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href="#Theory_of_neurosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theory of neurosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory_of_neurosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theory of neurosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_neurosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ten_neurotic_needs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ten_neurotic_needs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ten neurotic needs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ten_neurotic_needs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_categories_of_needs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_categories_of_needs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Three categories of needs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_categories_of_needs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narcissism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narcissism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Narcissism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narcissism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-psychoanalytic_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-psychoanalytic_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Neo-psychoanalytic theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-psychoanalytic_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminine_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminine_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Feminine psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminine_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mature_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mature_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Mature theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mature_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mature theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mature_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-realization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-realization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Self-realization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-realization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_of_the_self" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_the_self"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Theory of the self</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_the_self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karen_Horney_Clinic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karen_Horney_Clinic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Karen Horney Clinic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karen_Horney_Clinic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Karen Horney</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A" title="كارين هورني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارين هورني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horni" title="Karen Horni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karen Horni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کارن هورنای – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارن هورنای" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Карэн Хорні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карэн Хорні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Карен Хорни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карен Хорни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horneyov%C3%A1" title="Karen Horneyová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karen Horneyová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8A" title="Κάρεν Χόρνεϊ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρεν Χόρνεϊ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کارن هورنای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارن هورنای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A0%8C_%ED%98%B8%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4" title="카렌 호나이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카렌 호나이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Կարեն Հորնի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարեն Հորնի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="करेन हरनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="करेन हरनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99" title="קארן הורני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קארן הורני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კარენ ჰორნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარენ ჰორნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Карен Хорни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карен Хорни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="കാരൻ ഹോർണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാരൻ ഹോർണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%89" title="كارين هورنى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارين هورنى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4" title="カレン・ホーナイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カレン・ホーナイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੈਰਨ ਹਾਰਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਰਨ ਹਾਰਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хорни, Карен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хорни, Карен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92" title="කැරන් හෝනි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැරන් හෝනි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horneyov%C3%A1" title="Karen Horneyová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karen Horneyová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Карен Хорнај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карен Хорнај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karen Horney" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karen Horney" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Karen Horney</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Karen_Horney_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Karen_Horney_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="293" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Karen Danielsen</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1885-09-16</span>)</span>16 September 1885<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Blankenese" title="Blankenese">Blankenese</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 December 1952<span style="display:none">(1952-12-04)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Theory of Neurotic Needs, Feminine Psychology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Oskar Horney</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Horney" title="Brigitte Horney">Brigitte</a><sup id="cite_ref-cg_boeree_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cg_boeree-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Psychoanalysis" title="Category:Psychoanalysis">a series of articles</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freud%27s_couch,_London,_2004_(2).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/220px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/330px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/440px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial development (Erikson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind#Freud's_view" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconscious" title="Preconscious">Preconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_apparatus" title="Psychic apparatus">Psychic apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_superego" title="Id, ego and superego">Id, ego and superego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">Ego defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference" title="Transference">Transference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertransference" title="Countertransference">Countertransference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_(psychoanalysis)" title="Resistance (psychoanalysis)">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_(Freud)" title="Denial (Freud)">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamwork" title="Dreamwork">Dreamwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathexis" title="Cathexis">Cathexis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Balint" title="Michael Balint">Balint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Bion" title="Wilfred Bion">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Chodorow" title="Nancy Chodorow">Chodorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fairbairn" title="Ronald Fairbairn">Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Freud (Anna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud (Sigmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Jacobson" title="Edith Jacobson">Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kohut" title="Heinz Kohut">Kohut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Laplanche" title="Jean Laplanche">Laplanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahler" title="Margaret Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Spielrein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Stekel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strachey" title="James Strachey">Strachey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901)</span></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory<br />of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_the_Id" title="The Ego and the Id">The Ego and the Id</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Fundamental_Concepts_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis">The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">Adlerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">Ego psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Jungian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_psychoanalysis" title="Interpersonal psychoanalysis">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjective_psychoanalysis" title="Intersubjective psychoanalysis">Intersubjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_therapy" title="Reichian therapy">Reichian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_psychoanalysis" title="Relational psychoanalysis">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_psychology" title="Self psychology">Self psychology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Training</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis" title="Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis">Boston Graduate School of<br />Psychoanalysis</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytic_Council" title="British Psychoanalytic Council">British Psychoanalytic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytical_Society" title="British Psychoanalytical Society">British Psychoanalytical Society</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Center_for_Psychoanalytic_Training_and_Research" title="Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research">Columbia University Center for<br />Psychoanalytic Training and Research</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Psychoanalysis" title="World Association of Psychoanalysis">World Association of Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis" title="List of schools of psychoanalysis">List of schools of psychoanalysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_psychoanalysis" title="Child psychoanalysis">Child psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_psychology" title="Depth psychology">Depth psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">Psychodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychoanalysis" title="Template talk:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoanalysis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Karen Horney</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>Danielsen</b></span>; 16 September 1885 – 4 December 1952) was a German <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalyst</a> who practiced in the United States during her later career. Her theories questioned some traditional <a href="/wiki/Freudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Freudian">Freudian</a> views. This was particularly true of her theories of sexuality and of the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis. She is credited with founding <a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">feminist psychology</a> in response to Freud's theory of <a href="/wiki/Penis_envy" title="Penis envy">penis envy</a>. She disagreed with Freud about inherent differences in the psychology of men and women, and like Adler, she traced such differences to society and culture rather than biology.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_orientation">Theoretical orientation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theoretical orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Those in <i>The Cultural School</i> of thought include Horney, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clara_Thompson" title="Clara Thompson">Clara Thompson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horney is often classified as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Freudianism" title="Neo-Freudianism">neo-Freudian</a> but may also be seen as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">neo-Adlerian</a> (Ansbacher, 1979), although it is contended neither Horney nor Adler directly influenced one another (Mosak, 1989).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oberstew_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberstew-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horney was born Karen Danielsen on 16 September 1885 in Blankenese, Germany, near <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. Her father, Berndt Wackels Danielsen (1836–1910), was Norwegian but had German citizenship. He was a ship's captain in the merchant marine, and a Protestant traditionalist (his children nicknamed him "the Bible-thrower", as he did indeed throw Bibles).<sup id="cite_ref-cg_boeree_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cg_boeree-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her mother, Clotilde, née van Ronzelen (1853–1911), known as "Sonni", was also Protestant, of Dutch origin. She was said to be more open-minded than Berndt, and yet she was "depressed, irritable, and domineering toward Karen".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karen's elder brother was also named Berndt, and Karen cared for him deeply. She also had four elder half-siblings<sup id="cite_ref-Paris1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubins_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubins-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from her father's previous marriage. However, there was no contact between the children of her father's two marriages. </p><p>Horney kept diaries beginning at the age of thirteen. These journals showed Horney's confidence in her path for the future. She considered becoming a doctor, even though, at that time, women were not allowed to attend universities.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Horney's adolescent diaries her father was "a cruel disciplinary figure," who also held his son Berndt in higher regard than Karen. Instead of being offended or feeling indignation over Karen's perceptions of him, her father brought her gifts from far-away countries. Despite this, Karen always felt deprived of her father's affection and instead became attached to her mother.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From roughly the age of nine Karen became ambitious and somewhat rebellious. She felt she could not become pretty, and instead decided to vest her energies into her intellectual qualities — despite the fact she was seen by most as pretty. At this time she developed a crush on her older brother, who became embarrassed by her attentions — soon pushing her away. She suffered the first of several bouts of depression — an issue that would plague her for the rest of her life.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, when Karen was 19, her mother left her father (without divorcing him), taking the children with her. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Karen_Horney" title="Special:EditPage/Karen Horney">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Karen+Horney%22">"Karen Horney"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Karen+Horney%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Karen+Horney%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Karen+Horney%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Karen+Horney%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Karen+Horney%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Against her parents' wishes, Horney entered medical school in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-musingkum_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musingkum-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a> was in fact one of the first institutions in Germany to enroll women in medical courses—with higher education only becoming available to women in Germany in 1900. By 1908, Horney had transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>, and would transfer once more to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> before graduating with an M.D. in 1913. Attending several universities was common at the time to gain a basic medical education. </p><p>Through her fellow student Carl Müller-Braunschweig—who later became a psychoanalyst—she met the business student Oskar Horney. They married in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-cg_boeree_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cg_boeree-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-musingkum_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musingkum-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple moved to Berlin together, where Oskar worked in industry while Karen continued her studies at the <a href="/wiki/Charit%C3%A9" title="Charité">Charité</a>. Within the space of one year, Karen gave birth to her first child and lost both of her parents. She entered psychoanalysis to help herself cope. Her first analyst was <a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Karl Abraham</a> in 1910, then she moved to <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Sachs" title="Hanns Sachs">Hanns Sachs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FV_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FV-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karen and Oskar had three daughters. The first, born in 1911, was <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Horney" title="Brigitte Horney">Brigitte Horney</a>, who became a famous actress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_works">Career and works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career and works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Horney is often thought of primarily as a neo-Freudian member of "the cultural school," which also includes <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Thompson" title="Clara Thompson">Clara Thompson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abram_Kardiner" title="Abram Kardiner">Abram Kardiner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bernard J. Paris</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1920, Horney was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Psychoanalytic_Institute" title="Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute">Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute</a>. She then took up a teaching position within the Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-musingkum_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musingkum-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She helped design and eventually directed the Society's training program, taught students, and conducted psychoanalytic research. She also saw patients for private psychoanalytic sessions, and continued to work at the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-FV_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FV-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1923, Oskar Horney's firm <a href="/wiki/Insolvency" title="Insolvency">became insolvent</a>, and Oskar developed <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> soon after. He rapidly became embittered, morose and argumentative. That same year, Horney's brother died of a pulmonary infection. Both events contributed to a worsening of Horney's mental health. She entered into a second period of deep depression; she swam out to sea during a vacation and considered committing suicide. </p><p>In 1926, Horney and her husband separated; they would divorce in 1937. She and their three daughters moved out of Oskar's house. Oskar had proven to be very similar to Horney's father, with an authoritarian personality. After studying more psychoanalytic theory, Horney regretted not objecting to her husband ruling over their children when they were younger. </p><p>Despite her increasing deviation from orthodox Freudian doctrine, she practised and taught at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society until 1932. Freud's increasing coolness toward her and her concern over the rise of Nazism in Germany motivated her to accept an invitation by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Alexander" title="Franz Alexander">Franz Alexander</a> to become his assistant at the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis, and in 1932, she and her daughters moved to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FV_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FV-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two years after moving to Chicago, Horney relocated to <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>. Brooklyn was home to a large Jewish community, including a growing number of refugees from Nazi Germany, and psychoanalysis thrived there. It was in Brooklyn Horney became friends with analysts such as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>. She had a sexual relationship with Fromm that ended bitterly. </p><p>While living in Brooklyn, Horney taught and trained psychoanalysts in New York City, working both at the <a href="/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="New School for Social Research">New School for Social Research</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Psychoanalytic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Psychoanalytic Institute">New York Psychoanalytic Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FV_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FV-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was in Brooklyn Horney developed and advanced her composite theories regarding <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a>, based on experiences gained from working in <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>. In 1937 she published <i>The Neurotic Personality of Our Time</i>, which had wide popular readership. By 1941, Horney was <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">Dean</a> of the American Institute of Psychoanalysis, a training institute for those who were interested in Horney's own organization, the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. She founded this organization after becoming dissatisfied with the generally strict, orthodox nature of the prevailing psychoanalytic community. </p><p>Horney's deviation from Freudian psychology led to her resigning from her post, and she soon took up teaching in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Medical_College" title="New York Medical College">New York Medical College</a>. She also founded a journal, the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Psychoanalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Psychoanalysis">American Journal of Psychoanalysis</a></i>. She taught at the New York Medical College and continued practising as a psychiatrist until her death in 1952. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_of_neurosis">Theory of neurosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theory of neurosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horney looked at <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurosis</a> in a different light from other psychoanalysts of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her expansive interest in the subject led her to compile a detailed theory of neurosis, with data from her patients. Horney believed neurosis to be a continuous process—with neuroses commonly occurring sporadically in a person's lifetime. This was in contrast to the opinions of her contemporaries who believed neurosis was, like more severe mental conditions, a negative malfunction of the mind in response to external stimuli, such as <a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">bereavement</a>, divorce or negative experiences during childhood and adolescence. This has been debated widely by contemporary psychologists. </p><p>Horney believed these stimuli to be less important, except for influences during childhood. Rather, she placed significant emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">parental</a> indifference towards the child, believing a child's perception of events, as opposed to the parent's intentions, is the key to understanding a person's neurosis. For instance, a child might feel a lack of warmth and affection should a parent make fun of the child's feelings. The parent may also casually neglect to fulfill promises, which in turn could have a detrimental effect on the child's mental state. </p><p>From her experiences as a psychiatrist, Horney named ten patterns of neurotic needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Horney1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horney1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ten needs are based upon things which she thought all humans require to succeed in life. Horney modified these needs somewhat to correspond with what she believed were individuals' neuroses. A neurotic person could theoretically exhibit all of these needs, though in practice fewer than the ten here need to be present for a person to be considered a neurotic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ten_neurotic_needs">Ten neurotic needs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ten neurotic needs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ten needs, as set out by Horney, (classified according to her so-called <a href="/wiki/Coping_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping strategies">coping strategies</a>) are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Horney2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horney2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moving Toward People (Compliance) </p> <ul><li>1. The need for affection and approval; pleasing others and being liked by them.</li> <li>2. The need for a partner; one whom they can love and who will solve all problems.</li> <li>3. The need for social recognition; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prestige" class="extiw" title="wikt:prestige">prestige</a> and limelight.</li> <li>4. The need for personal admiration; for both inner and outer qualities—to be valued.</li></ul> <p>Moving Against People (Aggression) </p> <ul><li>5. The need for power; the ability to bend <a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">wills</a> and achieve control over others—while most persons seek strength, the neurotic may be desperate for it.</li> <li>6. The need to exploit others; to get the better of them. To become <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulative</a>, fostering the belief that people are there simply to be used.</li></ul> <p>Moving Away from People (Withdrawal) </p> <ul><li>7. The need for personal achievement; though virtually all persons wish to make achievements, as with No. 3, the neurotic may be desperate for achievement.</li> <li>8. The need for self-sufficiency and independence; while most desire some <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, the neurotic may simply wish to discard other individuals entirely.</li> <li>9. The need for perfection; while many are driven to perfect their lives in the form of well being, the neurotic may display a fear of being slightly flawed.</li> <li>10. Lastly, the need to restrict life practices to within narrow borders; to live as inconspicuous a life as possible.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_categories_of_needs">Three categories of needs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Three categories of needs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon investigating the ten needs further, Horney found she was able to condense them into three broad categories: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228772891">.mw-parser-output .glossary dt{margin-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .glossary dt+dt{margin-top:-0.2em}.mw-parser-output .glossary .templatequote{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-0.5em}</style> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="compliance"><dfn>Compliance</dfn></dt> <dd>Needs one, two and three (<i>affection and approval</i>, <i>partner</i>, "power") were assimilated into the compliance category, also called <i>moving toward people</i>. This category is seen as a process of joining, submitting, or self-effacement. Under Horney's theory children facing difficulties with parents often use this strategy. Fear of helplessness and abandonment occurs—phenomena Horney refers to as "<a href="/wiki/Basic_anxiety" title="Basic anxiety">basic anxiety</a>". Those within the compliance category tend to exhibit a need for affection and approval on the part of their peers. They may also seek out a partner, somebody to confide in, fostering the belief that, in turn, all of life's problems would be solved by the new cohort. A lack of demands and a desire for inconspicuousness both occur in these individuals.</dd> <dt id="expansion/aggression"><dfn>Expansion/Aggression</dfn></dt> <dd>Needs four through eight (<i>exploit others</i>, <i>social recognition</i>, <i>personal admiration</i>, <i>personal achievement</i>, "self sufficiency") were assimilated into the expansion category, also called <i>moving against people</i>, or the <i>expansive</i> solution. Neurotic children or adults within this category often exhibit <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a> or <a href="/wiki/Basic_hostility" title="Basic hostility">basic hostility</a> to those around them. That is, there is a need for power, a need for control and exploitation, and a maintenance of a facade of <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a>. Manipulative qualities aside, under Horney's assertions the expansive individual may also wish for social recognition, not necessarily in terms of limelight, but in terms of simply being known (perhaps <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">feared</a>) by subordinates and peers alike. In addition, the individual has needs for a degree of personal admiration by those within this person's social circle and, lastly, for raw personal achievement. These characteristics comprise the "expansive" neurotic type. Expansive types also tend to keep people around them. On the other hand, they only care about their wants and needs. They would do whatever they can to satisfy their needs and wouldn't desist from hurting anyone in the obtainment of them.</dd> <dt id="detachment/withdrawal"><dfn>Detachment/Withdrawal</dfn></dt> <dd>Needs nine through ten (<i>perfection</i>, <i>restrict life practices</i>) are assimilated into the detachment category, also called <i>moving-away-from</i> or <i>resigning</i> solution or a detached personality. As neither aggression nor compliance solve parental indifference, Horney recognized children might simply try to become <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">self-sufficient</a>. The withdrawing neurotic may disregard others in a non-aggressive manner, regarding <a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">solitude</a> and independence as the way forth. The stringent needs for <a href="/wiki/Perfection" title="Perfection">perfection</a> comprise another part of this category; those withdrawing may strive for perfection above all else, to the point where being flawed is utterly unacceptable. Everything the "detached" type does must be unassailable and refined. They suppress or deny all feelings towards others, particularly love and hate.</dd> </dl> <p>Horney delves into a detailed explanation of the above needs (and their corresponding neurotic solutions) in her book <i>Neurosis and Human Growth</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Narcissism">Narcissism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Narcissism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horney saw narcissism quite differently from <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a>, Kohut, and other mainstream <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalytic</a> theorists in that she did not posit a <a href="/wiki/Primary_narcissism" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary narcissism">primary narcissism</a> but saw the narcissistic personality as the product of a certain kind of early environment acting on a certain kind of temperament. For her, narcissistic needs and tendencies are not inherent in human nature. </p><p>Narcissism is different from Horney's other major <a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanism" title="Defence mechanism">defensive strategies</a> or solutions in that it is not compensatory. Self-idealization is compensatory in her theory, but it differs from narcissism. All the defensive strategies involve self-idealization, but in the narcissistic solution, it tends to be the product of indulgence rather than deprivation. The narcissist's <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> is not strong, however, because it is not based on genuine accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-horney1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horney1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neo-psychoanalytic_theories">Neo-psychoanalytic theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neo-psychoanalytic theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Neo-Freudianism" title="Neo-Freudianism">Neo-Freudianism</a>.</div> <p>Mosak (1989) states that while there is no direct evidence <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a> and Horney influenced one another, they landed at similar theoretical understandings.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberstew_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberstew-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Horney acknowledged and agreed with Freud on many issues, she was also critical of him on several key beliefs. </p><p>Like others whose views differed from that of Freud, Horney felt sex and aggression were not the primary factors that shape personality. Horney, along with Adler, believed there were greater influences on personality, including social relationship factors during childhood, rather than just repressed sexual passions. The two focused more on how the conscious mind plays a role in human personality, not just subconscious repression.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freud's notion of "<a href="/wiki/Penis_envy" title="Penis envy">penis envy</a>" was particularly subject to criticism, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She thought Freud had merely stumbled upon women's jealousy of men's generic power in the world. Horney accepted penis envy might occur occasionally in neurotic women, but stated that "<a href="/wiki/Womb_envy" title="Womb envy">womb envy</a>" occurs just as much in men: Horney felt men were envious of a woman's ability to bear children. The degree to which men are driven to success may be merely a substitute for the fact they cannot carry, bear, and nurture children. Horney also thought men were envious of women because they fulfill their position in society by simply "being", whereas men achieve their manhood according to their ability to provide and succeed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Horney was bewildered by psychiatrists' tendency to place so much emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">male sexual organ</a>. Horney also reworked the Freudian <a href="/wiki/Oedipal_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedipal complex">Oedipal complex</a> of the sexual elements, claiming the clinging to one parent and jealousy of the other was simply the result of anxiety, caused by a disturbance in the parent-child relationship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite these variances with the prevalent Freudian view, Horney strove to reformulate Freudian thought, presenting a <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a> view of the individual psyche which placed much emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">social</a> differences worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminine_psychology">Feminine psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Feminine psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Feminine_psychology" title="Feminine psychology">Feminine psychology</a></div> <p>Horney was also a pioneer in the discipline of feminine psychiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Westkott_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westkott-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one of the first female psychiatrists, she was the first known woman to present a paper regarding feminine psychiatry. Fourteen of the papers she wrote between 1922 and 1937 were amalgamated into a single volume titled <i>Feminine Psychology</i> (1967). As a woman, she felt the mapping out of trends in female behaviour was a neglected issue. Women were regarded as objects of charm and beauty—at variance with every human being's ultimate purpose of <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a>. </p><p>Women, according to Horney, traditionally gain value only through their children and the wider family. She de-romanticized the Victorian concept of how a marriage bond should be. Horney explained that the "monogamous demand represents the fulfillment of narcissistic and sadistic impulses far more than it indicates the wishes of genuine love”.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably, her work <i>"The Problem of the Monogamous Ideal"</i> was fixed upon marriage, as were six other of Horney's papers. Her essay <i>"Maternal Conflicts"</i> attempted to shed new light on the problems women experience when raising adolescents. </p><p>Horney believed both men and women have a drive to be ingenious and productive. Women are able to satisfy this need normally and internally—to do this they become pregnant and give birth. Men satisfy this need only through external ways; Horney proposed that the striking accomplishments of men in work or some other field can be viewed as <a href="/wiki/Compensation_(psychology)" title="Compensation (psychology)">compensation</a> for their inability to give birth to children. </p><p>Horney developed her ideas to the extent that she released one of the first "<a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a>" books in 1946, entitled <i>Are You Considering Psychoanalysis?</i>. The book asserted that those, both male and female, with relatively minor neurotic problems could, in effect, be their own psychiatrists. She continually stressed <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a> was a part of becoming a better, stronger, richer human being. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mature_theory">Mature theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mature theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1930s, Horney stopped writing on the topic of feminine psychology and never resumed. Her biographer B.J. Paris writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Horney's apparent loss of interest in feminine psychology has led some to contend she was never really a feminist, despite the fact she was far ahead of her time in her trenchant critique of the patriarchal ideology of her culture and the phallocentricity of psychoanalysis. Janet Sayers argues that although Horney's "rejection of Freud's work in the name of women's self-esteem has certainly inspired many feminists," she herself "was far too much of an individualist ever to engage in collective political struggle—feminist or otherwise."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Instead, she became increasingly interested in the subject of neurosis. Horney's <a href="/wiki/Neurosis#Horney's_theory" title="Neurosis">mature theory of neurosis</a>, according to Paris, "makes a major contribution to psychological thought—particularly the study of personality—that deserves to be more widely known and applied than it is."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-realization">Self-realization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Self-realization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Near the end of her career, Karen Horney summarized her ideas in <a href="/wiki/Neurosis_and_Human_Growth" title="Neurosis and Human Growth"><i>Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization</i></a>, her major work published in 1950. It's in this book she summarizes her ideas regarding neurosis, clarifying her three neurotic "solutions" to the stresses of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansive solution became a tripartite combination of narcissistic, perfectionistic and arrogant-vindictive approaches to life. (Horney had previously focused on the psychiatric concept of <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> in a book published in 1939, <i>New Ways in Psychoanalysis</i>.) Her other two neurotic "solutions" were also a refinement of her previous views: self-effacement, or submission to others, and resignation, or detachment from others. She described case studies of symbiotic relationships between arrogant-vindictive and self-effacing individuals, labeling such a relationship bordering on <a href="/wiki/Sadism_and_masochism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadism and masochism">sadomasochism</a> as a <i>morbid dependency</i>. She believed individuals in the neurotic categories of narcissism and resignation were much less susceptible to such relationships of <a href="/wiki/Co-dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-dependency">co-dependency</a> with an arrogant-vindictive neurotic. </p><p>While non-neurotic individuals may strive for these needs, neurotics exhibit a much deeper, more willful and concentrated desire to fulfill the said needs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_the_self">Theory of the self</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theory of the self"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">True self and false self</a></div> <p>Horney also shared <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a>'s view that <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a> is something that all people strive for. By "self" she understood the core of one's own being and potential.<sup id="cite_ref-Horney4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horney4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horney believed that if we have an accurate conception of our own self, then we are free to realize our potential and achieve what we wish, within reasonable boundaries. Thus, she believed self-actualization is the healthy person's aim through life—as opposed to the neurotic's clinging to a set of key needs. </p><p>According to Horney we can have two views of our self: the "<a href="/wiki/Real_self" class="mw-redirect" title="Real self">real self</a>" and the "ideal self". The real self is who and what we actually are. The ideal self is the type of person we feel we should be. The real self has the potential for growth, happiness, will power, realization of gifts, etc., but it also has deficiencies. The ideal self is used as a model to assist the real self in developing its potential and achieving self-actualization. (Engler 125) But it is important to know the differences between our ideal and real self. </p><p>The neurotic person's self is split between an idealized self and a real self. As a result, neurotic individuals feel they somehow do not live up to the ideal self. They feel there is a flaw somewhere in comparison to what they "should" be. The goals set out by the neurotic are not <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/realism" class="extiw" title="wikt:realism">realistic</a>, or indeed possible. The real self then degenerates into a "despised self", and the neurotic person assumes this is the "true" self. Thus, the neurotic is like a clock's pendulum, oscillating between a fallacious "perfection" and a manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">self-hate</a>. Horney referred to this phenomenon as the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyranny_of_the_shoulds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyranny of the shoulds (page does not exist)">tyranny of the shoulds</a>" and the neurotic's hopeless "search for glory".<sup id="cite_ref-Horney3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horney3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She concluded these ingrained traits of the psyche forever prevent an individual's potential from being actualized unless the cycle of neurosis is somehow broken, through treatment or, in less severe cases, life lesson. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karen_Horney_Clinic">Karen Horney Clinic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Karen Horney Clinic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karen_Horney_Clinic_329_E62_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Karen_Horney_Clinic_329_E62_jeh.jpg/220px-Karen_Horney_Clinic_329_E62_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Karen_Horney_Clinic_329_E62_jeh.jpg/330px-Karen_Horney_Clinic_329_E62_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Karen_Horney_Clinic_329_E62_jeh.jpg/440px-Karen_Horney_Clinic_329_E62_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="3245" /></a><figcaption>Clinic on East 62nd Street</figcaption></figure> <p>The Karen Horney Clinic opened on May 6, 1955 in New York City, in honor of Horney's achievements. The institution seeks to research and train medical professionals, particularly in the psychiatric fields, as well as serving as a low-cost treatment center. Patients that are not suitable for psychoanalysis are treated with psychotherapeutic modalities such as supportive psychotherapy, and psychoanalytic psychotherapy, all based on Horney's ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are all still in print: </p> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NeurosisAndHumanGrowth">Neurosis and Human Growth</a></i>, Norton, New York, 1950. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393001350" title="Special:BookSources/0393001350">0393001350</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/areyouconsiderin032396mbp"><i>Are You Considering Psychoanalysis?</i></a> Norton, 1946. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393001318" title="Special:BookSources/0393001318">0393001318</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OurInnerConflicts"><i>Our Inner Conflicts</i></a>, Norton, 1945. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393001334" title="Special:BookSources/0393001334">0393001334</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Self-Analysis-Karen-Horney/dp/0393311651/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2UZKPH5TLKR5T&dchild=1&keywords=karen+horney+self+analysis&qid=1612052977&sprefix=Karen+Horney+Self%2Cstripbooks%2C182&sr=8-1"><i>Self-analysis</i></a>, Norton, 1942. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393001342" title="Special:BookSources/0393001342">0393001342</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NewWaysInPsychoanalysis"><i>New Ways in Psychoanalysis</i></a>, Norton, 1939. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393001326" title="Special:BookSources/0393001326">0393001326</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newwaysinpsychoa029401mbp">alternate link</a>)</li> <li><i>The Neurotic Personality of our Time</i>, Norton, 1937. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393010120" title="Special:BookSources/0393010120">0393010120</a></li> <li><i>Feminine Psychology</i> (reprint of papers written between 1922 and 1937), Norton, 1967. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393006867" title="Special:BookSources/0393006867">0393006867</a></li> <li><i>The Collected Works of Karen Horney</i> (2 vols.), Norton, 1950. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1199366358" title="Special:BookSources/1199366358">1199366358</a></li> <li><i>The Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney</i>, Basic Books, New York, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/046500055X" title="Special:BookSources/046500055X">046500055X</a></li> <li><i>The Therapeutic Process: Essays and Lectures</i>, ed. Bernard J. Paris, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300075278" title="Special:BookSources/0300075278">0300075278</a></li> <li><i>The Unknown Karen Horney: Essays on Gender, Culture, and Psychoanalysis</i>, ed. Bernard J. Paris, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300080425" title="Special:BookSources/0300080425">0300080425</a></li> <li><i>Final Lectures</i>, ed. Douglas H. Ingram, Norton, 1991. 128 pp.  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393307559" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393307559">978-0393307559</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_disintegration#Autopsychotherapy" title="Positive disintegration">Auto-psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History of psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_narcissism" title="History of narcissism">History of narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcissistic abuse">Narcissistic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallic_monism" title="Phallic monism">Phallic monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious mind</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1973" class="citation journal cs1">Paris, Bernard J. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/461530">"Notes from Underground: A Horneyan Analysis"</a>. <i>PMLA</i>. <b>88</b> (3): 511–522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F461530">10.2307/461530</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/461530">461530</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163467535">163467535</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=Notes+from+Underground%3A+A+Horneyan+Analysis&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=511-522&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163467535%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F461530%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F461530&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Bernard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F461530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalstedt1976" class="citation journal cs1">Walstedt, Joyce Jennings (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346162">"Beyond Freud: Towards a New Psychotherapy for Women"</a>. <i>Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3346162">10.2307/3346162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346162">3346162</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers%3A+A+Journal+of+Women+Studies&rft.atitle=Beyond+Freud%3A+Towards+a+New+Psychotherapy+for+Women&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3346162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3346162%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walstedt&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Jennings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3346162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is to a large extent due to the fact that her father was hardly ever present. The ship of which he was a captain went back and forth to South America. A son and a daughter from the captain's first marriage died in Chile and Bolivia respectively.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cg_boeree-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cg_boeree_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cg_boeree_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cg_boeree_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeree,_Dr._C._George" class="citation web cs1">Boeree, Dr. C. George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/horney.html">"Karen Horney"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karen+Horney&rft.au=Boeree%2C+Dr.+C.+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebspace.ship.edu%2Fcgboer%2Fhorney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1994" class="citation book cs1">Paris, Bernard J. (1994). <i>Karen Horney: A Psychoanalyst's Search for Self-Understanding</i>. Yale University Press. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06860-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06860-3"><bdi>0-300-06860-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karen+Horney%3A+A+Psychoanalyst%27s+Search+for+Self-Understanding&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-300-06860-3&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Bernard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/organization/standards-guidelines/efgh/#h">"Say How? A Pronunciation Guide to Names of Public Figures"</a>. loc.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Say+How%3F+A+Pronunciation+Guide+to+Names+of+Public+Figures&rft.pub=loc.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fnls%2Fabout%2Forganization%2Fstandards-guidelines%2Fefgh%2F%23h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/horney">"Merriam-Webster online"</a>. merriam-webster.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+online&rft.pub=merriam-webster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhorney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacter,_Gilbert_Wegner2011" class="citation book cs1">Schacter, Gilbert Wegner, Daniel (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychologysecond00dani"><i>Psychology</i></a></span> (1. publ., 3. print. ed.). Cambridge: Worth Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychologysecond00dani/page/n211">180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429241076" title="Special:BookSources/978-1429241076"><bdi>978-1429241076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=180&rft.edition=1.+publ.%2C+3.+print.&rft.pub=Worth+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1429241076&rft.aulast=Schacter%2C+Gilbert+Wegner&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychologysecond00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paris_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paris_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1994" class="citation book cs1">Paris, Bernard J. (1994). <i>Karen Horney: A Psychoanalyst's Search for Self-Understanding</i>. Yale University Press. p. xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06860-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06860-3"><bdi>0-300-06860-3</bdi></a>. <q>Horney is often thought of primarily as a neo-Freudian member of 'the cultural school,' which also includes Eric Fromm, Harry Stack Sullivan, Clara Thompson, and Abraham Kardiner</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karen+Horney%3A+A+Psychoanalyst%27s+Search+for+Self-Understanding&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-300-06860-3&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Bernard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorey2020" class="citation book cs1">Corey, G. (2020). <i>Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy</i> (10 ed.). Cengage Limited. p. 98. <q>These Freudian revisionists—including Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Harry Stack Sullivan—agreed that relational, social, and cultural factors were of great significance in shaping personality. Even though these three therapists are typically called neo-Freudians, it would be more appropriate, as Heinz Ansbacher (1979) has suggested, to refer to them as neo-Adlerians because they moved away from Freud's biological and deterministic point of view and toward Adler's social-psychological and teleological (or goal-oriented) view of human nature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Counseling+and+Psychotherapy&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Cengage+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Corey&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberstew-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oberstew_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberstew_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberstStewart2003" class="citation book cs1">Oberst, Ursula E.; Stewart, Alan E. (2003). "Adlerian therapy and its relationship to other psychotherapeutic approaches: Neo-psychoanalytic theories: Horney's psychoanalytic approach". <i>Adlerian Psychotherapy: An Advanced Approach to Individual Psychology</i>. Routledge. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5839-1122-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5839-1122-8"><bdi>978-1-5839-1122-8</bdi></a>. <q>Although we do not have any evidence Adler and Horney may have influenced each other directly, the two theories share some striking similarities at theoretical and practical levels regarding the development of psychological problems (Mosak 1989).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adlerian+therapy+and+its+relationship+to+other+psychotherapeutic+approaches%3A+Neo-psychoanalytic+theories%3A+Horney%27s+psychoanalytic+approach&rft.btitle=Adlerian+Psychotherapy%3A+An+Advanced+Approach+to+Individual+Psychology&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-5839-1122-8&rft.aulast=Oberst&rft.aufirst=Ursula+E.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Alan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcia Westcott, <i>The feminist legacy of Karen Horney</i>, New Haven, Conn. 1986, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paris1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paris1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paris1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris, <i>Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quinn-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quinn_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quinn, <i>Mind of her own.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubins-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubins_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubins, <i>Karen Horney: gentle rebel.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckardt,M.H.(2006) Karen Horney: a portrait. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 2, 105. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11231-006-9008-4">10.1007/s11231-006-9008-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musingkum-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-musingkum_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-musingkum_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-musingkum_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709153139/http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/horney.htm">"Psychology History"</a>. <i>Langenderfer, Gretchen</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/horney.htm">the original</a> on 2010-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Langenderfer%2C+Gretchen&rft.atitle=Psychology+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muskingum.edu%2F~psych%2Fpsycweb%2Fhistory%2Fhorney.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FV-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FV_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FV_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FV_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FV_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feministvoices.com/profiles/karen-horney">"Karen Horney"</a>, Feministvoices.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horney1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horney1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horney, <i>Self-Analysis.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horney2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horney2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horney, <i>Our inner conflicts.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horney1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horney1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris, Bernard J, <i>Personality and Personal Growth</i>, edited by Robert Frager and James Fadiman, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, Psychology 10th edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paris3_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris, <i>Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search. Chapter 10. The masculinity complex</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paris4_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris, <i>Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search.</i> Part 2. The Freudian phase and feminine psychology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westkott-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Westkott_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcia Westcott, <i>The feminist legacy of Karen Horney</i>, New Haven, Conn. 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dee Garrison, (Summer 1981) "Karen Horney and Feminism," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6, no.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paris2_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris, <i>Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search. Part 5. Horney's mature theory.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horney4-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horney4_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horney, <i>Neurosis and human growth.</i> Chapter 6. Alienation from self.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horney3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horney3_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horney, <i>Neurosis and human growth. Chaps. 1–5.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/codependency-is-about-your-relationship-with-yourself/">"Codependency Is About Your Relationship With Yourself"</a>. <i>psychcentral.com</i>. 2017-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psychcentral.com&rft.atitle=Codependency+Is+About+Your+Relationship+With+Yourself&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fblog%2Fcodependency-is-about-your-relationship-with-yourself%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1991" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Henry (1991). "A report on the Karen Horney Clinic". <i>The American Journal of Psychoanalysis</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 341–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01249256">10.1007/BF01249256</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1962703">1962703</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27891903">27891903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.atitle=A+report+on+the+Karen+Horney+Clinic&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-342&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27891903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1962703&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01249256&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_2">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carlson, N.R. & Heth, C.D. (2007). <i>Psychology the science of behaviour</i>. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 459.</li> <li>DeMartino, R. (1991). Karen Horney, Daisetz T. Suzuki, and Zen Buddhism. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, September, 51(3), 267–83.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dagmar_Herzog" title="Dagmar Herzog">Herzog, Dagmar</a> (2017). <i>Cold War Freud: Psychoanalysis in an Age of Catastrophes</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107072398" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107072398"><bdi>978-1107072398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War+Freud%3A+Psychoanalysis+in+an+Age+of+Catastrophes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1107072398&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaren+Horney" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kondo, A. (1961). The therapist-patient relationship in psychotherapy: On Horney's school and Morita therapy. Seishin Bunseki Kenyu. (Japanese Journal of Psychoanalytic Research), (7), 30–35.</li> <li>LeVine, P. (1994). Impressions of Karen Horney's final lectures. Australian Psychologist. 29 (1), 153–57.</li> <li>Paris, Bernard J. <i>Karen Horney: a Psychoanalyst's Search for Self-understanding</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300068603" title="Special:BookSources/0300068603">0300068603</a></li> <li>Quinn, Susan. <i>Mind of Her Own: the Life of Karen Horney</i>, Summit Books, New York, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201155737" title="Special:BookSources/0201155737">0201155737</a></li> <li>Rubins, Jack L. <i>Karen Horney: Gentle Rebel of Psychoanalysis</i>, Summit Books, New York, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803744250" title="Special:BookSources/0803744250">0803744250</a></li> <li>Westkott, Marcia. <i>The Feminist Legacy of Karen Horney</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300042043" title="Special:BookSources/0300042043">0300042043</a></li> <li>Dr. C. George Boeree (Psychology Department, Shippensburg University) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/horney.html">Personality Theories. Karen Horney</a> (HTML) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.social-psychology.de/sp/ebooks/pdf-engl">The same article in PDF format</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lead Article: Health and Growth (The article is devoted to Karen Horney's <i>Neurosis and Human Growth</i>) // MANAS Journal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manasjournal.org/pdf_library/VolumeXXIII_1970/">Volume XXIII, 1970</a> No. 16 April 22.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Horney&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Karen_Horney" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ivcc.edu/uploadedFiles/_faculty/_mangold/Horney%20and%20Psychoanalytic%20Social%20Theory.pdf">Psychoanalytic Social Theory – Karen Horney</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283159354_The_Dynamic_Self_Searching_for_Growth_and_Authenticity_Karen_Horney's_Contribution_to_Humanistic_Psychology">The Dynamic Self Searching for Growth and Authenticity: Karen Horney's Contribution to Humanistic Psychology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aipnyc.org/">The American Institute for Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://karenhorney.byethost7.com/ikhs/index.html">International Karen Horney Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/story/dr-karen-horney/">NYC Municipal Archives / WNYC audio recording of Karen Horney</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623135046/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/horney.html">Biography at Webster.edu.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/Horneylect.html">Lecture notes alongside psychological opinions at Sonoma.edu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206211409/http://www.fullposter.com/snippets.php?snippet=352#topic">Our Inner Conflicts: excerpts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111209033922/http://knol.google.com/k/tom-butler-bowdon/our-inner-conflicts-by-karen-horney/2l1paxxoh5qsf/25">Commentary on <i>Our Inner Conflicts</i></a> from <i>50 Psychology Classics</i> (2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=horney%20AND%20karen%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts">Books by Karen Horney at the Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.1604">Karen Horney Papers (MS 1604). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychotherapy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychotherapy" title="Template talk:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychotherapy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">Psychodynamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlerian">Adlerian therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalization-based_treatment" title="Mentalization-based treatment">Mentalization-based treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference_focused_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transference focused psychotherapy">Transference focused psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral psychotherapy">Cognitive and <br />behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis" title="Clinical behavior analysis">Clinical behavior analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">Focusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Person-centered therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">Dance therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Feminist therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_therapy" title="Play therapy">Play therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_therapy_(psychotherapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic therapy (psychotherapy)">Systemic therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_analysis" title="Transactional analysis">Transactional analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrative_psychotherapy" title="Integrative psychotherapy">Integrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_psychotherapy" title="Eclectic psychotherapy">Eclectic psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_psychotherapy" title="Brief psychotherapy">Brief psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_counseling" title="Online counseling">Online counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">Support groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_formulation" title="Clinical formulation">Clinical formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pluralism" title="Clinical pluralism">Clinical pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_factors_theory" title="Common factors theory">Common factors theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy_discontinuation" title="Psychotherapy discontinuation">Discontinuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychotherapy" title="History of psychotherapy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practitioner%E2%80%93scholar_model" title="Practitioner–scholar model">Practitioner–scholar model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_therapy" title="Behaviour therapy">Behaviour therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">Stimulus control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterconditioning" title="Counterconditioning">Counterconditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individual therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenic_training" title="Autogenic training">Autogenic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_language" title="Clean language">Clean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">Cognitive restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotion regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">Homework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">Modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-therapy" title="Co-therapy">Co-therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couples_therapy" title="Couples therapy">Couples therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_training" title="Sensitivity training">Sensitivity training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karen Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Donald Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kelly_(psychologist)" title="George Kelly (psychologist)">George Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Axline" title="Virginia Axline">Virginia Axline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Whitaker" title="Carl Whitaker">Carl Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Arieti" title="Silvano Arieti">Silvano Arieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bugental" title="James Bugental">James Bugental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Minuchin" title="Salvador Minuchin">Salvador Minuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_Lindsley" title="Ogden Lindsley">Ogden Lindsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Gendlin" title="Eugene Gendlin">Eugene Gendlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baker_Miller" title="Jean Baker Miller">Jean Baker Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_F._Kernberg" title="Otto F. Kernberg">Otto F. Kernberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Azrin" title="Nathan Azrin">Nathan Azrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Irvin D. Yalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Smith_Benjamin" title="Lorna Smith Benjamin">Lorna Smith Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Marsha M. Linehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Greenberg" title="Les Greenberg">Les Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Miller" title="William Richard Miller">William R. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_C._Hayes" title="Steven C. Hayes">Steven C. Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_White_(psychotherapist)" title="Michael White (psychotherapist)">Michael White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Young_(psychologist)" title="Jeffrey Young (psychologist)">Jeffrey Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonagy" title="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Psychotherapy" title="Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy">Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Applied_Psychophysiology_and_Biofeedback" title="Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback">Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies" title="Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Psychotherapy" title="European Association for Psychotherapy">European Association for Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychotherapy_Research" title="Society for Psychotherapy Research">Society for Psychotherapy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_for_Psychotherapy" title="World Council for Psychotherapy">World Council for Psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122771525">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19678992">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/10267/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkdp3FCCTPxt4VmBWjcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118553682">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50030811">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00526390?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/864945">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118553682.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118553682">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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