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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1902_eruption_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa&params=14.757_N_91.552_W_type:mountain_region:PH_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°45′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">91°33′07″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.757°N 91.552°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.757; -91.552</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">VEI 6 volcanic eruption in Guatemala</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#F6DA9F">1902 eruption of Santa María</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg/250px-Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg/500px-Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Eruption column</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">Volcano</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)" title="Santa María (volcano)">Santa María</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">Start date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 24, 1902<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1902-10-24</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">End date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 12, 1902<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1902-11-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1902_eruption_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa&params=14.757_N_91.552_W_type:mountain_region:PH_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°45′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">91°33′07″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.757°N 91.552°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.757; -91.552</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_explosivity_index" title="Volcanic explosivity index">VEI</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">Deaths</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000–8,700</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1902 eruption of Santa María</b> was one of the largest eruptions of the 20th century, measuring a six on the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_explosivity_index" title="Volcanic explosivity index">volcanic explosivity index</a>. The main eruption began on 24 October 1902 and lasted no more than 20 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-gvp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to its catastrophic eruption, Santa María had no record of an eruption. The eruption killed between 5,000 and 8,700 people. Immediate knowledge about the eruption was suppressed by President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera" title="Manuel Estrada Cabrera">Manuel Estrada Cabrera</a> due to the occurrence of a propaganda festival at around the same time of the eruption. Aid did not reach the affected areas immediately and only arrived in December. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_eruption_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formation of Santa María occurred approximately 30,000 years BP, constructing the present cone to a volume of 20 km<sup>3</sup> (4.8 cu mi). It comprise predominantly of basaltic andesites and pyroclastic material. It is part of a large volcanic belt that straddles the Pacific coast of Middle America. Prior to the 1902 eruption, there were no historical records of activity on the volcano.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was previously considered extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapper1903_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapper1903-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1902, Guatemala was affected by a series of damaging earthquakes; the first in this sequence occurring on 18 January. This event affected <a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Sacatep%C3%A9quez" title="San Martín Sacatepéquez">San Martín</a> and the country's Pacific coastal region. <a href="/wiki/Quezaltenango" class="mw-redirect" title="Quezaltenango">Quezaltenango</a> and San Marcos were razed during the <a href="/wiki/1902_Guatemala_earthquake" title="1902 Guatemala earthquake">18 April earthquake</a>, which was also the largest of the sequence and killing 1,000 people. This event caused major damage to buildings and was felt in other countries. The epicenter of the April shock was thought to be near Santa María. A series of local earthquakes occurring with high frequency was felt within the volcano's vicinity for six weeks. Another major shock occurred on 23 September that was felt as far as <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eruption">Eruption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_eruption_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_collapse_scar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Santa_Maria_collapse_scar.jpg/220px-Santa_Maria_collapse_scar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Santa_Maria_collapse_scar.jpg/330px-Santa_Maria_collapse_scar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Santa_Maria_collapse_scar.jpg/440px-Santa_Maria_collapse_scar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Collapse scar on Santa María created by the eruption</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 October, slight earthquakes were perceived. Santa María began discharging steam in the afternoon, before rumbling noises were heard within its vicinity at 17:00.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams83_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams83-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/San_Felipe,_Retalhuleu" title="San Felipe, Retalhuleu">San Felipe</a>, the sound was described by people as either reminiscent of a waterfall or large boiler. These sounds emanated from the direction of the volcano and persisted for 30 minutes. At about the same period, people in Quezaltenango began to report a dark cloud from the volcano. As the evening progressed, a white sand-like substance began showering and blanketing the area, discoloring the landscape with its whitish color.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 18:15, ash particles were reported in Finca Helvetia, about 14 km (8.7 mi) west of the volcano. By 20:00, the volcano produced a large eruption column accompanied by lightning flashes. This column took on cauliflower-like shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapper1903_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapper1903-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large <a href="/wiki/Lithic_fragment_(geology)" title="Lithic fragment (geology)">lithics</a> began to rain down the volcano's southern flanks at 01:00 of 25 October, signifying that the eruption had entered its <a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian</a> stage. Pea-sized <a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">lapilli</a> ash began to fall in Quezaltenango at 03:00.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams83_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams83-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in Finca Helvetia, pumice measuring 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in) and between 0.5–0.75 lb (0.23–0.34 kg) began to rain onto the village at 03:00. The initial fallout was cold before hot pumice was introduced. The material in this fallout later included hot, fist-sized rocks and <a href="/wiki/Lava_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava bomb">lava bombs</a>. By 11:00, the eruption had reached its climax.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eruption persisted into the night, though its intensity gradually decreased. The main eruption ended before the morning of 26 October.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapper1903_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapper1903-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blasts were heard in Costa Rica, some 850 km (530 mi) southeast of the volcano. In <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, explosions could be heard. The eruption continued to shake windows in <a href="/wiki/Cob%C3%A1n" title="Cobán">Cobán</a> until mid-day and its residents detected a sulphurous smell. The captain of the <i>S.S. Newport</i> used her <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a> to measure the height of the eruption column and placed his estimation at 27–29 km (17–18 mi). Another sailor measured the column at 48 km (30 mi) which has been deemed erroneous. The ash fallout made its way into <a href="/wiki/Motozintla" title="Motozintla">Motozintla</a> in Mexico, some 104 km (65 mi) northwest of the volcano, at 06:00. The ash travelled further into the country and reached Mexico City. The initial Plinian eruption ceased after 18 to 20 hours before another eruptive phase initiated in the early hours of 26 October. This new activity was <a href="/wiki/Phreatomagmatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phreatomagmatic">phreatomagmatic</a> and accompanied by steam eruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams83_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams83-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light steam explosions continued to occur in 1903. Earthquake activity was frequent and residents could detect the stench of hydrogen sulphide.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapper1903_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapper1903-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the course of the eruption, it generated a <a href="/wiki/Dense-rock_equivalent" title="Dense-rock equivalent">dense-rock equivalent</a> (DRE) volume of 8 km<sup>3</sup> (1.9 cu mi) of magma. The <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a> measured in DRE was estimated at 5 km<sup>3</sup> (1.2 cu mi). The tephra volume was estimated at 2.0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>10</span></sup> cubic meters. Unlike most large eruptions of its kind, Santa María's Plinian column did not collapse. The eruption also did not create a caldera although it expelled a large volume of magma. This was probably attributed to a deep-than-usual location for its magma chamber, which, during the 1902 eruption, was not entirely emptied. The Santiaguito lava dome which formed in 1922 had a nearly identical lava composition with the lava that erupted in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams83_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams83-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a caldera did not form, a new, oval-shaped crater had emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Sapper" title="Karl Sapper">Karl Sapper</a> reported that three explorers visited the crater in late November. The explorers described a crater with an east-west axis of 1 km (0.62 mi) and was 500–600 m (1,600–2,000 ft) at its widest base diameter. It also extended to a depth of 200–250 m (660–820 ft). The crater floor hosted six vents; the largest was circular and 30 m (98 ft) across, and situated in the center of the crater. The remaining vents were distributed along the edge of the crater and were constantly emitting steam. The second largest of these vents was actively spewing debris some 20 m (66 ft) into the air. A section of the volcano's flank was destroyed, exposing steep cliffs and revealing layers of lava flows and ash deposits extending 1,200 m (3,900 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-gvp_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This major scarp nearly reached the summit of the volcano. Large pieces of rocks were observed falling and accumulating at the bottom of the scarp in a 150 m (490 ft) <a href="/wiki/Debris_cone" title="Debris cone">debris cone</a>. They also estimated the crater wall's slope to be 60 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapper1903_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapper1903-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_eruption_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crater_of_Santa_Maria_volcano,_Guatemala,_1903.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Crater_of_Santa_Maria_volcano%2C_Guatemala%2C_1903.png/250px-Crater_of_Santa_Maria_volcano%2C_Guatemala%2C_1903.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Crater_of_Santa_Maria_volcano%2C_Guatemala%2C_1903.png/330px-Crater_of_Santa_Maria_volcano%2C_Guatemala%2C_1903.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Crater_of_Santa_Maria_volcano%2C_Guatemala%2C_1903.png/500px-Crater_of_Santa_Maria_volcano%2C_Guatemala%2C_1903.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1648" /></a><figcaption>The explosion crater photographed in 1903 with <a href="/wiki/Chicabal" title="Chicabal">Chicabal</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>All trees and shrubs within a 32 km (20 mi) by 113 km (70 mi) area that stretched halfway towards the Pacific were stripped of its leaves and severely damaged by the rushing volcanic debris. Many trees were entirely uprooted, snapped at their branches; many others were also split by lightning. All vegetation was destroyed within a 5 km (3.1 mi) reach of the crater. Within a month of the eruption, new leaves began to sprout from undamaged tree branches. Coffee plants also began producing new branches as their existing ones were torn away by the eruption. Up to 18 m (59 ft) of ash covered the ground within the immediate vicinity of the explosion crater.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisen1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisen1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portions of coffee plantations in Xolhuitz, Costa Cuca, Chuva, Progreso and Tumbador were devastated and unrestored.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total losses for coffee was placed at over 300 thousand <a href="/wiki/Quintal" title="Quintal">quintals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Galicia16_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galicia16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas where the native vegetation died, the leaves and berries <a href="/wiki/Liberian_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberian coffee">Liberian coffee</a> plants were unscathed. Though the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian coffee">Arabian coffee</a> plants withered, their berries were salvaged for low-quality coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisen1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisen1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the initial eruption phase, birds were observed in a dazed condition on roads. The stench of animal corpses rotting beneath volcanic debris was intense according to <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Eisen" title="Gustav Eisen">Gustav Eisen</a> who reported the forest conditions in 1903. The loss of life among mammals was believed to be enormous, greater than that of avian creatures. Cattle also died in large numbers; some perished during the eruption or in the subsequent days from consuming ash-contaminated water and grass. Insects were among the fauna that recovered quicker; Eisen found butterflies, beetles, mosquitoes and flies in abundance. He also noticed <i>zompopos</i> ants, a species of <a href="/wiki/Leafcutter_ant" title="Leafcutter ant">leafcutter ants</a> carrying the buried brown soil towards the surface of ash. <a href="/wiki/Common_blackbird" title="Common blackbird">Blackbirds</a> also returned to the area a month after the eruption.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisen1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisen1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates of the death toll range from 5,000 to 8,700.<sup id="cite_ref-diariodelosaltos1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diariodelosaltos1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in close proximity to the crater likely died while many more were killed by roof collapses. Many buildings sustained collapsed roof due to the weight of ash it had collected.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisen1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisen1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A malaria outbreak added to the fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelis1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelis1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Suiza, a building heavily occupied by those escaping the eruption collapsed under the accumulated ash, killing 18.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_eruption_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera" title="Manuel Estrada Cabrera">Manuel Estrada Cabrera</a> attempted to downplay the impact of the eruption. The eruption occurred hours before the Fiestas Minervalias, a propaganda fair, was supposed to begin. The 26 October issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Diario_de_Centro_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Diario de Centro América">Diario de Centro América</a></i> was heavily focused on the festival while it made no mention of the eruption. No issues were published on 27 and 28 October due to the festival. The first story about the eruption was only published on 3 November. There were no official actions in attempting to calculate the number of fatalities and aid only reached the affected departments in December.<sup id="cite_ref-Galicia16_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galicia16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the eruption continued, the regional authorities of Quetzaltenango became responsible for handling the crisis, as attention of the national government was focused on Fiestas Minervalias. In an attempt to suppress the impact of the eruption, citizens were informed the eruption occurred in Mexico. Furthermore, the official government informed Quetzaltenango authorities that no funds were available for recovery, as were absorbed by the response missions following the April earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quetzaltenango regional authorities announced that the West zone agricultural harvest was destroyed, and forecasted a famine due to food shortages. The deaths of cattle also led to a meat shortage. They were allowed by the central government to import flour free of taxes for the next few months.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On top of food shortages, the lack of water and power supply due to ash added to the turmoil of residents. It took several months for these services to be fully functional. Residents began to clear ash from their roofs to prevent further cave-ins. On 12 November, President Cabrera established the General Supply of Aid for Agriculture to support struggling farmers and the agricultural industry. In late November, Quetzaltenango officials allocated 15,000 pesos for cleaning works another 5,000 to repair its <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueducts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_eruption_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_volcanic_eruptions" title="List of largest volcanic eruptions">List of largest volcanic eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">List of volcanic eruptions by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Guatemala" title="List of volcanoes in Guatemala">List of volcanoes in Guatemala</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_eruption_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gvp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gvp_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gvp_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=342030">"Santa María"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Santa+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D342030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1902+eruption+of+Santa+Mar%C3%ADa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoseGrantHahnLange1977" class="citation journal 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