europeans traded with the Anishinaabeg for their furs in exchange for goods and also hired the Anishinaabeg men as guides throughout the lands of North America. The Anishinaabeg women (as well as other Aboriginal groups) occasionally would intermarry with fur traders and trappers. Some of their descendants would later create a <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></i> ethnic group. Explorers, trappers, and other European workers married or had unions with other Anishinaabeg women, and their descendants tended to form a Métis culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_the_French">Relationship with the French</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship with the French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Europeans to encounter Native Americans in the Great Lakes region were <a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">French explorers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nute_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nute-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These men were professional canoe-paddlers who transported furs and other merchandise over long distances in the lake and river system of northern America.<sup id="cite_ref-Chit_vol_1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chit_vol_1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such explorers gave French names to many places in present-day <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French settlers</a> in the region were primarily <a href="/wiki/Animal_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal trapping">trappers</a> and traders and rarely established permanent settlements due to the harsh North American climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Hafen_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hafen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1715, French military officer <a href="/wiki/Constant_le_Marchand_de_Lignery" title="Constant le Marchand de Lignery">Constant le Marchand de Lignery</a> constructed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a>, in part to regulate relations with nearby Anishinaabe Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_the_British">Relationship with the British</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship with the British"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Anishinaabe came into contact with <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonists</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries as they gradually expanded into the Great Lakes region as well. Since the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> had allied with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the Anishinaabe fought <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">numerous conflicts</a> against them in conjunction with their French allies. During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the majority of the Anishinaabe fought with France against the British and their Indian allies, though after Britain's victory most of them sought peace with the British. However, dissatisfaction resulting from new British policies, in particular the cancellation of the annual distribution of gifts to the Indians, led to the formation of a pan-tribal confederation, composed of several Anishinaabe peoples, to counter British control of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>. The resulting conflict, known as <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a>, resulted in a military stalemate that saw the British eventually adopting more conciliatory policies, issuing the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>, which forbade further white settlement across the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Pontiac's War, the Anishinaabe gradually established the same relationship with the British that they had with the French. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, which partly resulted from opposition in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> to the 1763 proclamation, the Anishinaabe (including the Three Fires Confederation) mostly sided against the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">rebelling colonists</a>. Fighting in conjunction with British and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> forces, the Anishinaabe fought in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western theaters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. After the British defeat in the Revolutionary War, the Anishinaabe mostly sought peace with the new <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, though lingering tensions resulting from encroachment by American settlers continued to spill into frequent outbreaks of violence in the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_the_United_States">Relationship with the United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship with the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the Three Fires Confederacy fought with the British against the United States. Many Anishinaabeg refugees from the Revolutionary War, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> and Potawatomi, migrated northwards to <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>. Those who remained east of the Mississippi River were subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> policy of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a>; among the Anishinaabeg, the Potawatomi were most affected by the removals. The Odawa had been removed from the migration paths of U.S. settlers, so only a handful of communities experienced removal. For the Ojibwa, removal attempts culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Lake_Tragedy" title="Sandy Lake Tragedy">Sandy Lake Tragedy</a>, which resulted several hundred deaths. The Potawatomi avoided removal only by escaping into Ojibwa-held areas and hiding from U.S. officials.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Whipple_Warren" title="William Whipple Warren">William Whipple Warren</a>, an American man of mixed Ojibwe and European descent, became an <a href="/wiki/Interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreter">interpreter</a>, assistant to a trader to the Ojibwe, and <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">legislator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota Territory</a>. A gifted storyteller and historian, he collected native accounts and wrote the <i>History of the Ojibway People, Based Upon Traditions and Oral Statements</i>, first published by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a> in 1885, some 32 years after his early death from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Given his Anglo-American father, Lyman Marcus Warren, and American education, the Ojibwe of the time did not consider Warren as "one of them". However, they retained friendly relations with him and considered him as a "half brother" due to his extensive knowledge of the Ojibwe language and culture and the fact that he had Ojibwe ancestry through his mixed Ojibwe-French mother, Marie Cadotte.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work covered much of the culture and history of the Ojibwe, gathered from stories of the Ojibwe Nation. </p><p>Warren identified the Crane and Loon clans as the two Chief clans among his mother's Anishinaabe people. Crane Clan was responsible for external governmental relationships, and Loon Clan was responsible for internal governance relationships. Warren believed that the policies of the U.S. government led to the destruction of indigenous clan systems along with their modes of governance when they forced indigenous people to adopt representative government and direct elections of chiefs. Furthermore, he claimed that this destruction led to many wars among the Anishinaabe. He also cited the experiences of other indigenous nations in the U.S. (such as the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Fox</a>, and other peoples). His work was a major early work in demonstrating the significance of the clan system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Sandy Lake Tragedy, the U.S. government changed its policy to relocating tribes onto <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>, often by consolidating groups of communities. Conflict continued through the 19th century, as Native Americans and the United States had different goals. After the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a>, many Anishinaabeg communities in Minnesota were relocated and further consolidated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_their_neighbours">Relations with their neighbours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relations with their neighbours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anishinaabewaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Anishinaabewaki.jpg/220px-Anishinaabewaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Anishinaabewaki.jpg/330px-Anishinaabewaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Anishinaabewaki.jpg/440px-Anishinaabewaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Anishinaabe Reserves/Reservations in North America, with diffusion rings if an Anishinaabe language is spoken. Cities with Anishinaabe population also shown.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_indigenous_groups">Other indigenous groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other indigenous groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many Anishinaabeg reserves and reservations; in some places, the Anishinaabeg share some of their lands with others, such as the Cree, the Dakota, the Delaware, and the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a>, among others. The Anishnabeg who "merged" with the Kickapoo tribe may now identify as being Kickapoo in Kansas and Oklahoma. The Prairie Potawatomi were the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi of Illinois and Wisconsin who were relocated to Kansas during the 19th century. </p><p>The Anishinaabe of Manitoba, particularly those along the east side of Lake Winnipeg, have had longstanding historical conflicts with the Cree people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to other issues shared by <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> recognized by the Canadian government and other <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">aboriginal peoples in Canada</a>, the Anishinaabe of Manitoba,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontario and Quebec have opposed the <a href="/wiki/Energy_East_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy East pipeline">Energy East pipeline</a> of <a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TransCanada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_the_Thames_First_Nation" title="Chippewas of the Thames First Nation">Chippewas of the Thames First Nation</a> legally challenged the right of the Canadian government to hold a pipeline hearing without their consent.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was also the basis of a June 2015 declaration of reclaimed sovereignty over the Ottawa River valley by several Anishinaabe peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manoomin_picking,_1905,_Minnesota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several boats with members of the Anishinaabe nation. They're harvesting wild rice from a lake in Brainerd, Minnesota, in the year 1905." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg/220px-Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg/330px-Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg/440px-Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Anishinaabe nation harvesting wild rice from a lake in Brainerd, Minnesota, in the year 1905.</figcaption></figure> <p>The relationship between the various Anishinaabe communities and the United States government has been steadily improving since the passage of the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a>. Several Anishinaabe communities still experience tensions with the state governments, county governments, and non-Native American individuals and their groups. </p><p>Clan originally meant extended family. In this system originally, clans were represented by a changing cast of spokespeople at yearly meetings. In more recent times, clans have come to align personality characteristics with the animals that represent them. This shifts the focus from extended family governance to groups of people who have a particular kind of strength to offer to the community. For example, the deer clan is sometimes understood as having the direction of hospitality toward visitors, whereas the crane clan or eagle clan, depending on region, may be aligned with leadership qualities. Conversations surrounding how to change current systems of governance to better match how the people governed themselves over millennia are always occurring throughout <i>Anishinaabe Aki</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe traditional beliefs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></div> <p>The Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers are among the most commonly shared teachings in Native culture. They hold great significance to the Anishinaabeg and are considered to be the founding principles of their way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seven Grandfather teachings have been around for centuries, passed on from elders through storytelling. These teachings have helped shape the way of life for the Anishinaabeg for years and continue to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stories can be adapted to fit specific community values and have been incorporated by organizations, schools, different programs, artists, individualists, and tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nibwaakaawin:_Wisdom_(Amik)"><span id="Nibwaakaawin:_Wisdom_.28Amik.29"></span><i>Nibwaakaawin</i>: Wisdom (Amik)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nibwaakaawin: Wisdom (Amik)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Anishinaabeg culture, to cherish knowledge is to know wisdom. Wisdom is given by the Creator to be used for the good of the people. In <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin</a>, this word expresses not only "wisdom" but also means "prudence," or "intelligence." In some communities, <i>Gikendaasowin</i> is used; in addition to "wisdom," this word can also mean "intelligence" or "knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zaagi'idiwin:_Love_(Migizi)"><span id="Zaagi.27idiwin:_Love_.28Migizi.29"></span><i>Zaagi'idiwin</i>: Love (Migizi)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Zaagi'idiwin: Love (Migizi)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Anishinaabeg culture, to know peace is to know love. Love must be unconditional. When people are weak they need love the most. In <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin</a>, this word with the reciprocal theme <i>idi</i> indicates that this form of love is mutual. In some communities, <i>Gizhaawenidiwin</i> is used, which in most context means "jealousy" but in this context is translated as either "love" or "zeal."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minaadendamowin:_Respect_(Shkode-bzhiki)"><span id="Minaadendamowin:_Respect_.28Shkode-bzhiki.29"></span><i>Minaadendamowin</i>: Respect (Shkode-bzhiki)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Minaadendamowin: Respect (Shkode-bzhiki)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Anishinaabeg culture, to honor all creation is to have respect. All of creation should be treated with respect. If an individual wants to be respected, they must also show respect. Some communities instead use <i>Ozhibwaadenindiwin</i> or <i>Manazoonidiwin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aakode'ewin:_Bravery_(Makwa)"><span id="Aakode.27ewin:_Bravery_.28Makwa.29"></span><i>Aakode'ewin</i>: Bravery (Makwa)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aakode'ewin: Bravery (Makwa)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Anishinaabeg culture, to be brave is to face the foe with integrity. In <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin</a>, this word literally means "state of having a fearless heart." To do what is right even when the consequences are unpleasant. Some communities instead use either <i>Zoongadiziwin</i> ("state of having a strong casing") or <i>Zoongide'ewin</i> ("state of having a strong heart").<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gwayakwaadiziwin:_Honesty_(Gaagaakshiinh_/Gitchi'Sabe)"><span id="Gwayakwaadiziwin:_Honesty_.28Gaagaakshiinh_.2FGitchi.27Sabe.29"></span><i>Gwayakwaadiziwin</i>: Honesty (Gaagaakshiinh /Gitchi'Sabe)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gwayakwaadiziwin: Honesty (Gaagaakshiinh /Gitchi'Sabe)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Anishinaabeg culture, honesty in facing a situation is to be brave. Individuals should always be honest in word and action. If an individual is honest with themselves first, they will more easily be able to be honest with others. In <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin</a>, this word can also mean "righteousness."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dabaadendiziwin:_Humility_(Maa'iingan)"><span id="Dabaadendiziwin:_Humility_.28Maa.27iingan.29"></span><i>Dabaadendiziwin</i>: Humility (Maa'iingan)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dabaadendiziwin: Humility (Maa'iingan)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Anishinaabeg culture, humility requires recognizing oneself as a sacred part of Creation, neither better nor worse than any other creation. In <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin</a>, this word can also mean "compassion." Some communities instead express this with <i>Bekaadiziwin</i>, which in addition to "humility" can also be translated as "calmness," "meekness," "gentility" or "patience."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debwewin:_Truth_(Mshiikenh/Mikinak)"><span id="Debwewin:_Truth_.28Mshiikenh.2FMikinak.29"></span><i>Debwewin</i>: Truth (Mshiikenh/Mikinak)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Debwewin: Truth (Mshiikenh/Mikinak)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Anishinaabeg culture, truth is knowing all of these things. Individuals should speak the truth and not deceive themselves or others.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storytelling">Storytelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Storytelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_storytelling_in_North_America" title="Indigenous storytelling in North America">Indigenous storytelling in North America</a></div> <p>The Anishinaabeg follow an <a href="/wiki/Oral_storytelling" title="Oral storytelling">oral storytelling tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storytelling serves as an integral part of Anishinaabeg culture as "stories teach the stock of wisdom and knowledge found in the culture" and "promotes 'respectful individualism," wherein individuals do not force their thinking upon others.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of directly teaching right and wrong, the Anishinaabeg often use storytelling to share their history and cultural truths, including but not limited to the <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories often "provide important lessons for living and give life purpose, value, and meaning."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 184">: 184 </span></sup> They can further "include religious teachings, metaphysical links, cultural insights, history, linguistic structures, literary and aesthetic form, and Indigenous 'truths'."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By understanding traditional stories, individuals can better understand themselves, their world, where they came from, and where they are going.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 184–185">: 184–185 </span></sup> </p><p>Storytelling is situational, meaning that storytellers must be mindful of audience, of listener, and [should] keep the oration accessible and real."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a story is shared, "[t]he teller and the listener are equally activie; the listener is not passive."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, stories told are not static: "Once they become public, people will play will them, embellish them, and add to them ... There is no need for any particular story to have any particular form. Nor is it the case that any one story can ever be said to have achieved its final form. Instead, all stories are works in progress."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before telling a story, Elders "very often begin by quoting the authority of Elders who have gone before. They do not state the authority as coming from themselves. They will say things like, 'This is what they used to say,' or 'This is what they said.'"<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>Beyond sharing cultural knowledge, storytelling traditions can help provide Anishinaabeg children "with the intellectual tools necessary to exercise authority."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anishinaabeg see the act of allowing children to share stories as "an act of empowerment."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 163">: 163 </span></sup> This action "recognizes that even children have something to contribute, and encourages them to do so."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 163">: 163 </span></sup> </p><p>Stories are typically shared throughout the winter when there is less to do and the animals are sleeping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trickster">Trickster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Trickster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trickster#In_Native_American_tradition" title="Trickster">Trickster § In Native American tradition</a></div> <p>The Trickster is a common character in Anishinaabeg storytelling and goes by many names, including <a href="/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)" title="Coyote (mythology)">Coyote</a>, Raven, Wesakejac, <a href="/wiki/Nanabozho" title="Nanabozho">Nanabozho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glooscap" title="Glooscap">Glooscap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They appear in many forms and genders.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories involving the Trickster "often use humour, self-mocking, and absurdity to carry good lessons."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>The Trickster helps teach cultural lessons by "learning lessons the 'hard' way."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: ix">: ix </span></sup> Within such stories, "Trickster often gets into trouble by ignoring cultural rules and practices or by giving sway to the negative aspects of 'humanness' ... Trickster seems to learn lessons the hard way and sometimes not at all."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Contrary to some depictions of Trickster figures, the Trickster in Anishinaabeg stories "has the ability to do good things for others and is sometimes like a powerful spiritual being and [is] given much respect."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Stories involving the Trickster serve to "remind us about the good power of interconnectedness within family, community, nation, culture, and land. If we become disconnected, we lose the ability to make meaning from Indigenous stories."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: ix">: ix </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_1800s">Before the 1800s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Before the 1800s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the arrival of the Europeans, and until at least the 1800s, many Anishinaabeg were subsistence farmers. For example, the Odawa, centered in <a href="/wiki/Michilimackinac" title="Michilimackinac">Michilimackinac</a>, grew <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> in the summers and generally moved south in smaller family groups in the winters to hunt game. They tapped <a href="/wiki/Acer_saccharum" title="Acer saccharum">sugar maples</a> in the spring, and moved back to the main villages to prepare for the <a href="/wiki/Lake_sturgeon" title="Lake sturgeon">lake sturgeon</a> spawning season and planting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p><p>They were "renowned" for their skills at making and using <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a> and traded widely.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p><p>Their <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> was <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> and most Anishinaabe <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">doodemag</a> enforced <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamy</a>, the wife keeping and representing her father's doodem while her children would take on their father's doodem.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 94">: 94 </span></sup> For the first few years of a marriage, a husband would live with his wife's family, and then they would typically return to the husband's people.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 94">: 94 </span></sup> As a result, many Anishinaabe villages included people speaking different languages not only from different clans, but also from entirely different peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> and even occasionally <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols_and_flags">Symbols and flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Symbols and flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">thunderbird</a> is a common symbol used to represent the Anishinaabe. In the 1970s, Nicholas R. Deleary of <a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_the_Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewas of the Thames">Chippewas of the Thames</a> created a logo for what was then the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Ontario_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Ontario Indians">Union of Ontario Indians</a>. This logo features a black thunderbird in profile with an X-shaped body, in a circle<sup id="cite_ref-artnews_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnews-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. The Union of Ontario Indians later became the <a href="/wiki/Anishinabek_Nation" title="Anishinabek Nation">Anishinabek Nation</a>. A variant of the logo using a red background was officially adopted in 1980<sup id="cite_ref-special1980_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-special1980-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Both the white background and red background designs have been used as pan-Anishinaabe flags<sup id="cite_ref-fccanishinaabe_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fccanishinaabe-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kingstonflag_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonflag-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Different <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_tribal_political_organizations" title="Anishinaabe tribal political organizations">Anishinaabe political organizations</a> have their own specific flags and emblems. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a> use a red thunderbird with a different styling for their <a href="/wiki/Great_seal" title="Great seal">great seal</a>, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin">Ho-Chunk</a> flag depicts a thunderbird like a brown eagle<sup id="cite_ref-nativeamericanflags_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nativeamericanflags-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1994, the Chiefs at the Anishinabek Grand Council gathering at <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Bay_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Bay First Nation">Rocky Bay First Nation</a>, directed that the Education Directorate formally establish the <a href="/wiki/Anishinabek_Education_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinabek Education Institute">Anishinabek Education Institute</a> (AEI) in accordance with the post-secondary education model that was submitted and ratified with provisions for satellite campuses and a community-based delivery system. (Res. 94/13)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In August 2017 the Anishinabek Nation in Ontario and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">government of Canada</a> signed an agreement allowing the Anishinabek Nation to control the classroom curriculum and school resources of its kindergarten-to-grade-12 education system in 23 communities.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 8% of Anishinabek students attend schools on-reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_tribal_political_organizations" title="Anishinaabe tribal political organizations">Anishinaabe tribal political organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Arbre_Croche" title="L'Arbre Croche">L'Arbre Croche</a>, Odawa settlement from Michilimackinac to Little Traverse Bay</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-deleary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deleary_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeleary" class="citation web cs1">Deleary, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nimichiwe.com/">"Some of the work I do"</a>. <i>Some of the work I do</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Some+of+the+work+I+do&rft.atitle=Some+of+the+work+I+do&rft.aulast=Deleary&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnimichiwe.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHele" class="citation web cs1">Hele, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anishinaabe">"Anishinaabe"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Anishinaabe&rft.aulast=Hele&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fanishinaabe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1990" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Basil (1990). <i>Ojibway Heritage</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803275722" title="Special:BookSources/0803275722"><bdi>0803275722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ojibway+Heritage&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0803275722&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaraga1878" class="citation book cs1">Baraga, Frederic (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_12986/mode/2up"><i>A dictionary of the Otchipwe language, explained in English</i></a>. 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Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. pp. 30–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-2564-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-2564-4"><bdi>978-1-4875-2564-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1223012487">1223012487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oral+Dissemination+and+Capacity+Building+in+Indigenous+Methodologies&rft.btitle=Indigenous+methodologies+%3A+characteristics%2C+conversations%2C+and+contexts&rft.place=Toronto%2C+ON&rft.pages=30-41&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1223012487&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-2564-4&rft.aulast=Kovach&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1223012487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2014" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Lawrence William (2014). 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Burlington: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 61–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-322-01234-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-322-01234-6"><bdi>978-1-322-01234-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909585876">909585876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Storytelling+in+the+Anishinaabe+Context&rft.btitle=Anishinaabe+ways+of+knowing+and+being&rft.place=Burlington&rft.pages=61-73&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909585876&rft.isbn=978-1-322-01234-6&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F909585876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielmann1998" class="citation book cs1">Spielmann, Roger Willson (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/288074919"><i><span></span>'You're so fat!' : exploring Ojibwe discourse</i></a>. Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8376-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8376-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-8376-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/288074919">288074919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27You%27re+so+fat%21%27+%3A+exploring+Ojibwe+discourse&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ont.&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F288074919&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-8376-1&rft.aulast=Spielmann&rft.aufirst=Roger+Willson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F288074919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibald2008" class="citation book cs1">Archibald, Jo-Ann (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/181492022"><i>Indigenous storywork : educating the heart, mind, body, and spirit</i></a>. Vancouver: UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1401-0"><bdi>978-0-7748-1401-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181492022">181492022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+storywork+%3A+educating+the+heart%2C+mind%2C+body%2C+and+spirit&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181492022&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1401-0&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=Jo-Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F181492022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell2016" class="citation book cs1">McDonnell, Michael A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932060403"><i>Masters of empire : Great Lakes Indians and the making of America</i></a>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-6800-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-6800-5"><bdi>978-0-8090-6800-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932060403">932060403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+empire+%3A+Great+Lakes+Indians+and+the+making+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932060403&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-6800-5&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F932060403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artnews-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-artnews_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraf2021" class="citation news cs1">Graf, Colin (April 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anishinabeknews.ca/2021/04/19/artists-in-deshkan-ziibiing-showcase-their-talents-in-video-series/">"Artists in Deshkan Ziibiing showcase their talents in video series – Anishinabek News"</a>. Anishinabek News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Artists+in+Deshkan+Ziibiing+showcase+their+talents+in+video+series+%E2%80%93+Anishinabek+News&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanishinabeknews.ca%2F2021%2F04%2F19%2Fartists-in-deshkan-ziibiing-showcase-their-talents-in-video-series%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-special1980-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-special1980_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anishinabek.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1980_November_Sault-Ste.-Marie-Special-General-Assembly.pdf"><i>Special General Assembly of the Anishinabe Nations of the Union of Ontario Indians</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sault Ste Marie, Ontario: Anishinabek Nation. 1980. p. 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+General+Assembly+of+the+Anishinabe+Nations+of+the+Union+of+Ontario+Indians&rft.place=Sault+Ste+Marie%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Anishinabek+Nation&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anishinabek.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F01%2F1980_November_Sault-Ste.-Marie-Special-General-Assembly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fccanishinaabe-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fccanishinaabe_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flagcolorcodes.com/anishinaabe">"Anishinaabe Flag Color Codes"</a>. <i>FlagColorCodes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FlagColorCodes&rft.atitle=Anishinaabe+Flag+Color+Codes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flagcolorcodes.com%2Fanishinaabe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingstonflag-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kingstonflag_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofkingston.ca/news/posts/flags-of-indigenous-nations-will-fly-at-confederation-park-this-summer/">"Flags of Indigenous Nations will fly at Confederation Park this summer"</a>. <i>City of Kingston</i>. June 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+of+Kingston&rft.atitle=Flags+of+Indigenous+Nations+will+fly+at+Confederation+Park+this+summer&rft.date=2024-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofkingston.ca%2Fnews%2Fposts%2Fflags-of-indigenous-nations-will-fly-at-confederation-park-this-summer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nativeamericanflags-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nativeamericanflags_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealyOrenski2003" class="citation book cs1">Healy, Donald T.; Orenski, Peter J. (2003). <i>Native American flags</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806135565" title="Special:BookSources/0806135565"><bdi>0806135565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+flags&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0806135565&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rft.au=Orenski%2C+Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GM-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GM_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlphonso2017" class="citation news cs1">Alphonso, Caroline (August 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/education/ontario-first-nation-ottawa-sign-self-governing-education-agreement/article35996541/">"Ontario First Nation, Ottawa sign self-governing education agreement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818071221/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/education/ontario-first-nation-ottawa-sign-self-governing-education-agreement/article35996541/">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Ontario+First+Nation%2C+Ottawa+sign+self-governing+education+agreement&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.aulast=Alphonso&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Feducation%2Fontario-first-nation-ottawa-sign-self-governing-education-agreement%2Farticle35996541%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benton-Banai, Edward. (2004). Creation—From the Ojibwa. <i>The Mishomis Book: The Voice of the Ojibway.</i> University of Minnesota Press. Juvenile Nonfiction.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2009" class="citation book cs1">Warren, William W. (2009). Schenck, Theresa (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99qGIzEzVIsC&q=Warren%2C%20William%20W.%2C&pg=PA1"><i>History of the Ojibway</i></a> (Second ed.). St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-643-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-643-3"><bdi>978-0-87351-643-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ojibway&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-643-3&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99qGIzEzVIsC%26q%3DWarren%252C%2520William%2520W.%252C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnishinaabe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wendy Macoons Genius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrbEo22AuaMC&dq=Anishinaabe&pg=PP1"><i>Our Knowledge is Not Primitive: Decolonizing Botanical Anishinaabe Teachings</i></a> (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3204-7">978-0-8156-3204-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anishinabek.ca/">Anishinabek Nation: Union of Ontario Indians official website</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anishinabenation.ca/">Algonquin Anishinabeg Nation Tribal Council official website</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saulttribe.com/">Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111534/https://gcrc.carleton.ca/confluence/display/GCRCWEB/Living%2BCybercartographic%2BAtlas%2Bof%2BIndigenous%2BPerspectives%2Band%2BKnowledge">‘Living’ Cybercartographic Atlas of Indigenous Perspectives and Knowledge</a> by the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre at <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010422001324/http://ojibwe.org/"><i>Ojibwe: Waasa-Inaabidaa</i></a>, a six-part documentary series by <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anishinaabe_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Template:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Template talk:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anishinaabe_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anishinaabe</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">Clan system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth and stories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aayaase" title="Aayaase">Aayaase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baykok" title="Baykok">Baykok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Woman" title="Deer Woman">Deer Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcatcher" title="Dreamcatcher">Dreamcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumkeeper" title="Drumkeeper">Drumkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Grand Medicine Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiibayaabooz" title="Jiibayaabooz">Jiibayaabooz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_dress" title="Jingle dress">Jingle dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)" title="Little people (mythology)">Little people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudjekeewis" title="Mudjekeewis">Mudjekeewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabozho" title="Nanabozho">Nanabozho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokomis" title="Nokomis">Nokomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powwow" title="Powwow">Powwow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukwudgie" title="Pukwudgie">Pukwudgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_fires_prophecy" title="Seven fires prophecy">Seven fires prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingebis" title="Shingebis">Shingebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Indigenous_North_American_folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Island (Indigenous North American folklore)">Turtle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Traditional beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendigo" title="Wendigo">Wendigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiigwaasabak" title="Wiigwaasabak">Birch bark scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birchbark_biting" title="Birchbark biting">Birchbark biting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quillwork" title="Quillwork">Quillwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_work" title="Ribbon work">Ribbon work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">Wampum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">U.S. residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian residential schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Education">Primary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary Education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig_School" title="Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School">Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannahville_Indian_School" title="Hannahville Indian School">Hannahville Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_K._Lumsden_Bahweting_Anishnabe_School" title="Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School">Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinabek_Educational_Institute" title="Anishinabek Educational Institute">Anishinabek Educational Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Mills_Community_College" title="Bay Mills Community College">Bay Mills Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Bay_Ojibwa_Community_College" title="Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College">Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Chippewa_Tribal_College" title="Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College">Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">Wigwam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e2cccc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in Quebec"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Template talk:Aboriginal peoples in Quebec"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal peoples in Quebec"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Cultural areas: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Northeastern Woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnolinguistic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw" title="Atikamekw">Atikamekw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Nations_of_Canada" title="Seven Nations of Canada">Seven Nations of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and land claims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a> (1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay_and_Northern_Quebec_Agreement" title="James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement">James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_des_Braves" title="Paix des Braves">Paix des Braves</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional councils and<br /><a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">community</a> governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal Council 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bands</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal Council 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bands...</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&oldid=1261602494">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anishinaabe&oldid=1261602494</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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