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href="#Capture_of_Aqaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Capture of Aqaba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Aqaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dera'a" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dera'a"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Dera'a </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dera'a-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Damascus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Damascus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Fall of Damascus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Damascus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Post-war years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Writings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Seven Pillars of Wisdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_in_the_Desert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_in_the_Desert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Revolt in the Desert </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_in_the_Desert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Posthumous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Published works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Published works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autobiographical_and_war_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiographical_and_war_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Autobiographical and war books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiographical_and_war_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Posthumous_books_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_books_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Posthumous books and collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_books_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_correspondence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Selected correspondence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_books_(co-authored_with_Leonard_Woolley)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_books_(co-authored_with_Leonard_Woolley)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Archaeological books (co-authored with Leonard Woolley) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_books_(co-authored_with_Leonard_Woolley)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essays_and_literary_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays_and_literary_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Essays and literary criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays_and_literary_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_editor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_editor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 As editor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_editor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 English translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aldington_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aldington_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Aldington controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aldington_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Awards and commemorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.7 Video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">T. E. Lawrence</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" > 77 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="توماس إدوارد لورنس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس إدوارد لورنس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Edvard_Lourens" title="Tomas Edvard Lourens – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Edvard Lourens" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="توماس ادوارد لورنس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توماس ادوارد لورنس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="টমাস এডওয়ার্ড লরেন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টমাস এডওয়ার্ড লরেন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Томас Эдвард Лоўрэнс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Эдвард Лоўрэнс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%9E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Томас Эдўард Лоўрэнс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Томас Эдўард Лоўрэнс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Томас Лорънс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Лорънс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.E._Lawrence" title="T.E. Lawrence – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="T.E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%82" title="Τόμας Έντουαρντ Λόρενς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Έντουαρντ Λόρενς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="توماس ادوارد لورنس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس ادوارد لورنس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.E._Lawrence" title="T.E. Lawrence – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="T.E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="토머스 에드워드 로런스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 에드워드 로런스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Լոուրենս Արաբացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոուրենս Արաբացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="टामस एडवर्ड लॉरेंस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टामस एडवर्ड लॉरेंस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="תומאס אדוארד לורנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס אדוארד לורנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="თომას ედვარდ ლოურენსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თომას ედვარდ ლოურენსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eduardus_Lawrence" title="Thomas Eduardus Lawrence – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Eduardus Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lorenss" title="T. E. Lorenss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="T. E. Lorenss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%87._%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ടി.ഇ. ലോറൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടി.ഇ. ലോറൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="توماس ادوارد لورنس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس ادوارد لورنس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="တောမတ် အက်ဒွပ် လောရင့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောမတ် အက်ဒွပ် လောရင့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="トーマス・エドワード・ロレンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・エドワード・ロレンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80._%E0%A8%88._%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਟੀ. ਈ. ਲਾਅਰੈਂਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੀ. ਈ. ਲਾਅਰੈਂਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="ٹی ای لارنس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹی ای لارنس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%90%DA%89%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%89_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B3" title="توماس اېډورډ لارېنس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس اېډورډ لارېنس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Лоуренс, Томас Эдвард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лоуренс, Томас Эдвард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%81" title="لارنس آف عریبیہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="لارنس آف عریبیہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%DB%81" title="لارنس آف عربيہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لارنس آف عربيہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3" title="تۆماس ئێدوارد لۆرەنس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆماس ئێدوارد لۆرەنس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Томас Едвард Лоренс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Едвард Лоренс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="T. E. Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.E._Lawrence" title="T.E. Lawrence – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="T.E. 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Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thomas Edward Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·爱德华·劳伦斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="托马斯·爱德华·劳伦斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Army officer, diplomat and writer (1888–1935)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lawrence of Arabia" redirects here. For the 1962 film, see <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia (film)</a>. For the 1989 book, see <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia:_The_Authorised_Biography_of_T._E._Lawrence" title="Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence">Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">T. E. Lawrence</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Te_lawrence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Te_lawrence.jpg/220px-Te_lawrence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Te_lawrence.jpg/330px-Te_lawrence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Te_lawrence.jpg/440px-Te_lawrence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="563" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Lawrence in 1918</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Thomas Edward Lawrence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">T. E. Shaw, John Hume Ross</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Lawrence of Arabia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1888-08-16)16 August 1888 <a href="/wiki/Tremadog" title="Tremadog">Tremadog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caernarfonshire" title="Caernarfonshire">Carnarvonshire</a>, Wales</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 May 1935(1935-05-19) (aged 46) <a href="/wiki/Bovington_Camp" title="Bovington Camp">Bovington Camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas%27_Church,_Moreton" title="St Nicholas' Church, Moreton">St Nicholas' Church, Moreton</a>, Dorset</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1914–1918</li><li>1923–1935</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(British_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel (British Army)">Colonel (British Army)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraftman" title="Aircraftman">Aircraftman (RAF)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>First World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina" title="Siege of Medina">Siege of Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Battle of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus" title="Capture of Damascus">Capture of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a><a href="#cite_note-cb-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a><a href="#cite_note-dso-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Legion of Honour">Knight of the Legion of Honour</a> (France)<a href="#cite_note-loh-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de guerre</a> (France)<a href="#cite_note-cdeg-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Thomas Edward Lawrence <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a> (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officer, archaeologist, diplomat and writer known for his role during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and Lawrence's ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as Lawrence of Arabia, a title used for <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">the 1962 film</a> based on his wartime activities. Lawrence was born in <a href="/wiki/Tremadog" title="Tremadog">Tremadog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caernarfonshire" title="Caernarfonshire">Carnarvonshire</a>, Wales, the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Chapman,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet">Sir Thomas Chapman</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a> landowner, and Sarah Junner, a governess in Chapman's employ. In 1896, Lawrence moved to <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, attending the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Oxford_High_School_for_Boys" title="City of Oxford High School for Boys">City of Oxford High School for Boys</a> and read history at <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a> from 1907 to 1910. Between 1910 and 1914, he worked as an archaeologist for the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, chiefly at <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>. After the outbreak of war in 1914, Lawrence joined the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_First_World_War" title="British Army during the First World War">British Army</a> and was stationed at the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Bureau" title="Arab Bureau">Arab Bureau</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> unit in <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a>. In 1916, he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> on intelligence missions and became involved with the Arab revolt against Ottoman rule. Lawrence was ultimately assigned to the British Military Mission in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> as a liaison to <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Emir Faisal</a>, a leader of the revolt. He participated in engagements with the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman military</a> culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus" title="Capture of Damascus">capture of Damascus</a> in October 1918. After the war's end, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a>, working with Faisal. In 1922, Lawrence retreated from public life and served as an enlisted man in the Army and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) until 1935. He published the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom" title="Seven Pillars of Wisdom">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</a> in 1926, an autobiographical account of his participation in the Arab Revolt. Lawrence also translated books into English and wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Mint_(book)" title="The Mint (book)">The Mint</a>, which detailed his service in the RAF. He corresponded extensively with prominent artists, writers and politicians, and also participated in the development of rescue motorboats for the RAF. Lawrence's public image resulted in part from the sensationalised reporting of the Arab Revolt by American journalist <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Thomas" title="Lowell Thomas">Lowell Thomas</a>, as well as from Seven Pillars of Wisdom. In 1935, Lawrence died at the age of 46 after being injured in a motorcycle accident in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Edward_Lawrence_birth-place_Gorphwysfa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence_birth-place_Gorphwysfa.jpg/260px-Thomas_Edward_Lawrence_birth-place_Gorphwysfa.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence_birth-place_Gorphwysfa.jpg/390px-Thomas_Edward_Lawrence_birth-place_Gorphwysfa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence_birth-place_Gorphwysfa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Lawrence's birthplace, Gorphwysfa, in <a href="/wiki/Tremadog" title="Tremadog">Tremadog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnarvonshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnarvonshire">Carnarvonshire</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Polstead_Road,_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1984429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/2_Polstead_Road%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1984429.jpg/260px-2_Polstead_Road%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1984429.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/2_Polstead_Road%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1984429.jpg/390px-2_Polstead_Road%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1984429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/2_Polstead_Road%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1984429.jpg/520px-2_Polstead_Road%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1984429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The Lawrence family lived at 2 <a href="/wiki/Polstead_Road" title="Polstead Road">Polstead Road</a>, Oxford from 1896 to 1921</figcaption></figure> Thomas Edward Lawrence was born on 16 August 1888 in <a href="/wiki/Tremadog" title="Tremadog">Tremadog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caernarfonshire" title="Caernarfonshire">Carnarvonshire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington195525-5">[5]</a> in a house named Gorphwysfa, now known as Snowdon Lodge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelrod2009237-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2005280-7">[7]</a> His Anglo-Irish father <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Chapman,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet">Thomas Chapman</a> had left his wife Edith, after he had a first son with Sarah Junner, who had been governess to his daughters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack19765-8">[8]</a> Sarah was herself an illegitimate child, born in <a href="/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland">Sunderland</a> to Elizabeth Junner, a servant employed by a family named Lawrence. She was dismissed four months before Sarah was born, and identified Sarah's father as "John Junner, Shipwright journeyman".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington195519-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989942–943-10">[10]</a> Lawrence's parents did not marry, but lived together under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> Lawrence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack19769-11">[11]</a> In 1914, his father inherited the <a href="/wiki/Chapman_baronets" title="Chapman baronets">Chapman baronetcy</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Killua_Castle" title="Killua Castle">Killua Castle</a>, the ancestral family home in <a href="/wiki/County_Westmeath" title="County Westmeath">County Westmeath</a>, Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack19769-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989Appendix_1-12">[12]</a> The couple had five sons, Thomas, called "Ned" by his immediate family, being the second eldest. In 1889, the family moved from Wales to <a href="/wiki/Kirkcudbright" title="Kirkcudbright">Kirkcudbright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>, in southwestern Scotland, then to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, then to the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Dinard" title="Dinard">Dinard</a> in Brittany, and then to <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack19766-13">[13]</a> The family lived at Langley Lodge, now demolished, from 1894 to 1896, set in private woods between the eastern borders of the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Water" title="Southampton Water">Southampton Water</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack197622-14">[14]</a> The residence was isolated, and young Lawrence had many opportunities for outdoor activities and waterfront visits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack197624-15">[15]</a> In the summer of 1896, the family moved to 2 <a href="/wiki/Polstead_Road" title="Polstead Road">Polstead Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, where they lived until 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack19769-11">[11]</a> The wooden shed built in the garden for Lawrence to study when a schoolboy is still standing.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> From 1896 until 1907, Lawrence attended the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Oxford_High_School_for_Boys" title="City of Oxford High School for Boys">City of Oxford High School for Boys</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack197622-14">[14]</a> where one of the four <a href="/wiki/House_system" title="House system">houses</a> was later named "Lawrence" in his honour. The school closed in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Lawrence and one of his brothers became commissioned officers in the <a href="/wiki/Church_Lads%27_and_Church_Girls%27_Brigade" title="Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade">Church Lads' Brigade</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Aldate%27s_Church" title="St Aldate's Church">St Aldate's Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington195553-18">[18]</a> Lawrence claimed that he ran away from home around 1905, and served for a few weeks as a boy soldier with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Garrison_Artillery" title="Royal Garrison Artillery">Royal Garrison Artillery</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Mawes_Castle" title="St Mawes Castle">St Mawes Castle</a> in Cornwall, from which he was bought out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198932–33-19">[19]</a> However, no evidence of this appears in army records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198933-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Travels,_antiquities,_and_archaeology">Travels, antiquities, and archaeology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Travels, antiquities, and archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolley_%26_Lawrence_at_Carchemish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Woolley_%26_Lawrence_at_Carchemish.jpg/260px-Woolley_%26_Lawrence_at_Carchemish.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Woolley_%26_Lawrence_at_Carchemish.jpg/390px-Woolley_%26_Lawrence_at_Carchemish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Woolley_%26_Lawrence_at_Carchemish.jpg/520px-Woolley_%26_Lawrence_at_Carchemish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Leonard Woolley</a> (left) and Lawrence at the excavation of <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1912</figcaption></figure> At the age of 15, Lawrence cycled with his schoolfriend <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Beeson" title="Cyril Beeson">Cyril Beeson</a> around <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, visiting almost every village's parish church, studying their monuments and antiquities, and making <a href="/wiki/Brass_rubbing" title="Brass rubbing">rubbings</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Monumental_brasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumental brasses">monumental brasses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeson19893-22">[22]</a> Lawrence and Beeson monitored building sites in Oxford and presented the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a> with anything that they found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeson19893-22">[22]</a> The Ashmolean's Annual Report for 1906 said that the two teenage boys "by incessant watchfulness secured everything of antiquarian value which has been found."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeson19893-22">[22]</a> In the summers of 1906 and 1907, Lawrence toured France by bicycle, sometimes with Beeson, collecting photographs, drawings, and measurements of medieval castles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeson19893-22">[22]</a> In August 1907, Lawrence wrote home: "The Chaignons & the <a href="/wiki/Lamballe" title="Lamballe">Lamballe</a> people complimented me on my wonderful French: I have been asked twice since I arrived what part of France I came from".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabachnick1984222-23">[23]</a> From 1907 to 1910, Lawrence read history at <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198942-24">[24]</a> In July and August 1908, he cycled 2,200 miles (3,500 km) solo through France to the Mediterranean and back, researching French castles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198945–51-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenaud2007-26">[26]</a> In the summer of 1909, he set out alone on a three-month walking tour of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles" title="List of Crusader castles">crusader castles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>, during which he travelled 1,000 miles (1,600 km) on foot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198957–61-27">[27]</a> While at Jesus he was a keen member of the <a href="/wiki/University_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="University Officers' Training Corps">University Officers' Training Corps</a> (OTC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack197658-28">[28]</a> He graduated with First Class Honours after submitting a thesis titled The Influence of the Crusades on European Military Architecture—to the End of the 12th Century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198967-29">[29]</a> partly based on his field research with Beeson in France,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeson19893-22">[22]</a> and his solo research in France and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen199129-30">[30]</a> Lawrence was fascinated by the Middle Ages. His brother <a href="/wiki/A._W._Lawrence" title="A. W. Lawrence">Arnold</a> wrote in 1937 that "medieval researches" were a "dream way of escape from bourgeois England".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabachnick198453-31">[31]</a> In 1910, Lawrence was offered the opportunity to become a practising archaeologist at <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, in the expedition that <a href="/wiki/David_George_Hogarth" title="David George Hogarth">D. G. Hogarth</a> was setting up on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198970-32">[32]</a> Hogarth arranged a "Senior <a href="/wiki/Demyship" title="Demyship">Demyship</a>", a form of scholarship, for Lawrence at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>, to fund his work at £100 a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198973-33">[33]</a> In December 1910, he sailed for <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, and went to <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> in Lebanon, where he studied Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198976–77-34">[34]</a> He then went to work on the excavations at Carchemish, near <a href="/wiki/Jerablus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerablus">Jerablus</a> in northern Syria, where he worked under Hogarth, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Campbell_Thompson" title="Reginald Campbell Thompson">R. Campbell Thompson</a> of the British Museum, and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Leonard Woolley</a> until 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198976–134-35">[35]</a> He later stated that everything which he had accomplished, he owed to Hogarth.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Lawrence met <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a> while excavating at Carchemish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198988-37">[37]</a> In 1912, he worked briefly with <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_(Egypt)" title="Tarkhan (Egypt)">Kafr Ammar</a> in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198999–100-38">[38]</a> At Carchemish, Lawrence was involved in a high-tension relationship with a German-led team working nearby on the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Baghdad Railway</a> at Jerablus. While there was never open combat, there was regular conflict over access to land and treatment of the local workforce. Lawrence gained experience in Middle Eastern leadership practices and conflict resolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley195485–95-39">[39]</a> In January 1914, Woolley and Lawrence were co-opted by the British military as an archaeological smokescreen for a British military survey of the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989136-40">[40]</a> They were funded by the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a> to search for an area referred to in the Bible as the <a href="/wiki/Zin_Desert" title="Zin Desert">Wilderness of Zin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989153-41">[41]</a> and they made an archaeological survey of the Negev desert along the way. The Negev was strategically important because an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> army attacking Egypt would have to cross it. Woolley and Lawrence published a report of the expedition's archaeological findings,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> but a more important result was their updated mapping of the area, with special attention to features of military relevance such as water sources. Lawrence also visited <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a> and Shobek, not far from <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_intelligence">Military intelligence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military intelligence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_(1913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg/330px-T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg/495px-T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg/660px-T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Early Hittite carving found by Lawrence (centre) and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Leonard Woolley</a> (right) in <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></figcaption></figure> Following the outbreak of hostilities in August 1914, Lawrence did not immediately enlist in the British Army. He held back until October on the advice of <a href="/wiki/S._F._Newcombe" title="S. F. Newcombe">S. F. Newcombe</a>, when he was commissioned on the <a href="/wiki/General_List" class="mw-redirect" title="General List">General List</a> as temporary second lieutenant-interpreter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010251-44">[44]</a> Before the end of the year, he was summoned by renowned archaeologist and historian <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander" title="Lieutenant commander">Lieutenant Commander</a> David Hogarth, his mentor at Carchemish, to the new <a href="/wiki/Arab_Bureau" title="Arab Bureau">Arab Bureau</a> intelligence unit in Cairo, and he arrived in Cairo on 15 December 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989166-45">[45]</a> The Bureau's chief was <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">Brigadier-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Clayton" title="Gilbert Clayton">Gilbert Clayton</a> who reported to <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Egypt" title="List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Egypt">Egyptian High Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_McMahon" title="Henry McMahon">Henry McMahon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989152–154-46">[46]</a> The situation was complex during 1915. There was a growing Arab nationalist movement within the Arabic-speaking Ottoman territories, including many Arabs serving in the Ottoman armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989158-47">[47]</a> They were in contact with <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Sharif Hussein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Emir of Mecca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989199-48">[48]</a> who was negotiating with the British and offering to lead an Arab uprising against the Ottomans. In exchange, he wanted a British guarantee of an independent Arab state including the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, Syria, and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989195-49">[49]</a> Such an uprising would have been helpful to Britain in its war against the Ottomans, lessening the threat against the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989171–173-50">[50]</a> However, there was resistance from French diplomats who insisted that Syria's future was as a French colony, not an independent Arab state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989169–170-51">[51]</a> There were also strong objections from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Government of India</a>, which was nominally part of the British government but acted independently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989160-52">[52]</a> Its vision was of Mesopotamia under British control serving as a granary for India; furthermore, it wanted to hold on to its Arabian outpost in <a href="/wiki/Aden_Province" title="Aden Province">Aden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989161-53">[53]</a> At the Arab Bureau, Lawrence supervised the preparation of maps,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989189-54">[54]</a> produced a daily bulletin for the British generals operating in the theatre,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989188-55">[55]</a> and interviewed prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989189-54">[54]</a> He was an advocate of a British landing at <a href="/wiki/Alexandretta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a> (now <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a> in Turkey) that never came to pass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989181-56">[56]</a> He was also a consistent advocate of an independent Arab Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989186-57">[57]</a> The situation came to a crisis in October 1915, as Sharif Hussein demanded an immediate commitment from Britain, with the threat that he would otherwise throw his weight behind the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989211–212-58">[58]</a> This would create a credible <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamic</a> message that could have been dangerous for Britain, which was in severe difficulties in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989211-59">[59]</a> The British replied with a <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">letter from High Commissioner McMahon</a> that was generally agreeable while reserving commitments concerning the Mediterranean coastline and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In the spring of 1916, Lawrence was dispatched to Mesopotamia to assist in relieving the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a> by some combination of starting an Arab uprising and bribing Ottoman officials. This mission produced no useful result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989256–276-61">[61]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> was being negotiated in London, without the knowledge of British officials in Cairo, which awarded a large proportion of Syria to France. Further, it implied that the Arabs would have to conquer Syria's four great cities if they were to have any sort of state there: Damascus, <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989236–245-62">[62]</a> It is unclear at what point Lawrence became aware of the treaty's contents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989313-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab_Revolt">Arab Revolt</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arab Revolt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ljidda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ljidda.jpg/170px-Ljidda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Ljidda.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Lawrence at <a href="/wiki/Rabigh" title="Rabigh">Rabigh</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> The Arab Revolt began in June 1916, but it bogged down after a few successes, with a real risk that the Ottoman forces would advance along the coast of the Red Sea and recapture Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989300-64">[64]</a> On 16 October 1916, Lawrence was sent to the Hejaz on an intelligence-gathering mission led by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Storrs" title="Ronald Storrs">Ronald Storrs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989302-65">[65]</a> He interviewed Sharif Hussein's sons <a href="/wiki/Ali_of_Hejaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali of Hejaz">Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989307–311-66">[66]</a> and concluded that Faisal was the best candidate to lead the Revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989312-67">[67]</a> In November, <a href="/wiki/S._F._Newcombe" title="S. F. Newcombe">S. F. Newcombe</a> was assigned to lead a permanent British liaison to Faisal's staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989321-68">[68]</a> Newcombe had not yet arrived in the area and the matter was of some urgency, so Lawrence was sent in his place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989323-69">[69]</a> In late December 1916, Faisal and Lawrence worked out a plan for repositioning the Arab forces to put the railway from Syria under threat while preventing the Ottoman forces around Medina from threatening Arab positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989347-70">[70]</a> Newcombe arrived while Lawrence was preparing to leave Arabia, but Faisal intervened urgently, asking that Lawrence's assignment become permanent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989358-71">[71]</a> Lawrence's most important contributions to the Arab Revolt were in the area of strategy and liaison with British Armed Forces, but he also participated personally in several military engagements: <ul><li>3 January 1917: Attack on an Ottoman outpost in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989348-72">[72]</a></li> <li>26 March 1917: Attack on the railway at Aba el Naam<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989388-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-74">[74]</a></li> <li>11 June 1917: Attack on a bridge at <a href="/wiki/Ras_Baalbek" title="Ras Baalbek">Ras Baalbek</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989412-75">[75]</a></li> <li>2 July 1917: Defeat of the Ottoman forces at Aba el Lissan, an outpost of Aqaba<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989416-76">[76]</a></li> <li>18 September 1917: Attack on the railway near <a href="/wiki/Mudawwara" title="Mudawwara">Mudawara</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989446-77">[77]</a></li> <li>27 September 1917: Attack on the railway, destroyed an engine<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989448-78">[78]</a></li> <li>7 November 1917: Following a failed attack on the <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk River">Yarmuk</a> bridges, blew up a train on the railway between <a href="/wiki/Dera%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Dera'a">Dera'a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, suffering several wounds in the explosion and ensuing combat<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989455–457-79">[79]</a></li> <li>25–26 January 1918: <a href="/wiki/Tafilah#Arab_Revolt_against_Ottoman_rule" title="Tafilah">The Battle of Tafilah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr2008225–227-80">[80]</a> a region southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, with Arab regulars under the command of <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Pasha_al-Askari" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar Pasha al-Askari">Jafar Pasha al-Askari</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976158–161-81">[81]</a> the battle was a defensive engagement that turned into an offensive rout,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1926537–546-82">[82]</a> and was described in the official history of the war as a "brilliant feat of arms".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976158–161-81">[81]</a> Lawrence was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a> for his leadership at Tafilah and was promoted to lieutenant colonel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976158–161-81">[81]</a></li> <li>March 1918: Attack on the railway near Aqaba<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989495-83">[83]</a></li> <li>19 April 1918: Attack using British armoured cars on Tell Shahm<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989498-84">[84]</a></li> <li>16 September 1918: Destruction of railway bridge between Amman and Dera'a<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989546-85">[85]</a></li> <li>26 September 1918: Attack on retreating Ottomans and Germans near the village of <a href="/wiki/Tafas" title="Tafas">Tafas</a>. The Ottoman forces <a href="/wiki/Tafas_massacre" title="Tafas massacre">massacred the villagers</a> and then Arab forces in return massacred their prisoners with Lawrence's encouragement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989556–557-86">[86]</a></li></ul> Lawrence made a 300-mile (480 km) personal journey northward in June 1917, on the way to Aqaba, visiting <a href="/wiki/Ras_Baalbek" title="Ras Baalbek">Ras Baalbek</a>, the outskirts of Damascus, and <a href="/wiki/Azraq,_Jordan" title="Azraq, Jordan">Azraq, Jordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989412–413-87">[87]</a> He met Arab nationalists, counselling them to avoid revolt until the arrival of Faisal's forces, and he attacked a bridge to create the impression of guerrilla activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989413–417-88">[88]</a> His findings were regarded by the British as extremely valuable and there was serious consideration of awarding him a <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>; in the end, he was invested as a Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> and promoted to major.<a href="#cite_note-cb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989424–425-89">[89]</a> Lawrence travelled regularly between British headquarters and Faisal, co-ordinating military action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989491-90">[90]</a> But by early 1918, Faisal's chief British liaison was Lieutenant Colonel Pierce Charles Joyce, and Lawrence's time was chiefly devoted to raiding and intelligence-gathering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989479-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Strategy">edit</a>]</div> The chief elements of the Arab strategy which Faisal and Lawrence developed were to avoid capturing <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, and to extend northward through Maan and Dera'a to Damascus and beyond. Faisal wanted to lead regular attacks against the Ottomans, but Lawrence persuaded him to drop that tactic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabachnick1984194-92">[92]</a> Lawrence wrote about the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> as a fighting force: <blockquote>The value of the tribes is defensive only and their real sphere is guerilla warfare. They are intelligent, and very lively, almost reckless, but too individualistic to endure commands, or fight in line, or to help each other. It would, I think, be impossible to make an organized force out of them.… The Hejaz war is one of dervishes against regular forces—and we are on the side of the dervishes. Our text-books do not apply to its conditions at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabachnick1984194-92">[92]</a></blockquote> Medina was an attractive target for the revolt as Islam's second-holiest site, and because its Ottoman garrison was weakened by disease and isolation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989353-93">[93]</a> It became clear that it was advantageous to leave it there rather than try to capture it, while attacking the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_railway" title="Hejaz railway">Hejaz railway</a> south from Damascus without permanently destroying it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200836-94">[94]</a> This prevented the Ottomans from making effective use of their troops at Medina, and forced them to dedicate many resources to defending and repairing the railway line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200836-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989329-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989383–384-96">[96]</a> However, Aldington strongly disagrees with the value of the strategy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955178-97">[97]</a> It is not known when Lawrence learned the details of the Sykes–Picot Agreement, nor if or when he briefed Faisal on what he knew, however, there is good reason to think that both these things happened, and earlier rather than later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989361–362-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989444-99">[99]</a> In particular, the Arab strategy of northward extension makes perfect sense given the Sykes–Picot language that spoke of an independent Arab entity in Syria, which would be granted only if the Arabs liberated the territory themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989360–367-100">[100]</a> The French and some of their British Liaison officers were specifically uncomfortable about the northward movement, as it would weaken French colonial claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989309-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989390–391-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Aqaba">Capture of Aqaba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Capture of Aqaba">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Battle of Aqaba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lcamel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lcamel.jpg/170px-Lcamel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Lcamel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Lawrence at <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> In 1917, Lawrence proposed a joint action with the Arab <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregulars</a> and forces including <a href="/wiki/Auda_Abu_Tayi" title="Auda Abu Tayi">Auda Abu Tayi</a>, who had previously been in the employ of the Ottomans, against the strategically located but lightly defended town of Aqaba on the Red Sea.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Aqaba could have been attacked from the sea but, assuming it were captured, the narrow defiles leading inland through the mountains were strongly defended and would have been very difficult to assault.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves1934161-106">[106]</a> The expedition was led by Sharif Nasir of Medina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989400-107">[107]</a> Lawrence avoided informing his British superiors about the details of the planned inland attack, due to concern that it would be blocked as contrary to French interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989397-108">[108]</a> The expedition departed from <a href="/wiki/Wejh" class="mw-redirect" title="Wejh">Wejh</a> on 9 May,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989406-109">[109]</a> and Aqaba fell to the Arab forces on 6 July, after a surprise overland attack which took the Turkish defences from behind. After Aqaba, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">General Sir Edmund Allenby</a>, the new commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Egyptian Expeditionary Force">Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a>, agreed to Lawrence's strategy for the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989420–426-110">[110]</a> Lawrence now held a powerful position as an adviser to Faisal and a person who had Allenby's confidence, as Allenby acknowledged after the war: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I gave him a free hand. His cooperation was marked by the utmost loyalty, and I never had anything but praise for his work, which, indeed, was invaluable throughout the campaign. He was the mainspring of the Arab movement and knew their language, their manners and their mentality.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dera'a">Dera'a</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dera'a">edit</a>]</div> Lawrence describes an episode on 20 November 1917 while reconnoitring <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Dera'a</a> in disguise, when he was captured by the Ottoman military, beaten, and sexually assaulted by the local <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a> and his guardsmen,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> though he does not specify the nature of the sexual contact. Some scholars have stated that he exaggerated the severity of the injuries that he suffered,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976231–232-113">[113]</a> or alleged that the episode never happened.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr2008201–206-115">[115]</a> There is no independent testimony, but the multiple consistent reports and the absence of evidence for outright invention in Lawrence's works make the account believable to some of his biographers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989-116">[116]</a> Malcolm Brown, <a href="/wiki/John_E._Mack" title="John E. Mack">John E. Mack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Wilson" title="Jeremy Wilson">Jeremy Wilson</a> have argued that this episode had strong psychological effects on Lawrence, which may explain some of his unconventional behaviour in later life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2005100-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976226–229-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989461-119">[119]</a> Lawrence ended his account of the episode in Seven Pillars of Wisdom with the statement: "In Dera'a that night the citadel of my integrity had been irrevocably lost."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1935447-120">[120]</a> The son of the Governor resident in Dera'a at the time has been quoted as saying the narrative must be false, because Lawrence describes the Bey's hair, while in fact his father was bald.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In fact, Lawrence describes (in the 1922 text) the Bey's head as shaven, with stubble standing up. There is also uncertainty about the identity of the individual that Lawrence refers to as "the Bey".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010242–243-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Damascus">Fall of Damascus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fall of Damascus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus" title="Capture of Damascus">Capture of Damascus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg/170px-With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg/255px-With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg/340px-With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Lawrence in 1919</figcaption></figure> Lawrence was involved in the build-up to the capture of Damascus in the final weeks of the war, but he was not present at the city's formal surrender. He arrived several hours after the city had fallen, entering Damascus around 9 am on 1 October 1918; the first to arrive was the <a href="/wiki/10th_Light_Horse_Regiment_(Australia)" title="10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)">10th Light Horse Regiment</a> led by Major A. C. N. "Harry" Olden, who accepted the formal surrender of the city from acting Governor Emir Said.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976166–168-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Lawrence was instrumental in establishing a provisional Arab government under Faisal in newly liberated Damascus, which he had envisioned as the capital of an Arab state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989647-125">[125]</a> Faisal's rule as king, however, came to an abrupt end in 1920, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysaloun" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maysaloun">battle of Maysaloun</a> when the French Forces of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">General Henri Gouraud</a> entered Damascus under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Goybet" title="Mariano Goybet">Mariano Goybet</a>, destroying Lawrence's dream of an independent Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> During the closing years of the war, Lawrence sought to convince his superiors in the British government that Arab independence was in their interests, but he met with mixed success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989598-127">[127]</a> The secret Sykes–Picot Agreement between France and Britain contradicted the promises of independence that he had made to the Arabs and frustrated his work.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_years">Post-war years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-war years">edit</a>]</div> Lawrence returned to the United Kingdom a full colonel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher1998343-129">[129]</a> Immediately after the war, he worked for the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign Office</a>, attending the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> between January and May as a member of Faisal's delegation. On 17 May 1919, a <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Type_O/400" class="mw-redirect" title="Handley Page Type O/400">Handley Page Type O/400</a> taking Lawrence to Egypt crashed at the airport of <a href="/wiki/Centocelle_Airport" title="Centocelle Airport">Roma-Centocelle</a>. The pilot and co-pilot were killed; Lawrence survived with a broken shoulder blade and two broken ribs.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> During his brief hospitalisation, he was visited by King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_of_Arabia%27s_map,_presented_to_the_Eastern_Committee_of_the_War_Cabinet_in_November_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lawrence_of_Arabia%27s_map%2C_presented_to_the_Eastern_Committee_of_the_War_Cabinet_in_November_1918.jpg/300px-Lawrence_of_Arabia%27s_map%2C_presented_to_the_Eastern_Committee_of_the_War_Cabinet_in_November_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lawrence_of_Arabia%27s_map%2C_presented_to_the_Eastern_Committee_of_the_War_Cabinet_in_November_1918.jpg/450px-Lawrence_of_Arabia%27s_map%2C_presented_to_the_Eastern_Committee_of_the_War_Cabinet_in_November_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lawrence_of_Arabia%27s_map%2C_presented_to_the_Eastern_Committee_of_the_War_Cabinet_in_November_1918.jpg/600px-Lawrence_of_Arabia%27s_map%2C_presented_to_the_Eastern_Committee_of_the_War_Cabinet_in_November_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption>Map presented by Lawrence to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Committee" title="Eastern Committee">Eastern Committee</a> of the War Cabinet in November 1918<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1918, <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Thomas" title="Lowell Thomas">Lowell Thomas</a> went to Jerusalem where he met Lawrence, "whose enigmatic figure in Arab uniform fired his imagination", in the words of author Rex Hall.<a href="#cite_note-Hall,_Rex_1975_120–121-133">[133]</a> Thomas and his cameraman Harry Chase shot a great deal of film and many photographs involving Lawrence. Thomas produced a stage presentation entitled With Allenby in Palestine which included a lecture, dancing, and music<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200886-134">[134]</a> and depicted the Middle East as exotic, mysterious, sensuous, and violent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200886-134">[134]</a> The show premiered in New York in March 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955283-135">[135]</a> He was invited to take his show to England, and he agreed to do so provided that he was personally invited by the King and provided the use of either <a href="/wiki/Drury_Lane" title="Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976274-136">[136]</a> He opened at Covent Garden on 14 August 1919 and continued for hundreds of lectures, "attended by the highest in the land".<a href="#cite_note-Hall,_Rex_1975_120–121-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955284-137">[137]</a> Initially, Lawrence played only a supporting role in the show, as the main focus was on Allenby's campaigns; but then Thomas realised that it was the photos of Lawrence dressed as a Bedouin which had captured the public's imagination, so he had Lawrence photographed again in London in Arab dress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200886-134">[134]</a> With the new photos, Thomas re-launched his show under the new title With Allenby in Palestine and Lawrence in Arabia in early 1920, which proved to be extremely popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200886-134">[134]</a> The new title elevated Lawrence from a supporting role to a co-star of the Near Eastern campaign and reflected a changed emphasis. Thomas' shows made the previously obscure Lawrence into a household name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200886-134">[134]</a> Lawrence worked with Thomas on the creation of the presentation, answering many questions and posing for many photographs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955108-138">[138]</a> After its success, however, he expressed regret about having been featured in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955293,_295-139">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg/220px-FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg/330px-FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg/440px-FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1711" /></a><figcaption>Emir <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal's</a> party at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference of 1919">Paris Peace Conference of 1919</a>; left to right: <a href="/wiki/Rustum_Haidar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustum Haidar">Rustum Haidar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri al-Said</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Prince Faisal</a> (front), <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Pisani" title="Rosario Pisani">Captain Pisani (rear)</a>, Lawrence, Faisal's servant (name unknown), Captain Hassan Khadri</figcaption></figure> Lawrence served as an advisor to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Office</a> for just over a year starting in February 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010513,_515-140">[140]</a> He hated bureaucratic work, writing on 21 May 1921 to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>: "I wish I hadn't gone out there: the Arabs are like a page I have turned over; and sequels are rotten things. I'm locked up here: office every day and much of it".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> He travelled to the Middle East on multiple occasions during this period, at one time holding the title of "chief political officer for <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Trans-Jordania</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010519-142">[142]</a> He campaigned for his and Churchill's vision of the Middle East, publishing pieces in multiple newspapers, including <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">The Daily Mail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">The Daily Express</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010505-143">[143]</a> Lawrence had a sinister reputation in France during his lifetime and even today as an implacable "enemy of France", the man who was constantly stirring up the Syrians to rebel against <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French rule</a> throughout the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> However, French historian Maurice Larès wrote that the real reason for France's problems in Syria was that the Syrians did not want to be ruled by France, and the French needed a scapegoat to blame for their difficulties in ruling the country.<a href="#cite_note-Larès_pages_220-145">[145]</a> Larès wrote that Lawrence is usually pictured in France as a Francophobe, but he was really a Francophile.<a href="#cite_note-Larès_pages_220-145">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuelarrival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Samuelarrival.jpg/170px-Samuelarrival.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Samuelarrival.jpg/255px-Samuelarrival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Samuelarrival.jpg/340px-Samuelarrival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2715" data-file-height="3940" /></a><figcaption>Lawrence, <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir Abdullah">Emir Abdullah</a>, Air Marshal Sir <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Salmond" title="Geoffrey Salmond">Geoffrey Salmond</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Deedes" title="Wyndham Deedes">Wyndham Deedes</a>, and others in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> Having seen and admired the effective use of air power during the war,<a href="#cite_note-rsd-146">[146]</a> Lawrence enlisted in the Royal Air Force as an aircraftman, under the name John Hume Ross in August 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976332-147">[147]</a> At the RAF recruiting centre in Covent Garden, London, he was interviewed by recruiting officer Flying Officer <a href="/wiki/W._E._Johns" title="W. E. Johns">W. E. Johns</a>, later known as the author of the <a href="/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles">Biggles</a> series of novels.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Johns rejected Lawrence's application, as he suspected that "Ross" was a false name. Lawrence admitted that this was so and that he had provided false documents. He left, but returned some time later with an RAF messenger who carried a written order that Johns must accept Lawrence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlans200255-149">[149]</a> However, Lawrence was forced out of the RAF in February 1923 after his identity was exposed. He changed his name to T. E. Shaw (apparently as a consequence of his friendship with <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> and Charlotte Shaw<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010577-150">[150]</a>) and joined the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tank_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Tank Corps">Royal Tank Corps</a> later that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989710-151">[151]</a> He was unhappy there and repeatedly petitioned to rejoin the RAF, which finally readmitted him in August 1925.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> A fresh burst of publicity after the publication of <a href="/wiki/Revolt_in_the_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt in the Desert">Revolt in the Desert</a> resulted in his assignment to bases at <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miramshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Miramshah">Miramshah</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (now Pakistan) in late 1926,<a href="#cite_note-SydneySmith-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010620,_631-154">[154]</a> where he remained until the end of 1928. At that time, he was forced to return to Britain after rumours began to circulate that he was involved in espionage activities.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> He purchased several small plots of land in <a href="/wiki/Chingford" title="Chingford">Chingford</a>, built a hut and swimming pool there, and visited frequently. The hut was removed in 1930 when Chingford Urban District Council acquired the land; it was given to the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a> which re-erected it in the grounds of The Warren, <a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a>. Lawrence's tenure of the Chingford land has now been commemorated by a plaque fixed on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory, Greenwich</a> sighting obelisk on <a href="/wiki/Pole_Hill" title="Pole Hill">Pole Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_of_Arabia_Brough_Superior_gif.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lawrence_of_Arabia_Brough_Superior_gif.gif/220px-Lawrence_of_Arabia_Brough_Superior_gif.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lawrence_of_Arabia_Brough_Superior_gif.gif/330px-Lawrence_of_Arabia_Brough_Superior_gif.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lawrence_of_Arabia_Brough_Superior_gif.gif/440px-Lawrence_of_Arabia_Brough_Superior_gif.gif 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Lawrence on the <a href="/wiki/Brough_Superior_SS100" title="Brough Superior SS100">Brough Superior SS100</a> that he called "George V"</figcaption></figure> Lawrence continued serving at several RAF bases, notably at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Mount_Batten" title="RAF Mount Batten">RAF Mount Batten</a> near Plymouth, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Calshot" title="RAF Calshot">RAF Calshot</a> near Southampton,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989850–851-157">[157]</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bridlington" title="RAF Bridlington">RAF Bridlington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976400–405-158">[158]</a> In the inter-war period, the RAF's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Marine_Branch" title="Royal Air Force Marine Branch">Marine Craft Section</a> began to commission air-sea rescue launches capable of higher speeds and greater capacity. The arrival of high-speed craft into the MCS was driven in part by Lawrence. He had previously witnessed a seaplane crew drowning when the <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">seaplane tender</a> sent to their rescue was too slow in arriving. He worked with <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Scott-Paine" title="Hubert Scott-Paine">Hubert Scott-Paine</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/British_Power_Boat_Company" title="British Power Boat Company">British Power Boat Company</a> (BPBC), to introduce the 37.5-foot (11.4 m) long ST 200 Seaplane Tender Mk1 into service. These boats had a range of 140 miles (230 km) when cruising at 24 knots and could achieve a top speed of 29 knots.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010642-160">[160]</a> He professed happiness, and he left the service with considerable regret at the end of his enlistment in March 1935.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In a tribute to Lawrence in 1936 Churchill wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He saw as clearly as anyone the vision of airpower and all that it would mean in traffic and war. ... He felt that in living the life of a private in the Royal Air Force he would dignify that honorable calling and help to attract all that is keenest in our youthful manhood to the sphere where it is most urgently needed. For this service and example, ... we owe him a separate debt. It was in itself a princely gift.<a href="#cite_note-rsd-146">[146]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_T._E._Lawrence_in_the_separate_churchyard_of_St_Nicholas%27_Church,_Moreton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_grave_of_T._E._Lawrence_in_the_separate_churchyard_of_St_Nicholas%27_Church%2C_Moreton.jpg/260px-The_grave_of_T._E._Lawrence_in_the_separate_churchyard_of_St_Nicholas%27_Church%2C_Moreton.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_grave_of_T._E._Lawrence_in_the_separate_churchyard_of_St_Nicholas%27_Church%2C_Moreton.jpg/390px-The_grave_of_T._E._Lawrence_in_the_separate_churchyard_of_St_Nicholas%27_Church%2C_Moreton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_grave_of_T._E._Lawrence_in_the_separate_churchyard_of_St_Nicholas%27_Church%2C_Moreton.jpg/520px-The_grave_of_T._E._Lawrence_in_the_separate_churchyard_of_St_Nicholas%27_Church%2C_Moreton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Lawrence's grave is in the separate churchyard of <a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas%27_Church,_Moreton" title="St Nicholas' Church, Moreton">St Nicholas' Church, Moreton</a>, Dorset. <a href="/wiki/Dominus_illuminatio_mea" title="Dominus illuminatio mea">Dominus illuminatio mea</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Psalm_27" title="Psalm 27">Psalm 27</a>, is the motto of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>; it translates as "The Lord is my light." The verse on the headstone is <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#5:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 5:25</a>.</figcaption></figure> Lawrence was a keen motorcyclist and owned eight <a href="/wiki/Brough_Superior" title="Brough Superior">Brough Superior</a> motorcycles at different times.<a href="#cite_note-Tragatsch-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> His last SS100 (Registration GW 2275) is privately owned but has been on loan to the <a href="/wiki/National_Motor_Museum,_Beaulieu" title="National Motor Museum, Beaulieu">National Motor Museum, Beaulieu</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In 1934, he motorcycled over 200 miles from <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> to <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> to meet <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Vinaver" title="Eugène Vinaver">Eugène Vinaver</a>, editor of the <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester Manuscript">Winchester Manuscript</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> a book which he admired and carried on his campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack197642-167">[167]</a> On 13 May 1935, Lawrence was fatally injured in an accident on his <a href="/wiki/Brough_Superior_SS100" title="Brough Superior SS100">Brough Superior SS100</a> motorcycle in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> close to his cottage <a href="/wiki/Clouds_Hill" title="Clouds Hill">Clouds Hill</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset" title="Wareham, Dorset">Wareham</a>, just two months after leaving military service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976409-168">[168]</a> A dip in the road obstructed his view of two boys on their bicycles; he swerved to avoid them, lost control, and was thrown over the handlebars.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Lawrence-169">[169]</a> He died six days later on 19 May 1935, aged 46.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Lawrence-169">[169]</a> The location of the crash is marked by a small memorial at the roadside.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> One of the doctors attending him was neurosurgeon <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns_(surgeon)" title="Hugh Cairns (surgeon)">Hugh Cairns</a>, who consequently began a long study of the loss of life by motorcycle dispatch riders through head injuries. His research led to the use of crash helmets by both military and civilian motorcyclists.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Moreton,_Dorset" title="Moreton, Dorset">Moreton</a> estate borders <a href="/wiki/Bovington_Camp" title="Bovington Camp">Bovington Camp</a>, and Lawrence bought Clouds Hill from his cousins, the Frampton family. He had been a frequent visitor to their home, Oakers Wood House, and had corresponded with Louisa Frampton for years. Lawrence's mother arranged with the Framptons to have his body buried in their family plot in the separate burial ground of <a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas%27_Church,_Moreton" title="St Nicholas' Church, Moreton">St Nicholas' Church, Moreton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The coffin was transported on the Frampton estate's bier. Mourners included Winston Churchill, <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Astor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Astor">Lady Astor</a>, and Lawrence's youngest brother Arnold.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Churchill described him like this: "Lawrence was one of those beings whose pace of life was faster and more intense than what is normal."<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The inquest into Lawrence's death was conducted hurriedly and there was conflicting testimony, particularly in the report of a "black car" which may or may not have been present at the scene of the accident, and the behaviour of the bicycling boys.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Some have speculated that Lawrence was assassinated but, due to a lack of supporting evidence, it is generally accepted that his death was an accident.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer#Lawrence" title="English translations of Homer">English translations of Homer § Lawrence</a></div> Lawrence was a prolific writer throughout his life, a large portion of which was <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epistolary" class="extiw" title="wikt:epistolary">epistolary</a>; he often sent several letters a day, and a number of collections of his letters have been published. He corresponded with many notable figures, including <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>, Winston Churchill, Robert Graves, <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>, E. M. Forster, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon" title="Siegfried Sassoon">Siegfried Sassoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Buchan,_1st_Baron_Tweedsmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir">John Buchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_John" title="Augustus John">Augustus John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Williamson" title="Henry Williamson">Henry Williamson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976327-179">[179]</a> He met <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> and commented perceptively on his works. Lawrence sent many letters to Shaw's wife, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Payne-Townshend" title="Charlotte Payne-Townshend">Charlotte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-C-Shaw-Letters-180">[180]</a> Lawrence was a competent speaker of French and Arabic, and reader of Latin and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010137-181">[181]</a> Lawrence published three major texts in his lifetime. The most significant was his account of the Arab Revolt in Seven Pillars of Wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976246-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Forest_Giant_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forest Giant (book)">The Forest Giant</a> were translations, the latter an otherwise forgotten work of French fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976319,_332-183">[183]</a> He received a flat fee for the second translation, and negotiated a generous fee plus royalties for the first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlans2002132-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Seven Pillars of Wisdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom" title="Seven Pillars of Wisdom">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Edward_Lawrence-London_Barton_St.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence-London_Barton_St.JPG/170px-Thomas_Edward_Lawrence-London_Barton_St.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence-London_Barton_St.JPG/255px-Thomas_Edward_Lawrence-London_Barton_St.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence-London_Barton_St.JPG/340px-Thomas_Edward_Lawrence-London_Barton_St.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>14 Barton Street, London SW1, where Lawrence lived while writing Seven Pillars</figcaption></figure> Lawrence's major work is <a href="/wiki/Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom" title="Seven Pillars of Wisdom">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</a>, an account of his war experiences. In 1919, he was elected to a seven-year research fellowship at <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford" title="All Souls College, Oxford">All Souls College, Oxford</a>, providing him with support while he worked on the book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989616-185">[185]</a> Certain parts of the book also serve as essays on military strategy, Arabian culture and geography, and other topics. He rewrote Seven Pillars of Wisdom three times, once "blind" after he lost the manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> There are many alleged "embellishments" in Seven Pillars, though some allegations have been disproved with time, most definitively in Jeremy Wilson's <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia:_The_Authorised_Biography_of_T._E._Lawrence" title="Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence">authorised biography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19894-187">[187]</a> However, Lawrence's own notebooks refute his claim to have crossed the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> from Aqaba to the Suez Canal in just 49 hours without any sleep. In reality, this famous camel ride lasted for more than 70 hours and was interrupted by two long breaks for sleeping, which Lawrence omitted when he wrote his book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher1998259-188">[188]</a> In the preface, Lawrence acknowledged George Bernard Shaw's help in editing the book. The first edition was published in 1926 as a high-priced private subscription edition, printed in London by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_John_Hodgson" title="Herbert John Hodgson">Herbert John Hodgson</a> and Roy Manning Pike, with illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kennington" title="Eric Kennington">Eric Kennington</a>, Augustus John, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)" title="Paul Nash (artist)">Paul Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blair_Hughes-Stanton" title="Blair Hughes-Stanton">Blair Hughes-Stanton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989759,_770-189">[189]</a> and Hughes-Stanton's wife <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Hermes" title="Gertrude Hermes">Gertrude Hermes</a>. Lawrence was afraid that the public would think that he would make a substantial income from the book, and he stated that it was written as a result of his war service. He vowed not to take any money from it, and indeed he did not, as the sale price was one third of the production costs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves1928chpt._30-190">[190]</a> leaving him in substantial debt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976323-191">[191]</a> He always took care not to give the impression that he had profited economically from the Arab revolt. In a 'deleted chapter' of the Seven Pillars which reappeared in 2022, Lawrence wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For my work on the Arab front I had determined to accept nothing. The cabinet raised the Arabs to fight for us by definite promises of self-government afterwards. Arabs believe in persons, not in institutions. They saw in me a free agent of the British government, and demanded from me an endorsement of its written promises. So I had to join the conspiracy, and, for what my word was worth, assured the men of their reward. In our two years' partnership under fire they grew accustomed to believing me and to think my government, like myself, sincere. In this hope they performed some fine things but, of course, instead of being proud of what we did together, I was continually and bitterly ashamed.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></blockquote> As a specialist in the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a> praised Lawrence's Seven Pillars of Wisdom as a "fine work of prose" but described its relevance to the study of Arab history and society as "almost worthless."<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Priya_Satia" title="Priya Satia">Priya Satia</a> observes that Seven Pillars presents the Middle East with a broadly positive, yet 'Orientalist' perspective. Lawrence's romanticised and vivid depictions transformed him into a sought-after symbol of Britain's leadership and goodwill in the Middle East. This occurred during a time when Britain's global influence was waning, and the nation was grappling with the aftermath of the First World War. Therefore, his "...books evoked a vision of redemption from the troubled spirit of the age" and offered a "reassurance of continuity" with Britain's triumphant history.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_in_the_Desert">Revolt in the Desert</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Revolt in the Desert">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Lawrence_of_Arabia_by_Augustus_John.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Painting_of_Lawrence_of_Arabia_by_Augustus_John.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="325" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_John" title="Augustus John">Augustus John</a>, 1919. <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Revolt_in_the_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt in the Desert">Revolt in the Desert</a> was an abridged version of Seven Pillars that he began in 1926 and that was published in March 1927 in both limited and trade editions.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> He undertook a needed but reluctant publicity exercise, which resulted in a best-seller. Again he vowed not to take any fees from the publication, partly to appease the subscribers to Seven Pillars who had paid dearly for their editions. By the fourth reprint in 1927, the debt from Seven Pillars was paid off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989786-196">[196]</a> As Lawrence left for military service in India at the end of 1926, he set up the "Seven Pillars Trust" with his friend D. G. Hogarth as a trustee, in which he made over the copyright and any surplus income of Revolt in the Desert. He later told Hogarth that he had "made the Trust final, to save myself the temptation of reviewing it, if Revolt turned out a best seller."<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The resultant trust paid off the debt, and Lawrence then invoked a clause in his publishing contract to halt publication of the abridgement in the United Kingdom. However, he allowed both American editions and translations, which resulted in a substantial flow of income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989786-196">[196]</a> The trust paid income either into an educational fund for children of RAF officers who lost their lives or were invalided as a result of service, or more substantially into the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Benevolent_Fund" title="RAF Benevolent Fund">RAF Benevolent Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous">Posthumous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Posthumous">edit</a>]</div> Lawrence left <a href="/wiki/The_Mint_(book)" title="The Mint (book)">The Mint</a> unpublished,<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> a memoir of his experiences as an enlisted man in the Royal Air Force (RAF). For this, he worked from a notebook that he kept while enlisted, writing of the daily lives of enlisted men and his desire to be a part of something larger than himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989810-200">[200]</a> The book is stylistically different from Seven Pillars of Wisdom, using sparse prose as opposed to the complicated syntax found in Seven Pillars. It was published posthumously, edited by his brother <a href="/wiki/A._W._Lawrence" title="A. W. Lawrence">Arnold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> After Lawrence's death, Arnold Lawrence inherited Lawrence's estate and his copyrights as the sole beneficiary. To pay the inheritance tax, he sold the US copyright of Seven Pillars of Wisdom (subscribers' text) outright to <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday Doran</a> in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlans2002134-202">[202]</a> Doubleday controlled publication rights of this version of the text of Seven Pillars of Wisdom in the US until the copyright expired at the end of 2022 (publication plus 95 years). In 1936, A. W. Lawrence split the remaining assets of the estate, giving Clouds Hill and many copies of less substantial or historical letters to the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>, and then set up two trusts to control interests in his brother's residual copyrights.<a href="#cite_note-SPOWF-203">[203]</a> He assigned the copyright in Seven Pillars of Wisdom to the Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust,<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> and it was given its first general publication as a result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlans2002133-205">[205]</a> He assigned the copyright in The Mint and all Lawrence's letters to the Letters and Symposium Trust,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlans2002134-202">[202]</a> which he edited and published in the book T. E. Lawrence by his Friends in 1937. The work contained recollections and reminiscences by a large number of Lawrence's friends and colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlans2002134-202">[202]</a> A substantial amount of income went directly to the RAF Benevolent Fund and to archaeological, environmental, and academic projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989774-206">[206]</a> The two trusts were amalgamated in 1986, and the unified trust acquired all the remaining rights to Lawrence's works that it had not owned on the death of A. W. Lawrence in 1991, plus rights to all of A. W. Lawrence's works.<a href="#cite_note-SPOWF-203">[203]</a> The UK copyrights on Lawrence's works published in his lifetime and within 20 years of his death expired on 1 January 2006. Works published more than 20 years after his death were protected for 50 years from publication or to 1 January 2040, whichever is earlier.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Published works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiographical_and_war_books">Autobiographical and war books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Autobiographical and war books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The 1911 Diary of a Journey across the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> </li> <li>Military Report on the Sinai Peninsula (1914) restricted publication by the War Office General Staff. Published by Castle Hill Press (1990)</li> <li>Military Handbook on Palestine (1917)</li> <li>Arab Memorandum to the Paris Peace Conference (1919)</li> <li>Sidelights on the Arab War (1919) - article published in The Times on 4 September 1919.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom" title="Seven Pillars of Wisdom">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</a>, (1922, revised and shortened in 1926) - an account of Lawrence's part in the Arab Revolt. (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8488-0562-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8488-0562-3">0-8488-0562-3</a>)</li> <li>Revolt in the Desert, a further abridged version of Seven Pillars of Wisdom published for the general public. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56619-275-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56619-275-7">1-56619-275-7</a>)</li> <li>Guerrilla Warfare, article in the 1929 Encyclopaedia Britannica<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Posthumous_books_and_collections">Posthumous books and collections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Posthumous books and collections">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Crusader Castles, Lawrence's Oxford BA thesis in 1910. London: Michael Haag 1986 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902743-53-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-902743-53-8">0-902743-53-8</a>). The first edition was published in London in 1936 by the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Cockerel_Press" title="Golden Cockerel Press">Golden Cockerel Press</a>, in 2 volumes, limited to 1000 editions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mint_(book)" title="The Mint (book)">The Mint</a>, (1955) - an account of Lawrence's service in the Royal Air Force. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00196-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00196-2">0-393-00196-2</a>)</li> <li>Myself - obituary published in the Evening Standard</li> <li>Oriental Assembly (1939)</li> <li>Secret Despatches from Arabia (1939) - expanded as Wartime Diaries and Letters (1990)</li> <li>The Essential T. E. Lawrence (1951)</li> <li>The Evolution of a Revolt: Early Post-War Writings (1968)</li> <li>Towards 'An English Fourth' (2009)</li> <li>The Advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force</li> <li>War in the Desert (2016) - the abandoned abridgement of the 1922 Oxford Text of <a href="/wiki/Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom" title="Seven Pillars of Wisdom">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</a> that has never been published before, co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Garnett" title="Edward Garnett">Edward Garnett</a> (Edited by Nicole and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Wilson" title="Jeremy Wilson">Jeremy Wilson</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selected_correspondence">Selected correspondence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Selected correspondence">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Letters from T. E. Shaw to Viscount Carlow (1936) - 17 privately printed copies</li> <li>The Letters of T. E. Lawrence edited by <a href="/wiki/David_Garnett" title="David Garnett">David Garnett</a>. (1938, corrected edition - 1964)</li> <li>T. E. Lawrence to his Biographer Robert Graves, edited by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> and B. H. Liddell Hart</li> <li>The Letters of T. E. Lawrence selected and edited by Malcolm Brown. London, J. M Dent. 1988 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-04733-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-04733-7">0-460-04733-7</a>)</li> <li>Eight Letters from T.E.L. [to Harley Granville-Barker] - Privately printed, 1939, fifty copies.</li> <li>C. Sydney Smith, The Golden Reign (Contains fifty letters from Lawrence to Sydney Smith) London, Cassell, 1940.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._S._Ede" class="mw-redirect" title="H. S. Ede">H. S. Ede</a> (ed.), Shaw—Ede, T. E. Lawrence's Letters to H. S. Ede 1927-1935 London, Golden Cockerel Press, 1942, 500 copies.</li> <li>M. R. Lawrence (ed.), The Home Letters of T. E. Lawrence and his Brothers Oxford, Basil Blackwell; NY, Macmillan, 1954</li> <li>T.E.L. Five Hitherto Unpublished Letters [to R. V. Buxton] - Privately printed, 1975, fifty copies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Montgomery_Hyde" title="H. Montgomery Hyde">H. Montgomery Hyde</a>, Solitary in the Ranks, Lawrence of Arabia as Airman and Private Soldier (An account of Lawrence's service life built around his correspondence with Lord Trenchard.) London, Constable, 1977; New York, Atheneum, 1978.</li></ul> Edited by Jeremy and Nicole Wilson, Castle Hill Press <ol><li>Letters from T. E. Lawrence to E. T. Leeds Andoversford (1988). Whittington Press</li> <li>T. E. Lawrence. Letters<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li>Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw (4 volumes) (1922–35)</li> <li>Boats for the RAF (1929–35)</li> <li>Correspondence with <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a> and F. L. Lucas</li> <li>More Correspondence with Writers</li> <li>Correspondence with Edward and David Garnett</li> <li>Correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Williamson" title="Henry Williamson">Henry Williamson</a></li> <li>Correspondence with the Political Elite 1922-1935</li> <li>Translating the Bruce Rogers Odyssey</li> <li>T. E. Lawrence, Bruce Rogers, and Homer’s Odyssey</li> <li>Printing and Illustrating <a href="/wiki/Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom" title="Seven Pillars of Wisdom">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_books_(co-authored_with_Leonard_Woolley)">Archaeological books (co-authored with Leonard Woolley)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Archaeological books (co-authored with Leonard Woolley)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Wilderness of Zin London, Harrison and Sons, (1914)<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li>Carchemish - Report on the Excavations at Djerabis on Behalf of the British Museum (1914) - 2 volumes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays_and_literary_criticism">Essays and literary criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Essays and literary criticism">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Men in Print (1940)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Minorities: Good Poems by Small Poets and Small Poems by Good Poets, edited by Jeremy Wilson, 1971. Lawrence's <a href="/wiki/Commonplace_book" title="Commonplace book">commonplace book</a> includes an introduction by Wilson that explains how the poems comprising the book reflected Lawrence's life and thoughts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_editor">As editor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: As editor">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Garroot: Adventures of a Clydeside Apprentice (1933) by Ian McKinnon (Pseudonym: I. Tyre). London. Jonathan Cape</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: English translations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey">The Odyssey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> - translation from the Ancient Greek, first published in 1932. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506818-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506818-1">0-19-506818-1</a>)</li> <li>A Poem by <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a> Translation from the Arabic</li> <li>2 Arabic Folktales (1937) - posthumously published translation from the Arabic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forest_Giant" title="The Forest Giant">The Forest Giant</a> by Adrien Le Corbeau, novel, translation from the French, 1924.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sexuality">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TE-Lawrence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/TE-Lawrence.jpg/205px-TE-Lawrence.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/TE-Lawrence.jpg/308px-TE-Lawrence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/TE-Lawrence.jpg/410px-TE-Lawrence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Lawrence in Miranshah 1928</figcaption></figure> Lawrence's biographers have discussed his sexuality at considerable length and this discussion has spilled into the popular press.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> There is no direct evidence for consensual sexual intimacy between Lawrence and any person. His friends have expressed the opinion that he was <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnightleySimpson197029-213">[213]</a> and Lawrence himself specifically denied any personal experience of sex in multiple private letters.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> There were suggestions that Lawrence had been intimate with his companion Selim Ahmed, "Dahoum", who worked with him at a pre-war archaeological dig in Carchemish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence193789-215">[215]</a> and fellow serviceman R. A. M. Guy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989chpt._32-216">[216]</a> but his biographers and contemporaries found them unconvincing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence193789-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989chpt._32-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989chpt._27-217">[217]</a> The dedication to his book Seven Pillars is a poem titled "To S.A." which opens:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1926vi-218">[218]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> I loved you, so I drew these tides of men into my hands and wrote my will across the sky in stars To earn you Freedom, the seven-pillared worthy house, that your eyes might be shining for me When we came. </div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dahoum_-_Selim_Ahmed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Dahoum_-_Selim_Ahmed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Selim "Dahoum" Ahmed</figcaption></figure> Lawrence was never specific about the identity of "S.A." Many theories argue in favour of individual men or women, and the Arab nation as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989673-219">[219]</a> The most popular theory is that S.A. represents (at least in part) Dahoum, who apparently died of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> before 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989544-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010498-224">[224]</a> Lawrence lived in a period of strong official opposition to homosexuality, but his writing on the subject was tolerant. He wrote to Charlotte Shaw, "I've seen lots of man-and-man loves: very lovely and fortunate some of them were."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976425-225">[225]</a> He refers to "the openness and honesty of perfect love" on one occasion in Seven Pillars, when discussing relationships between young male fighters in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1926508-226">[226]</a> The passage in the front matter is referred to with the single-word tag "Sex".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1935508–509-227">[227]</a> He wrote in Chapter 1 of Seven Pillars: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In horror of such sordid commerce [diseased female prostitutes] our youths began indifferently to slake one another's few needs in their own clean bodies — a cold convenience that, by comparison, seemed sexless and even pure. Later, some began to justify this sterile process, and swore that friends quivering together in the yielding sand with intimate hot limbs in supreme embrace, found there hidden in the darkness a sensual co-efficient of the mental passion which was welding our souls and spirits in one flaming effort [to secure Arab independence]. Several, thirsting to punish appetites they could not wholly prevent, took a savage pride in degrading the body, and offered themselves fiercely in any habit which promised physical pain or filth.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></blockquote> There is considerable evidence that Lawrence was a <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">masochist</a>. He wrote in his description of the Dera'a beating that "a delicious warmth, probably sexual, was swelling through me," and he also included a detailed description of the guards' whip in a style typical of masochists' writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnightleySimpson1970221-229">[229]</a> In later life, Lawrence arranged to pay a military colleague to administer beatings to him,<a href="#cite_note-TimesBruce-230">[230]</a> and to be subjected to severe formal tests of fitness and stamina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnightleySimpson197029-213">[213]</a> John Bruce first wrote on this topic, including some other statements that were not credible, but Lawrence's biographers regard the beatings as established fact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989chpt._34-231">[231]</a> French novelist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> admired Lawrence but wrote that he had a "taste for self-humiliation, now by discipline and now by veneration; a horror of respectability; a disgust for possessions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabachnick1984134-232">[232]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_James" title="Lawrence James">Lawrence James</a> wrote that the evidence suggested a "strong homosexual masochism", noting that he never sought punishment from women.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/John_E._Mack" title="John E. Mack">John E. Mack</a> sees a possible connection between Lawrence's masochism and the childhood beatings that he had received from his mother<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976420-234">[234]</a> for routine misbehaviours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack197633-235">[235]</a> His brother Arnold thought that the beatings had been given for the purpose of breaking his brother's will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack197633-235">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angus_Calder" title="Angus Calder">Angus Calder</a> suggested in 1997 that Lawrence's apparent masochism and self-loathing might have stemmed from a <a href="/wiki/Survivor_guilt" title="Survivor guilt">sense of guilt</a> over losing his brothers Frank and Will on the Western Front, along with many other school friends, while he survived.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aldington_controversy">Aldington controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Aldington controversy">edit</a>]</div> In 1955 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Richard Aldington</a> published Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry, a sustained attack on Lawrence's character, writing, accomplishments, and truthfulness. Aldington alleged that Lawrence lied and exaggerated continuously ("Seven Pillars of Wisdom is rather a work of quasi-fiction than history",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington195513-237">[237]</a> "It was seldom that he reported any fact or episode involving himself without embellishing them and indeed in some cases entirely inventing them."),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington195527-238">[238]</a> that he promoted a misguided policy in the Middle East, that his strategy of containing but not capturing Medina was incorrect, and that Seven Pillars of Wisdom was a bad book with few redeeming features.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlans20022-239">[239]</a> Aldington argued that the French colonial administration of Syria (resisted by Lawrence) had benefited that country<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955266–267-240">[240]</a> and that Arabia's peoples were "far enough advanced for some government though not for complete self-government."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955253-241">[241]</a> He was also a Francophile, railing against Lawrence's "Francophobia, a hatred and an envy so irrational, so irresponsible and so unscrupulous that it is fair to say his attitude towards Syria was determined more by hatred of France than by devotion to the 'Arabs' – a convenient propaganda word which grouped many disharmonious and even mutually hostile tribes and peoples."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955134-242">[242]</a> Aldington wrote that Lawrence embellished many stories and invented others, and in particular that his claims involving numbers were usually inflated – for example claims of having read 50,000 books in the Oxford Union library,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington195547-243">[243]</a> of having blown up 79 bridges,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955181-244">[244]</a> of having had a price of £50,000 on his head,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955221-245">[245]</a> and of having suffered 60 or more injuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955227,_376-246">[246]</a> Prior to the publication of Aldington's book, its contents became known in London's literary community. A group Aldington and some subsequent authors referred to as "The Lawrence Bureau",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington195525–26-247">[247]</a> led by <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">B. H. Liddell Hart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford199866-248">[248]</a> tried energetically, starting in 1954, to have the book suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> When that effort failed, Hart prepared and distributed hundreds of copies of Aldington's 'Lawrence': His Charges – and Treatment of the Evidence, a 7-page single-spaced document.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1998119-250">[250]</a> This worked: Aldington's book received many extremely negative and even abusive reviews, with strong evidence that some reviewers had read Liddell's rebuttal but not Aldington's book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1998xii,_120-251">[251]</a> Notwithstanding the furore caused by Aldington's assault on the Lawrence legend, many of Aldington's specific claims against Lawrence have been accepted by subsequent biographers. In Richard Aldington and Lawrence of Arabia: A Cautionary Tale, Fred D. Crawford writes "Much that shocked in 1955 is now standard knowledge – that TEL was illegitimate, that this profoundly troubled him, that he frequently resented his mother's dominance, that such reminiscences as T. E. Lawrence by His Friends are not reliable, that TEL's leg-pulling and other adolescent traits could be offensive, that TEL took liberties with the truth in his official reports and Seven Pillars, that the significance of his exploits during the Arab Revolt was more political than military, that he contributed to his own myth, that when he vetted the books by Graves and Liddell Hart he let remain much that he knew was untrue, and that his feelings about publicity were ambiguous."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1998174-252">[252]</a> This has not prevented most post-Aldington biographers (including Fred D. Crawford, who studied Aldington's claims intensely)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1998ix–xi-253">[253]</a> from expressing strong admiration for Lawrence's military, political, and writing achievements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19898–9-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976459-255">[255]</a> Despite the generally deprecatory tenor of his "biographical inquiry", Aldington himself was not without words of praise for Lawrence; in outlining his goal of "clearing the ground a little and removing some of the rubbish that lies in the way of knowledge", he says that his doing so is "not to deny that Lawrence was a man of peculiar abilities", and calls him an "extraordinary man".<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_commemorations">Awards and commemorations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Awards and commemorations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Bust_in_St._Paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lawrence_Bust_in_St._Paul.jpg/240px-Lawrence_Bust_in_St._Paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="426" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lawrence_Bust_in_St._Paul.jpg/360px-Lawrence_Bust_in_St._Paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lawrence_Bust_in_St._Paul.jpg/480px-Lawrence_Bust_in_St._Paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kennington" title="Eric Kennington">Eric Kennington</a>'s bust of Lawrence in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Martin,_Wareham_-_T_E_Lawrence_effigy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_722196.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Church_of_St_Martin%2C_Wareham_-_T_E_Lawrence_effigy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_722196.jpg/240px-Church_of_St_Martin%2C_Wareham_-_T_E_Lawrence_effigy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_722196.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Church_of_St_Martin%2C_Wareham_-_T_E_Lawrence_effigy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_722196.jpg/360px-Church_of_St_Martin%2C_Wareham_-_T_E_Lawrence_effigy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_722196.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Church_of_St_Martin%2C_Wareham_-_T_E_Lawrence_effigy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_722196.jpg/480px-Church_of_St_Martin%2C_Wareham_-_T_E_Lawrence_effigy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_722196.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>The head of Lawrence's effigy in <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Wareham" title="St Martin's Church, Wareham">St Martin's Church, Wareham</a>, Dorset. He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Moreton,_Dorset" title="Moreton, Dorset">Moreton, Dorset</a></figcaption></figure> Lawrence was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 7 August 1917,<a href="#cite_note-cb-1">[1]</a> appointed a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Distinguished_Service_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Distinguished Service Order">Companion of the Distinguished Service Order</a> on 10 May 1918,<a href="#cite_note-dso-2">[2]</a> awarded the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'Honneur">Knight of the Legion of Honour</a> (France) on 30 May 1916<a href="#cite_note-loh-3">[3]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de guerre</a> (France) on 16 April 1918.<a href="#cite_note-cdeg-4">[4]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in despatches">mentioned in despatches</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Maxwell (British Army officer)">Sir John Maxwell</a> (General Officer Commanding, Egypt) on 16 March 1916,<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Percy Lake">Sir Percy Lake</a> (Commanding <a href="/wiki/Indian_Expeditionary_Force_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Expeditionary Force D">Indian Expeditionary Force D</a>) on 12 August 1916,<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Reginald_Wingate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Reginald Wingate">Sir Reginald Wingate</a> (General Officer Commanding, Hedjaz) on 27 December 1918.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> offered Lawrence a knighthood on 30 October 1918 at a private audience in <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> for his services in the Arab Revolt, but he declined.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlans20027-261">[261]</a> He was unwilling to accept the honour in light of how his country had betrayed the Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> A bronze bust of Lawrence by Eric Kennington was placed in the crypt of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, London, in January 1936, alongside the tombs of Britain's greatest military leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200886-134">[134]</a> In 1939, a recumbent stone effigy by Kennington was installed in <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Wareham" title="St Martin's Church, Wareham">St Martin's Church, Wareham</a>, Dorset.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Jesus College commissioned a close parallel of the portrait by Augustus John from the artist <a href="/wiki/Alix_Jennings" title="Alix Jennings">Alix Jennings</a> as their official memorial to Lawrence.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> An <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> marks Lawrence's childhood home at 2 Polstead Road, Oxford. Another is on his London home at 14 Barton Street, Westminster.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> In 2002, Lawrence was named 53rd in the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s list of the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a>, following a UK-wide vote.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> In 2018, Lawrence was featured on a £5 coin, issued in silver and gold, in a six-coin set commemorating the Centenary of the First World War, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korda" title="Alexander Korda">Alexander Korda</a> bought the film rights to The Seven Pillars in the 1930s. The production was in development, with various actors cast as the lead, such as <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Howard" title="Leslie Howard">Leslie Howard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Actor">Academy Award for Best Actor</a> for his portrayal of Lawrence in the 1962 film <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a>. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> ranked his portrayal as the <a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Heroes_%26_Villains" title="AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains">10th greatest film hero of all time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></li> <li>The 1990 television film <a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Man:_Lawrence_After_Arabia" title="A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia">A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes" title="Ralph Fiennes">Ralph Fiennes</a> as Lawrence, depicted events after those in Lawrence of Arabia (1962).<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></li> <li>Peter O'Toole's portrayal of Lawrence inspired behavioural affectations in the android <a href="/wiki/David_8" title="David 8">David</a>, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fassbender" title="Michael Fassbender">Michael Fassbender</a> in the 2012 film <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(2012_film)" title="Prometheus (2012 film)">Prometheus</a> and its 2017 sequel <a href="/wiki/Alien:_Covenant" title="Alien: Covenant">Alien: Covenant</a>, both of which are part of the <a href="/wiki/Alien_(franchise)" title="Alien (franchise)">Alien franchise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pattinson" title="Robert Pattinson">Robert Pattinson</a> portrays Lawrence in <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>'s 2015 film <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Desert_(film)" title="Queen of the Desert (film)">Queen of the Desert</a> which centres on Gertrude Bell's time in Arabia and depicts the friendship between the pair.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></li> <li>The 2021 film Lawrence: After Arabia discusses and advocates for numerous conspiracy theories surrounding Lawrence's death.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The T. E. Lawrence Poems was published by Canadian poet <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_MacEwen" title="Gwendolyn MacEwen">Gwendolyn MacEwen</a> in 1982. The poems rely on, and quote directly from, primary material including Seven Pillars and the collected letters.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></li> <li>Dreaming of Samarkand, published by Martin Booth in 1989, is a fictionalised account of Lawrence's time in Carchemish, and his relationship with <a href="/wiki/James_Elroy_Flecker" title="James Elroy Flecker">James Elroy Flecker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></li> <li>The Waters of Babylon, published by David Stevens in 2000, is a novel concerning Lawrence's time in the RAF, in which he reflects on his past and enters into a relationship with a (fictional) airman named Slaney.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></li> <li>Dreamers of the Day, written by Mary Doria Russell in 2008, follows fictional protagonist Agnes Shankin as she finds herself involved in the 1921 Cairo Peace Conference, and her interactions with Lawrence, as well as with Winston Churchill and Gertrude Bell.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></li> <li>Empire of Sand, written by Robert Ryan in 2008, is a fictionalised take on his time in Cairo and his clashes with a German spy.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></li> <li>George: A Novel of T. E. Lawrence, written by E. B. Lomax in 2017, postulates on an alternate universe in which Lawrence survived the fatal motorcycle accident with full amnesia of his past.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Lawrence is a semi-recurring character in the 1992-1993 US TV series <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a>, appearing in three different episodes as a friend of Indiana Jones.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></li> <li>He was also portrayed in a Syrian series called Lawrence Al Arab, directed by Thaer Mousa in 2008. The series consisted of 37 episodes, each between 45 minutes and one hour in length.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The character of Private Napoleon Meek in George Bernard Shaw's 1931 play <a href="/wiki/Too_True_to_Be_Good" title="Too True to Be Good">Too True to Be Good</a> was inspired by Lawrence. Meek is depicted as conversant with the language and lifestyle of the native tribes. He repeatedly enlists with the army, quitting whenever offered a promotion. Lawrence attended a performance of the play's original <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> run, and reportedly signed autographs for patrons attending the show.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010670–671-287">[287]</a></li> <li>Lawrence was the subject of <a href="/wiki/Terence_Rattigan" title="Terence Rattigan">Terence Rattigan</a>'s controversial play <a href="/wiki/Ross_(play)" title="Ross (play)">Ross</a>, which explored Lawrence's alleged homosexuality. Ross ran in London in 1960–1961, starring <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a>, who was an admirer of Lawrence, and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Harper" title="Gerald Harper">Gerald Harper</a> as his blackmailer, Dickinson. The play had been written as a screenplay, but the planned film was never made. In January 1986 at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Plymouth" title="Theatre Royal, Plymouth">Theatre Royal, Plymouth</a>, on the opening night of the revival of Ross, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Sinden" title="Marc Sinden">Marc Sinden</a>, who was playing Dickinson (the man who recognised and blackmailed Lawrence, played by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ward" title="Simon Ward">Simon Ward</a>), was introduced to the man on whom the character of Dickinson was based. Sinden asked him why he had blackmailed Ross, and he replied, "Oh, for the money. I was financially embarrassed at the time and needed to get up to London to see a girlfriend. It was never meant to be a big thing, but a good friend of mine was very close to Terence Rattigan and years later, the silly devil told him the story."<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Forty_Years_On_(play)" title="Forty Years On (play)">Forty Years On</a> (1968) includes a satire on Lawrence; known as "Tee Hee Lawrence" because of his high-pitched, girlish giggle. "Clad in the magnificent white silk robes of an Arab prince ... he hoped to pass unnoticed through London. Alas he was mistaken."<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></li> <li>Lawrence's first year back at Oxford after the War to write was portrayed by Tom Rooney in a play, The Oxford Roof Climbers Rebellion, written by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Massicotte" title="Stephen Massicotte">Stephen Massicotte</a> (premiered Toronto 2006). The play explores Lawrence's reactions to war, and his friendship with Robert Graves. Urban Stages presented the U.S. premiere in New York City in October 2007; Lawrence was portrayed by actor Dylan Chalfy.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></li> <li>His 1922 retreat from public life forms the subject of <a href="/wiki/Howard_Brenton" title="Howard Brenton">Howard Brenton</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_After_Arabia" title="Lawrence After Arabia">Lawrence After Arabia</a>, commissioned for a 2016 premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Theatre" title="Hampstead Theatre">Hampstead Theatre</a> to mark the centenary of the outbreak of the Arab Revolt.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Lawrence's life was dramatised in the 1935 Australian radio play <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(radio_play)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (radio play)">Lawrence of Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Swedish <a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">power metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Sabaton_(band)" title="Sabaton (band)">Sabaton</a> wrote the song "Seven Pillars Of Wisdom" about Lawrence for their 2019 album <a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_(Sabaton_album)" title="The Great War (Sabaton album)">The Great War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Video games">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"Nothing is Written", the sixth chapter of the single-player campaign in the 2016 <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> <a href="/wiki/Battlefield_1" title="Battlefield 1">Battlefield 1</a>, follows a Bedouin soldier under Lawrence's command.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a>, ruling family of Mecca (10th–20th century) and of Jordan since 1921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> (1932–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia:_The_Authorised_Biography_of_T._E._Lawrence" title="Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence">Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence</a> by Jeremy Wilson (1989)</li></ul> Related individuals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Meinertzhagen" title="Richard Meinertzhagen">Richard Meinertzhagen</a> (1878–1967), British intelligence officer and ornithologist, on occasion a colleague of Lawrence's</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_de_Nogales_M%C3%A9ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael de Nogales Méndez">Rafael de Nogales Méndez</a> (1879–1937), Venezuelan officer who served in the Ottoman Army and was compared to Lawrence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Mousa" title="Suleiman Mousa">Suleiman Mousa</a> (1919–2008), Jordanian historian who wrote about Lawrence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Niedermayer" title="Oskar von Niedermayer">Oskar von Niedermayer</a> (1885–1948), German officer, professor and spy, sometimes referred to as the German Lawrence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Oppenheim" title="Max von Oppenheim">Max von Oppenheim</a> (1860–1946), German-Jewish lawyer, diplomat and archaeologist. Lawrence called his travelogue "the best book on the [Middle East] area I know".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wassmuss" title="Wilhelm Wassmuss">Wilhelm Wassmuss</a> (1880–1931), German diplomat and spy, known as "Wassmuss of Persia" and compared to Lawrence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Keiji" title="Suzuki Keiji">Suzuki Keiji</a> (1897–1967), Japanese intelligence officer, compared to Lawrence</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cb-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cb_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cb_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cb_1-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette30222" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Cairo and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca, July, 1915–March, 1916 (with map)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" title="Office of Public Sector Information">HMSO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Correspondence_between_Sir_Henry_McMahon_and_the_Sherif_Hussein_of_Mecca_Cmd_5957.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cmd.5957%3B+Correspondence+between+Sir+Henry+McMahon%2C+G.C.M.G.%2C+His+Majesty%27s+High+Commissioner+at.+Cairo+and+the+Sherif+Hussein+of+Mecca%2C+July%2C+1915%E2%80%93March%2C+1916+%28with+map%29&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=bin+Ali%2C+Hussein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F7%2F75%2FCorrespondence_between_Sir_Henry_McMahon_and_the_Sherif_Hussein_of_Mecca_Cmd_5957.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989256–276-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989256–276_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 256–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989236–245-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989236–245_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 236–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989313-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989313_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 313: In note 24, Wilson argues that Lawrence must have known about Sykes–Picot prior to his relationship with Faisal, contrary to a later statement. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989300-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989300_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989302-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989302_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989307–311-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989307–311_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 307–311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989312-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989312_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989321-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989321_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989323-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989323_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989347-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989347_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 347: Also see note 43, where the origin of the repositioning idea is examined closely. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989358-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989358_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989348-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989348_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989388-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989388_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 388. </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-74"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlleyne2010" class="citation news cs1">Alleyne, Richard (30 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7918929/Garland-of-Arabia-the-forgotten-story-of-TE-Lawrences-brother-in-arms.html">"Garland of Arabia: the forgotten story of TE Lawrence's brother-in-arms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7918929/Garland-of-Arabia-the-forgotten-story-of-TE-Lawrences-brother-in-arms.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Garland+of+Arabia%3A+the+forgotten+story+of+TE+Lawrence%27s+brother-in-arms&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft.aulast=Alleyne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F7918929%2FGarland-of-Arabia-the-forgotten-story-of-TE-Lawrences-brother-in-arms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989412-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989412_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 412. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989416-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989416_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 416. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989446-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989446_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 446. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989448-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989448_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 448. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989455–457-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989455–457_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 455–457. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr2008225–227-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr2008225–227_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarr2008">Barr 2008</a>, pp. 225–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976158–161-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1976158–161_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1976158–161_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1976158–161_81-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1976">Mack 1976</a>, pp. 158–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1926537–546-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence1926537–546_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawrence1926">Lawrence 1926</a>, pp. 537–546. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989495-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989495_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 495. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989498-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989498_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 498. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989546-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989546_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 546. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989556–557-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989556–557_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 556–557. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989412–413-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989412–413_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 412–413. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989413–417-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989413–417_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 413–417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989424–425-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989424–425_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 424–425. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989491-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989491_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989479-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989479_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 479. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabachnick1984194-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabachnick1984194_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabachnick1984194_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTabachnick1984">Tabachnick 1984</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989353-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989353_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200836-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy200836_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy200836_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2008">Murphy 2008</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989329-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989329_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 329: Describes a very early argument for letting the Ottomans stay in Medina in a November 1916 letter from Clayton. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989383–384-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989383–384_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 383–384: Describes Lawrence's arrival at this conclusion. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955178-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldington1955178_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldington1955">Aldington 1955</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989361–362-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989361–362_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 361–362: Argues that Lawrence knew the details and briefed Faisal in February 1917. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989444-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989444_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 444: Shows Lawrence definitely knew of Sykes–Picot in September 1917. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989360–367-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989360–367_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 360–367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989309-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989309_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989390–391-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989390–391_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, pp. 390–391. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The bombardment of Akaba". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Vol. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Review_(magazine)" title="Naval Review (magazine)">Naval Review</a>. 1911. pp. 103–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+bombardment+of+Akaba&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Review&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Naval+Review&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKpAAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Naval Operation in the Red Sea 1916–1917". The Naval Review. 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E. Lawrence to D. G. Hogarth"</a>. T.E. Lawrence Society. 7 April 1927. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telstudies.org/writings/letters/1927/270407_hogarth.shtml">the original</a> on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T.+E.+Lawrence+to+D.+G.+Hogarth&rft.pub=T.E.+Lawrence+Society&rft.date=1927-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telstudies.org%2Fwritings%2Fletters%2F1927%2F270407_hogarth.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2014" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Andrew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICT5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT96">T. E. Lawrence: Tormented Hero</a>. Fonthill Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781550199" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781550199"><bdi>978-1781550199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+E.+Lawrence%3A+Tormented+Hero&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1781550199&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DICT5DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Doubleday, Doran & Co, New York, 1936; rprnt Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-004505-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-004505-8">0-14-004505-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989810-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989810_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 810. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1955" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, T. E. (1955). The Mint, by 352087 A/c Ross A Day-book of the R.A.F. Depot between August and December 1922. Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mint%2C+by+352087+A%2Fc+Ross+A+Day-book+of+the+R.A.F.+Depot+between+August+and+December+1922&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlans2002134-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlans2002134_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlans2002134_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlans2002134_202-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrlans2002">Orlans 2002</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-SPOWF-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SPOWF_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPOWF_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=92933">"Seven Pillars of Wisdom Fund"</a>. Research.britishmuseum.org. British Museum. Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research.britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Seven+Pillars+of+Wisdom+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fterm_details.aspx%3FbioId%3D92933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharity_Commission208669" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=208669&subId=0">"Seven Pillars Of Wisdom Trust, registered charity no. 208669"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales" title="Charity Commission for England and Wales">Charity Commission for England and Wales</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seven+Pillars+Of+Wisdom+Trust%2C+registered+charity+no.+208669&rft.pub=Charity+Commission+for+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregister-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk%2Fcharity-details%2F%3FregId%3D208669%26subId%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlans2002133-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlans2002133_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrlans2002">Orlans 2002</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989774-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989774_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 774. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205094137/http://www.telstudies.org/writings/tel_uk_copyright.shtml">"British copyright law and T. E. Lawrence's writings"</a>. T. E. Lawrence Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telstudies.org/writings/tel_uk_copyright.shtml">the original</a> on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+copyright+law+and+T.+E.+Lawrence%27s+writings&rft.pub=T.+E.+Lawrence+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telstudies.org%2Fwritings%2Ftel_uk_copyright.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence, T. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/T-E-Lawrence-on-guerrilla-warfare-1984900">"Guerilla Warfare"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Guerilla+Warfare&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FT-E-Lawrence-on-guerrilla-warfare-1984900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008073846/http://www.castlehillpress.com/">"Castle Hill Press"</a>. www.castlehillpress.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castlehillpress.com/">the original</a> on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.castlehillpress.com&rft.atitle=Castle+Hill+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castlehillpress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717131844/http://www3.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_title.pl?callnum=DS111.A1P28_vol3_cop1">"EOS"</a>. www3.lib.uchicago.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_title.pl?callnum=DS111.A1P28_vol3_cop1">the original</a> on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www3.lib.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=EOS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Feos%2Feos_title.pl%3Fcallnum%3DDS111.A1P28_vol3_cop1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> pieces appeared on 9, 16, 23, and 30 June 1968, and were based mostly on the narrative of John Bruce. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Lawrence, A. W. (1937) quoting E. H. R. Altounyan </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnightleySimpson197029-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnightleySimpson197029_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnightleySimpson197029_213-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnightleySimpson1970">Knightley & Simpson 1970</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Brown (1988) letters to <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a>, 21 Dec 1927; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>, 6 Nov 1928; <a href="/wiki/F._L._Lucas" title="F. L. Lucas">F. L. Lucas</a>, 26 March 1929. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence193789-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence193789_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence193789_215-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawrence1937">Lawrence 1937</a>, p. 89: quoting Leonard Woolley </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989chpt._32-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989chpt._32_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989chpt._32_216-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, chpt. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989chpt._27-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989chpt._27_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, chpt. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1926vi-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence1926vi_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawrence1926">Lawrence 1926</a>, p. vi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989673-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989673_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 673. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989544-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989544_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, p. 544. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYagitani" class="citation web cs1">Yagitani, Ryoko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yagitani.na.coocan.jp/en/tpc_en12.htm">"An 'S.A.' Mystery"</a>. yagitani.na.coocan.jp.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yagitani.na.coocan.jp&rft.atitle=An+%27S.A.%27+Mystery&rft.aulast=Yagitani&rft.aufirst=Ryoko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyagitani.na.coocan.jp%2Fen%2Ftpc_en12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson-Gyles2016" class="citation book cs1">Benson-Gyles, Dick (2016). The Boy in the Mask: The hidden world of Lawrence of Arabia. The Lilliput Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boy+in+the+Mask%3A+The+hidden+world+of+Lawrence+of+Arabia&rft.pub=The+Lilliput+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Benson-Gyles&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> Benson-Gyles argues for Farida Al-Akle, a Lebanese woman from <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> (now in Lebanon) who taught Arabic to Lawrence prior to his architectural career. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Vanguardia2016" class="citation news cs1">La Vanguardia (16 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lavanguardia.com/internacional/20160516/401820097105/maestra-lawrence-de-arabia.html">"La maestra de Lawrence de Arabia"</a>. Barcelona. Retrieved 7 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+maestra+de+Lawrence+de+Arabia&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft.au=La+Vanguardia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flavanguardia.com%2Finternacional%2F20160516%2F401820097105%2Fmaestra-lawrence-de-arabia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2010498-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorda2010498_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorda2010">Korda 2010</a>, p. 498. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976425-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1976425_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1976">Mack 1976</a>, p. 425: letter to Charlotte Shaw </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1926508-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence1926508_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawrence1926">Lawrence 1926</a>, p. 508. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1935508–509-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence1935508–509_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawrence1935">Lawrence 1935</a>, pp. 508–509. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, T. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limpidsoft.com/small/sevenpillars.pdf">"Introduction, Chapter 1"</a> (PDF). Seven Pillars of Wisdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823223534/http://www.limpidsoft.com/small/sevenpillars.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%2C+Chapter+1&rft.btitle=Seven+Pillars+of+Wisdom&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.limpidsoft.com%2Fsmall%2Fsevenpillars.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnightleySimpson1970221-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnightleySimpson1970221_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnightleySimpson1970">Knightley & Simpson 1970</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesBruce-230"><a href="#cite_ref-TimesBruce_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonKnightley1968" class="citation news cs1">Simpson, Colin; Knightley, Phillip (June 1968). "John Bruce". <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=John+Bruce&rft.date=1968-06&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Knightley%2C+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> (The pieces appeared on 9, 16, 23, and 30 June 1968, and were based mostly on the narrative of John Bruce.) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1989chpt._34-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1989chpt._34_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1989">Wilson 1989</a>, chpt. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabachnick1984134-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabachnick1984134_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTabachnick1984">Tabachnick 1984</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_James" title="Lawrence James">James, E. L.</a> (2005). The Golden Warrior: The life and legend of Lawrence of Arabia. Abacus. p. 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Warrior%3A+The+life+and+legend+of+Lawrence+of+Arabia&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=E.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1976420-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1976420_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1976">Mack 1976</a>, p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack197633-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack197633_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack197633_235-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1976">Mack 1976</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1997" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, T. E. (1997). Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature. <a href="/wiki/Angus_Calder" title="Angus Calder">Calder, A.</a> (Introduction). Wordsworth. pp. vi–vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853264696" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853264696"><bdi>978-1853264696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Pillars+of+Wisdom&rft.series=Wordsworth+Classics+of+World+Literature&rft.pages=vi-vii&rft.pub=Wordsworth&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1853264696&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Angus_Calder" title="Angus Calder">Calder</a> writes in the "Introduction" that returning soldiers often felt intense guilt at having survived, when others did not – even to the point of self-harm. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington195513-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldington195513_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldington1955">Aldington 1955</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington195527-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldington195527_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldington1955">Aldington 1955</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlans20022-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlans20022_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrlans2002">Orlans 2002</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955266–267-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldington1955266–267_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldington1955">Aldington 1955</a>, pp. 266–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955253-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldington1955253_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldington1955">Aldington 1955</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955134-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldington1955134_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldington1955">Aldington 1955</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington195547-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldington195547_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldington1955">Aldington 1955</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955181-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldington1955181_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldington1955">Aldington 1955</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955221-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldington1955221_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldington1955">Aldington 1955</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington1955227,_376-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldington1955227,_376_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldington1955">Aldington 1955</a>, p. 227, 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldington195525–26-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldington195525–26_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldington1955">Aldington 1955</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford199866-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford199866_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrawford1998">Crawford 1998</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/02/15/84610820.html?pageNumber=21">"T. 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The London Gazette (3rd supplement). 21 June 1916. p. 6185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29632&rft.pages=6185&rft.date=1916-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29632%2Fsupplement%2F6185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29782" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29782/supplement/9857">"No. 29782"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia+wouldn%27t+have+been+surprised+by+the+rise+of+Isis&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2016%2Fapr%2F08%2Flawrence-of-arabia-wouldnt-have-been-surprised-by-the-rise-of-isis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2006/03/03/st_martins_feature.shtml">"Dorset's oldest church"</a>. BBC. 5 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dorset%27s+oldest+church&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdorset%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2006%2F03%2F03%2Fst_martins_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1991" class="citation journal cs1">Knowles, Richard (1991). "Tale of an 'Arabian knight': the T. E. Lawrence effigy". Church Monuments. 6: 67–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+Monuments&rft.atitle=Tale+of+an+%27Arabian+knight%27%3A+the+T.+E.+Lawrence+effigy&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=67-76&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackrah1981" class="citation book cs1">Thackrah, John Richard (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvqeAAAAMAAJ&q=alix+jennings">The University and Colleges of Oxford</a>. Dalton. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86138-002-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86138-002-2"><bdi>978-0-86138-002-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+and+Colleges+of+Oxford&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Dalton&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-86138-002-2&rft.aulast=Thackrah&rft.aufirst=John+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvqeAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dalix%2Bjennings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1971" class="citation book cs1">Baker, John Norman Leonard (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDi7AAAAIAAJ&q=alix+jennings">Jesus College, Oxford, 1571-1971</a>. 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Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVGuide.com&rft.atitle=A+Dangerous+Man%3A+Lawrence+After+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvguide.com%2Fmovies%2Fa-dangerous-man-lawrence-after-arabia%2F2030123918%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGurk2017" class="citation news cs1">McGurk, Stuart (12 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/alien-covenant-review-michael-fassbender">"Alien: Covenant is great – but the aliens are the worst thing about it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a>. 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Retrieved 11 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lawrence+The+Movie&rft.atitle=Lawrence+After+Arabia+2021+%7C+Lawrence+The+Movie+%7C+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawrencethemovie.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessop" class="citation web cs1">Jessop, Paula. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gwendolyn-macewen">"Gwendolyn MacEwen"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 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Retrieved 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia%3A+a+man+in+flight+from+himself&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2016%2Fapr%2F29%2Flawrence-after-arabia-hampstead-theatre-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassicotte2007" class="citation book cs1">Massicotte, Stephen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordroofclimbe0000mass">Oxford Roof Climber's Rebellion</a> (paperback ed.). Theatre Communications Group / Playwrights Canada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887544996" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887544996"><bdi>978-0887544996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Roof+Climber%27s+Rebellion&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Theatre+Communications+Group+%2F+Playwrights+Canada+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0887544996&rft.aulast=Massicotte&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordroofclimbe0000mass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303115127/https://www.cft.org.uk/whats-on/event/ross">"Book theatre tickets at Chichester"</a>. 25 November 2018. 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Sabaton Official Website.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sabaton+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Seven+Pillars+Of+Wisdom+-+Lyrics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabaton.net%2Fdiscography%2Fthe-great-war%2Fseven-pillars-of-wisdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFupdated2016" class="citation web cs1">updated, Cale Hunt last (16 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.windowscentral.com/where-find-all-field-manuals-battlefield-1-nothing-written-campaign">"Where to find all field manuals in the Battlefield 1 Nothing is Written campaign"</a>. Windows Central. Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+Central&rft.atitle=Where+to+find+all+field+manuals+in+the+Battlefield+1+Nothing+is+Written+campaign&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.aulast=updated&rft.aufirst=Cale+Hunt+last&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.windowscentral.com%2Fwhere-find-all-field-manuals-battlefield-1-nothing-written-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldington1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington, Richard</a> (1955). Lawrence of Arabia: A biographical enquiry. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-122-22259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-122-22259-4"><bdi>978-1-122-22259-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia%3A+A+biographical+enquiry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-1-122-22259-4&rft.aulast=Aldington&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1991" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Malcolm Dennis (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yLYtAEACAAJ">The Medievalism of Lawrence of Arabia</a>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07328-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07328-6"><bdi>978-0-271-07328-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medievalism+of+Lawrence+of+Arabia&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-271-07328-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8yLYtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Asher_(explorer)" title="Michael Asher (explorer)">Asher, Michael</a> (1998). Lawrence: The uncrowned king of Arabia. Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence%3A+The+uncrowned+king+of+Arabia&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2009" class="citation book cs1">Axelrod, Alan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8x322-89x3MC">Little-Known Wars of Great and Lasting Impact</a>. Fair Winds. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61673-461-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61673-461-9"><bdi>978-1-61673-461-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little-Known+Wars+of+Great+and+Lasting+Impact&rft.pub=Fair+Winds&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61673-461-9&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8x322-89x3MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2005" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Np_H_j3hXUEC">The Companion Guide to Wales</a>. Companion Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900639-43-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900639-43-9"><bdi>978-1-900639-43-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+Guide+to+Wales&rft.pub=Companion+Guides&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-900639-43-9&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNp_H_j3hXUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2008" class="citation book cs1">Barr, James (2008). Setting the Desert on Fire: T. E. Lawrence and Britain's Secret War in Arabia 1916–1918. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07095-8"><bdi>978-0-393-07095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+the+Desert+on+Fire%3A+T.+E.+Lawrence+and+Britain%27s+Secret+War+in+Arabia+1916%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07095-8&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeson1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Beeson" title="Cyril Beeson">Beeson, C.F.C.</a> (1989). Clockmaking in Oxfordshire 1400–1850. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Science,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the History of Science, Oxford">Museum of the History of Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903364-06-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903364-06-5"><bdi>978-0-903364-06-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clockmaking+in+Oxfordshire+1400%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Museum+of+the+History+of+Science&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-903364-06-5&rft.aulast=Beeson&rft.aufirst=C.F.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2005" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Malcolm (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780500512388">Lawrence of Arabia: The life, the legend</a>. London: Thames & Hudson / [In association with] Imperial War Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51238-8"><bdi>978-0-500-51238-8</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia%3A+The+life%2C+the+legend&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+%2F+%5BIn+association+with%5D+Imperial+War+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51238-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780500512388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1998" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Fred D. (1998). Aldington and Lawrence of Arabia: A cautionary tale. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2166-7"><bdi>978-0-8093-2166-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aldington+and+Lawrence+of+Arabia%3A+A+cautionary+tale&rft.place=Carbondale+and+Edwardsville&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2166-7&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Fred+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Graves, Robert</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawrencearabs0000grav">Lawrence and the Arabs</a>. London: Jonathan Cape – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+and+the+Arabs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawrencearabs0000grav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"> Also free on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74014">Project Gutenberg</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Graves, Robert</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260748">Lawrence and the Arabian Adventure</a>. New York: Doubleday – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+and+the+Arabian+Adventure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.260748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightleySimpson1970" class="citation book cs1">Knightley, Phillip; Simpson, Colin (1970). The Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-299-17719-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-299-17719-2"><bdi>978-1-299-17719-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Lawrence+of+Arabia&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-1-299-17719-2&rft.aulast=Knightley&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorda2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Korda" title="Michael Korda">Korda, M.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herolifelegendof00kord">Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-171261-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-171261-6"><bdi>978-0-06-171261-6</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hero%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+Lawrence+of+Arabia&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-171261-6&rft.aulast=Korda&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherolifelegendof00kord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1937" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, A.W. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7VNtQEACAAJ">T. E. Lawrence by His Friends</a>. Doubleday – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+E.+Lawrence+by+His+Friends&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=A.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7VNtQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1926" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, T. E. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</a>. Subscribers'. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-41895-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-41895-9"><bdi>978-0-385-41895-9</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Pillars+of+Wisdom&rft.pub=Subscribers%27&rft.date=1926&rft.isbn=978-0-385-41895-9&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1935" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, T. E. (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</a>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-07015-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-07015-7"><bdi>978-0-385-07015-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Pillars+of+Wisdom&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=978-0-385-07015-7&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevenpillarsofwi00lawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Mack" title="John E. Mack">Mack, John E.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princeofourdisor00mack">A Prince of Our Disorder: The life of T. E. Lawrence</a>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-54232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-54232-6"><bdi>978-0-316-54232-6</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Prince+of+Our+Disorder%3A+The+life+of+T.+E.+Lawrence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-316-54232-6&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinceofourdisor00mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2008" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, David (2008). The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence sets Arabia ablaze. Osprey Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Revolt+1916%E2%80%9318%3A+Lawrence+sets+Arabia+ablaze&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlans2002" class="citation book cs1">Orlans, Harold (2002). T. E. Lawrence: Biography of a broken hero. Jefferson, NC / London: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1307-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1307-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-1307-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+E.+Lawrence%3A+Biography+of+a+broken+hero&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC+%2F+London&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1307-2&rft.aulast=Orlans&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenaud2007" class="citation book cs1">Penaud, Guy (2007). Le Tour de France de Lawrence d'Arabie (1908). Périgueux, France: Editions de La Lauze. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35249-024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35249-024-1"><bdi>978-2-35249-024-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Tour+de+France+de+Lawrence+d%27Arabie+%281908%29&rft.place=P%C3%A9rigueux%2C+France&rft.pub=Editions+de+La+Lauze&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-35249-024-1&rft.aulast=Penaud&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabachnick1984" class="citation book cs1">Tabachnick, Stephen E. (1984). The T. E. Lawrence Puzzle. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+T.+E.+Lawrence+Puzzle&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Tabachnick&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Wilson" title="Jeremy Wilson">Wilson, J.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawrenceofarabia00wils">Lawrence of Arabia: The authorised biography of T. E. Lawrence</a>. Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-689-11934-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-689-11934-7"><bdi>978-0-689-11934-7</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia%3A+The+authorised+biography+of+T.+E.+Lawrence&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-689-11934-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawrenceofarabia00wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolley1954" class="citation book cs1">Woolley, Leonard (1954). Dead Towns and Living Men. London and Tonbridge: The Whitefriars Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Towns+and+Living+Men&rft.place=London+and+Tonbridge&rft.pub=The+Whitefriars+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Scott (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307476418">Lawrence in Arabia: War, deceit, imperial folly and the making of the modern Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53292-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53292-1"><bdi>978-0-385-53292-1</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+in+Arabia%3A+War%2C+deceit%2C+imperial+folly+and+the+making+of+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53292-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780307476418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Flora_Anne_Armitage" title="Flora Anne Armitage">Armitage, F.A.</a> (1955). The Desert and the Stars: A biography of Lawrence of Arabia (illustrated with photographs ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-000577-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-000577-9"><bdi>978-0-00-000577-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desert+and+the+Stars%3A+A+biography+of+Lawrence+of+Arabia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=illustrated+with+photographs&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-00-000577-9&rft.aulast=Armitage&rft.aufirst=F.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Brown, Malcolm (1988). The Letters of T. E. Lawrence.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+T.+E.+Lawrence&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Brown, Malcolm, ed. (2005). Lawrence of Arabia: The selected letters. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia%3A+The+selected+letters&rft.place=London&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Brown, Malcolm; Cave, Julia (1988). A Touch of Genius: The life of T. E. Lawrence. London: J.M. Brent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Touch+of+Genius%3A+The+life+of+T.+E.+Lawrence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.M.+Brent&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Cave%2C+Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Carchidi, Victoria K. (1987). Creation Out of the Void: The making of a hero, an epic, a world: T. E. Lawrence. University of Pennsylvania – via University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+Out+of+the+Void%3A+The+making+of+a+hero%2C+an+epic%2C+a+world%3A+T.+E.+Lawrence&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Carchidi&rft.aufirst=Victoria+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ciampaglia, Giuseppe (2010). Quando Lawrence d'Arabia passò per Roma rompendosi l'osso del collo (in Italian). Rome: Strenna dei Romanisti, Roma Amor edit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quando+Lawrence+d%27Arabia+pass%C3%B2+per+Roma+rompendosi+l%27osso+del+collo&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Strenna+dei+Romanisti%2C+Roma+Amor+edit&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ciampaglia&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Graves, Richard Perceval (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawrenceofarabia00rich">Lawrence of Arabia and His World</a>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-13054-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-13054-4"><bdi>978-0-500-13054-4</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia+and+His+World&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-500-13054-4&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Richard+Perceval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawrenceofarabia00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, George Amin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sightm1911.com/lib/history/telawrence.htm">T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) and the M1911</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+E.+Lawrence+%28Lawrence+of+Arabia%29+and+the+M1911&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=George+Amin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsightm1911.com%2Flib%2Fhistory%2Ftelawrence.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hulsman, John C. (2009). To Begin the World over Again: Lawrence of Arabia from Damascus to Baghdad. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61742-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61742-1"><bdi>978-0-230-61742-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Begin+the+World+over+Again%3A+Lawrence+of+Arabia+from+Damascus+to+Baghdad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61742-1&rft.aulast=Hulsman&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Montgomery_Hyde" title="H. Montgomery Hyde">Hyde, H. Montgomery</a> (1977). Solitary in the Ranks: Lawrence of Arabia as airman and private soldier. London: Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-462070-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-462070-4"><bdi>978-0-09-462070-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solitary+in+the+Ranks%3A+Lawrence+of+Arabia+as+airman+and+private+soldier&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-09-462070-4&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=H.+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_James" title="Lawrence James">James, Lawrence</a> (2008). The Golden Warrior: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-354-7"><bdi>978-1-60239-354-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Warrior%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+Lawrence+of+Arabia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-354-7&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, M.R. (1954). The Home Letters of T. E. Lawrence and his Brothers. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Home+Letters+of+T.+E.+Lawrence+and+his+Brothers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, T. E. (2003). Seven Pillars of Wisdom: The Complete 1922 Text. Castle Hill Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873141-39-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873141-39-7"><bdi>978-1-873141-39-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Pillars+of+Wisdom%3A+The+Complete+1922+Text&rft.pub=Castle+Hill+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-873141-39-7&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leclerc, C. (1998). Avec T. E. Lawrence en Arabie, La Mission militaire francaise au Hedjaz 1916–1920 (in French). Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avec+T.+E.+Lawrence+en+Arabie%2C+La+Mission+militaire+francaise+au+Hedjaz+1916%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Leclerc&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Leigh, Bruce (2014). T. E. Lawrence: Warrior and Scholar. Tattered Flag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9543115-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9543115-7-5"><bdi>978-0-9543115-7-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+E.+Lawrence%3A+Warrior+and+Scholar&rft.pub=Tattered+Flag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9543115-7-5&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Marriott, Paul; Argent, Yvonne (1998). The Last Days of T. E. Lawrence: A leaf in the wind. The Alpha Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898595-22-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898595-22-9"><bdi>978-1-898595-22-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+T.+E.+Lawrence%3A+A+leaf+in+the+wind&rft.pub=The+Alpha+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-898595-22-9&rft.aulast=Marriott&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Argent%2C+Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meulenjizer, V. (1938). Le Colonel Lawrence, agent de l'Intelligence Service (in French). Brussels.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Colonel+Lawrence%2C+agent+de+l%27Intelligence+Service&rft.place=Brussels&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Meulenjizer&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingmakersinvent0000meye">Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East</a>. New York / London: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06199-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06199-4"><bdi>978-0-393-06199-4</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingmakers%3A+the+Invention+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York+%2F+London&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06199-4&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Karl+E.&rft.au=Brysac%2C+Shareen+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingmakersinvent0000meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Mousa" title="Suleiman Mousa">Mousa, S.</a> (1966). <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Mousa#T._E._Lawrence:_An_Arab_View" title="Suleiman Mousa">T. E. Lawrence: An Arab view</a>. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+E.+Lawrence%3A+An+Arab+view&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Mousa&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Norman, Andrew (2014). Lawrence of Arabia and Clouds Hill. Halsgrove. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85704-247-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85704-247-7"><bdi>978-0-85704-247-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia+and+Clouds+Hill&rft.pub=Halsgrove&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-85704-247-7&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Norman, Andrew (2014). T. E. Lawrence: Tormented hero. Fonthill Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-019-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-019-9"><bdi>978-1-78155-019-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+E.+Lawrence%3A+Tormented+hero&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78155-019-9&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Nutting" title="Anthony Nutting">Nutting, A.</a> (1961). Lawrence of Arabia: The Man and the Motive. London: Hollis & Carter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia%3A+The+Man+and+the+Motive&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hollis+%26+Carter&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Nutting&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Ocampo" title="Victoria Ocampo">Ocampo, V.</a> (1963). 338171 T. E. (Lawrence of Arabia). London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=338171+T.+E.+%28Lawrence+of+Arabia%29&rft.place=London&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Paris, T.J. (September 1998). "British Middle East policy-making after the First World War: The Lawrentian and Wilsonian Schools". Historical Journal. 41 (3): 773–793. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x98007997">10.1017/s0018246x98007997</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161205802">161205802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=British+Middle+East+policy-making+after+the+First+World+War%3A+The+Lawrentian+and+Wilsonian+Schools&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=773-793&rft.date=1998-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x98007997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161205802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Rosen, Jacob (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031317/http://www.israelcfr.com/documents/5-3/5-3-8-JacobRosen.pdf">"The Legacy of Lawrence and the New Arab Awakening"</a> (PDF). Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. V (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://israelcfr.com/documents/5-3/5-3-8-JacobRosen.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016 – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+Lawrence+and+the+New+Arab+Awakening&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisraelcfr.com%2Fdocuments%2F5-3%2F5-3-8-JacobRosen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sarindar, François (2010). Lawrence d'Arabie. Thomas Edward, cet inconnu. collection "Comprendre le Moyen-Orient". Paris: Editions L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-11677-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-11677-1"><bdi>978-2-296-11677-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+d%27Arabie.+Thomas+Edward%2C+cet+inconnu&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=collection+%22Comprendre+le+Moyen-Orient%22&rft.pub=Editions+L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-296-11677-1&rft.aulast=Sarindar&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sarindar, François (2011). "La vie rêvée de Lawrence d'Arabie: Qantara". Institut du Monde Arabe (in French) (80). Paris: 7–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institut+du+Monde+Arabe&rft.atitle=La+vie+r%C3%AAv%C3%A9e+de+Lawrence+d%27Arabie%3A+Qantara&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=7-9&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sarindar&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sattin, Anthony (2014). Young Lawrence: A portrait of the legend of a young man. John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-912-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-912-8"><bdi>978-1-84854-912-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Lawrence%3A+A+portrait+of+the+legend+of+a+young+man&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84854-912-8&rft.aulast=Sattin&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Andrew R.B. (2008). Another Life: Lawrence after Arabia. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-464-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-464-8"><bdi>978-1-86227-464-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Life%3A+Lawrence+after+Arabia&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-464-8&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stang, Charles M., ed. (2002). The Waking Dream of T. E. Lawrence: Essays on his life, literature, and legacy. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waking+Dream+of+T.+E.+Lawrence%3A+Essays+on+his+life%2C+literature%2C+and+legacy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Desmond (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telawrence00stew">T. E. Lawrence</a>. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060141233" title="Special:BookSources/9780060141233"><bdi>9780060141233</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+E.+Lawrence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780060141233&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftelawrence00stew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Storrs, Ronald (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220069">Lawrence of Arabia, Zionism and Palestine</a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia%2C+Zionism+and+Palestine&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Storrs&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.220069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Thomas" title="Lowell Thomas">Thomas, L.</a> (2014) [1924]. With Lawrence in Arabia. Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-295-83025-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-295-83025-1"><bdi>978-1-295-83025-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Lawrence+in+Arabia&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-295-83025-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+E.+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> T. E. Lawrence at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Thomas Edward Lawrence">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" class="extiw" title="q:T. E. Lawrence">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Thomas Edward Lawrence">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Digital collections</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/t-e-lawrence">Works by T. E. Lawrence in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Lawrence%2C%20T.%20E.%20%28Thomas%20Edward%29">Works by T. E. Lawrence</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T.%20E.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T.%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22T.%20E.%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22T.%20E%2E%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22T%2E%20E%2E%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22T.%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T.%20E.%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T.%20E%2E%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T%2E%20E%2E%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T%2E%20E.%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T.%20E.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T.%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T%2E%20E.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T.%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T.%22%20OR%20title%3A%22T.%20E.%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20title%3A%22T.%20E%2E%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20title%3A%22T%2E%20E%2E%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20title%3A%22T.%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20description%3A%22T.%20E.%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20description%3A%22T.%20E%2E%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20description%3A%22T%2E%20E%2E%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T.%20E.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T.%20E%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22T.%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lawrence%2C%20T.%22%29%20OR%20%28%221888-1935%22%20AND%20Lawrence%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about T. E. Lawrence</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415191529/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?lawrence-of-arabia-seven-pillars">T. E. Lawrence's Original Letters on Palestine</a> Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li></ul> <dl><dt>Physical collections</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00073">T. E. Lawrence's Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/">Harry Ransom Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131207/http://www.cliohistory.org/thomas-lawrence/">"Creating History: Lowell Thomas and Lawrence of Arabia" online history exhibit</a> at Clio Visualizing History.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303211250/http://www.europeana-collections-1914-1918.eu/">Europeana Collections 1914–1918</a> makes 425,000 First World War items from European libraries available online, including manuscripts, photographs and diaries by or relating to Lawrence</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017083328/https://www.shapell.org/collection/historic-figures/lawrence-te/">T. E. Lawrence's Personal Manuscripts and Letters</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>News and analysis</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1935/may/19/fromthearchive">The Guardian 19 May 1935 – The death of Lawrence of Arabia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.qantara.de/The-Recalcitrant-Hero/15932c16122i1p169/index.html">The Legend of Lawrence of Arabia: The Recalcitrant Hero</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701051628/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3032226.html">T. E. Lawrence: The Enigmatic Lawrence of Arabia</a> article by O'Brien Browne</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724213223/https://al-bushra.org/arabwrld/lawrance.htm">Lawrence of Arabia: True and false (an Arab view) by Lucy Ladikoff</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011060">Newspaper clippings about T. E. Lawrence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Documentaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//BHC_RTV/1935/06/03/BGU407200240/">Footage of Lawrence of Arabia with publisher FN Doubleday and at a picnic</a></li> <li>Lawrence of Arabia: The Battle for the Arab World, directed by <a href="/wiki/James_Hawes" title="James Hawes">James Hawes</a>. PBS Home Video, 21 October 2003. (ASIN B0000BWVND)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Societies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920183710/http://www.telstudies.org/">T. E. Lawrence Studies</a>, built by Lawrence's authorised biographer Jeremy Wilson (no longer maintained)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telsociety.org.uk/">The T. E. Lawrence Society</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:T._E._Lawrence" title="Template:T. E. Lawrence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:T._E._Lawrence" title="Template talk:T. E. Lawrence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:T._E._Lawrence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:T. E. Lawrence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="T._E._Lawrence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">T. E. Lawrence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom" title="Seven Pillars of Wisdom">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mint_(book)" title="The Mint (book)">The Mint</a> (1955)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lcamel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lcamel.jpg/100px-Lcamel.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lcamel.jpg/150px-Lcamel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lcamel.jpg/200px-Lcamel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Chapman,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet">Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._W._Lawrence" title="A. W. Lawrence">A. W. Lawrence</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Battle of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Thomas" title="Lowell Thomas">Lowell Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Too_True_to_Be_Good" title="Too True to Be Good">Too True to Be Good</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_(play)" title="Ross (play)">Ross</a> (1960 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a> (1962 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia:_The_Authorised_Biography_of_T._E._Lawrence" title="Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence">Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Man:_Lawrence_After_Arabia" title="A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia">A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia</a> (1992 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_After_Arabia" title="Lawrence After Arabia">Lawrence After Arabia</a> (2016 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170596#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170596#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170596#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368646118">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368646126">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121450594">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100164858">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/41713/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw94xpqMkgq9FyY7Yj6Kd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118570366">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79097491">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11911458q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11911458q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00447038">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295194605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000147581">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513022706706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14115052">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00566646?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500234127">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/225174">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/58952">Musée d'Orsay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/901076">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118570366.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118570366">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026971011">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gg1hh9">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68s4tz7">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/lawrence-thomas-edward">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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