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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Newidiadau diweddar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Erthygl ar hap</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth"><span>Cymorth</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Chwilio</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gwedd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class=""><span>Rhoi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Bydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class=""><span>Creu cyfrif</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Bydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mewngofnodi</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Offer personol</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy"><span>Rhoi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Bydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creu cyfrif</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Bydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyContributions" title="Rhestr golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Cyfraniadau</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Diffiniad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffiniad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Diffiniad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffiniad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cronoleg_a'r_Glec_Fawr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cronoleg_a'r_Glec_Fawr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cronoleg a'r Glec Fawr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cronoleg_a'r_Glec_Fawr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priodweddau_ffisegol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priodweddau_ffisegol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Priodweddau ffisegol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priodweddau_ffisegol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cyfeiriadau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llyfryddiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llyfryddiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Llyfryddiaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llyfryddiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolenni_allanol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolenni_allanol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dolenni allanol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolenni_allanol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bydysawd (seryddiaeth)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 185 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-185" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">185 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heelal" title="Heelal - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heelal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A0%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AD" title="ጠፈር - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጠፈር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="فضاء كوني - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فضاء كوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%A0" title="ܬܒܝܠ - Aramaeg" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܒܝܠ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="كون - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="كون - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universu" title="Universu - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainat" title="Kainat - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kainat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ائورن - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ائورن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Ғаләм - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғаләм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6dall" title="Wödall - Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wödall" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97sata" title="Vėsata - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėsata" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniberso" title="Uniberso - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Uniberso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сусвет - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сусвет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сусьвет - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сусьвет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вселена - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вселена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="ब्रह्मांड - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्रह्मांड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="মহাবিশ্ব - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাবিশ্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="འཇིག་རྟེན་ - Tibeteg" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇིག་རྟེན་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibeteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollved" title="Hollved - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hollved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svemir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Alam semesta" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Оршолон - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Оршолон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers" title="Univers - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Univers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%B2%CC%84-d%C3%AAu" title="Ṳ̄-dêu - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ṳ̄-dêu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вселенни - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вселенни" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniberso" title="Uniberso - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Uniberso" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%AF_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%97" title="ᎦᎸᎶᎯ ᎦᎸᎾᏗ - Tsierocî" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎸᎶᎯ ᎦᎸᎾᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Tsierocî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="گەردوون - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەردوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesm%C3%ADr" title="Vesmír - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vesmír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wszechswiat" title="Wszechswiat - Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wszechswiat" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Çут Тĕнче - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çут Тĕнче" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universet" title="Universet - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Universet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Dunia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainat" title="Kainat - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kainat" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersum" title="Uniwersum - Sorbeg Isaf" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Uniwersum" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Isaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Σύμπαν - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύμπαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Universe" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibertsoa" title="Unibertsoa - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unibertsoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universu" title="Universu - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Universu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="گیتی - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmankaikkeus" title="Maailmankaikkeus - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maailmankaikkeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuravura_taucoko" title="Vuravura taucoko - Ffijïeg" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vuravura taucoko" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Ffijïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alheimurin" title="Alheimurin - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alheimurin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers" title="Univers - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Univers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85%C3%A5l" title="Åål - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Åål" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hielal" title="Hielal - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hielal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruinne" title="Cruinne - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liniv%C3%A8r" title="Linivèr - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Linivèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domhan" title="Domhan - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Domhan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapy" title="Arapy - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arapy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta - Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Alam semesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="બ્રહ્માંડ - Gwjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બ્રહ્માંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gwjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AE-chhiu" title="Yî-chhiu - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yî-chhiu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9D" title="היקום - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היקום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ब्रह्माण्ड - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रह्माण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansaar" title="Sansaar - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sansaar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svemir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liniv%C3%A8" title="Linivè - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Linivè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A1gegyetem" title="Világegyetem - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Világegyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84" title="Տիեզերք - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիեզերք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84" title="Տիեզերք - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տիեզերք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunya_raya" title="Dunya raya - Ibaneg" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Dunya raya" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alam semesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe - Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Universe" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluigwe_na_Ala" title="Eluigwe na Ala - Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Eluigwe na Ala" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law-ang" title="Law-ang - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Law-ang" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Айлам - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Айлам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alheimurinn" title="Alheimurinn - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alheimurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunivoers" title="Yunivoers - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yunivoers" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagat" title="Jagat - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jagat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="სამყარო - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამყარო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ame%C9%A3rad" title="Ameɣrad - Cabileg" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ameɣrad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Cabileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Әлем - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлем" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ವಿಶ್ವ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಶ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC" title="우주 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Болум - Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Болум" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سَمسار - Cashmireg" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَمسار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Cashmireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd%C3%BBn" title="Gerdûn - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gerdûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollvys" title="Ollvys - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ollvys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Аалам - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аалам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum - Lwcsembwrgeg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lwcsembwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80-%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чилер-цавар - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чилер-цавар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo - Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers" title="Univers - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Univers" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cnivers" title="Ünivers - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ünivers" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A" title="ເອກະພົບ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອກະພົບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visata" title="Visata - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Visata" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visums" title="Visums - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Visums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_samasta" title="Alam samasta - Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Alam samasta" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вселена - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вселена" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രപഞ്ചം - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രപഞ്ചം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Орчлон - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орчлон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="विश्व - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विश्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam semesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouniberso" title="Ouniberso - Mirandeg" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouniberso" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%A0%E1%80%AC" title="စကြဝဠာ - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စကြဝဠာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="کهون - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کهون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemanahuatl" title="Cemanahuatl - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cemanahuatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annevierzo" title="Annevierzo - Naplieg" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Annevierzo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Naplieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hielal" title="Hielal - Sacsoneg Isel" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hielal" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsoneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ब्रह्माण्ड - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्रह्माण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heelal" title="Heelal - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heelal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universet" title="Universet - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Universet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universet" title="Universet - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Universet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe - Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Universe" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunivers" title="Eunivers - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Eunivers" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A1gh%C3%A1hook%C3%A1%C3%A1n" title="Yágháhookáán - Nafaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Yágháhookáán" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Nafaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ%C3%A8rs" title="Univèrs - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Univèrs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaa" title="Hawaa - Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hawaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikluban" title="Sikluban - Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sikluban" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltall" title="Weltall - Almaeneg Palatin" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Weltall" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Palatin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wszech%C5%9Bwiat" title="Wszechświat - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wszechświat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers" title="Univers - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Univers" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کائنات - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کائنات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کاينات - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاينات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinantin_pacha" title="Hinantin pacha - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinantin pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jegeya" title="Jegeya - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jegeya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers" title="Univers - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Univers" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Вселенная - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вселенная" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Весмір - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Весмір" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱚᱣᱟᱝ - Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱣᱟᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universu" title="Universu - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Universu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="سرشٽي - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سرشٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svemir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="විශ්වය - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශ්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Universe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesm%C3%ADr" title="Vesmír - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vesmír" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesolje" title="Vesolje - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vesolje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denga_neNyika" title="Denga neNyika - Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Denga neNyika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koon" title="Koon - Somaleg" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Koon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjith%C3%ABsia" title="Gjithësia - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjithësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Свемир - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свемир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al" title="Al - Ffriseg Saterland" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Al" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Saterland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagat" title="Jagat - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jagat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulimwengu" title="Ulimwengu - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulimwengu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wszech%C5%9Bwiat" title="Wszechświat - Silesieg" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wszechświat" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அண்டம் - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அண்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="విశ్వం - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విశ్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Олам - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Олам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E" title="เอกภพ - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอกภพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniberso" title="Uniberso - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Uniberso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evren" title="Evren - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evren" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilo" title="Matilo - Tsongaeg" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Matilo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsongaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Галәм - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Галәм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amansan" title="Amansan - Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Amansan" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Югыт дунне - Fotiaceg" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Югыт дунне" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Fotiaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Всесвіт - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Всесвіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کائنات - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کائنات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olam" title="Olam - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Olam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Vũ trụ - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vũ trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univiers" title="Univiers - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Univiers" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangkalibutan" title="Sangkalibutan - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sangkalibutan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宇宙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihlabathi" title="Ihlabathi - Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ihlabathi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3" title="ოქიანუ - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოქიანუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="אוניווערס - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוניווערס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yijcou" title="Yijcou - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yijcou" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%94" title="ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ - Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宇宙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="宇宙" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9A-ti%C5%AB" title="Ú-tiū - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ú-tiū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宇宙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMkhathilibe" title="UMkhathilibe - Swlw" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMkhathilibe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Swlw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sgwrs:Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)" rel="discussion" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages" title="Rhestr o'r holl dudalennau arbennig [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Tudalennau arbennig</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&oldid=12082549" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Bydysawd_%28seryddiaeth%29&id=12082549&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBydysawd_%28seryddiaeth%29"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBydysawd_%28seryddiaeth%29"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bydysawd_%28seryddiaeth%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Universe" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Bydysawd</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg/220px-NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg/330px-NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg/440px-NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enghraifft o'r canlynol</th><td>bydysawd <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1?uselang=cy#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Y gwrthwyneb</th><td>antiverse <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1?uselang=cy#P461" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0s" title="Màs">Màs</a></th><td>100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 cilogram <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1?uselang=cy#P2067" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Dechreuwyd</th><td>Mileniwm 13799. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cy:Cyn_Crist" class="extiw" title="w:cy:Cyn Crist">CC</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1?uselang=cy#P580" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Yn cynnwys</th><td><a href="/wiki/Gofod-amser" title="Gofod-amser">gofod-amser</a>, bydysawd gweladwy, galaxy filament, <a href="/wiki/Y_gofod" title="Y gofod">Y gofod</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1?uselang=cy#P527" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tudalen Comin"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Universe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Universe">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center;" width="150px"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><big><b><a href="/wiki/Seryddiaeth" title="Seryddiaeth">Seryddiaeth</a></b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Shuttle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seryddiaeth"><img alt="Seryddiaeth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shuttle.png/80px-Shuttle.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shuttle.png/120px-Shuttle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shuttle.png/160px-Shuttle.png 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="3992" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:12px"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lleuad" title="Lleuad">Lleuad</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Planed" title="Planed">Planed</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Seren" title="Seren">Seren</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Galaeth" title="Galaeth">Galaeth</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bydysawd" class="mw-disambig" title="Bydysawd">Bydysawd</a><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Astroffiseg" title="Astroffiseg">Astroffiseg</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cosmoleg" title="Cosmoleg">Cosmoleg</a><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Nifwl" title="Nifwl">Nifwl</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> Mae'r <b>bydysawd</b> yn cynnwys pob rhan o'r <a href="/wiki/Gofod_(ehangder)" title="Gofod (ehangder)">gofod</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Amser" title="Amser">amser</a> a'u cynnwys,<sup id="cite_ref-Zeilik1998_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeilik1998-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gan gynnwys <a href="/wiki/Planed" title="Planed">planedau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seren" title="Seren">sêr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaeth" title="Galaeth">galaethau</a>, a phob math o <a href="/wiki/Mater" title="Mater">fater</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Egni_(gwyddonol)" title="Egni (gwyddonol)">egni</a>. Damcaniaeth y <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_y_Glec_Fawr" title="Damcaniaeth y Glec Fawr">Glec Fawr</a> yw'r disgrifiad <a href="/wiki/Cosmoleg" title="Cosmoleg">cosmolegol</a> cyffredinol o ddatblygiad y bydysawd. Yn ôl y ddamcaniaeth hon, daeth gofod ac amser at ei gilydd <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001137870000000000♠"></span>13.787<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.020</span> yn ôl,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ac mae'r bydysawd wedi bod yn ehangu ers y Glec Fawr. Er nad yw maint gofodol y bydysawd cyfan yn hysbys,<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_Greene_2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_Greene_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mae'n bosibl mesur maint y bydysawd rydym yn medru ei 'weld', sydd tua 93 biliwn <a href="/wiki/Blwyddyn_golau" title="Blwyddyn golau">o flynyddoedd golau</a> mewn diamedr ar hyn o bryd.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serch hynny, gellir defnyddio'r term "bydysawd" mewn cyd-destun gwahanol gan gyfeirio at gysyniadau fel y <a href="/wiki/Byd" class="mw-redirect" title="Byd">byd</a> neu <a href="/wiki/Natur" title="Natur">natur</a> er enghraifft neu'n dffigyroli olygu 'popeth'. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Universe_expansion_cy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Universe_expansion_cy.svg/220px-Universe_expansion_cy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Universe_expansion_cy.svg/330px-Universe_expansion_cy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Universe_expansion_cy.svg/440px-Universe_expansion_cy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Diagram yn dangos haenau (neu 'dafellau') o'r bydysawd ar gyfnodau gwahanol, o ran amser.</figcaption></figure> <p>Yn ôl y mwyafrif o <a href="/wiki/Astroffiseg" title="Astroffiseg">astroffisegwyr</a>, y digwyddiad a ddechreuodd y bydysawd oedd y <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_y_Glec_Fawr" title="Damcaniaeth y Glec Fawr">Glec Fawr</a>. </p><p>Drwy gydol hanes, cynigiwyd llawer o fodelau gwyddonol yn ymwneud â chosmoleg a chosmoneg, er mwyn ceisio esbonio arsylwadau o'r Bydysawd, ac yn eu plith modelau gan y <a href="/wiki/Groegiaid" title="Groegiaid">Groegiaid</a> <a href="/wiki/Athroniaeth" title="Athroniaeth">athronwyr</a> <a href="/wiki/Groeg" class="mw-disambig" title="Groeg">Groegaidd</a> ac <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indiaidd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dros y canrifoedd, yn dilyn arsylwadau <a href="/wiki/Seryddiaeth" title="Seryddiaeth">seryddol</a> mwy manwl, daeth <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> i'r casgliad fod yr Haul yn yng nghanol <a href="/wiki/Cysawd_yr_Haul" title="Cysawd yr Haul">Cysawd yr Haul</a>, ac yna datblygwyd y gwaith hwn gan <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> a <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, gan nodi fod cylchdro'r planedau yn eliptig. Aeth <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> gam ymhellach yn ei esboniad o <a href="/wiki/Disgyrchiant" title="Disgyrchiant">ddisgyrchiant</a>. Cam pwysig arall oedd sylweddoli fod Cysawd yr Haul wedi'i leoli mewn galaeth oedd yn cynnwys biliynau o sêr: <a href="/wiki/Galaeth_y_Llwybr_Llaethog" title="Galaeth y Llwybr Llaethog">y Llwybr Llaethog</a>. </p><p>Datblygwyd rhai o'r modelau cosmolegol cynharaf o'r bydysawd gan <a href="/wiki/Athroniaeth" title="Athroniaeth">athronwyr</a> Groegaidd ac Indiaidd hynafol ac roeddent yn gosod <a href="/wiki/Y_Ddaear" title="Y Ddaear">y Ddaear</a> yn y canol hyn (<i>geocentric</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Datblygodd <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> fodel heliocentrig gyda'r <a href="/wiki/Haul" title="Haul">Haul</a> yng nghanol <a href="/wiki/Cysawd_yr_Haul" title="Cysawd yr Haul">Cysawd yr Haul</a>. Drwy ddatblygu <a href="/wiki/Deddf_disgyrchedd_cyffredinol_Newton" title="Deddf disgyrchedd cyffredinol Newton">cyfraith disgyrchiant cyffredinol</a>, adeiladodd <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> ar waith Copernicus yn ogystal â <a href="/wiki/Deddfau_mudiant_planedau_Kepler" title="Deddfau mudiant planedau Kepler">deddfau mudiant planedau</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> ac arsylwadau <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>. </p><p>Darhanfyddwyd wedyn mai un o lawer oedd ein galaeth ni. Yn gyffredinol, credir nad oes dechrau na diwedd i'r Bydysawd a gelwir yr astudiaeth o'r myrdd o alaethau wedi eu rhannu'n unffurf at gosmoleg ffisegol. </p><p>Sylweddolwyd bod yr Haul yn un o sawl biliwn o sêr yng ngalaeth y <a href="/wiki/Galaeth_y_Llwybr_Llaethog" title="Galaeth y Llwybr Llaethog">Llwybr Llaethog</a>, sy'n un o ychydig gannoedd o biliynau o alaethau yn y bydysawd gweladwy. Mae gan lawer o'r sêr <a href="/wiki/Planed_allheulol" title="Planed allheulol">blanedau</a>. Ar y raddfa fwyaf, mae galaethau'n cael eu dosbarthu'n unffurf ac o ran cyfeiriad, sy'n golygu nad oes gan y bydysawd ymyl na chanol. Ar raddfa lai, mae galaethau'n cael eu dosbarthu mewn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwstwr_o_alaethau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clwstwr o alaethau (dim tudalen ar gael)">clystyrau</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Uwch_glwstwr" title="Uwch glwstwr">uwch glystyrau</a> sy'n ffurfio ffilamentau enfawr a gwagleoedd (<i>voids</i>) yn y gofod, gan greu strwythur enfawr tebyg i ewyn.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awgrymodd darganfyddiadau ar ddechrau'r <a href="/wiki/20g" class="mw-redirect" title="20g">20g</a> bod gan y bydysawd ddechrau a bod y gofod wedi bod yn ehangu ers hynny<sup id="cite_ref-Hawking_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawking-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ar raddfa gynyddol.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yn ôl damcaniaeth y Glec Fawr, mae'r egni a'r mater a oedd yn bresennol i ddechrau wedi mynd yn llai dwys wrth i'r bydysawd ehangu. Ar ôl yr ehangiad cyflym cychwynnol a elwir yn 'epoc chwyddiant' o tua 10<sup>−32</sup> eiliad, oerodd y bydysawd gan barhau i ehangu, gan ganiatáu i'r <a href="/wiki/Gronyn_isatomig" title="Gronyn isatomig">gronynnau isatomig</a> cyntaf a'r <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomau</a> syml ffurfio. Ymgasglodd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mater_tywyll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mater tywyll (dim tudalen ar gael)">mater tywyll</a> yn raddol, gan ffurfio strwythur tebyg i <a href="/wiki/Ewyn" title="Ewyn">ewyn</a> o ffilamentau a gwagleoedd dan ddylanwad <a href="/wiki/Disgyrchiant" title="Disgyrchiant">disgyrchiant</a>. Yn raddol denwyd cymylau anferthol o <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> a <a href="/wiki/Heliwm" title="Heliwm">heliwm</a> i’r mannau lle’r oedd mater tywyll ar ei fwyaf <a href="/wiki/Dwysedd" title="Dwysedd">trwchus</a>, gan ffurfio’r galaethau cyntaf, y sêr, a phopeth arall a welir heddiw. </p><p>O astudio symudiad <a href="/wiki/Galaeth" title="Galaeth">galaethau</a>, canfyddwyd fod y bydysawd yn cynnwys llawer mwy o <a href="/wiki/Mater" title="Mater">fater</a> na gwrthddrychau gweledig (sêr, galaethau, nifylau a nwy rhyngserol). <i>Mater tywyll</i> yw'r enw ar y mater anweledig hwn<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (mae <i>tywyll</i> yma'n golygu y ceir ystod eang o dystiolaeth <u>anuniongyrchol</u> ei fod yn bodoli, ond nid ydym wedi profi ei fodolaeth yn uniongyrchol hyd yn hyn). Y model ΛCDM yw'r model a dderbynnir fwyaf eang o'r bydysawd. Mae'n awgrymu bod tua <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001692000000000000♠"></span>69.2<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>1.2</span> o'r màs a'r egni yn y bydysawd yn egni tywyll sy'n gyfrifol am gyflymu ehangiad y gofod, ac mae tua <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001258000000000000♠"></span>25.8<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>1.1</span> yn fater tywyll.<sup id="cite_ref-planck_2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planck_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felly dim ond <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000484000000000000♠"></span>4.84<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.1</span> o'r bydysawd ffisegol yw mater cyffredin ('<a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryonig</a>').<sup id="cite_ref-planck_2015_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planck_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dim ond tua 6% o'r mater cyffredin yw sêr, planedau a chymylau nwy gweladwy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ceir sawl damcaniaeth cystadleuol ynghylch tynged y bydysawd ac am yr hyn, os unrhyw beth, a ragflaenodd <a href="/wiki/Y_Glec_Fawr" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Glec Fawr">y Glec Fawr</a>, tra bod <a href="/wiki/Ffiseg" title="Ffiseg">ffisegwyr</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Athronydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Athronydd">athronwyr</a> eraill yn gwrthod dyfalu, gan amau a gawn fyth wybod. Eto, mae rhai ffisegwyr wedi awgrymu damcaniaethau amrywiol, lle gallai ein bydysawd fod yn un ymhlith sawl bydysawd, sydd hefyd yn bodoli.<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_Greene_2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_Greene_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EllisKS032_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllisKS032-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diffiniad">Diffiniad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Diffiniad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Diffiniad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/300px--NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Delwedd:NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><div align="center">'Llun' gan <b><a href="/wiki/Telesgop_Gofod_Hubble" title="Telesgop Gofod Hubble">Delesgop Gofod Hubble</a></b>(fideo 00:50; Mai 2019)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Diffinnir y bydysawd ffisegol fel yr holl <a href="/wiki/Gofod_(ehangder)" title="Gofod (ehangder)">ofod</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Amser" title="Amser">amser</a> (cyfeirir ato gyda'i gilydd fel <a href="/wiki/Gofod-amser" title="Gofod-amser">gofod-amser</a>) a'u cynnwys.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeilik1998_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeilik1998-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae cynnwys o'r fath yn cynnwys yr holl egni yn ei ffurfiau amrywiol, gan gynnwys <a href="/wiki/Ymbelydredd_electromagnetig" title="Ymbelydredd electromagnetig">ymbelydredd electromagnetig</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mater" title="Mater">mater</a>, ac felly planedau, lleuadau, sêr, galaethau, a chynnwys <a href="/wiki/Y_gofod" title="Y gofod">gofod rhyn-galaethol (<i>intergalactic</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'r bydysawd hefyd yn cynnwys y deddfau ffisegol sy'n dylanwadu ar egni a mater, megis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deddf_cadwraeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deddf cadwraeth (dim tudalen ar gael)">deddfau cadwraeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecaneg_glasurol" title="Mecaneg glasurol">mecaneg glasurol</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damcaniaeth_perthnasedd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damcaniaeth perthnasedd (dim tudalen ar gael)">pherthnasedd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schreuder2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreuder2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disgrifir y bydysawd yn aml fel "cyfanrwydd bodolaeth", neu bopeth sy'n bodoli, popeth sydd wedi bodoli, a phopeth a fydd yn bodoli.<sup id="cite_ref-Schreuder2014_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreuder2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mewn gwirionedd, mae rhai athronwyr a gwyddonwyr yn cefnogi cynnwys syniadau a chysyniadau haniaethol - megis mathemateg a rhesymeg - yn y diffiniad o'r bydysawd.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gall y gair <i>bydysawd</i> hefyd gyfeirio at gysyniadau megis <i>y cosmos</i>, <i>y byd</i>, a <i>natur</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolonkin2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolonkin2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Etymology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Etymology"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daw'r gair o 'fedysawd' a 'bedyddiawd', sef '<a href="/wiki/Bedydd" title="Bedydd">bedydd</a>', gyda'r gair yn cael ei sgwennu fel 'bydysawd' oherwydd y camdybiaeth mai 'byd' yw'r tarddiad, ac nid 'bedydd'. Fe'i cofnodir am y tro cyntaf yn y <a href="/wiki/13g" class="mw-redirect" title="13g">13g</a> yn <i><a href="/wiki/Llyfr_Du_Caerfyrddin" title="Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin">Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin</a></i> fel 'vedissyaud'. Ar y cychwyn, golygai'r 'byd Cristnogol' (cred a bedydd), cyn ymestyn yn ddiweddarach i olygu llawer mwy na hynny: y byd, y Ddaear a'r holl greadigaeth. </p><p>Mae llawer o ieithoedd yn defnyddio addasiadau o'r gair <a href="/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin">Lladin</a> <span lang="la">universum</span> ee <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ffrangeg" title="Hen Ffrangeg">Hen Ffrangeg</a> <i>universe</i>; Saesneg diweddar <i>universe</i>, Almaeneg <i>universum</i>, Portiwgaleg universo.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defnyddiwyd y gair Lladin yn gyntaf gan <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> ac awduron Lladin diweddarach yn yr un ystyr a'r gair modern.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_short_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis_short-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cronoleg_a'r_Glec_Fawr"><span id="Cronoleg_a.27r_Glec_Fawr"></span>Cronoleg a'r Glec Fawr</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Cronoleg a'r Glec Fawr" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Cronoleg a'r Glec Fawr"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Y model cyffredinol ar gyfer esblygiad y bydysawd yw <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_y_Glec_Fawr" title="Damcaniaeth y Glec Fawr">damcaniaeth y Glec Fawr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae model y Glec Fawr yn nodi bod y bydysawd ar y dechrau'n hynod boeth a thrwchus, a bod y bydysawd wedi ehangu ac oeri wedi hynny. Mae'r model yn seiliedig ar <a href="/wiki/Perthnasedd_cyffredinol" title="Perthnasedd cyffredinol">berthnasedd cyffredinol</a> ac ar dybiaethau symleiddio megis homogenedd ac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotropi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotropi (dim tudalen ar gael)">isotropi</a> gofod. Fersiwn o'r model gyda chysonyn cosmolegol ( Lambda ) a mater tywyll oer, yw'r hyn a elwir yn 'fodel Lambda-CDM', sef y model symlaf sy'n rhoi cyfrif gweddol dda o amryw o arsylwadau am y bydysawd. Mae model y Glec Fawr yn rhoi cyfrif am arsylwadau megis cydberthynas pellter a <a href="/wiki/Rhuddiad" title="Rhuddiad">rhuddiad</a> galaethau, cymhareb nifer yr atomau <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Heliwm" title="Heliwm">heliwm</a>, a chefndir ymbelydredd microdonau. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/220px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/330px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/440px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption> Yn y diagram sgematig hwn, mae amser yn mynd o'r chwith i'r dde, gyda'r bydysawd yn cael ei gynrychioli gan "dafell" siâp disg ar unrhyw adeg benodol. Nid yw amser a maint i raddfa. Er mwyn gwneud y camau cynnar yn weladwy, mae'r amser i'r cyfnod ôl-dywynnu (y 0.003 cyntaf mewn gwirionedd) yn cael ei ymestyn ac mae'r ehangiad dilynol yn cael ei atal i raddau helaeth.</figcaption></figure> <p>Yr enw ar y cyflwr poeth, trwchus cychwynnol yw epoc Planck, sef cyfnod byr yn ymestyn o sero amser i un uned amser Planck o tua 10 <sup>-43</sup> eiliad. Yn ystod cyfnod Planck, roedd pob math o fater a phob math o egni wedi'u crynhoi i gyflwr trwchus, a chredir bod <a href="/wiki/Disgyrchiant" title="Disgyrchiant">disgyrchiant</a> - y gwannaf o bell ffordd o'r pedwar grym hysbys - mor gryf â'r grymoedd sylfaenol eraill, a phob un efallai wedi'u huno. Ni ddeellir y ffiseg sy'n rheoli'r cyfnod cynnar hwn yn iawn, felly ni allwn ddweud beth, os o gwbl, a ddigwyddodd <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_y_Glec_Fawr" title="Damcaniaeth y Glec Fawr">cyn sero amser</a> (hy cyn y Glec Fawr. Ers cyfnod Planck, mae gofod wedi bod yn ehangu i'w raddfa bresennol, gyda chyfnod byr iawn ond dwys iawn o chwyddiant cosmig wedi'i ragdybio o fewn y 10 <sup id="mwASU">-32</sup> eiliad cyntaf.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivaram_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivaram-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roedd hwn yn fath o ehangiad gwahanol i'r rhai y gallwn eu gweld o'n cwmpas heddiw. Nid oedd gwrthrychau yn y gofod yn symud yn gorfforol; yn lle hynny newidiodd y metrig sy'n diffinio gofod ei hun. Er na all gwrthrychau mewn <a href="/wiki/Gofod-amser" title="Gofod-amser">amser gofod</a> symud yn gyflymach na <a href="/wiki/Cyflymder_golau" title="Cyflymder golau">chyflymder golau</a>, nid yw'r cyfyngiad hwn yn berthnasol i'r metrig sy'n rheoli <a href="/wiki/Gofod-amser" title="Gofod-amser">gofod-amser</a> ei hun. Byddai'r cyfnod cychwynnol hwn o chwyddiant yn esbonio pam fod gofod yn ymddangos yn wastad iawn, a llawer mwy nag y gallai golau deithio ers dechrau'r bydysawd. </p><p>O fewn y ffracsiwn cyntaf o eiliad o fodolaeth y bydysawd, gwahanodd y pedwar grym sylfaenol oddi wrth ei gilydd. Wrth i'r bydysawd barhau i oeri o'i gyflwr anhygoel o boeth, roedd gwahanol fathau o <a href="/wiki/Gronyn_isatomig" title="Gronyn isatomig">ronynnau isatomig</a> yn gallu ffurfio mewn cyfnodau byr o amser a elwir yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyfnod_cwarc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyfnod cwarc (dim tudalen ar gael)">gyfnod y cwarc</a>, yr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoc_hadron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoc hadron (dim tudalen ar gael)">epoc hadron</a>, a'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyfnod_Lepton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyfnod Lepton (dim tudalen ar gael)">epoc lepton</a>. Gyda’i gilydd, roedd y cyfnodau hyn yn cwmpasu llai na 10 eiliad o amser yn dilyn y Glec Fawr. Cysylltodd y gronynnau elfennol hyn yn sefydlog â chyfuniadau mwy fyth, gan gynnwys <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonau</a> sefydlog a <a href="/wiki/Niwtron" title="Niwtron">niwtronau</a>, a ffurfiodd <a href="/wiki/Niwclews_atomig" title="Niwclews atomig">niwclysau atomig</a> mwy cymhleth wedyn trwy <a href="/wiki/Ymasiad_niwclear" title="Ymasiad niwclear">ymasiad niwclear</a>. Dim ond am tua 17 munud y parhaodd y broses hon, a elwir yn Niwcleosynthesis y Glec Fawr, a daeth i ben tua 20 munud ar ôl y Glec Fawr, felly dim ond yr adweithiau cyflymaf a symlaf a ddigwyddodd. Troswyd tua 25% o'r <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonau</a> a'r holl <a href="/wiki/Niwtron" title="Niwtron">niwtronau</a> yn y bydysawd, yn ôl màs, yn <a href="/wiki/Heliwm" title="Heliwm">heliwm</a>, gyda symiau bach o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuteriwm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deuteriwm (dim tudalen ar gael)">ddewteriwm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">ffurf</a> o <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>) ac olion o <a href="/wiki/Lithiwm" title="Lithiwm">lithiwm</a>. Dim ond mewn symiau bach iawn y ffurfiwyd unrhyw <a href="/wiki/Elfen_gemegol" title="Elfen gemegol">elfen</a> arall. Ni effeithiwyd ar y 75% arall o'r protonau, fel niwclysau <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-durrer_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durrer-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: 27–42 </p><p>Ar ôl i niwcleosynthesis ddod i ben, aeth y bydysawd i mewn i gyfnod a elwir yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyfnod_ffoton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyfnod ffoton (dim tudalen ar gael)">epoc y ffoton</a>. Yn ystod y cyfnod hwn, roedd y bydysawd yn dal yn llawer rhy boeth i fater ffurfio <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomau</a> niwtral, felly roedd yn cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(ffiseg)" title="Plasma (ffiseg)">plasma</a> poeth, trwchus, niwlog o <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electronau</a> â gwefr negyddol, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niwtrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niwtrino (dim tudalen ar gael)">niwtrinos</a> niwtral a niwclysau positif. Ar ôl tua 377,000 o flynyddoedd, roedd y bydysawd wedi oeri digon fel y gallai electronau a niwclysau ffurfio'r <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomau</a> sefydlog cyntaf. Gelwir hyn yn ailgyfuniad (<i>recombination</i>) am resymau hanesyddol; mewn gwirionedd roedd electronau a niwclysau yn cyfuno am y tro cyntaf. Yn wahanol i <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(ffiseg)" title="Plasma (ffiseg)">blasma</a>, mae atomau niwtral yn dryloyw i lawer o <a href="/wiki/Tonfedd" title="Tonfedd">donfeddi</a> golau, felly am y tro cyntaf daeth y bydysawd yn dryloyw hefyd. Mae'r ffotonau a ryddhawyd pan ffurfiwyd yr atomau hyn i'w gweld hyd heddiw; maent yn ffurfio microdonau cefndirol, cosmig (CMB).<sup id="cite_ref-durrer_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durrer-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: 15–27 </p><p>Wrth i'r bydysawd ehangu, mae dwysedd egni <a href="/wiki/Ymbelydredd_electromagnetig" title="Ymbelydredd electromagnetig">ymbelydredd electromagnetig</a> yn lleihau'n gyflymach na dwysedd <a href="/wiki/Mater" title="Mater">mater</a> oherwydd bod egni ffoton yn lleihau gyda'i donfedd. Wedi tua 47,000 o flynyddoedd, daeth dwysedd egni mater yn fwy na dwysedd ffotonau a niwtrinos, a dechreuodd ddominyddu ymddygiad y bydysawd. Roedd hyn yn nodi diwedd y cyfnod lle'r oedd ymbelydredd yn dominyddu a dechrau'r oes lle'r oedd mater yn dominyddu.<sup id="cite_ref-steane_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steane-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: 390 </p><p>Yng nghyfnod cynharaf y bydysawd, arweiniodd amrywiadau bach o fewn dwysedd y bydysawd at grynodiadau o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mater_tywyll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mater tywyll (dim tudalen ar gael)">fater tywyll</a> a ffurfiodd yn raddol. Ffurfiodd y mater cyffredin hwn, a ddenwyd at y rhain gan <a href="/wiki/Disgyrchiant" title="Disgyrchiant">ddisgyrchiant</a>, gymylau enfawr o nwy, ac yn y pen draw, ffurfiwyd sêr a galaethau, lle'r oedd y mater tywyll ar ei fwyaf trwchus, a gwagleoedd lle'r oedd yn llai trwchus. Ar ôl tua 100 – 300 miliwn o flynyddoedd, ffurfiwyd y <a href="/wiki/Seren" title="Seren">sêr</a> cyntaf, a elwir yn 'sêr Poblogaeth III'. Mae'n debyg bod y rhain yn enfawr iawn, yn oleuol (<i>luminous</i>), yn anfetelaidd ac yn fyrhoedlog. Nhw oedd yn gyfrifol am ail-ïoneiddiad graddol y bydysawd rhwng tua 200-500 miliwn o flynyddoedd ac 1 biliwn o flynyddoedd, a hefyd am hadu'r bydysawd ag elfennau trymach na heliwm, trwy niwcleosynthesis serol.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'r bydysawd hefyd yn cynnwys egni dirgel - maes sgalar o bosibl - a elwir yn ynni tywyll, nad yw ei ddwysedd yn newid dros amser. Ar ôl tua 9.8 biliwn o flynyddoedd, roedd y bydysawd wedi ehangu'n ddigonol fel bod dwysedd y mater yn llai na dwysedd ynni tywyll, gan nodi dechrau'r cyfnod presennol lle ceir ynni tywyll yn bennaf.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn yr oes hon, mae ehangiad y bydysawd yn cyflymu oherwydd egni tywyll. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priodweddau_ffisegol">Priodweddau ffisegol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Priodweddau ffisegol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Priodweddau ffisegol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O'r pedwar rhyngweithiad sylfaenol, <a href="/wiki/Disgyrchiant" title="Disgyrchiant">disgyrchiant</a> yw'r amlycaf ar raddfeydd hyd seryddol (<i>astronomical length scales</i>). Mae effeithiau disgyrchiant yn gronnus; mewn cyferbyniad, mae effeithiau gwefrau positif a negyddol yn tueddu i ganslo ei gilydd, gan wneud electromagneteg yn gymharol ddibwys ar raddfeydd hyd seryddol. Mae'r ddau ryngweithiad sy'n weddill, y grymoedd niwclear <a href="/wiki/Rhyngweithiad_gwan" title="Rhyngweithiad gwan">gwan</a> a <a href="/wiki/Rhyngweithiad_cryf" title="Rhyngweithiad cryf">chryf</a>, yn dirywio'n gyflym iawn gyda phellter; mae eu heffeithiau wedi'u cyfyngu'n bennaf i raddfeydd hyd is-atomig.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenStax-college-physics_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenStax-college-physics-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ymddengys bod gan y bydysawd lawer mwy o <a href="/wiki/Mater" title="Mater">fater</a> na <a href="/wiki/Gwrthfater" title="Gwrthfater">gwrthfater</a>, anghymesuredd sy'n gysylltiedig o bosibl â'r 'toriad CP'.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'r anghydbwysedd hwn rhwng mater a gwrthfater yn rhannol gyfrifol am fodolaeth yr holl ddeunydd sy'n bodoli heddiw, gan y byddai mater a gwrthfater, o'u cynhyrchu'n gyfartal yn y <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_y_Glec_Fawr" title="Damcaniaeth y Glec Fawr">Glec Fawr</a>, wedi dinistrio'i gilydd yn llwyr ac wedi gadael <a href="/wiki/Ffoton" title="Ffoton">ffotonau</a> yn unig o ganlyniad i'w rhyngweithio.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20171020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20171020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ymddengys hefyd nad oes gan y bydysawd <a href="/wiki/Momentwm" title="Momentwm">fomentwm</a> net na momentwm onglog, sy'n dilyn deddfau ffisegol derbyniol os yw'r bydysawd yn gyfyngedig. Cyfraith Gauss yw'r deddfau hyn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zeilik1998-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zeilik1998_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zeilik1998_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZeilikGregory1998" class="citation book">Zeilik, Michael; Gregory, Stephen A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil"><i>Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics</i></a> (arg. 4th). Saunders College Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-03-006228-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-03-006228-5"><bdi>978-0-03-006228-5</bdi></a>. <q>The totality of all space and time; all that is, has been, and will be.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-03-006228-5&rft.aulast=Zeilik&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Gregory%2C+Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductoryastr0000zeil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Planck Collaboration; Aghanim, N.; Akrami, Y.; Ashdown, M.; Aumont, J.; Baccigalupi, C.; Ballardini, M.; Banday, A. J. et al. (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833910">"Planck 2018 results: VI. Cosmological parameters"</a>. <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i> <b>641</b>: A6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (dim tudalen ar gael)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06209">1807.06209</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...641A...6P">2020A&A...641A...6P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201833910">10.1051/0004-6361/201833910</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361">0004-6361</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833910">https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833910</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brian_Greene_2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brian_Greene_2011_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brian_Greene_2011_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2011" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Greene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Greene (dim tudalen ar gael)">Greene, Brian</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddenrealitypar00gree_0"><i>The Hidden Reality</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_A._Knopf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred A. Knopf (dim tudalen ar gael)">Alfred A. Knopf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Reality&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiddenrealitypar00gree_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourdictionary.com/Universe"><i>Universe</i></a>. <i>Webster's New World College Dictionary, Wiley Publishing, Inc</i>. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universe&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2FUniverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Universe?s=t">"Universe"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">2012-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Universe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FUniverse%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Universe">"Universe"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">2012-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Universe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FUniverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZeilikGregory1998" class="citation book">Zeilik, Michael; Gregory, Stephen A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil"><i>Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics</i></a> (arg. 4th). Saunders College Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0030062284" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0030062284"><bdi>0030062284</bdi></a>. <q>The totality of all space and time; all that is, has been, and will be.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0030062284&rft.aulast=Zeilik&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Gregory%2C+Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductoryastr0000zeil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDold-Samplonius2002" class="citation book">Dold-Samplonius, Yvonne (2002). <i>From China to Paris: 2000 Years Transmission of Mathematical Ideas</i>. Franz Steiner Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+China+to+Paris%3A+2000+Years+Transmission+of+Mathematical+Ideas&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dold-Samplonius&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_F._GlickSteven_LiveseyFaith_Wallis" class="citation book">Thomas F. Glick; Steven Livesey; Faith Wallis. <i>Medieval Science Technology and Medicine: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Science+Technology+and+Medicine%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.au=Thomas+F.+Glick&rft.au=Steven+Livesey&rft.au=Faith+Wallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDold-Samplonius2002" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Dold-Samplonius" title="Yvonne Dold-Samplonius">Dold-Samplonius, Yvonne</a> (2002). <i>From China to Paris: 2000 Years Transmission of Mathematical Ideas</i>. Franz Steiner Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+China+to+Paris%3A+2000+Years+Transmission+of+Mathematical+Ideas&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dold-Samplonius&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarrollOstlie2013" class="citation book">Carroll, Bradley W.; Ostlie, Dale A. (July 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLwangEACAAJ"><i>An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics</i></a> (yn Saesneg) (arg. International). Pearson. tt. 1173–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-292-02293-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-292-02293-2"><bdi>978-1-292-02293-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Modern+Astrophysics&rft.pages=1173-74&rft.edition=International&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.isbn=978-1-292-02293-2&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Bradley+W.&rft.au=Ostlie%2C+Dale+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRLwangEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawking-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hawking_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHawking,_Stephen1988" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking, Stephen</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofti00step_1"><i>A Brief History of Time</i></a>. Bantam Books. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofti00step_1/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-553-05340-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-553-05340-1"><bdi>978-0-553-05340-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Time&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-553-05340-1&rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofti00step_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel_2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel_2011_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417023358/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011"</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/">gwreiddiol</a> ar April 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRedd" class="citation web">Redd, Nola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075430/https://www.space.com/20930-dark-matter.html">"What is Dark Matter?"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/20930-dark-matter.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar February 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Dark+Matter%3F&rft.aulast=Redd&rft.aufirst=Nola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F20930-dark-matter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planck_2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-planck_2015_15-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-planck_2015_15-1">15.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727024529/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2016/10/aa27101-15/T9.html">"Planck 2015 results, table 9"</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2016/10/aa27101-15/T9.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar July 27, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planck+2015+results%2C+table+9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Farticles%2Faa%2Ffull_html%2F2016%2F10%2Faa27101-15%2FT9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Persic, Massimo; Salucci, Paolo (September 1, 1992). "The baryon content of the Universe". <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i> <b>258</b> (1): 14P–18P. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (dim tudalen ar gael)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0502178">astro-ph/0502178</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992MNRAS.258P..14P">1992MNRAS.258P..14P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F258.1.14P">10.1093/mnras/258.1.14P</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EllisKS032-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EllisKS032_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Francis_Rayner_Ellis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Francis Rayner Ellis (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ellis, George F.R.</a>; U. Kirchner; W.R. Stoeger (2004). "Multiverses and physical cosmology". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dim tudalen ar gael)">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i> <b>347</b> (3): 921–36. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (dim tudalen ar gael)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0305292">astro-ph/0305292</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.347..921E">2004MNRAS.347..921E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.07261.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07261.x</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-14372387">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>Multiverse' theory suggested by microwave background"</a>. <i>BBC News</i> (yn Saesneg). 2011-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">2023-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Multiverse%27+theory+suggested+by+microwave+background&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-14372387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022182145/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/universe">"Universe"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Universe">gwreiddiol</a> ar October 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Universe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FUniverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004855/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/universe?s=t">"Universe"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Universe?s=t">gwreiddiol</a> ar October 23, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Universe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FUniverse%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schreuder2014-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schreuder2014_21-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schreuder2014_21-1">21.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchreuder2014" class="citation book">Schreuder, Duco A. (December 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7a7BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135"><i>Vision and Visual Perception</i></a>. Archway Publishing. t. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4808-1294-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4808-1294-9"><bdi>978-1-4808-1294-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vision+and+Visual+Perception&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Archway+Publishing&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4808-1294-9&rft.aulast=Schreuder&rft.aufirst=Duco+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7a7BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mermin, N. David (2004). "Could Feynman Have Said This?". <i>Physics Today</i> <b>57</b> (5): 10. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhT....57e..10M">2004PhT....57e..10M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1768652">10.1063/1.1768652</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tegmark, Max (2008). "The Mathematical Universe". <i>Foundations of Physics</i> <b>38</b> (2): 101–50. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (dim tudalen ar gael)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0646">0704.0646</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008FoPh...38..101T">2008FoPh...38..101T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-007-9186-9">10.1007/s10701-007-9186-9</a>.</span> A short version of which is available at <span class="citation Journal">Fixsen, D. J. (2007). "Shut up and calculate". <i></i><a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (dim tudalen ar gael)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0709.4024">0709.4024</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/archive/physics.pop-ph">physics.pop-ph</a>]<i></i>.</span> in reference to David Mermin's famous quote "shut up and calculate!"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2012" class="citation book">Holt, Jim (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whydoesworldexis0000holt_c0t9"><i>Why Does the World Exist?</i></a>. Liveright Publishing. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whydoesworldexis0000holt_c0t9/page/308">308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Does+the+World+Exist%3F&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhydoesworldexis0000holt_c0t9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFerris1997" class="citation book">Ferris, Timothy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wholeshebangstat00ferr"><i>The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wholeshebangstat00ferr/page/n403">400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whole+Shebang%3A+A+State-of-the-Universe%28s%29+Report&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwholeshebangstat00ferr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCopanWilliam_Lane_Craig2004" class="citation book">Copan, Paul; William Lane Craig (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationoutofnot0000copa/page/220"><i>Creation Out of Nothing: A Biblical, Philosophical, and Scientific Exploration</i></a>. Baker Academic. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationoutofnot0000copa/page/220">220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8010-2733-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8010-2733-8"><bdi>978-0-8010-2733-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+Out+of+Nothing%3A+A+Biblical%2C+Philosophical%2C+and+Scientific+Exploration&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2733-8&rft.aulast=Copan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=William+Lane+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationoutofnot0000copa%2Fpage%2F220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolonkin2011-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bolonkin2011_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBolonkin2011" class="citation book">Bolonkin, Alexander (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TuWQx58ZnPsC&pg=PA3"><i>Universe, Human Immortality and Future Human Evaluation</i></a>. Elsevier. tt. 3–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-12-415801-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-12-415801-6"><bdi>978-0-12-415801-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universe%2C+Human+Immortality+and+Future+Human+Evaluation&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011-11&rft.isbn=978-0-12-415801-6&rft.aulast=Bolonkin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTuWQx58ZnPsC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary</i>, volume II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 3518. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0198611172" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0198611172">978-0198611172</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis_short-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lewis_short_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, C.T. and Short, S (1879) <i>A Latin Dictionary</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-19-864201-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-19-864201-6">0-19-864201-6</a>, pp. 1933, 1977–1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSilk2009" class="citation book">Silk, Joseph (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horizonsofcosmol0000silk"><i>Horizons of Cosmology</i></a>. Templeton Pressr. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horizonsofcosmol0000silk/page/n227">208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horizons+of+Cosmology&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Templeton+Pressr&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Silk&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhorizonsofcosmol0000silk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2005" class="citation book">Singh, Simon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigbangoriginofu0000sing"><i>Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe</i></a>. Harper Perennial. t. 560. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004biba.book.....S">2004biba.book.....S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Bang%3A+The+Origin+of+the+Universe&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004biba.book.....S&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigbangoriginofu0000sing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sivaram-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sivaram_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">C. Sivaram (1986). "Evolution of the Universe through the Planck epoch". <i>Astrophysics and Space Science</i> <b>125</b> (1): 189–99. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Ap&SS.125..189S">1986Ap&SS.125..189S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00643984">10.1007/BF00643984</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Johnson, Jennifer A. (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau9540">"Populating the periodic table: Nucleosynthesis of the elements"</a> (yn en). <i>Science</i> <b>363</b> (6426): 474–478. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...363..474J">2019Sci...363..474J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aau9540">10.1126/science.aau9540</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30705182">30705182</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau9540">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau9540</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-durrer-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-durrer_34-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-durrer_34-1">34.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDurrer2008" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Durrer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Durrer (dim tudalen ar gael)">Durrer, Ruth</a> (2008). <i>The Cosmic Microwave Background</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-84704-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-84704-9"><bdi>978-0-521-84704-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cosmic+Microwave+Background&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84704-9&rft.aulast=Durrer&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steane-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-steane_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSteane2021" class="citation book">Steane, Andrew M. (2021). <i>Relativity Made Relatively Easy, Volume 2: General Relativity and Cosmology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-192-89564-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-192-89564-6"><bdi>978-0-192-89564-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relativity+Made+Relatively+Easy%2C+Volume+2%3A+General+Relativity+and+Cosmology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-192-89564-6&rft.aulast=Steane&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLarsonBromm2002" class="citation news">Larson, Richard B.; Bromm, Volker (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611032732/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-stars-in-the-un/">"The First Stars in the Universe"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-stars-in-the-un/">gwreiddiol</a> ar June 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+First+Stars+in+the+Universe&rft.date=2002-03&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft.au=Bromm%2C+Volker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-first-stars-in-the-un%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Ryden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Ryden (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ryden, Barbara</a>, "Introduction to Cosmology", 2006, eqn. 6.33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OpenStax-college-physics-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-OpenStax-college-physics_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUrone2022" class="citation book">Urone, Paul Peter; et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/33-4-particles-patterns-and-conservation-laws"><i>College Physics 2e</i></a>. OpenStax. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-951-69360-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-951-69360-2"><bdi>978-1-951-69360-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=College+Physics+2e&rft.pub=OpenStax&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-951-69360-2&rft.aulast=Urone&rft.aufirst=Paul+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenstax.org%2Fbooks%2Fcollege-physics-2e%2Fpages%2F33-4-particles-patterns-and-conservation-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040307075727/http://www.pparc.ac.uk/Ps/bbs/bbs_antimatter.asp">"Antimatter"</a>. Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council. October 28, 2003. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pparc.ac.uk/Ps/bbs/bbs_antimatter.asp">gwreiddiol</a> ar March 7, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antimatter&rft.pub=Particle+Physics+and+Astronomy+Research+Council&rft.date=2003-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pparc.ac.uk%2FPs%2Fbbs%2Fbbs_antimatter.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20171020-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20171020_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Smorra C. (October 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/2291601/files/nature24048.pdf">"A parts-per-billion measurement of the antiproton magnetic moment"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature (journal) (dim tudalen ar gael)">Nature</a></i> <b>550</b> (7676): 371–74. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (dim tudalen ar gael)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/et">al et al</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.550..371S">2017Natur.550..371S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature24048">10.1038/nature24048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29052625">29052625</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/2291601/files/nature24048.pdf">http://cds.cern.ch/record/2291601/files/nature24048.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Adalwyd August 25, 2019</span>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Llyfryddiaeth">Llyfryddiaeth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Llyfryddiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Llyfryddiaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bartel, Leendert van der Waerden</a> (1987). "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i> <b>500</b> (1): 525–45. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987NYASA.500..525V">1987NYASA.500..525V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb37224.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37224.x</a>.</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLandauLifshitz1975" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Landau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lev Landau (dim tudalen ar gael)">Landau, Lev</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evgeny_Lifshitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evgeny Lifshitz (dim tudalen ar gael)">Lifshitz, E.M.</a> (1975). <i>The Classical Theory of Fields (Course of Theoretical Physics)</i>. <b>2</b> (arg. revised 4th English). New York: Pergamon Press. tt. 358–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-08-018176-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-08-018176-9"><bdi>978-0-08-018176-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Theory+of+Fields+%28Course+of+Theoretical+Physics%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=358-97&rft.edition=revised+4th+English&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-08-018176-9&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Lev&rft.au=Lifshitz%2C+E.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1968" class="citation book">Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekenglishlexi0000lidd_y0v2"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-864214-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-864214-5"><bdi>978-0-19-864214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-19-864214-5&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft.au=Scott%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekenglishlexi0000lidd_y0v2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMisnerC.W.ThorneKip1973" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_W._Misner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles W. Misner (dim tudalen ar gael)">Misner</a>; C.W.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kip_Thorne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kip Thorne (dim tudalen ar gael)">Thorne</a>; Kip; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Archibald_Wheeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Archibald Wheeler (dim tudalen ar gael)">Wheeler</a>; J.A. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gravitation0000misn"><i>Gravitation</i></a>. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gravitation0000misn/page/703">703</a>–816. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7167-0344-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7167-0344-0"><bdi>978-0-7167-0344-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravitation&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=703-816&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0344-0&rft.au=Misner&rft.au=C.W.&rft.au=Thorne&rft.au=Kip&rft.au=Wheeler&rft.au=J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgravitation0000misn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRaineThomas2001" class="citation book">Raine, D. J.; Thomas, E. G. (2001). <i>An Introduction to the Science of Cosmology</i>. Institute of Physics Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Science+of+Cosmology&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Raine&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+E.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRindler,_W.1977" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Rindler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Rindler (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rindler, W.</a> (1977). <i>Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological</i>. New York: Springer Verlag. tt. 193–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-387-10090-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-387-10090-6"><bdi>978-0-387-10090-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Relativity%3A+Special%2C+General%2C+and+Cosmological&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=193-244&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-387-10090-6&rft.au=Rindler%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRees2012" class="citation book">Rees, Martin, gol. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universe0000unse_f2g0"><i>Smithsonian Universe</i></a> (arg. 2nd). London: Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7566-9841-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7566-9841-6"><bdi>978-0-7566-9841-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smithsonian+Universe&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-9841-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiverse0000unse_f2g0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABydysawd+%28seryddiaeth%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dolenni_allanol">Dolenni allanol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Dolenni allanol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Dolenni allanol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/">Cronfa Ddata Allgalactig NASA/IPAC (NED)</a> / ( <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/Library/Distances/">NED-Distances</a> ).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/how-many-atoms-in-universe.html">Mae tua 10 <sup>82</sup> o atomau yn y bydysawd arsylladwy</a> - <i>LiveScience</i>, Gorffennaf 2021.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/05/21/this-is-why-we-will-never-know-everything-about-our-universe/"><i>Dyma pam na fyddwn byth yn gwybod popeth am ein bydysawd</i></a> - <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, Mai 2019.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awdurdod" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Awdurdod" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Awdurdod" class="mw-redirect" title="Awdurdod">Awdurdod</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-sh2010-007248">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2010007248">sh2010007248</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4079154-3">4079154-3</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123747698">cb123747698</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123747698">(data)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574074">00574074</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116566&CON_LNG=ENG">ph116566</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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