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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 定義 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 背景 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-背景-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关背景子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 詞源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人類的自殺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人類的自殺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 人類的自殺 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人類的自殺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-风险因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#风险因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 风险因素 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-风险因素-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关风险因素子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-风险因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-心理状态" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心理状态"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 心理状态 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-心理状态-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-精神障碍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#精神障碍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 精神障碍 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-精神障碍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-囚犯自殺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#囚犯自殺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 囚犯自殺 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-囚犯自殺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-死囚現象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#死囚現象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 死囚現象 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-死囚現象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-药物滥用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#药物滥用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 药物滥用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-药物滥用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-嗜赌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#嗜赌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 嗜赌 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-嗜赌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-医疗状况" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#医疗状况"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 医疗状况 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-医疗状况-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-媒体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#媒体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 媒体 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-媒体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-他人压力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#他人压力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 他人压力 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-他人压力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-理性型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理性型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 理性型 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理性型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 政治因素 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自杀方式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自杀方式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 自杀方式 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自杀方式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病理生理學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病理生理學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 病理生理學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-病理生理學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-预防" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#预防"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 预防 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-预防-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关预防子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-预防-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-有自殺傾向的初期現象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有自殺傾向的初期現象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 有自殺傾向的初期現象 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有自殺傾向的初期現象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-流行病學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#流行病學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 流行病學 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-流行病學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关流行病學子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-流行病學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-性别" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#性别"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 性别 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-性别-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-年龄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#年龄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 年龄 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-年龄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国家/地区的差异" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国家/地区的差异"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 国家/地区的差异 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国家/地区的差异-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-台灣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#台灣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 台灣 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-台灣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-香港" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#香港"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 香港 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-香港-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 日本 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 历史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会和文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会和文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 社会和文化 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-社会和文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关社会和文化子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-社会和文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-立法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#立法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 立法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-立法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-刑責" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#刑責"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 刑責 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-刑責-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教观念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教观念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 宗教观念 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教观念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哲学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哲学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 哲学 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哲学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-提倡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#提倡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 提倡 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-提倡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 地点 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注目案例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注目案例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 注目案例 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注目案例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人類以外的自殺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人類以外的自殺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 人類以外的自殺 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人類以外的自殺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 參見 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 參考資料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考書籍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考書籍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 參考書籍 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考書籍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">自殺</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。147种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" > 147种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfmoord" title="Selfmoord – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Selfmoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizid" title="Suizid – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Suizid" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidio" title="Suicidio – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Suicidio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="انتحار – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتحار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نتيحار – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نتيحار" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="انتحار – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انتحار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="আত্মহত্যা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আত্মহত্যা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidiu" title="Suicidiu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Suicidiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ntihar" title="İntihar – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İntihar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اینتیحار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینتیحار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%99-%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B5%D2%A3%D3%99_%D2%A1%D1%83%D0%BB_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Үҙ-үҙеңә ҡул һалыу – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үҙ-үҙеңә ҡул һалыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freidoud" title="Freidoud – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Freidoud" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sav%C4%97%C5%BEod%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Savėžodībė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Savėžodībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghugot" title="Paghugot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Paghugot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Самагубства – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самагубства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Самагубства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самагубства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Самоубийство – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самоубийство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="আত্মহত্যা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আত্মহত্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རང་ཤི་རྒྱབ་པ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རང་ཤི་རྒྱབ་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emlazh" title="Emlazh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emlazh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoubistvo" title="Samoubistvo – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Samoubistvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyingkot" title="Manyingkot – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Manyingkot" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Амяа хорлолто – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Амяа хорлолто" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%AFcidi" title="Suïcidi – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suïcidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0-%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ша-шен дер – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ша-шен дер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86" title="خۆکوشتن – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆکوشتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebevra%C5%BEda" title="Sebevražda – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sebevražda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunanladdiad" title="Hunanladdiad – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hunanladdiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvmord" title="Selvmord – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Selvmord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizid" title="Suizid – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Suizid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xok%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Xokıştış – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Xokıştış" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αυτοκτονία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκτονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Suicide" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinmortigo" title="Sinmortigo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sinmortigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidio" title="Suicidio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suicidio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enesetapp" title="Enesetapp – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Enesetapp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizidio" title="Suizidio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suizidio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="خودکشی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودکشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsemurha" title="Itsemurha – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itsemurha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%A4tapmin%C3%B5" title="Hindätapminõ – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hindätapminõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A1lvmor%C3%B0" title="Sjálvmorð – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sjálvmorð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suicide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiduas" title="Freiduas – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Freiduas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsmoard" title="Selsmoard – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Selsmoard" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9inmhar%C3%BA" title="Féinmharú – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Féinmharú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousid" title="Sousid – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sousid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8in-mhurt" title="Fèin-mhurt – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fèin-mhurt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidio" title="Suicidio – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Suicidio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejukaha" title="Jejukaha – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jejukaha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="આત્મહત્યા – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આત્મહત્યા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan_kai" title="Kisan kai – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kisan kai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התאבדות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התאבדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्महत्या – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आत्महत्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Suicide" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoubojstvo" title="Samoubojstvo – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samoubojstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisid" title="Swisid – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Swisid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ngyilkoss%C3%A1g" title="Öngyilkosság – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Öngyilkosság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ինքնասպանություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինքնասպանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidio" title="Suicidio – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Suicidio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunuh_diri" title="Bunuh diri – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bunuh diri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidie" title="Suicidie – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Suicidie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagpakamatay" title="Panagpakamatay – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panagpakamatay" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ше ше вер – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ше ше вер" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-ocido" title="Su-ocido – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Su-ocido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A1lfsmor%C3%B0" title="Sjálfsmorð – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjálfsmorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidio" title="Suicidio – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Suicidio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="自殺 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自殺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisaid" title="Suisaid – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Suisaid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nglalu" title="Nglalu – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nglalu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="თვითმკვლელობა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თვითმკვლელობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD-%D3%A9%D0%B7%D1%96_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83" title="Өзін-өзі өлтіру – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өзін-өзі өлтіру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86" title="ಆತ್ಮಹತ್ಯೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆತ್ಮಹತ್ಯೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%82%B4" title="자살 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%84%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="خۄدکشی – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="خۄدکشی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xweku%C5%9Ftin" title="Xwekuştin – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xwekuştin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omladhans" title="Omladhans – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Omladhans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%BD%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%83" title="Өзүнүн жанын кыюу – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өзүнүн жанын кыюу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_voluntaria" title="Mors voluntaria – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mors voluntaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizid" title="Suizid – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Suizid" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8-%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вичи-вич кьин – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Вичи-вич кьин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfmaord" title="Zelfmaord – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zelfmaord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizzidi" title="Suizzidi – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Suizzidi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savi%C5%BEudyb%C4%97" title="Savižudybė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Savižudybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1n%C4%81v%C4%ABba" title="Pašnāvība – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pašnāvība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Самоубиство – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самоубиство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ആത്മഹത്യ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആത്മഹത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%85" title="Амиа егүүтгэх – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амиа егүүтгэх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्महत्या – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आत्महत्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunuh_diri" title="Bunuh diri – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bunuh diri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိမိကိုယ်ကို သတ်သေခြင်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိမိကိုယ်ကို သတ်သေခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClvstmoord" title="Sülvstmoord – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sülvstmoord" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B6lfmoord" title="Zölfmoord – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zölfmoord" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्महत्या – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आत्महत्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्महत्या – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आत्महत्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfmoord" title="Zelfmoord – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zelfmoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8lvmord" title="Sjølvmord – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjølvmord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvmord" title="Selvmord – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Selvmord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuzikhunga" title="Ukuzikhunga – 南恩德贝勒语" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Ukuzikhunga" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="南恩德贝勒语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzipha" title="Kudzipha – 齐切瓦语" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Kudzipha" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="齐切瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidi" title="Suicidi – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Suicidi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆତ୍ମହତ୍ୟା – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆତ୍ମହତ୍ୟା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਖ਼ੁਦਕੁਸ਼ੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ੁਦਕੁਸ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samob%C3%B3jstwo" title="Samobójstwo – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samobójstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="خودکشی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خودکشی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D9%87" title="ځانوژنه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځانوژنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suic%C3%ADdio" title="Suicídio – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suicídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipikuy" title="Sipikuy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sipikuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiyahura" title="Kwiyahura – 隆迪语" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Kwiyahura" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="隆迪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinucidere" title="Sinucidere – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sinucidere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Самоубийство – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самоубийство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%8D%D2%95%D1%8D_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бэйэҕэ тиийинии – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бэйэҕэ тиийинии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitz%C3%ACdiu" title="Suitzìdiu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Suitzìdiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Suicide" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%DA%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="آپگهات – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آپگهات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicid" title="Suicid – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Suicid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="සියදිවි නසාගැනීම – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සියදිවි නසාගැනීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Suicide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samovra%C5%BEda" title="Samovražda – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Samovražda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samomor" title="Samomor – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samomor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismiidaamin" title="Ismiidaamin – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ismiidaamin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet%C3%ABvrasja" title="Vetëvrasja – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vetëvrasja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Самоубиство – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самоубиство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A9han_man%C3%A9h" title="Maéhan manéh – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Maéhan manéh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lvmord" title="Självmord – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Självmord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujiua" title="Kujiua – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kujiua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="தற்கொலை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தற்கொலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="ఆత్మహత్య – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆత్మహత్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D3%A3" title="Худкушӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Худкушӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="การฆ่าตัวตาย – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การฆ่าตัวตาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpapatiwakal" title="Pagpapatiwakal – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpapatiwakal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ntihar" title="İntihar – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İntihar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7-%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Үз-үзенә кул салу – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үз-үзенә кул салу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Самогубство – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самогубство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="خود کشی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خود کشی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBzini_o%CA%BBldirish" title="Oʻzini oʻldirish – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻzini oʻldirish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_s%C3%A1t" title="Tự sát – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tự sát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucide" title="Sucide – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sucide" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unay" title="Unay – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaru" title="Xaru – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xaru" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="自杀 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自杀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%B8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="დუდიშ ჸვილუა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დუდიშ ჸვილუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="זעלבסטמארד – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זעלבסטמארד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaggaj" title="Gaggaj – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gaggaj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="自殺 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="自殺" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-sat" title="Chū-sat – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-sat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="自殺 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自殺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10737#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div 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.navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lightgrey">自殺 Suicide</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:Edouard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Edouard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9.jpg/300px-Edouard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Edouard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9.jpg/450px-Edouard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Edouard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9.jpg/600px-Edouard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1751" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A5%88" title="愛德華·馬奈">馬奈</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA_(%E6%B2%B9%E7%95%AB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺 (油畫)（页面不存在）">《自殺》</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Suicid%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="en:Le Suicidé">Le Suicidé</a>）（Le Suicidé） 1877–1881, 油畫, 38 x 46cm 這幅畫的題材使它在當時曾引發不少爭議，目前仍未確知畫中男子的身分。有說法認為馬奈創作此畫的用意在於打破當時盛行的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="學院藝術">學院派</a>畫風。</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">起病年龄</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">>70歲和 15–30 歲<a href="#cite_note-WHO2014Pre-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844482" class="extiw" title="d:Q844482">殺生</a><abbr title="此维基尚无此条目">[*]</abbr>、<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4072473" class="extiw" title="d:Q4072473">autoaggression</a><abbr title="此维基尚无此条目">[*]</abbr>、<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1689296" class="extiw" title="d:Q1689296">灾害</a><abbr title="此维基尚无此条目">[*]</abbr></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">病因</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%BC%A2" title="自缢">自缢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%88%8E" title="自刎">自刎</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%B3%E6%A8%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跳樓（页面不存在）">跳樓</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping_from_height" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide by jumping from height">Suicide by jumping from height</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesticide_poisoning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pesticide poisoning（页面不存在）">藥物中毒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pesticide_poisoning" class="extiw" title="en:pesticide poisoning">pesticide poisoning</a>）、使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%AA%E6%A2%B0" title="枪械">枪械</a>等，詳見<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="自殺方式">自殺方式</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aj2008-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="风险因素">风险因素</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%91%E9%AC%B1%E7%96%BE%E6%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="重性抑鬱疾患">重性抑鬱疾患</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%81%E9%AC%B1%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="躁鬱症">躁鬱症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%96%89%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="自閉症">自閉症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%97%87" title="精神分裂症">精神分裂症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="人格障礙">人格障礙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91%E7%97%87" title="焦虑症">焦虑症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%97%E9%85%92" title="酗酒">酗酒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E6%BF%AB%E7%94%A8" title="物質濫用">物質濫用</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hawton2009-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autism2014-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">預防</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">限制取得自殺方法的途徑、治療<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="心理疾病">心理疾病</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E6%BF%AB%E7%94%A8" title="物質濫用">物質濫用</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="大眾媒體">大眾媒體</a> 能依循專業守則報導自殺、改善經濟條件<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">死亡數</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">828,000 / 1.5% (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;;;">分类和外部资源</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91" title="醫學專科">醫學專科</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="精神病学">精神病学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">X60、X84</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="疾病資料庫">DiseasesDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb12641.htm">12641</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001554.htm">001554</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">288598</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: right; font-size:0.9em;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10737" class="extiw" title="d:Q10737">编辑此条目的维基数据</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lightgrey">自殺</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844482" class="extiw" title="d:Q844482">殺生</a><abbr title="此维基尚无此条目">[*]</abbr>、<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4072473" class="extiw" title="d:Q4072473">autoaggression</a><abbr title="此维基尚无此条目">[*]</abbr>、<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1689296" class="extiw" title="d:Q1689296">灾害</a><abbr title="此维基尚无此条目">[*]</abbr></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;;;">分类和外部资源</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91" title="醫學專科">醫學專科</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">精神医学、心理學</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/X60">X60</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/X84">X84</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-9%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="ICD-9编码列表">9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=E950">E950</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="疾病資料庫">DiseasesDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb12641.htm">12641</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001554.htm">001554</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288598-overview">article/288598</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E8%AF%8D" title="医学主题词">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2024/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Suicide&field=entry#TreeF01.145.126.980.875">F01.145.126.980.875</a></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: right; font-size:0.9em;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10737" class="extiw" title="d:Q10737">编辑此条目的维基数据</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:160%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">自殺</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="萨福于传闻自杀不久前，出自Johann Melchior Ernst Stickelberger的画作"><img alt="萨福于传闻自杀不久前，出自Johann Melchior Ernst Stickelberger的画作" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg/90px-St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg/135px-St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg/180px-St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="2438" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">社会方面</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%A8%A1%E4%BB%BF" title="自殺模仿">自殺模仿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B9%90%E6%AD%BB" title="安乐死">安乐死</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀立法（页面不存在）">立法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_legislation" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide legislation">Suicide legislation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀哲学（页面不存在）">哲学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy of suicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%A7%82%E7%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀的宗教观点（页面不存在）">宗教观点</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Religious views on suicide">Religious views on suicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E6%AC%8A" title="死亡權">死亡權</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="自殺危機">自殺危機</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀风险评估（页面不存在）">风险评估</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment_of_suicide_risk" class="extiw" title="en:Assessment of suicide risk">Assessment of suicide risk</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA%E7%83%AD%E7%BA%BF" title="危机热线">危机热线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90" title="自殺危機干預">自殺干預</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2" title="自殺預防">自殺預防</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%9B%91%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="预防自杀监控（页面不存在）">预防自杀监控</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_watch" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a>）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">自杀类型</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%8A%A9%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="协助自杀">协助自杀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%BA%E5%87%8C%E5%92%8C%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欺凌和自杀（页面不存在）">欺凌和自杀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Bullying and suicide">Bullying and suicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%A8%A1%E4%BB%BF" title="自殺模仿">自殺模仿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%80%AB%E5%91%BD%E6%A1%88" title="逆倫命案">弑亲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%9C%E6%AD%BB" title="賜死">賜死</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E8%AA%89%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="荣誉自杀">荣誉自杀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="网络自杀">网络自杀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="集體自殺">集體自殺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%BC%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="谋杀式自杀">谋杀式自杀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀协议（页面不存在）">自杀协议</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_pact" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide pact">Suicide pact</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A" title="自殺攻擊">自殺攻擊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="教派自殺">教派自殺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B7%E5%85%87%E6%AE%BA%E5%B7%B1" title="買兇殺己">買兇殺己</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%AA%E5%BC%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="仪式自杀（页面不存在）">仪式自杀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="青少年自杀（页面不存在）">青少年自杀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%9F%E8%AD%A6%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="借警自杀（页面不存在）">借警自杀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="被自杀">被自杀</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="自杀方式">自杀方法</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0;line-height:1.4em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%BC%A2" title="自缢">自缢</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%88%8E" title="自刎">自刎</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%85%B9" title="切腹">切腹</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%BA%BA" title="自溺">自溺</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%9A" title="自焚">自焚</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E9%A3%9F" title="絕食">絕食</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%92%9E%E9%A0%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="撞頭（页面不存在）">撞頭</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E5%BD%88" title="飲彈">吞槍</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%B4%86" title="自鴆">自鴆</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E9%81%8E%E9%87%8F" title="藥物過量">服用過量藥物</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%9E%E9%A3%9F%E7%95%B0%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吞食異物（页面不存在）">吞食異物</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A5%E8%BB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臥軌（页面不存在）">臥軌</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F#從高處跳下" title="自杀方式">跳落</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%92%E7%82%AD%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="燒炭自殺">燒炭自殺</a>等）</li></ul></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">自杀调查统计</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBT青少年自杀（页面不存在）">LGBT青少年</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBT_youth" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide among LGBT youth">Suicide among LGBT youth</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀性别差异（页面不存在）">性别差异</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Gender differences in suicide">Gender differences in suicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国自杀率列表">自杀率</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="中國自殺現象">中国自杀率</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="自殺的歷史">自杀的历史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀者列表（页面不存在）">自杀者列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suicides" class="extiw" title="en:List of suicides">List of suicides</a>）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">在战争中</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%E8%A1%9D%E9%8B%92" title="萬歲衝鋒">萬歲衝鋒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E9%9A%8A" title="特別攻擊隊">特別攻擊隊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A" title="自殺攻擊">自殺攻擊</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀任务（页面不存在）">自杀任务</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_mission" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide mission">Suicide mission</a>）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">相关现象</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀未遂（页面不存在）">自杀未遂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_suicide_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:Failed suicide attempt">Failed suicide attempt</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%A0%B4%E6%89%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="自殺場所列表">自杀地点</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀意念（页面不存在）">自杀意念</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" class="extiw" title="en:Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%BF%E6%80%81%E6%80%A7%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="姿态性自杀（页面不存在）">姿态性自杀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%82%B7%E5%AE%B3" title="自我傷害">自残</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E6%9B%B8" title="遺書">遺書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E8%AE%BA" title="自杀论">自杀论</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">按国家或地區</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="中國自殺現象">中国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E8%98%AD%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="格陵蘭自殺現象">格陵蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="俄羅斯自殺現象">俄罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="韩国自杀现象">韩国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="日本自杀現象">日本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="香港學生自殺問題">香港學生</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="Template:自杀"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="Template talk:自杀"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:自杀"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suicide_rates_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Suicide_rates_map.png/460px-Suicide_rates_map.png" decoding="async" width="460" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Suicide_rates_map.png/690px-Suicide_rates_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Suicide_rates_map.png/920px-Suicide_rates_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>2016年WHO公布的每10万人口自杀率(年龄标准化)<a href="#cite_note-WHO-8">[8]</a>。自杀率高度、红＞黄＞绿</figcaption></figure> 自殺（英語：Suicide），也被稱為自盡、自死、輕生、自戕等，指導致<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91" title="自我">自我</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a>的行為。<a href="#cite_note-Sted20062-9">[9]</a>有效的自殺危機干預，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81" title="社會支持">社群支持</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="心理治療">心理治療</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%93%81" title="藥品">藥物治療</a>、提供安全環境等。<a href="#cite_note-WHO20162-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>電話干預熱線的效果目前依然沒有得到很完善的數據研究。<a href="#cite_note-Sak20112-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zal20162-13">[13]</a>常用的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="自殺方式">自殺方式</a>因地區而異，部分與有效手段等可得性有關。<a href="#cite_note-Yip20122-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO20162-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aj20082-15">[15]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7" title="男性">男性</a>的自殺率通常高於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7" title="女性">女性</a>。<a href="#cite_note-WHO2014Pre-1">[1]</a>每年自殺未遂案例數約10至2000萬例。<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>曾嘗試過自殺的人<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="未來">未來</a>嘗試自殺的可能性相對較高。<a href="#cite_note-WHO20162-10">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90" title="自殺危機干預">自殺危機干預</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2" title="自殺預防">自殺預防</a></div> 自殺的風險因素涉及多個層面，主要包括心理（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="重性抑郁障碍">憂鬱症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%81%E9%AC%B1%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="躁鬱症">雙相情感障礙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E6%80%A7%E5%89%B5%E5%82%B7%E5%BE%8C%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="複雜性創傷後壓力症候群">複雜性創傷後壓力症候群</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%97%87" title="精神分裂症">思覺失調</a>等）、社會（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B" title="社交孤立">社會孤立</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%A1%E5%9C%92%E6%AC%BA%E5%87%8C" title="校園欺凌">校園欺凌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B" title="家庭暴力">家庭暴力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%BA%E5%8A%A1" title="债务">巨額債務</a>等）、環境（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%9C%A8%E5%A0%B1%E5%B0%8E%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E6%99%82%E6%87%89%E8%AC%B9%E5%AE%88%E7%9A%84%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%88%86%E9%9A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="媒體在報導自殺相關新聞時應謹守的倫理分際">媒體報導</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%89%8B%E6%AE%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="自杀手段">自殺方法</a>可得性、重大生活變故等）、生物因素（<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%90%8D%E5%82%B7" title="腦損傷">腦損傷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E7%97%85" title="慢性病">慢性疾病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神經生物學</a>異常等）和生死觀（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80" title="價值觀">價值觀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5" title="社会认知">社會認知</a>等）。<a href="#cite_note-WHO20162-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hawton2009-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autism2014-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dod2017-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>此外，亦有理性自殺（如拯救他人或免除痛苦）、宗教、軍事及政治自殺（如抗議或恐怖襲擊）等情況。 個體對自殺行為的認知受<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" title="社會規範">社會規範</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80" title="價值觀">價值觀</a>等因素的影響。<a href="#cite_note-White20102-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>自殺者的親屬及周遭人群普遍將此類事件視為重大災難，並給予負面評價。<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>自殺及自殺未遂在許多地區被認定為刑事<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA" title="犯罪">犯罪</a><a href="#cite_note-Islam20062-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-White20102-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義">定義</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：定義">编辑</a>]</div> 根据<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a>定义：“自杀行为是指包括考虑自杀（或自杀意念）、计划自杀、自杀未遂及自杀本身的一系列行为”，“自杀行为是一个复杂的现象，是由个人、社会、心理、文化、生物和环境等多种因素相互作用而导致的”<a href="#cite_note-自杀预防-27">[27]</a>。 試圖非致命的自殺行為一般視為<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="自残">自殘</a><a href="#cite_note-Krug2002-28">[28]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%8A%A9%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="协助自杀">协助自杀</a>是指一個人藉由提供建議或是其他方式，協助有死亡意願者達成目的，但沒有直接參與導致死亡的過程<a href="#cite_note-Gullota2002-29">[29]</a>，這和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%A8%82%E6%AD%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="安樂死">安樂死</a>不同，在安樂死中他人有直接參與導致死亡的過程<a href="#cite_note-Gullota2002-29">[29]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺意念（页面不存在）">自殺意念</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" class="extiw" title="en:Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a>）是有自殺的想法<a href="#cite_note-Krug2002-28">[28]</a>，有可能會演變成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%9C%96%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意圖自殺（页面不存在）">意圖自殺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide attempt">Suicide attempt</a>）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景">背景</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：背景">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="詞源">詞源</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：詞源">编辑</a>]</div> 自殺在中文又名自盡、自絕、自裁、自害、自戕、尋短、輕生，特指某種自殺方式的詞彙有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%B8%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="自縊">自縊</a>（自經）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%88%8E" title="自刎">自刎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%B4%86" title="自鴆">自鴆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%BA%BA" title="自溺">自溺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E5%BD%88" title="飲彈">飲彈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F#從高處跳下" title="自杀方式">跳楼</a>等。 在英語等西方語言中，自殺一詞源於拉丁語suicidium，意為「將自己殺死」<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人類的自殺">人類的自殺</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：人類的自殺">编辑</a>]</div> 现实的研究大多集中在人类的自杀行为上，尽管已经存在一些研究活动是在研究其它<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="物种">物种</a>的自杀行为。人类的自杀就是指自杀的当事者是人类，一般情况下，自杀当事者是一个当事人。自杀通常是由于<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E6%9C%9B" title="絕望">绝望</a>, 其原因经常是归咎于<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="精神障碍">精神障碍</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%91%E9%AC%B1%E7%96%BE%E6%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="重性抑鬱疾患">重性抑鬱疾患</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%81%E9%83%81%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="躁郁症">躁郁症</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%97%87" title="精神分裂症">精神分裂症</a>、酗酒或<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%BF%AB%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="藥物濫用">药物滥用</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2009-4">[4]</a>压力因素如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="经济困难（页面不存在）">经济困难</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="人际关系">人际关系</a>问题通常与之有关。防止自杀工作包括：限制接近枪械的机会、治疗精神障碍和药物误用、以及改善经济发展。 一直以來，人們對於自殺的看法受到宗教、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%AE%E8%AD%BD%E6%84%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="榮譽感">榮譽感</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="人生意義">人生意義</a>這類普遍<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8" title="存在">存在</a>的議題所影響<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%E8%AB%B8%E6%95%99" title="亞伯拉罕諸教">亞伯拉罕諸教</a>認為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生命神聖（页面不存在）">生命神聖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctity_of_life" class="extiw" title="en:Sanctity of life">Sanctity of life</a>），所以自殺有違上帝旨意<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>。現在大部分西方國家已不再將自殺和自殺未遂視為非法<a href="#cite_note-White2010-34">[34]</a>，但自殺在許多國家仍屬於犯罪行為<a href="#cite_note-Islam2006-35">[35]</a>。在很多<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>中，自殺是罪惡的，有些<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>禁止自殺或協助他人自殺，但在部份<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>中，自殺有時是具有榮譽感的行為，並獲得<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BF%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="輿論">輿論</a>的肯定，如历史上舰只沉没船长可能会因其职责而拒绝逃生。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="回教">回教</a>认为，非正當理由的自杀是不光彩的行为；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>认为，非正當理由的自杀仍是殺生<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>，不能逃脱罪孽和痛苦，而是犯了非常重的杀戒，是極大<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="罪业">罪業</a>，会堕落地狱；中國<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>則認為自殺的冤魂會經歷無止盡的痛苦，每天重複一次死亡的過程，直到找到<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BF%E8%BA%AB" class="mw-disambig" title="替身">替身</a>；或者被監禁於<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%89%E6%AD%BB%E5%9F%8E" title="枉死城">枉死城</a>。在西方，出于宗教信仰中生命的神圣属性，自杀经常被看作严重的犯罪行为和对創造生命的上帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E6%95%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="大不敬">大不敬</a>。如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="基督宗教">基督宗教</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="東正教">東正教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教</a>）反對任性、無意義的自杀，但不反對能成就人性意義的自殺（如殉道）<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>。 自殺的原因多和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>層面相關，因此是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學">心理學</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a>課題之一，另外也與<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="重性抑郁障碍">憂鬱症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%81%E9%AC%B1%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="躁鬱症">躁鬱症</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="精神疾病">精神疾病</a>有相當的關联，故亦為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a>的研究範疇。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="現代">現代</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a>中，對自殺有一個基本的假定：「自殺總是發生在非正常狀態下，或是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="社會">社會</a>偏離了常態，或是一個人的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E" title="精神">精神</a>狀況偏離了常態。」 於中小學校之心理教育輔導中自殺亦為重要課題，一般認為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="青少年">青少年</a>的自殺易受<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="新聞">新聞</a>報導及同伴影響。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國衛生部">中華人民共和國衛生部</a>於2004年稱每年有28.7萬多人自殺<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣</a>，自殺於1997年首次進入十大死因排行榜，2005年有超過四千人自殺身亡。<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a>的统计显示，2015年平均每40秒就有一个人自杀，使自杀成为全球15~29歲青少年主要致死因素之一<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>。<a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85" title="2019冠状病毒病疫情">2019冠狀病毒病</a>期间，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>自3月至10月有高达266人自杀，马来西亚前<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="马来西亚首相">首相</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%93%88%E6%9C%AB" title="马哈迪·莫哈末">马哈迪·莫哈末</a>透过<a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">推特</a>上载一则勉励<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="马来西亚人">马来西亚人</a>的短片时指出，马来西亚人无论面临多大的挑战都要忍耐与坚强，以面对一切的困境<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="世界衛生組織">世界衛生組織</a>表示在2019年有70多萬人死於自殺。在2000年至2019年的20年間，全球自殺率下降了36%，但在此期間美洲的自殺率仍上升17%<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="风险因素">风险因素</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：风险因素">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suicide_cases_from_16_American_states_(2008).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Suicide_cases_from_16_American_states_%282008%29.png/300px-Suicide_cases_from_16_American_states_%282008%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Suicide_cases_from_16_American_states_%282008%29.png/450px-Suicide_cases_from_16_American_states_%282008%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Suicide_cases_from_16_American_states_%282008%29.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>2008年美国16个州自杀的促发情况。<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> 影响自杀可能性的因素包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="精神疾病">精神疾病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%BF%AB%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="藥物濫用">药物濫用</a>、心理状态、文化、家庭和社会情况、以及遗传。<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2012-44">[44]</a> 精神疾病和药物误用经常共同存在<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-45">[45]</a>。其他危险因素包括曾企图自杀<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>、执行自杀方法的易可得性、自杀的家族史或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E5%82%B7%E6%80%A7%E8%85%A6%E6%90%8D%E5%82%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外傷性腦損傷（页面不存在）">外傷性腦損傷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/traumatic_brain_injury" class="extiw" title="en:traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>）的存在<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>。例如，发现自杀率在存在持槍家庭高于没有枪械的家庭<a href="#cite_note-Miller_393–408-48">[48]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="社會經濟">社会经济</a>因素如失业、贫穷、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E5%AE%BF%E8%80%85" title="露宿者">无家可归</a>和歧视可能会引发自杀念头<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>；監所囚犯的自殺率也遠高於一般人口；约15–40%的人会留下<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="遗书">遗书</a>。<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>。遗传似乎解释了38%至55%的自杀行为<a href="#cite_note-Brent2008-51">[51]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%8D%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%BA" title="退伍軍人">退伍军人</a>在一定程度上存在与<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争">战争</a>有关的精神疾病和身体健康问题的较高发生率，所以有较高的自杀可能性<a href="#cite_note-Martyr2009-52">[52]</a>。霸凌受害者也有較高的自殺風險，但霸凌本身不直接導致自殺，而是藉由使受害者憂鬱而增加受害者的自殺傾向，換句話說，霸凌間接導致自殺。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="心理状态">心理状态</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：心理状态">编辑</a>]</div> 一系列心理状态均可增加自杀的可能性，包括： <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E6%9C%9B" title="絕望">绝望</a>、生活乐趣的丧失、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81" class="mw-redirect" title="抑郁">抑郁</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91%E7%97%87" title="焦虑症">焦虑</a><a href="#cite_note-Che2012-53">[53]</a>。解决问题能力较差、丧失以往拥有的能力、以及难以控制冲动的情绪等均在自杀可能性中扮演着一定的角色<a href="#cite_note-Che2012-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joiner2005-54">[54]</a>。在老年人群中，觉得自己是他人的负担这种想法也在自杀中扮演着重要角色<a href="#cite_note-Van2011-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Van2011-55">[55]</a>。 近期生活上的压力，例如：失去家庭成员、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%81%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="失恋">失戀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="失业">失业</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B" title="社交孤立">社交孤立</a>（例如：独自生活）等均能导致可能性的增加<a href="#cite_note-Che2012-53">[53]</a>。而那些从未踏入婚姻殿堂的人群，自杀的可能性也比较高<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>。宗教信仰可能会降低自杀的可能性。<a href="#cite_note-Religion2009-56">[56]</a>。这一方面是因为许多宗教对自杀均持负面立场，另一方面是因为宗教信仰可能会使得人们加强联系<a href="#cite_note-Religion2009-56">[56]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="回教徒">回教徒</a>与其他宗教信徒人群相比，其自杀率则更低<a href="#cite_note-Islam2006-35">[35]</a>。 有人可能会通过自杀的方式来逃避<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BA%E5%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="欺凌">欺凌</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="歧视">歧视</a><a href="#cite_note-Cox2012-57">[57]</a>。童年时期经历的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85" title="性虐待">性虐待</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>和在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E9%A4%8A" title="寄養">寄养</a>家庭中生活的经验均是自杀的原因<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>。而性虐待则被认为占到了整体可能性中约20%的比例<a href="#cite_note-Brent2008-51">[51]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="演化心理學">演化心理学</a>对自杀的解释是，它可能会改善<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E9%AB%94%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E5%BA%A6" title="整體適應度">整体适应度</a>。如果某人无法再次生育，且在存活期间不断吞噬家人所拥有的资源，则該人选择自杀后，就有可能会改善整体适应度。针对此观点的一个反对意见是，健康的青年人士若选择以自杀的方式来结束自己的生命，未必會改善整体适应度。<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="适应">适应</a>一个完全不同的原始环境可能与适应当前环境截然不同<a href="#cite_note-Joiner2005-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>。 贫穷也和自杀可能性有所联系<a href="#cite_note-Stark2011-61">[61]</a>。而贫富差距的拉大更是能够加大某人自杀的可能性<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>自1997年以来有超过20万农民<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%BE%B2%E6%B0%91%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="印度農民自殺問題">选择了自杀</a>，部分原因就是<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%BA%E5%8A%A1" title="债务">债务缠身</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>。而中国农村地区的自杀概率则比城镇地区高出三倍，其部分原因是該地区的经济仍旧比较困难<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>。 有證據顯示<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E5%87%8C" title="霸凌">霸凌</a>增加自殺風險，但霸凌本身不直接導致自殺，而感到憂鬱是受霸凌影響的小孩自殺的主要原因之一，換句話說，霸凌間接導致自殺。<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>據估計，光是在英國，每年就有大約15到25個小孩因為受人欺負而自殺。<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="精神障碍">精神障碍</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：精神障碍">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="精神障碍">精神障碍</a>通常在自杀时出现，估计发生率由27%<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Manchester_Centre_for_Mental_Health_and_Risk-67">[67]</a>。至多于90%<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>。其中曾入住精神病院的人，他们完结自杀的终生风险是约8.6%<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>。全部自杀死亡者的半数可能有<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="重性抑郁障碍">重性抑郁障碍</a>；出现这个疾病或其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒障礙">情绪障碍</a>的其中一种，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%81%E9%83%81%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="躁郁症">躁郁症</a>，皆会增加自杀率20倍<a href="#cite_note-Che2012-53">[53]</a>。其他牵连的情况包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E8%A6%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="思覺失調症">思覺失調症</a>（14%）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="人格障礙">人格障碍</a>（14%）<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%81%E9%83%81%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="躁郁症">躁郁症</a><a href="#cite_note-Che2012-53">[53]</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E5%82%B7%E5%BE%8C%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="創傷後壓力症候群">創傷後壓力症候群</a><a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>。约5%<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E8%A6%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="思覺失調症">思覺失調症</a>病人死于自杀<a href="#cite_note-Lancet09-69">[69]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F%E5%A4%B1%E8%B0%83%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="饮食失调症">饮食失调症</a>是另一个高危情况<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-70">[70]</a>。 过去有謀求自杀的經历是最终完成自杀的最佳预测指标<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>。约20%的自杀者曾有謀求自杀的舉動，并曾謀求自杀的1%人在一年内会成功自杀<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>；多于5%的人在10年后会自杀<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-70">[70]</a>。虽然<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="自残">自残</a>的行为并不视为謀求自杀，但是自我伤害行为的出现与自杀可能性增高有关<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>。 约80%的成功自杀者在其死亡前的一年内曾就诊，<a href="#cite_note-Pir1998-72">[72]</a>包括45%的人在过去的一个月内曾就诊<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>。约25–40%完成自杀的人在过去的一年内曾接触心理卫生服务<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Manchester_Centre_for_Mental_Health_and_Risk-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pir1998-72">[72]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="囚犯自殺">囚犯自殺</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：囚犯自殺">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suicides_in_prison_compared_to_the_general_population_(Europe,_2011-2015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Suicides_in_prison_compared_to_the_general_population_%28Europe%2C_2011-2015%29.svg/330px-Suicides_in_prison_compared_to_the_general_population_%28Europe%2C_2011-2015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Suicides_in_prison_compared_to_the_general_population_%28Europe%2C_2011-2015%29.svg/495px-Suicides_in_prison_compared_to_the_general_population_%28Europe%2C_2011-2015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Suicides_in_prison_compared_to_the_general_population_%28Europe%2C_2011-2015%29.svg/660px-Suicides_in_prison_compared_to_the_general_population_%28Europe%2C_2011-2015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>歐盟國家在2011-2015年間，監獄囚犯自殺率與一般大眾自殺率的比較<a href="#cite_note-EDJNet-74">[74]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  一般大眾中每年每十萬人的自殺率</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  監所囚犯中每年每十萬人的自殺率</div></figcaption></figure> 監所<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9A%E7%8A%AF" title="囚犯">囚犯</a>自殺之概率高於常人。據一項研究，美國囚犯的自殺率，是一般大眾的三到八倍<a href="#cite_note-Risk_factors_for_suicide_in_prisons:_a_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis-75">[75]</a>；而在許多國家，囚犯的自殺率也都高於一般人口；然而，目前尚不了解這種高自殺率，到底是監獄環境導致的，還是有自殺傾向的人更容易犯罪導致的。囚犯自殺的風險因子中，個人因素包括了自殺念頭、嘗試自殺的歷史以及心理診斷等；機構因素包括被關在單獨牢房且沒有訪客等；而犯罪學因素則包括了還押候審的狀態、被判處無期徒刑、被控暴力犯罪，尤其被控殺人等。<a href="#cite_note-Risk_factors_for_suicide_in_prisons:_a_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis-75">[75]</a> 監獄囚犯自殺常見的外顯動機包括：害怕其他獄友、害怕犯罪後果或監禁，以及因為被關押而失去重要關係等等；<a href="#cite_note-Liebling-76">[76]</a>在監所中，隔離牢房是最常出現囚犯自殺的地點；而囚犯最常自殺的時間是早上。<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>在美國，有自殺傾向的囚犯可能會受到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%9B%A3%E8%A6%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺監視（页面不存在）">監視</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_watch" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a>）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="死囚現象">死囚現象</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：死囚現象">编辑</a>]</div> 在美國等地，因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91" title="死刑">死刑</a>執行曠日廢時之故，使得許多死刑犯出現「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%9A%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死囚現象（页面不存在）">死囚現象</a>」，指因為等待死刑執行所產生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="心理壓力">心理壓力</a>，出現這種壓力的死囚可能會出現幻覺，也會出現自殺傾向。心理學家指出，死囚等待死刑的時間一長，再加上死囚牢房的生活條件，會使人出現幻覺、自殺傾向，以及危險的瘋狂舉動。<a href="#cite_note-Ross-78">[78]</a>莱斯特（Lester）和塔塔羅（Tartaro）做的研究顯示，在1978至1999年之間，美國死囚的自殺率是每十萬人中113人，這比例高於美國一般民眾自殺率的十倍，也高於美國普通囚犯自殺率的六倍。<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> 在美國最高法院，諸如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF" title="約翰·保羅·史蒂文斯">約翰·保羅·史蒂文斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E8%80%B6" title="史蒂芬·布雷耶">史蒂芬·布雷耶</a>等大法官，曾多次表示說死刑執行的拖延及死囚對死刑的等待，使得死刑成為殘忍且不尋常的刑罰；然而諸如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%AF%A7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="安東寧·斯卡利亞">安東寧·斯卡利亞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF" title="克拉倫斯·托馬斯">克拉倫斯·托馬斯</a>等立場較保守的大法官拒絕這樣的看法，他們指出死刑之所以會變得曠日廢時，乃是死囚本身諸如不斷提出上訴等行為，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E6%AD%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="廢死">廢死</a>派法官等所造成的。<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="药物滥用">药物滥用</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：药物滥用">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg/300px-The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg/450px-The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg/600px-The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5330" data-file-height="3905" /></a><figcaption>"The Drunkard's Progress", 1846体现了酗酒如何能够导致自杀</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%BF%AB%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="藥物濫用">药物滥用</a>是继重性抑郁障碍和躁郁症后，次常见自杀的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="风险因素">风险因素</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>。慢性药物误用与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥中毒（页面不存在）">藥中毒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_intoxication" class="extiw" title="en:Substance intoxication">Substance intoxication</a>）有关连<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fadem2004-83">[83]</a>。如果合并個人悲伤例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A7%E6%81%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="丧恸">丧亲</a>，风险便会进一步增加<a href="#cite_note-Fadem2004-83">[83]</a>。同时，药物误用与精神障碍有关连<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-45">[45]</a>。 大多数的人自杀时皆受到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%87%E9%9D%99%E5%AE%89%E7%9C%A0%E8%8D%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="镇静安眠药（页面不存在）">镇静安眠药</a>（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="酒精">酒精</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AE%E5%8D%93%E7%B1%BB%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="苯二氮卓类药物">苯二氮卓类药物</a>）的影响<a href="#cite_note-Youssef2008-84">[84]</a>，其中15%至61%的人出现酗酒问题<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-45">[45]</a>。有较高的酒精使用率和较高密度酒吧之国家通常亦有较高的自杀率<a href="#cite_note-ETOH2006-85">[85]</a>，而此关连主要是与<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%88%E9%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="烈酒">烈酒</a>使用而并不是与全部酒精使用有关<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-45">[45]</a>。在其一生中某个时间点曾接受酗酒治疗的约2.2–3.4%人死于自杀<a href="#cite_note-ETOH2006-85">[85]</a>。有自杀企图的酗酒者通常是男性、年纪较大并过去曾企图自杀<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-45">[45]</a>。3%至35%使用海洛英的死亡个案是死于自杀，高于不使用海洛英的人约14倍<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="可卡因">可卡因</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E8%83%BA" title="甲基苯丙胺">甲基苯丙胺</a>的误用与自杀有高相关<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>。使用可卡因的人在戒断期的风险最高<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>。使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E5%85%A5%E5%89%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吸入剂（页面不存在）">吸入剂</a>的人亦有较高的风险，其中约20%的人在某个时间点曾企图自杀，同时多於65%曾考虑自杀。<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-45">[45]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E7%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="吸烟">吸烟</a>与自杀风险有关连<a href="#cite_note-Hughes2008-89">[89]</a>。关于此关连出现的原因的证据极少；不过假设有吸烟倾向的人亦存在自杀倾向，并且吸烟引起的健康问题也使人其后想结束生命，并且吸烟影响脑化学作用，引起自杀倾向<a href="#cite_note-Hughes2008-89">[89]</a>。但<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB" title="大麻">大麻</a>似乎并不单独增加此风险<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-45">[45]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="嗜赌">嗜赌</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：嗜赌">编辑</a>]</div> 与一般人群相比，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AD%E5%8D%9A%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="賭博成癮">赌博成瘾</a>与日益增涨的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀意念（页面不存在）">自杀意念</a>和企图紧密相联<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>。约有12%至24%的病态赌徒有自杀的倾向<a href="#cite_note-Oliv2008-91">[91]</a>。而他们的配偶的自杀率则比一般人群要高出三倍<a href="#cite_note-Oliv2008-91">[91]</a>。其他导致嗜赌者自杀风险加大的因素还包括心理疾病、酗酒和药物滥用<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="医疗状况">医疗状况</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：医疗状况">编辑</a>]</div> 自杀与生理健康问题之间还存在着联系，包括：<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-70">[70]</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BC%E7%97%9B" title="慢性疼痛">慢性疼痛</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E4%BC%A4%E6%80%A7%E8%84%91%E6%8D%9F%E4%BC%A4" title="创伤性脑损伤">创伤性脑损伤</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>、癌症<a href="#cite_note-Ang2012-95">[95]</a>、需要采用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E9%80%8F%E6%9E%90" title="血液透析">血液透析</a>的病患、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="艾滋病毒">艾滋病毒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%80%A7%E7%BA%A2%E6%96%91%E7%8B%BC%E7%96%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="系统性红斑狼疮">系统性红斑狼疮</a>等等<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-70">[70]</a>癌症确诊可能会导致接下来病患的自杀可能性翻番<a href="#cite_note-Ang2012-95">[95]</a>。且在治疗<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="重性抑郁障碍">抑郁症</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%97%E9%85%92" title="酗酒">酗酒</a>的过程中，自杀可能性也会普遍增加。而拥有多种医疗状况的人群则更是自杀高危人群。在日本，健康问题被列为是自杀的主要理由<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>。 睡眠障碍，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E7%9C%A0" title="失眠">失眠</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%9A%82%E5%81%9C" title="睡眠呼吸暂停">睡眠呼吸暂停</a>，也是导致抑郁症和自杀的原因。在某些情况下，睡眠障碍还有可能是独立于抑郁症之外的自殺原因<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>。其他的医疗状况也可能带来与情绪障碍类似的症状，包括： <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%8A%B6%E8%85%BA%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%87%8F%E9%80%80" class="mw-redirect" title="甲状腺功能减退">甲状腺功能减退</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="阿兹海默病">阿兹海默病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="脑肿瘤">脑肿瘤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%80%A7%E7%BA%A2%E6%96%91%E7%8B%BC%E7%96%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="系统性红斑狼疮">系统性红斑狼疮</a>和药物副作用（例如<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E9%98%BB%E6%BB%9E%E5%89%82" title="Β受体阻滞剂">β受体阻滞剂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87" class="mw-redirect" title="类固醇">类固醇</a>）<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="媒体">媒体</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：媒体">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%A0%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%AD%E8%A6%81" title="自殺報導的六不六要">自殺報導的六不六要</a></div> 媒体（包括互联网）也起着重要的作用<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2012-44">[44]</a>。媒体对于最具影响力的自杀事件的描述通常采取大量、突出和重复的报道，对其进行美化，使其充满了浪漫主义的色彩，而这种做法可能会产生促进自殺的影响<a href="#cite_note-Boh2012-99">[99]</a>。一旦对某种具体自杀方式详细描述，则整体自杀人群中采用这一方式的比例可能会增加<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-100">[100]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%A8%A1%E4%BB%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="自杀模仿">自杀模仿</a>的行爲又稱爲维特效应，是根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="歌德">歌德</a>所著的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E7%9A%84%E7%83%A6%E6%81%BC" title="少年维特的烦恼">少年维特的烦恼</a>》一书中，最终以自杀结束生命的主人翁来命名的<a href="#cite_note-Sia2012-101">[101]</a>。因此对于可能将死亡浪漫化的青少年来说，他们的自杀可能性更高<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>。另外，除了新闻媒体对自杀现象有着重大影响以外，娱乐媒体的影响却有时表现得含混不清<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>。与维特效应相对的是拟定的帕帕基诺效应，即指如果媒体避免报道复制自杀的细节，则可能会起到保护性的作用。这一术语则源于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%89%8E%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="莫扎特">莫扎特</a>歌剧《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E7%AC%9B" title="魔笛">魔笛</a>》劇中角色<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E5%B8%95%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕帕基诺（页面不存在）">帕帕基诺</a>（西班牙语：<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papageno" class="extiw" title="es:Papageno">Papageno</a>）因害怕失去所爱之人企图自杀，後來得救<a href="#cite_note-Sia2012-101">[101]</a>。因此，一旦媒体遵守反對自殺的报道规则，自杀的可能性是可以得到降低的<a href="#cite_note-Boh2012-99">[99]</a>。但是，从长远来看，让该行业采取这种做法可能比较困难<a href="#cite_note-Boh2012-99">[99]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="世界衛生組織">世界衛生組織</a>在2000年時曾出版《自殺預防：給媒體從業人員的指引》（英語：PREVENTING SUICIDE：A RESOURCE FOR MEDIA PROFESSIONALS）<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>，其中提到有關媒體報導自殺新聞時，六個建議及六個避免的事項（「六要」和「六不」）<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="他人压力">他人压力</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：他人压力">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="集体自杀">集体自杀</a>通常是指自杀成员在臣服于某一领导人时，出于<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%84%95%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="同儕壓力">同侪压力</a>而走向自杀之路<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>。集体自杀甚至包括只有两人的情况，这种现象通常被视为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀协定（页面不存在）">自杀协定</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>。 在古代，一些統治者會以命令逼人自殺，這種以權力逼迫他人自殺的行為，又稱<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%9C%E6%AD%BB" title="賜死">賜死</a>；另外在印度，丈夫過世後，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="寡婦">寡婦</a>可能因為自願或迫於家庭和社會壓力，在丈夫的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="火葬儀式（页面不存在）">火葬儀式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyre" class="extiw" title="en:Pyre">Pyre</a>）中跟著<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%9A" title="自焚">自焚</a>殉葬，這項習俗稱爲<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E6%8F%90_(%E7%BF%92%E4%BF%97)" title="娑提 (習俗)">娑提</a>，後來在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="英屬印度">英國統治期間</a>遭到禁止<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理性型">理性型</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：理性型">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理性自杀（页面不存在）">理性自杀</a>是指某人在理由充分的情况下结束自己的生命的做法<a href="#cite_note-Loue2008-110">[110]</a>。尽管有些人认为自杀行为无论如何也不合逻辑<a href="#cite_note-Loue2008-110">[110]</a>。以自杀来使他人获益的行为被称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E4%BB%96%E6%80%A7%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="利他性自杀（页面不存在）">利他性自杀</a><a href="#cite_note-Moody2010-111">[111]</a>。例子包括：一名老者结束自己的生命，使得社区中的青年人能够获得更多的食物<a href="#cite_note-Moody2010-111">[111]</a>。在某些<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="爱斯基摩">爱斯基摩</a>文化中，这种做法是受人尊敬、极富勇气、充满智慧的行为<a href="#cite_note-Hales2012-112">[112]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%A2%E5%B1%B1%E7%AF%80%E8%80%83" title="楢山節考">楢山節考</a>也建基於此等原則。 在无法忍受生活的煎熬时，为了减轻痛苦，有些人会选择自杀的方式来获得解脱<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>。许多曾经在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">纳粹</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5" title="集中营">集中营</a>里饱受煎熬的囚犯，以故意触摸带电栅栏来结束自己的生命<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%90%8E%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="谋杀后自杀（页面不存在）">谋杀后自杀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a>）是指某人在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="谋杀">谋杀</a>他人后一周内自杀的行为<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治因素">政治因素</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：政治因素">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%94%BB%E5%87%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="自杀攻击">自杀性袭击</a>是一种袭击者通过牺牲自己的生命对他人实施暴力袭击的政治行为<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>。某些人体炸弹则通过这种方式获得<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB" title="烈士">烈士</a>的身份<a href="#cite_note-Martyr2009-52">[52]</a>。 从镰仓幕府至今的日本，存在着传统上认为专属于武士的自杀方式——<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%85%B9" title="切腹">切腹</a>。切腹自尽既是一部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-disambig" title="武士">武士</a>或效仿者在战败后自尽（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B7%E5%90%89%E7%B9%BC" title="大谷吉繼">大谷吉继</a>）、抗議（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%89%8B%E6%94%BF%E7%A7%80" title="平手政秀">平手政秀</a>）、殉死（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%83%E6%9C%A8%E5%B8%8C%E5%85%B8" title="乃木希典">乃木希典</a>）等的方式，也是一种专属的刑罚（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%AE%97%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="千宗易">千宗易</a>）和处置方式（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%B0%B4%E5%AE%97%E6%B2%BB" title="清水宗治">清水宗治</a>）<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>，这种自杀方式至今仍然存在（参见<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B2%9B%E7%94%B1%E7%BA%AA%E5%A4%AB" title="三岛由纪夫">三岛由纪夫</a>）。 在20和21世紀，自殺已成為特殊情況下的抗議形式， <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A2%E6%AD%BB%E9%98%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="敢死队">敢死隊</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%82%B8%E5%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="自殺炸彈">自殺炸彈</a>則用來作為軍事戰略或恐怖攻擊<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="自杀方式">自杀方式</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：自杀方式">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="自杀方式">自杀方式</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SuicideCFR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/SuicideCFR.png/300px-SuicideCFR.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/SuicideCFR.png/450px-SuicideCFR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/SuicideCFR.png 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>美国按自杀方式分类的案例死亡率。<a href="#cite_note-Miller_393–408-48">[48]</a></figcaption></figure> 各国内部的主要自杀方式也不尽相同。不同地区的主要自杀方式包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="上吊">上吊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="服毒">服毒</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9E%E6%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="吞槍">吞槍</a>。<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>自杀方式出现如此差异，人们认为一部分原因是由于各种方式在不同地区的可用程度不同。<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-100">[100]</a>根据一份针对56个国家的调查来看，上吊仍是大部分国家自杀人口使用的最常见方式，<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>其在男性自杀者中占到了53%的比例，而在女性自杀者中则占到了39%的比例。<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> 全球有30%的自杀案例采取的是服毒的方式。然而，欧洲仅有4%的自杀人口采取这种方式，而在太平洋地区，采取服毒自杀的比例则超过了总自杀人口的50%。<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>服毒自杀在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="拉丁美洲">拉丁美洲</a>也比较常见，因为农民很容易获得农药来自杀。<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-100">[100]</a>在许多国家中，约有60%的女性自杀者和30%的男性自杀者采取过度服用药物来自杀。<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>但许多这样的自杀案例却纯属偶然，通常是在自杀者情绪极不稳定时发生的。<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-100">[100]</a>不同自杀方式的死亡率也有所不同： <a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E5%BD%88" title="飲彈">持枪自杀</a>死亡率为80-90%、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%BA%BA" title="自溺">投河</a>自尽死亡率为65-80%、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="上吊">上吊</a>死亡率为60-85%、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E5%B0%BE%E6%B0%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汽车尾气中毒（页面不存在）">汽车尾气中毒</a>死亡率为40-60%、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F#從高處跳下" title="自杀方式">跳楼</a>死亡率为35-60%、<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%92%E7%82%AD%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="燒炭自殺">烧炭</a>自杀死亡率为40-50%、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="服毒">服毒</a>自杀死亡率为60-75%、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E9%81%8E%E9%87%8F" title="藥物過量">过度用药</a>死亡率为1.5-4%。<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-100">[100]</a>最常见的自杀未遂方式与最常见的成功自杀方式又有所不同，在发达国家，自杀未遂案例中有85%的自杀人口均是采用的过度用药的方式。<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-70">[70]</a> 在美国，自杀人口中约有57%选择使用枪支，且采用这种方式自杀的男性比女性要多。<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>接下来，男性中比较常见的自杀方式是上吊，而女性中比较常见的方式为服毒。<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>这几种自杀方式的总和占到了美国自杀人口的约40%的比例。<a href="#cite_note-USStats2005-124">[124]</a>在瑞士，尽管几乎人人都拥有一支手枪，但该国自杀人口中采用最常见的方式却是上吊。<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F#從高處跳下" title="自杀方式">跳楼</a>自杀在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>均比较常见，分别占到了自杀人口的50%和80%。<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-100">[100]</a>而在中国，悬梁自尽也即上吊则是比较有名的方式，此外，服药也较为常见，主要以农药为主。<a href="#cite_note-WRVp196-126">[126]</a>在日本，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%85%B9" title="切腹">切腹</a>的方式依然存在，<a href="#cite_note-WRVp196-126">[126]</a>但上吊仍旧是最为常见的自杀方式。<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="病理生理學">病理生理學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：病理生理學">编辑</a>]</div> 对于任何自杀或抑郁症来说，尚未找到统一的基本<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="病理生理學">病理生理學</a>来进行解释。<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>但普遍认为这是由于行为因素、社会环境因素和精神因素相互影响所导致的。<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-100">[100]</a> 低水平的<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E6%BA%90%E6%80%A7%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="脑源性神经营养因子">脑源性神经营养因子</a>（BDNF）与自杀有直接相关性，<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a>并与重度抑郁症、创伤后应激障碍、精神分裂症和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E8%BF%AB%E7%97%87" title="强迫症">强迫症</a>有着间接相关性。<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%97%E5%B1%8D" title="驗屍">尸体剖检</a>研究发现<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A9%AC%E4%BD%93" title="海马体">海马体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A2%9D%E5%8F%B6%E7%9A%AE%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="前额叶皮质">前额叶皮质</a>中的BDNF有所下降，不论该死者是否患有精神疾病。<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B8%85%E7%B4%A0" title="血清素">血清素</a>是一种大脑中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E9%80%92%E8%B4%A8" title="神经递质">神经递质</a>，它被认为在自杀人群中水平较低。一方面，人们发现在死亡后，人体中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=5-HT2A%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-HT2A受体（页面不存在）">5-HT2A受体</a>水平有所提高。<a href="#cite_note-Dwi2012-131">[131]</a>其他一些证据包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E8%84%8A%E6%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="脑脊液">脑脊液</a>中的血清素和<a href="/w/index.php?title=5-%E7%BE%9F%E5%90%B2%E5%93%9A%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-羟吲哚乙酸（页面不存在）">5-羟吲哚乙酸</a>的水平出现下降。<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a>但与此相关的直接证据却是很难搜集的。<a href="#cite_note-Dwi2012-131">[131]</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%82%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="表观遗传学">表观遗传学</a>是一种研究不改变<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA基因序列（页面不存在）">DNA基因序列</a>的环境因素所致的基因表达水平变化的科学，而它也被认为在决定自杀风险时起到了一定作用。<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="预防">预防</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：预防">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2" title="自殺預防">自殺預防</a></div> 自杀预防是指人们通过使用一些预防措施，集体防范以减少自杀事件的行为。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%98%B2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="自殺防制">自殺防制</a>的方式包括管制可能用來自殺的物品（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8D%E6%9E%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="槍枝">槍枝</a>及毒藥），提高取得的難度，治療心理疾病及物質濫用，改善媒體報導自殺的方式，及提升經濟條件等<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-134">[134]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%B7%9A_(%E7%86%B1%E7%B7%9A)" title="生命線 (熱線)">生命線</a>之類的協談電話雖常見，但到2016年時，有關其成效的研究還不太充份<a href="#cite_note-Sak2011-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zal2016-136">[136]</a>。在许多手机软件及搜索平台以關鍵字“自杀”搜索，会出现<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2" title="自殺預防">自杀劝阻</a>的相关页面。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有自殺傾向的初期現象">有自殺傾向的初期現象</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：有自殺傾向的初期現象">编辑</a>]</div> 想自殺的人可能會在自殺前數天、數星期或數月有以下的表現：<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <ul><li>表示自己一事無成、沒有希望或感到絕望</li> <li>感到極度挫敗、羞恥或內疚</li> <li>心中感到愤怒，痛苦，负面情绪无法倾诉和宣泄，感到自己一点一点被瓦解，希望得到解脱或重生</li> <li>曾經寫出或說出想自殺</li> <li>談及「死亡」、「離開」及在不尋常情況下說「再見」</li> <li>將至愛的物品送走</li> <li>了無生趣，對任何事情都不感興趣</li> <li>避開朋友或親人、不想和人溝通或希望獨處</li> <li>性格或儀容劇變</li> <li>作出一些失去理性或怪異的行為</li> <li>情緒反覆不定，由沮喪或低落變得異常平靜開心</li> <li>長期失業</li> <li>久病厭世</li> <li>長期無法產生悲傷的情緒或壓抑自己的情緒過久</li> <li>精神狀況處於失控</li> <li>情感失控</li> <li>對外界事物不再做出回應</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="流行病學">流行病學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：流行病學">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/220px-Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/330px-Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/440px-Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>2004年间每10万居民中由自残导致的死亡人数。<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82553231">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important;padding:0!important}}.mw-parser-output table.multicol{border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top!important}</style><div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="table-layout: fixed; width: 100% !important"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1.6em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  unknown</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  <3</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  3–6</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  6–9</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  9–12</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  12–15</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  15–18</div> </td> <td style="padding-right: 1.6em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  18–21</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  21–24</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  24–27</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  27–30</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  30–33</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  >33</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></figcaption></figure> 大约有0.5%-1.4%的人群会以自杀的形式来结束自己的生命。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>从全球来看，截止2008、2009年，自杀已经成为第十大主要死亡原因，<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2009-4">[4]</a>每年约造成80万至100万人死亡，每10万人的年<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="死亡率">死亡率</a>达到11.6人。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a>自上世纪60年代以来到2012年，自杀率已经上升了60%，<a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-140">[140]</a>且新增部分主要位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="发展中国家">发展中国家</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2009-4">[4]</a>每10到40件自杀未遂事件中，就有一件最终致死。<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a> 自杀率在不同国家和不同时间段的表现也大相径庭。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a>2008年的各地区死亡率分别为：非洲0.5%、东南亚1.9%、美洲1.2%、欧洲1.4%。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a>不同国家的每10万人死亡率为：澳大利亚8.6、加拿大11.1、中国12.7、印度23.2、英国7.6、美国11.4。<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a>2009年美国自杀案件约达3.6万起，位居美国主要<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死亡原因（页面不存在）">死亡原因</a>第十位。<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a>每年约有65万人因自杀未遂而被送入急诊室。<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a>、日本和匈牙利则拥有最高的自杀未遂率。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a>而中国和印度则拥有最高水平的绝对自杀数据，占到了全球的一半以上。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a>在中国，自杀为第五大主要死亡原因。<a href="#cite_note-China2009-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="性别">性别</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：性别">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Male.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Male.svg/200px-Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Male.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Male.svg/300px-Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Male.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Male.svg/400px-Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Male.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Female,2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Female%2C2.svg/200px-Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Female%2C2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Female%2C2.svg/300px-Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Female%2C2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Female%2C2.svg/400px-Suicide_world_map_-_2009_Female%2C2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">每100,000名男性（左）和女性（右）的自杀率（1978-2008年的数据）. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82553231"><div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="table-layout: fixed; width: 100% !important"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1.6em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  < 1</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  1–5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  5–5.8</div> </td> <td style="padding-right: 1.6em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  5.8–8.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  8.5–12</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  12–19</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  19–22.5</div> </td> <td style="padding-right: 1.6em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  22.5–26</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  26–29.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  29.5–33</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  33–36.5</div> </td> <td style="padding-right: 1.6em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  >36.5</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div></div></div></div> 通常男性自殺完成的比率高於女性，而男性想要自殺的比率也是女性的四至五倍<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a>。估計每年有一千萬至二千萬人試圖自殺<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a>，試圖自殺可能會造成受傷甚至長期的失能。在西方國家中，年輕人較容易有試圖自殺的情形，女性發生比率是男性的五倍<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>。 在西方国家，男性的自杀死亡率比女性要高3至4倍，尽管女性的自杀未遂率要比男性高出4倍。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>这是因为男性结束自己生命的方式往往更易致命。<a href="#cite_note-Sue2012-146">[146]</a>而这一差别在65岁以上的人群中的表现则更为明显，这一人群中男性的自杀率是女性的10倍。<a href="#cite_note-Sue2012-146">[146]</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="中国自杀率">中国</a>拥有全球最高的女性自杀率，也是唯一一个女性自杀率高于男性自杀率的国家（比率为0.9）。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-China2009-143">[143]</a>在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地中海东部地区（页面不存在）">地中海东部地区</a>，男性和女性的自杀率基本持平。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="韩国">韩国</a>则拥有最高的女性自杀率，约为每10万人中就有22人自杀。女性自杀率在东南亚国家和太平洋西岸地区也普遍较高。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a> 一般來說，同性戀者自殺率比異性戀高。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5" title="跨性別">跨性別者</a>自殺率比順性別者高很多。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="年龄">年龄</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：年龄">编辑</a>]</div> 在许多国家中，自杀率最高的人群通常为中年人<a href="#cite_note-Pit2012-147">[147]</a>或老年人。<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-100">[100]</a>但自杀绝对死亡数据则是在15岁至29岁的人群中最高，这是因为这一年龄层的人口较多。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a>在美国，<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%A7%8D%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="白种人">白种人</a>中80岁以上的人群自杀率最高，尽管年轻人更容易尝试自杀。<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-46">[46]</a>自杀也成为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="青少年">青少年</a>死亡的第二大常见原因。<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2012-44">[44]</a>且在年轻男性中，自杀是仅次于意外死亡的第二大死亡原因。<a href="#cite_note-Pit2012-147">[147]</a>在发达国家，自杀占到了年轻男性死亡率的近30%。<a href="#cite_note-Pit2012-147">[147]</a>在发展中国家，这一比率也比较类似，但是该比率占总死亡人数的比重较小，这是由于其他类型的<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E5%82%B7" class="mw-disambig" title="創傷">创伤</a>造成的死亡率较高所引起的。<a href="#cite_note-Pit2012-147">[147]</a>与其他地区相比，东南亚国家的年轻女性自杀率则比老年女性的自杀率要高。<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="国家/地区的差异">国家/地区的差异</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：国家/地区的差异">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint">参见<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国自杀率列表">各国自杀率列表</a>以获取更详尽的列表。</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/220px-Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/330px-Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/440px-Self-inflicted_injuries_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>2004世界各国自杀率（每年每10万人中自杀人数）示意图<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  无数据</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  少于3</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  3–6</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  6–9</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  9–12</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  12–15</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  15–18</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  18–21</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  21–24</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  24–27</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  27–30</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  30–33</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  多于33</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="自殺的方法">自殺方法</a>也會隨著地區而不同，也會和自殺工具是否容易取得有些關係<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-100">[100]</a>。常用的方式包括上吊、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%BA%E8%9F%B2%E5%8A%91%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="殺蟲劑中毒（页面不存在）">殺蟲劑中毒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_poisoning" class="extiw" title="en:Pesticide poisoning">Pesticide poisoning</a>）及<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%AA%E6%A2%B0" title="枪械">枪械</a><a href="#cite_note-Aj2008-3">[3]</a>。自殺造成2013年842,000人死亡，較1990的712,000人增加<a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-149">[149]</a>，使之成為全球第十大死因<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2009-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Var2012-139">[139]</a>。 謀求自杀的女性数量大约是男性的三倍，她们通常采用服用大量安眠药或其他药剂的方式来自杀。男性一般会选择更为有效的措施来自杀，例如开枪或者<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="上吊">上吊</a>，这類很快就能结束生命的方式。因而真正因自杀而死亡人数，男性是女性的3倍还要多。<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E5%92%8C%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97#勿用模稜兩可的時間詞" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/日期和数字">已过时</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="台灣">台灣</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：台灣">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B79-106%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B79-106%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B79-106%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B79-106%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8.jpg/495px-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B79-106%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B79-106%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8.jpg/660px-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B79-106%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>中華民國79-106全國自殺死亡人數統計</figcaption></figure> 2012年自殺人數3766人，2012年男性自殺已遂人數較前年上升1%，女性則較前年上升19%，自殺原因則以「憂鬱傾向」因素為最大宗，「家庭成員問題」以及「感情」分別為第二、第三順位之誘發因素。<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> 近年來，台灣的全年自殺身亡人數平均落在3500到4000人附近，平均每兩個小時就有一個人自殺身亡。自殺曾經在1993年到2009年名列台灣的十大死因。現為台灣第十一大死因。2021年自殺人數為3585人。<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="香港">香港</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：香港">编辑</a>]</div> 2017年全年自殺死亡個案共916宗，按年跌38宗，惟19歲以下青少年自殺死亡個案卻增加，從2016年24宗增至2017年36宗，增加了五成。青少年自殺主要原因為學業及家庭問題，其次為生活不開心及情緒病<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-wenweipo0729-155">[155]</a>。 性別比例方面，男性自殺死亡佔62%，女性則佔38%，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%92%92%E7%91%AA%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%98%B2%E6%AD%A2%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%9C%83" title="香港撒瑪利亞防止自殺會">香港撒瑪利亞防止自殺會</a>認為數字上的迥異源於兩性表達能力的差異，並推斷男性自尊心較強，不願面對面與人傾談心事，宣洩情感<a href="#cite_note-wenweipo0729-155">[155]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="日本">日本</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：日本">编辑</a>]</div> 日本<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%BB%B3_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="警察廳 (日本)">警察廳</a>公布自杀统计显示，2000年后已经连续14年有超过3万人自杀。2009年日本全国自杀人数暂定值3万2753人中，男性为2万3406人，女性为9347人，比2008年再增504人。从月份来看，去年3月至5月自杀人数最多，每月超过3千人，这一时期正是年度决算期，经济因素可能是自杀的诱因。2008年版日本自杀<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9A%AE%E4%B9%A6" title="白皮书">白皮书</a>显示，自杀动机主要是经济、健康和家庭等。自杀群体中无业者所占比率过半数，为56.7%，远远超过其他群体的自杀人数。2008年版自杀白皮书显示，2007年日本自杀死亡率（10万人中自杀人数）达25.3，这大大高于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a>做出的世界平均自杀率每10万16人的估算。在工业国家当中，日本自杀率居榜首。<a href="#cite_note-voa-156">[156]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">來源可靠？</a>] 日本政府自2008年提出要在未来九年里将自杀率减少20%的目标。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(1998%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="民主党 (1998年)">民主党</a>新政权成立后也立即组建了自杀对策紧急战略小组，并在职业介绍所配备了精神保健专业人员。<a href="#cite_note-voa-156">[156]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">來源可靠？</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史">历史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:106_Conrad_Cichorius,_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule,_Tafel_CVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/106_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_CVI.jpg/200px-106_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_CVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/106_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_CVI.jpg/300px-106_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_CVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/106_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_CVI.jpg/400px-106_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_CVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%87%AF%E5%B7%B4%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="德凯巴鲁斯">德凯巴鲁斯</a>自杀身亡，来源于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%9F%E6%9F%B1" title="图拉真柱">图拉真柱</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="自殺的歷史">自殺的歷史</a></div> 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="古雅典">古雅典时期</a>，未经国家允许就擅自自杀者，无法获得举行正常葬礼的权利。他将被单独埋在城市边缘处，没有墓碑或任何标记。<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马">古罗马</a>时期，自杀是军队战败后可接受的死法。<a href="#cite_note-Maris2000-158">[158]</a>在古罗马，尽管自杀行为最初获得许可，但日后却由于其经济成本被视作一種罪行。<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a>法国<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B" title="路易十四">路易十四</a>于1670年颁布的一项刑法条例对自杀人群的惩罚则更为残酷：死者尸体将被拖入市区街道，面朝土地被倒挂起来，然后被扔入垃圾堆。另外，此人的所有财产也将被没收。<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maris540-161">[161]</a>在历史的长河中，自杀未遂的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教会">天主教会</a>人士将被<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%90%E5%87%BA%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="逐出教会">逐出教会</a>，且自杀而死的人群则被埋在神圣墓地之外。<a href="#cite_note-McL2007-162">[162]</a>在19世纪末期的英国，自杀未遂被等同于<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82" title="谋杀未遂">谋杀未遂</a>，当事人可以被判绞刑致死。<a href="#cite_note-McL2007-162">[162]</a>而在19世纪的欧洲，导致自杀行为的原因从最初的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" title="罪 (宗教)">罪</a>转变为由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%94%99%E4%B9%B1" title="精神错乱">精神错乱</a>所导致。<a href="#cite_note-Maris540-161">[161]</a> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社会和文化">社会和文化</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：社会和文化">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="立法">立法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：立法">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suicide_legislation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Suicide_legislation.svg/400px-Suicide_legislation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Suicide_legislation.svg/600px-Suicide_legislation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Suicide_legislation.svg/800px-Suicide_legislation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">各國的自殺法</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  自殺和协助自殺皆不合法</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  自殺合法，协助自殺非法</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  自殺和协助自殺皆合法</div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg/220px-Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg/330px-Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg/440px-Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>用于<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%85%B9" title="切腹">切腹自杀</a>而准备的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%88%80" class="mw-disambig" title="軍刀">军刀</a>。</figcaption></figure> 在大多数<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="西方世界">西方国家</a>，自杀不再是犯罪<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a>；尽管在19世纪时，大多数西欧国家都把它视作犯罪。<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a>许多伊斯兰国家仍旧将自杀视为犯罪。<a href="#cite_note-Islam2006-35">[35]</a> 在澳大利亚，自杀并不是犯罪。<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a>但鼓动、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%BD%E5%8B%95" title="煽動">煽动</a>、协助或唆使他人尝试自杀则属于犯罪行为，法律明确规定任何人有权使用“任何必要合理的行为”来阻止他人自杀。<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a>澳大利亚北领地在1996年至1997年的短暂时期内，曾允许医生通过合法形式辅助自杀。<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> 目前，没有欧洲国家认为自杀或自杀未遂是犯罪。<a href="#cite_note-McL2007-162">[162]</a>英格兰和威尔士也在<a href="/w/index.php?title=1961%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961年自杀法案（页面不存在）">1961年自杀法案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Act_1961" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide Act 1961">Suicide Act 1961</a>）中规定自杀并不犯罪，爱尔兰共和国则在1993年认定自杀无罪。<a href="#cite_note-McL2007-162">[162]</a>“犯（自杀）罪”（commit）一词曾用于自杀行为属于违法行为的情况下，但现在许多组织已经因该词所带来的负面涵义而停用该词。<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian_style-169">[169]</a> 在印度，自杀仍为违法行为，且自杀未遂者的家庭可能会陷入法律上的困境。<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a>在德国，主动要求安乐死被视为违法，且自杀事件中任何目击证人可能被指控为在紧急情况下无作为的罪状。<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>近期开始采取步骤来合法化针对慢性精神病患者实施<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="辅助自杀">辅助自杀</a>的行为。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%A1%91%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="洛桑市">洛桑市</a>最高法院在2006年的一项判决中赋予一名长期患有精神疾病的无名氏患者采用自杀结束自己生命的权利。<a href="#cite_note-pmid17649899-172">[172]</a> 在美国，自杀并非属于违法行为，但未遂自杀者却有可能会面临罚款的处罚。<a href="#cite_note-McL2007-162">[162]</a>医生辅助自杀行为在俄勒冈州和<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a>华盛顿州是合法的。<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> 在朝鮮，自殺和協助自殺皆屬違法行為，自殺者會連帶三代親屬面臨處罰<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="刑責">刑責</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：刑責">编辑</a>]</div> 在大部份地區，自殺不是犯罪。但與人合謀自殺（相約一起自殺），或是協助他人自殺，且如果未全部死亡，则尚存活的人要負刑責，且大多為重罪。 现在在大部分西方国家已不再被刑事处罚。在大部分伊斯兰国家它仍是刑事罪。在20和21世纪，以<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%9A" title="自焚">自焚</a>形式的自杀已被用作一种抗议手段，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%A2%A8%E7%89%B9%E6%94%BB%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="神風特攻隊">神风特攻队</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%80%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自杀性爆炸">自杀性爆炸</a>被用作一种军事或恐怖主义策略。<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教观念">宗教观念</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：宗教观念">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg/220px-A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg/330px-A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg/440px-A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>19世纪20年代，一名<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>孀妇正在丈夫尸体旁边自焚。</figcaption></figure> 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="基督宗教">基督宗教</a>大多数<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="教派">教派</a>中，自杀被视作一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" title="罪 (宗教)">罪</a>，其主要基础源于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>时期许多颇具影响力的基督教思想家的著作，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="圣奥古斯丁">圣奥古斯丁</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">圣托马斯·阿奎那</a>；但在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a>基督教<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="查士丁尼法典">查士丁尼法典</a>中自杀却不被视作罪。<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a>在天主教的教义中，对此的争论则主要基于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E8%AF%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="十诫">十诫</a>中的“不可殺人”一条（源于<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="新约">新约</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%AA%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3" title="馬太福音">馬太福音</a>19:18中耶稣的指示），以及生命为主的赐福，不得摒弃的观点，他们认为自杀是违背“自然秩序”的行为，与主对全球的总体规划不相符合。<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> 但人们相信，精神上的疾病或者对苦难的极度恐惧使得自杀人群的责任心减少。<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a>而相反的说法则包括：十诫中的第六条更为准确的翻译应当是“汝不可谋杀”，而不一定适用于当事人本身；主赋予了人类自由的意志；自己剥夺自身的生命并不一定比因治愈某一疾病而违反主的意志的程度要高；而在圣经的记载中，一些主的追随者在自杀后并未受到悲惨的谴责。<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> 犹太教则主张关注此生价值的重要性，因此，自杀等同于否定主在全世界的善举。此外，在极端的情况下，当犹太人面对要么被杀、要么叛教，而没有其他选择时，他们就会采取自杀的形式或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="集体自杀">集体自杀</a>（参见<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="马萨达">马萨达</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E5%85%8B%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="約克城">约克城</a>等例子），在犹太教祷告文中甚至有一篇祷词以冷酷的方式提醒那些“当刀架在脖子上”的人和以死亡的方式“将生命献给主”的人（请参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%89%E6%95%99" title="殉教">殉教</a>）。不同的犹太教机构对这种行为的看法褒贬不一，有些人认为这种行为是英勇殉教的典范，有些则认为他们不应以自杀的形式来期望获得殉教的名声。<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> 伊斯兰教與其他的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%E8%AB%B8%E6%95%99" title="亞伯拉罕諸教">亞伯拉罕諸教</a>相同，不允许自杀。<a href="#cite_note-Islam2006-35">[35]</a> 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>中不允許自殺，在现代印度教社会中，自杀所犯的罪恶等同于谋杀他人所犯的罪恶。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E7%BB%8F%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教经文（页面不存在）">印度教经文</a>指出，自杀者将成为孤魂，在地球上游荡直至他如果没有自杀而最终死亡的那一刻为止。<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a>但印度教却接受人们拥有通过非暴力的形式加速死亡而<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%93%E6%9D%9F%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="结束自己生命的权利（页面不存在）">结束自己生命的权利</a>（right to die），这一行为在印度教中称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E7%A9%BA%E8%85%B9%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非暴力实践空腹死刑（页面不存在）">非暴力实践空腹死刑</a>。<a href="#cite_note-hindu-185">[185]</a>但这种非暴力实践空腹死刑的人群范围严格限制在那些没有任何生的欲望或抱负、且在此生也再无其他责任的人。<a href="#cite_note-hindu-185">[185]</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a>有一种类似的修行，被称之为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三塔拉（页面不存在）">三塔拉</a>。在中世纪时期，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E6%8F%90_(%E7%BF%92%E4%BF%97)" title="娑提 (習俗)">殉夫自焚</a>，又称寡妇自焚在印度教中非常普遍。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>接近，除非是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%89%E6%95%99" title="殉教">殉教</a>、為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="公共利益">公共利益</a>或者為了拯救他人而自殺，其餘自殺視為殺害一人。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="釋迦佛">釋迦佛</a>制戒中，凡<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="比丘">比丘</a>自殺以「波羅夷」（Parajika）罪論處，相當於殺人罪，而自殺未遂則相當於「偷蘭遮」（Sthulatyaya）罪。不過在佛教故事中，許多已經<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%BA%E6%82%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="覺悟">覺悟</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="阿羅漢">阿羅漢</a>自行選擇「<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E7%81%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="入灭">入滅</a>」，這是一種欣求<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB" title="解脫">解脫</a>而厭惡<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%BF%81%E6%83%A1%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="五濁惡世">五濁惡世</a>的作為，如俗人為之，則為自殺罪，將墮落<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%83%A1%E9%81%93" title="三惡道">三惡道</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>接受<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>思想，除非因為忠君孝親、救國救民等正當理由犧牲自己，其餘視為殺人，自殺者的靈魂每天都必須重複自己自殺的痛苦過程，此外，還將有兩種下場，一是監禁於<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%89%E6%AD%BB%E5%9F%8E" title="枉死城">枉死城</a>，待註定的年壽已到，再由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%AE%BF%E9%98%8E%E5%90%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="十殿阎君">十殿閻君</a>依照殺人罪，打入<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84" title="地獄">地獄</a>受刑。另一種下場則更加悽慘，靈魂被自殺處的靈氣所困，必須造成另外一個人身亡，是為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BF%E8%BA%AB" class="mw-disambig" title="替身">替身</a>，方能使自己脫身，投入下一次的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴">輪迴</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E6%95%99_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="儒教 (宗教)">儒教</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>也反對自殺，如同前述，除非因為忠君孝親、救國救民等正當理由，其餘視為殺人，《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E7%B6%93" title="孝經">孝經</a>》：「身體髮膚，受之父母，不敢毀傷，孝之始也。」所以自殺犯了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AD%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="不孝">不孝</a>的大罪。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哲学">哲学</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：哲学">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_way_out.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_way_out.jpg/220px-The_way_out.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_way_out.jpg/330px-The_way_out.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_way_out.jpg/440px-The_way_out.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>寻找出路，还是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀意念（页面不存在）">自杀意念</a>： <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Grie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Grie（页面不存在）">George Grie</a>著2007年版。</figcaption></figure> 自杀哲学提出了一系列问题，包括什么构成了自杀、自杀是否可能是理智的选择、以及自杀的道德容许度如何<a href="#cite_note-StanfordSuicide-186">[186]</a>。自杀是否在道义上可以接受，哲学家们对这一问题的看法褒贬不一：有的强烈反对（认为自杀是违背伦理和道德的），有的则认为自杀是任何人<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神圣而不可侵犯（页面不存在）">神圣而不可侵犯</a>的权利（即使对健康的年轻人也是如此），认为他们是在理智而不违背良心的情况下做出结束自己生命的决定的。反对自杀的哲学家包括一些基督教的哲学家，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="希波的奥古斯丁">希波的奥古斯丁</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">托马斯·阿奎那</a><a href="#cite_note-StanfordSuicide-186">[186]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">伊曼努尔·康德</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a>和颇具争议的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔">约翰·斯图尔特·密尔</a>——密尔重视<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB" title="自主">自主</a>的重要性，因此他反对可能阻碍某人无法自主做出未来决策的选择<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a>。其他哲学家则认为自杀是个人的合法选择。这一观点的支持者则认为任何人都不应在违背自己意愿的情况下被迫受苦受难，特别是在患有无法治愈的疾病、精神疾病或年纪老迈而没有改善余地时。他们拒绝承认自杀行为永远是不理智的说法，认为自杀对于长期受到巨大疼痛或创伤的困扰的人群来说，是一个有效的最终解脱方式<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a>。更为激进的一种说法则认为，应当允许人们自由选择是生是死，不论他们是否受到折磨。这一<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="思想流派（页面不存在）">思想流派</a>的著名支持者包括：苏格兰经验主义者<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">大卫·休谟</a><a href="#cite_note-StanfordSuicide-186">[186]</a>和美国生物伦理学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BD%A9%E5%B0%94" title="雅各布·阿佩尔">雅各布·阿佩尔</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17649899-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="提倡">提倡</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：提倡">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg/220px-Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg/330px-Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg/440px-Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>在这幅亚历山大-加布里·德康的画作中，整个色调，地板上的手枪和纸条都表现了在这里刚刚发生了一桩惨案；一名艺术家刚刚结束了自己的生命。<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></figcaption></figure> 在许多文化和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="次文化">次文化</a>中都不反對，甚至提倡自杀。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>早期，就有許多敗戰<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="武士 (日本)">武士</a>，甚至沒有敗戰，僅因宣揚個人理念，就選擇<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%85%B9" title="切腹">切腹</a>自殺。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>期间，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大日本帝國">大日本帝國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>就极力鼓励并吹捧<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%A3%8E%E6%95%A2%E6%AD%BB%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="神风敢死队">神风敢死队</a>式的袭击，認為其勇敢、光榮，这种袭击是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="太平洋戰爭">太平洋戰爭</a>接近尾声时，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="日軍">日軍</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%98" class="mw-redirect" title="飞行员">飞行员</a>为抵抗<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9F%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="盟军">盟军</a>，所采用的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E5%BC%8F%E6%94%BB%E5%87%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="自杀式攻击">自杀式攻击</a>。時至今日，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>自殺率仍高，但社会总体来说被视为对自杀行为表示“宽容”<a href="#cite_note-ozawa-desilva-192">[192]</a>（请参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="日本的自杀现象">日本的自杀现象</a>）。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通过互联网搜索有关自杀的信息（页面不存在）">通过互联网搜索有关自杀的信息</a>（Suicide and the Internet）所得到的页面中，约10-30%均鼓励或促进自杀的企图。有人担心，这类网站可能将那些有自杀倾向的人群最终推向行动的边缘。有些人还在网络上与此前的朋友或近期在<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="聊天室">聊天室</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%99%E8%A8%80%E6%9D%BF" title="留言板">留言板</a>（Internet forum）上认识的人们一起达成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀协定（页面不存在）">自杀协定</a>。但是，互联网还能用来为边缘人士们提供社交场所，从而防止出现自杀的情况。<a href="#cite_note-Dur2011-193">[193]</a> 在《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A" title="完全自殺手冊">完全自殺手冊</a>》中，作者尊重自殺者之選擇，認為“想活的话就要活得自在，想死的话也要死得自在”。<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="地点">地点</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：地点">编辑</a>]</div> 有些地标因出现较高的自杀率而闻名于世<a href="#cite_note-Robinson2012-195">[195]</a>。它们包括旧金山的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%96%80%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B_(%E8%88%8A%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B1)" class="mw-redirect" title="金門大橋 (舊金山)">金门大桥</a>、日本的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%9C%A8%E5%8E%9F" title="青木原">青木原</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a>、英国的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%A5%87%E8%A7%92" title="比奇角">比奇角</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2012-195">[195]</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%BC%A6%E5%A4%9A" title="多伦多">多伦多</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%8D%A2%E5%B0%94%E8%A1%97%E9%AB%98%E6%9E%B6%E6%A1%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布卢尔街高架桥（页面不存在）">布卢尔街高架桥</a><a href="#cite_note-Dennis2008-197">[197]</a>。 自1937年金门大桥建成至2010年，已有1300多人从这里跳下自杀<a href="#cite_note-McDougall2010-198">[198]</a>。许多出现频繁自杀的地点已经修建了围栏，以防止人们自杀<a href="#cite_note-Bateson2008-199">[199]</a>。这包括多伦多的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_Veil%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luminous Veil大桥（页面不存在）">Luminous Veil大桥</a><a href="#cite_note-Dennis2008-197">[197]</a>、巴黎<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E9%93%81%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="艾菲尔铁塔">艾菲尔铁塔</a>和纽约<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%A6" title="帝国大厦">帝国大厦</a>上的围栏<a href="#cite_note-Bateson2008-199">[199]</a>。截至2011年，金门大桥上也修建了围栏<a href="#cite_note-Miller2011-200">[200]</a>。总体来看，这些围栏非常奏效<a href="#cite_note-Miller2011-200">[200]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="注目案例">注目案例</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：注目案例">编辑</a>]</div> 一個集体自殺的例子是在1978年的<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%8E%AE" title="瓊斯鎮">瓊斯鎮</a>，被殺和自殺有909位成員是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%A3%E6%AE%BF%E6%95%99" title="人民圣殿教">人民圣殿教</a>，此教由<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E7%90%BC%E6%96%AF" title="吉姆·琼斯">吉姆·琼斯</a>所領導。結束生命的方法是喝下摻有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B0%E5%8C%96%E9%92%BE" title="氰化钾">氰化钾</a>和許多處方藥的葡萄口味<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavor_Aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flavor Aid（页面不存在）">Flavor Aid</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_Aid" class="extiw" title="en:Flavor Aid">Flavor Aid</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-tape-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> 幾千位日本居民在1944年<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%8F%AD%E5%B3%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="塞班島戰役">塞班島戰役</a>的最後幾天犧牲生命，一些人從<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A3%81%E5%B4%96" title="自裁崖">自裁崖</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%89%E7%A2%8E%E5%B4%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玉碎崖（页面不存在）">玉碎崖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banzai_Cliff" class="extiw" title="en:Banzai Cliff">Banzai Cliff</a>）跳下。<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> 由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A3%AB" title="波比·山德士">波比·山德士</a>所領導的<a href="/wiki/1981%E5%B9%B4%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%9D%E9%A3%9F%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE" title="1981年爱尔兰绝食抗议">1981年爱尔兰绝食抗议</a>，導致10人死亡。造成死亡的原因，被<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%97%E5%B1%8D%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="驗屍官">驗屍官</a>記為“飢餓，自願性”而非自殺。但這在死亡的士兵家屬抗議後，死亡證明改為簡單的"飢餓"。<a href="#cite_note-Philosophy59OKeeffe-205">[205]</a>在二次世界大戰期間，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E9%9A%86%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="埃尔温·隆美尔">埃尔温·隆美尔</a>被發現預知<a href="/wiki/7%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%AF%86%E8%B0%8B%E6%A1%88" title="7月20日密谋案">7月20日暗殺</a>希特勒；在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B%E5%AF%A9%E5%88%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公開審判（页面不存在）">公開審判</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/public_trial" class="extiw" title="en:public trial">public trial</a>）上，他被威脅除非自盡否則將對他的家人展開報復。<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> 2019年5月13日，馬來西亞城市古晉一名16歲少女在<a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>貼文，詢問網民她應該活下去或是死亡，有69%人投給「死亡」。少女同日跳樓身亡，警方將案件列作「突然死亡」。少女當日在貼文稱：「非常重要，幫我選擇生（Live）或死（Die）」，警方稱有31%人反對她了結生命。她同日在<a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>表示對生存感到厭倦，希望解脫。當局檢查少女手機後，發現少女曾在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1" title="微信">微信</a>以中文向友人表達心聲，內容提及她對於後父在新加坡娶了越南女子感到受壓。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="人類以外的自殺">人類以外的自殺</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：人類以外的自殺">编辑</a>]</div> 在人類以外的動物也有相當於自殺的行為或者疑似自殺的行為，例如世界各地曾多次發現<a href="/wiki/%E9%AF%A8%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="鯨魚">鯨魚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A" title="海豚">海豚</a>擱淺海灘，牠們被人們送回<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海">海</a>中後又掉頭重返海灘，最終死亡，原因不明。有說是海中環境有變，令牠們寧願冒死上岸也不願回海中；另一說是其中的成員的身體機能出現問題，引致擱淺。而動物的群體性生活習慣令其他同伴跟隨或「盲從」，引發集體死亡，看似自殺，但應視為意外而非有意識結束生命或意圖自殺較為妥當，例如：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%BF%E7%BE%8A" title="綿羊">綿羊</a>跳崖。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%BC%A0" title="旅鼠">旅鼠</a>常被傳說有自殺傾向，其實是人類主觀下的誤會。近期研究顯示：旅鼠只有在族群出現數量爆炸，現有環境無法再負擔牠們所需時才會出現跳海行為。和一般人的想像相反，旅鼠是游泳健將，加上體積小，體重輕，牠們能夠借水旅行相當長的距離。牠們之所以跳水乃是為了尋求新的、良好適當的生活環境，即使有相當的數量死於途中，這也絕不是自殺，反而是為了求取生存的非常手段。因此牠們能夠和人類一樣遍佈全世界。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%96%80%E6%B0%8F%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="沙門氏菌">沙门氏菌</a>就有自杀式的行为，它们为了压制竞争细菌，则会对自身启动<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="免疫系统">免疫系统</a>反应。<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> 一种叫做“Forelius pusillus”的巴西蚂蚁则采用自杀性的防御行为，每天晚上，均由一小批蚂蚁为了巢穴的安全，从外部将巢穴封死，然后离开默默死去。<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%97%E8%B1%86%E8%9A%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碗豆蚜（页面不存在）">碗豆蚜</a>当受到<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A2%E8%9F%B2" title="瓢蟲">瓢虫</a>的威胁时会自身引爆，四处飞溅的爆炸物能够保护它们的同胞，有时甚至能够杀死瓢虫。<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a>某些种类的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%9A%81" class="mw-redirect" title="白蚁">白蚁</a>群中也有能够引爆自身的兵蚁，使得天敌身上覆满粘稠物质。<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> 尽管在动物轶事中也曾报道有关狗、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC" title="马">马</a>和海豚自杀的现象，但仍旧缺乏确凿的证据。<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a>有关动物自杀方面的科学研究实在是寥寥无几。<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> 非生物物體也會有一些被稱作「自殺」的設計。例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="人工智慧">人工智慧</a>在被<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦病毒">電腦病毒</a>入侵的情況下，會啟動殺毒<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="计算机程序">程序</a>，同時<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4" class="mw-disambig" title="刪除">刪除</a>自己體內的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88" title="檔案">檔案</a>，若情況嚴重者甚至會將自己關機、銷毀<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="系統">系統</a>所有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="資料">資料</a>。這也算是一種自動化的自殺行為。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見">參見</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：參見">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kalebp_skull.svg/32px-Kalebp_skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kalebp_skull.svg/48px-Kalebp_skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kalebp_skull.svg/64px-Kalebp_skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" /><a 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#aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/自殺">自殺</a>」。</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="神聖的人">神聖的人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="他殺">他殺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="被自杀">被自杀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%98%B2%E6%B2%BB%E6%97%A5" title="世界自殺防治日">世界自殺防治日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="自殺論">自殺論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%98%B2%E6%B2%BB%E5%B0%88%E7%B7%9A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="自殺防治專線列表">自殺防治專線列表</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料">參考資料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：參考資料">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WHO2014Pre-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2014Pre_1-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2014Pre_1-1">1.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Preventing suicide: a global imperative. WHO. 2014: 7, 20, 40. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789241564779" title="Special:网络书源/9789241564779">ISBN 9789241564779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Preventing+suicide%3A+a+global+imperative&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789241564779&rft.pages=7%2C+20%2C+40&rft.pub=WHO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2016-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-1">2.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-2">2.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/">Suicide Fact sheet N°398</a>. WHO. April 2016 [2016-03-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/">存档</a>于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Suicide+Fact+sheet+N%C2%B0398&rft.date=2016-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs398%2Fen%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Aj2008-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aj2008_3-0">3.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aj2008_3-1">3.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649482">Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database</a>. Bull. World Health Organ. September 2008, 86 (9): 726–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649482">PMC 2649482</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18797649">PMID 18797649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.07.043489">doi:10.2471/BLT.07.043489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Methods+of+suicide%3A+international+suicide+patterns+derived+from+the+WHO+mortality+database&rft.au=Ajdacic-Gross+V&rft.au=Bopp%2C+M&rft.au=Gutzwiller%2C+F&rft.au=Hepp%2C+U&rft.au=R%C3%B6ssler%2C+W&rft.au=Ring+M&rft.au=Weiss+MG&rft.date=2008-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Bull.+World+Health+Organ.&rft.pages=726-32&rft.volume=86&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2649482&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2649482&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2471%2FBLT.07.043489&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18797649&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawton2009-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawton2009_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawton2009_4-1">4.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawton2009_4-2">4.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawton2009_4-3">4.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawton2009_4-4">4.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawton2009_4-5">4.5</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hawton K, van Heeringen K. Suicide. Lancet. April 2009, 373 (9672): 1372–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376453">PMID 19376453</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208790312">S2CID 208790312</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960372-X">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Suicide&rft.au=van+Heeringen%2C+K&rft.aufirst=K&rft.aulast=Hawton&rft.date=2009-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9672&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=1372-81&rft.volume=373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208790312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960372-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19376453&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P. Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances. Current Psychiatry Reports. March 2018, 20 (4): 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1523-3812">ISSN 1523-3812</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29594718">PMID 29594718</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11920-018-0885-z">doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Suicidality+in+Subjects+With+Anxiety+or+Obsessive-Compulsive+and+Related+Disorders%3A+Recent+Advances&rft.au=Courtet%2C+P&rft.au=Giner%2C+L&rft.aufirst=D&rft.aulast=De+La+Vega&rft.date=2018-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1523-3812&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Current+Psychiatry+Reports&rft.pages=26&rft.volume=20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11920-018-0885-z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29594718&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Autism2014-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Autism2014_6-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autism2014_6-1">6.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Richa, S; Fahed, M; Khoury, E; Mishara, B. Suicide in autism spectrum disorders.. Archives of Suicide Research. 2014, 18 (4): 327–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24713024">PMID 24713024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13811118.2013.824834">doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Suicide+in+autism+spectrum+disorders.&rft.au=Fahed%2C+M&rft.au=Khoury%2C+E&rft.au=Mishara%2C+B&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Richa&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Suicide+Research&rft.pages=327-39&rft.volume=18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13811118.2013.824834&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24713024&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015De-7"><a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_7-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1459–1544. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733281">PMID 27733281</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931012-1">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+life+expectancy%2C+all-cause+mortality%2C+and+cause-specific+mortality+for+249+causes+of+death%2C+1980-2015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015.&rft.aufirst=Collaborators.&rft.aulast=GBD+2015+Mortality+and+Causes+of+Death&rft.date=2016-10-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10053&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=1459-1544&rft.volume=388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931012-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733281&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-8"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_8-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDEASDR?lang=en">Suicide rate estimates, age-standardized Estimates by country</a> (报告). WHO. [2020-01-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018170407/http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDEASDR?lang=en">存档</a>于2017-10-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Suicide+rate+estimates%2C+age-standardized+Estimates+by+country&rft.genre=report&rft.pub=WHO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fgho%2Fdata%2Fnode.main.MHSUICIDEASDR%3Flang%3Den&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Sted20062-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Sted20062_9-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3">Stedman's Medical Dictionary</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /> 28th. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7817-3390-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7817-3390-8">ISBN 978-0-7817-3390-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Stedman%27s+Medical+Dictionary&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=28th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstedmansmedicald00sted_3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO20162-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO20162_10-0">10.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO20162_10-1">10.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO20162_10-2">10.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO20162_10-3">10.3</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/">Suicide Fact sheet N°398</a>. WHO. April 2016 [2016-03-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/">存档</a>于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Suicide+Fact+sheet+N%C2%B0398&rft.date=2016-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs398%2Fen%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf">Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals</a> (PDF). 2008 [2021-12-24]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-92-4-159707-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-92-4-159707-4">ISBN 978-92-4-159707-4</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2021-08-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Preventing+Suicide+A+Resource+for+Media+Professionals&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-92-4-159707-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmental_health%2Fprevention%2Fsuicide%2Fresource_media.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Sak20112-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Sak20112_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sakinofsky I. 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[2020-06-16]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide">原始内容</a>存档于2019-05-17） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Suicide&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fsuicide&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam20062-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Islam20062_26-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lester D. Suicide and islam. Archives of Suicide Research. 2006, 10 (1): 77–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16287698">PMID 16287698</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35754641">S2CID 35754641</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13811110500318489">doi:10.1080/13811110500318489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Suicide+and+islam&rft.aufirst=D&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Suicide+Research&rft.pages=77-97&rft.volume=10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35754641&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13811110500318489&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16287698&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-自杀预防-27"><a href="#cite_ref-自杀预防_27-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">世界卫生组织，翻译：安静、童永胜，校对：李献云. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112075039/https://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/exe_summary_chinese.pdf?ua=1">预防自杀</a> (PDF). 世界卫生组织. : 93 [2020-12-23]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/exe_summary_chinese.pdf?ua=1">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2021-01-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.au=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%EF%BC%8C%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%EF%BC%9A%E5%AE%89%E9%9D%99%E3%80%81%E7%AB%A5%E6%B0%B8%E8%83%9C%EF%BC%8C%E6%A0%A1%E5%AF%B9%EF%BC%9A%E6%9D%8E%E7%8C%AE%E4%BA%91&rft.btitle=%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmental_health%2Fsuicide-prevention%2Fexe_summary_chinese.pdf%3Fua%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Krug2002-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krug2002_28-0">28.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krug2002_28-1">28.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Krug, Etienne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=db9OHpk-TksC&pg=PA185">World Report on Violence and Health (Vol. 1)</a>. Genève: World Health Organization. 2002: 185 [2013-08-20]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-92-4-154561-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-92-4-154561-7">ISBN 978-92-4-154561-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614225605/https://books.google.ca/books?id=db9OHpk-TksC&pg=PA185&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rft.aulast=Krug&rft.btitle=World+Report+on+Violence+and+Health+%28Vol.+1%29&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-92-4-154561-7&rft.pages=185&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddb9OHpk-TksC%26pg%3DPA185&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Gullota2002-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gullota2002_29-0">29.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gullota2002_29-1">29.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Gullota, edited by Thomas P.; Bloom, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=Elx37xzO0bsC&pg=PA1112">The encyclopedia of primary prevention and health promotion</a>. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. 2002: 1112 [2013-08-20]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-306-47296-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-306-47296-1">ISBN 978-0-306-47296-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614225611/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Elx37xzO0bsC&pg=PA1112&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=edited+by+Thomas+P.&rft.aulast=Gullota&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+primary+prevention+and+health+promotion&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47296-1&rft.pages=1112&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DElx37xzO0bsC%26pg%3DPA1112&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013423/https://books.google.ca/books?id=g1cqAAAAMAAJ&q=Latin+suicidium%27+%22to+kill+oneself%22.&dq=Latin+suicidium%27+%22to+kill+oneself%22.&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y">Issues in Law & Medicine, Volume 3</a>. 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Storer Foundation, Incorporated. 1987: 39 [2016-03-12]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=g1cqAAAAMAAJ&q=Latin+suicidium%27+%22to+kill+oneself%22.&dq=Latin+suicidium%27+%22to+kill+oneself%22.&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Issues+in+Law+%26+Medicine%2C+Volume+3&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=National+Legal+Center+for+the+Medically+Dependent+%26+Disabled%2C+Incorporated%2C+and+the+Horatio+R.+Storer+Foundation%2C+Incorporated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1cqAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DLatin%2Bsuicidium%2527%2B%2522to%2Bkill%2Boneself%2522.%26dq%3DLatin%2Bsuicidium%2527%2B%2522to%2Bkill%2Boneself%2522.%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Tomer, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013403/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282">Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes</a>. Psychology Press. 2013: 282 [2016-03-12]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781136676901" title="Special:网络书源/9781136676901">ISBN 9781136676901</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.aulast=Tomer&rft.btitle=Existential+and+Spiritual+Issues+in+Death+Attitudes&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781136676901&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJTruwsicuoC%26pg%3DPA282&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ritzer, edited by George; Stepnisky, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013343/https://books.google.ca/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65">The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists</a>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011: 65 [2016-03-12]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781444396607" title="Special:网络书源/9781444396607">ISBN 9781444396607</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.au=Stepnisky%2C+Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=edited+by+George&rft.aulast=Ritzer&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+companion+to+major+social+theorists&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781444396607&rft.pages=65&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDwdmVUMIh8C%26pg%3DPA65&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509014724/https://books.google.ca/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254">God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality</a>. 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[2017-05-06]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/426.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2021-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=WHO+PREVENTING+SUICIDE%EF%BC%9AA+RESOURCE+FOR+MEDIA+PROFESSIONALS&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmental_health%2Fmedia%2Fen%2F426.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tspc.tw/tspc/upload/tbepaper/20090507174412_file1.pdf">自殺防治網通訊第四卷．第一期</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190502064522/http://tspc.tw/tspc/upload/tbepaper/20090507174412_file1.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） page 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Smith, William Kornblum in collaboration with Carolyn D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT51">Sociology in a changing world</a> 9th. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. : 27 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-111-30157-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-111-30157-6">ISBN 978-1-111-30157-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619183557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT51&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=William+Kornblum+in+collaboration+with+Carolyn+D.&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.btitle=Sociology+in+a+changing+world&rft.edition=9th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-111-30157-6&rft.pages=27&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDtKcG6qoY5AC%26pg%3DPT51&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Campbell, Robert Jean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=Vrlsos_O13UC&pg=PA636">Campbell's psychiatric dictionary</a> 8th. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2004: 636 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-515221-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-515221-0">ISBN 978-0-19-515221-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215747/http://books.google.ca/books?id=Vrlsos_O13UC&pg=PA636">存档</a>于2013-10-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jean&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=Campbell%27s+psychiatric+dictionary&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=8th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515221-0&rft.pages=636&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrlsos_O13UC%26pg%3DPA636&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml">Indian woman commits sati suicide</a>. Bbc.co.uk. 2002-08-07 [2010-08-26]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml">存档</a>于2011-02-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Indian+woman+commits+sati+suicide&rft.date=2002-08-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Flearningenglish%2Fnews%2Fwords%2Fgeneral%2F020807_witn.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Loue2008-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loue2008_110-0">110.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loue2008_110-1">110.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Loue, Sana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=rTMrB0AutLwC&pg=PA696">Encyclopedia of aging and public health : with 19 tables</a>. New York, NY: Springer. 2008: 696 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-387-33753-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-387-33753-1">ISBN 978-0-387-33753-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614225852/https://books.google.ca/books?id=rTMrB0AutLwC&pg=PA696&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Sana&rft.aulast=Loue&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+aging+and+public+health+%3A+with+19+tables&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-387-33753-1&rft.pages=696&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTMrB0AutLwC%26pg%3DPA696&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Moody2010-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moody2010_111-0">111.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moody2010_111-1">111.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Moody, Harry R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=qj8GS77QAgwC&pg=PA158">Aging : concepts and controversies</a> 6th. Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press. 2010: 158 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4129-6966-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4129-6966-6">ISBN 978-1-4129-6966-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619183548/https://books.google.ca/books?id=qj8GS77QAgwC&pg=PA158&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Harry+R.&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.btitle=Aging+%3A+concepts+and+controversies&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6966-6&rft.pages=158&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Pine+Forge+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqj8GS77QAgwC%26pg%3DPA158&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hales2012-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Hales2012_112-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hales RE, Simon RI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013729/https://books.google.com/books?id=H8tigTjBCRkC&pg=PA714">The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of suicide assessment and management</a> 2nd. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. 2012: 714 [2020-09-27]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-58562-414-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-58562-414-0">ISBN 978-1-58562-414-0</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8tigTjBCRkC&pg=PA714">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.au=Simon%2C+Robert+I&rft.aufirst=Robert+E&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.btitle=The+American+Psychiatric+Publishing+textbook+of+suicide+assessment+and+management&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-58562-414-0&rft.pages=714&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Pub.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8tigTjBCRkC%26pg%3DPA714&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Veatch, ed. by Robert M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=UCOT4sj-DwUC&pg=PA292">Medical ethics</a> 2nd. Sudbury, Mass. [u.a.]: Jones and Bartlett. 1997: 292 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-86720-974-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-86720-974-7">ISBN 978-0-86720-974-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619183608/https://books.google.ca/books?id=UCOT4sj-DwUC&pg=PA292&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=ed.+by+Robert+M.&rft.aulast=Veatch&rft.btitle=Medical+ethics&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-86720-974-7&rft.pages=292&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+Mass.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCOT4sj-DwUC%26pg%3DPA292&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Gutman, Yisrael. Michael Berenbaum, , 编. 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The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 2009, 37 (3): 371–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19767502">PMID 19767502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Murder-suicide%3A+a+review+of+the+recent+literature.&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Eliason&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Psychiatry+and+the+Law&rft.pages=371-6&rft.volume=37&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-the-american-academy-of-psychiatry-and-the-law_2009_37_3%2Fpage%2F371&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19767502&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite class="citation book">editor, Tarek Sobh,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=B-Zf1sQZapMC&pg=PA503">Innovations and advances in computer sciences and engineering</a> Online-Ausg. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag. 2010: 503 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-481-3658-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-481-3658-2">ISBN 978-90-481-3658-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614225901/https://books.google.ca/books?id=B-Zf1sQZapMC&pg=PA503&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Tarek+Sobh%2C&rft.aulast=editor&rft.btitle=Innovations+and+advances+in+computer+sciences+and+engineering&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=Online-Ausg.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3658-2&rft.pages=503&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB-Zf1sQZapMC%26pg%3DPA503&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Colt, George Howe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013404/https://books.google.ca/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&pg=PA139">The enigma of suicide</a> 1st. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1992: 139 [2016-03-12]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780671760717" title="Special:网络书源/9780671760717">ISBN 9780671760717</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&pg=PA139">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=George+Howe&rft.aulast=Colt&rft.btitle=The+enigma+of+suicide&rft.date=1992&rft.edition=1st&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780671760717&rft.pages=139&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOz3hStePfYC%26pg%3DPA139&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Aggarwal, N. Rethinking suicide bombing. Crisis. 2009, 30 (2): 94–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19525169">PMID 19525169</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1027%2F0227-5910.30.2.94">doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Rethinking+suicide+bombing&rft.aufirst=N&rft.aulast=Aggarwal&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Crisis&rft.pages=94-7&rft.volume=30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1027%2F0227-5910.30.2.94&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19525169&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ajdacic-Gross V; Weiss MG; Ring M; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649482">Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database</a>. Bull. World Health Organ. September 2008, 86 (9): 726–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649482">PMC 2649482</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18797649">PMID 18797649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.07.043489">doi:10.2471/BLT.07.043489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Methods+of+suicide%3A+international+suicide+patterns+derived+from+the+WHO+mortality+database&rft.au=Ajdacic-Gross+V&rft.au=Bopp%2C+M&rft.au=Gutzwiller%2C+F&rft.au=Hepp%2C+U&rft.au=R%C3%B6ssler%2C+W&rft.au=Ring+M&rft.au=Weiss+MG&rft.date=2008-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Bull.+World+Health+Organ.&rft.pages=726-32&rft.volume=86&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2649482&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2649482&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2471%2FBLT.07.043489&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18797649&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Ajdacic-Gross, Vladeta, et al.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/v86n9/a17v86n9.pdf">"Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database"</a>PDF (267 KB). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_World_Health_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulletin of the World Health Organization（页面不存在）">Bulletin of the World Health Organization</a> 86 (9): 726–732. September 2008. Accessed 2 August 2011.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920054902/http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/v86n9/a17v86n9.pdf">Archived</a> 2 August 2011. See<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-043489/en/index.html">html version</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131208175622/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-043489/en/index.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. The data can be seen here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/0042-9686_86_07-043489-table-T1.html">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110923003222/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/0042-9686_86_07-043489-table-T1.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite class="citation book">O'Connor, Rory C.; Platt, Stephen; Gordon, Jacki (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013750/https://books.google.com/books?id=3fDGLWQtwFkC&pg=PA34">International Handbook of Suicide Prevention: Research, Policy and Practice</a>. John Wiley and Sons. 2011-06-01: 34 [2018-11-15]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-119-99856-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-119-99856-3">ISBN 978-1-119-99856-3</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3fDGLWQtwFkC&pg=PA34">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Jacki&rft.au=Platt%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Rory+C.&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Suicide+Prevention%3A+Research%2C+Policy+and+Practice&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-119-99856-3&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3fDGLWQtwFkC%26pg%3DPA34&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gunnell D, Eddleston M, Phillips MR, Konradsen F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2262093">The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: systematic review</a>. BMC Public Health. 2007, 7: 357. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2262093">PMC 2262093</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18154668">PMID 18154668</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2458-7-357">doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=The+global+distribution+of+fatal+pesticide+self-poisoning%3A+systematic+review&rft.au=Gunnell+D%2C+Eddleston+M%2C+Phillips+MR%2C+Konradsen+F&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Public+Health&rft.pages=357&rft.volume=7&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2262093&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2262093&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2458-7-357&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18154668&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Geddes, John; Price, Jonathan; Gelder, Rebecca McKnight; Michael; Mayou, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=F4THKWvbAPEC&pg=PA62">Psychiatry</a> 4th. Oxford: Oxford University Press. : 62 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-923396-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-923396-0">ISBN 978-0-19-923396-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614225957/https://books.google.ca/books?id=F4THKWvbAPEC&pg=PA62&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.au=Gelder%2C+Rebecca+McKnight&rft.au=Mayou%2C+Richard&rft.au=Michael&rft.au=Price%2C+Jonathan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Geddes&rft.btitle=Psychiatry&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923396-0&rft.pages=62&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4THKWvbAPEC%26pg%3DPA62&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-USStats2005-124"><a href="#cite_ref-USStats2005_124-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513003633/http://www.suicide.org/suicide-statistics.html">U.S. Suicide Statistics (2005)</a>. [2008-03-24]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suicide.org/suicide-statistics.html">原始内容</a>存档于2019-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=U.S.+Suicide+Statistics+%282005%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suicide.org%2Fsuicide-statistics.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Eshun, edited by Sussie; Gurung, Regan A.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=Y6uUDBBGqF4C&pg=PA301">Culture and mental health sociocultural influences, theory, and practice</a>. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. 2009: 301 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781444305814" title="Special:网络书源/9781444305814">ISBN 9781444305814</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230006/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Y6uUDBBGqF4C&pg=PA301&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.au=Gurung%2C+Regan+A.R.&rft.aufirst=edited+by+Sussie&rft.aulast=Eshun&rft.btitle=Culture+and+mental+health+sociocultural+influences%2C+theory%2C+and+practice&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781444305814&rft.pages=301&rft.place=Chichester%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6uUDBBGqF4C%26pg%3DPA301&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WRVp196-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WRVp196_126-0">126.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRVp196_126-1">126.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Krug, Etienne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=db9OHpk-TksC&pg=PA196">World Report on Violence and Health, Volume 1</a>. Genève: World Health Organization. 2002: 196 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789241545617" title="Special:网络书源/9789241545617">ISBN 9789241545617</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230012/https://books.google.ca/books?id=db9OHpk-TksC&pg=PA196&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rft.aulast=Krug&rft.btitle=World+Report+on+Violence+and+Health%2C+Volume+1&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789241545617&rft.pages=196&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddb9OHpk-TksC%26pg%3DPA196&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite class="citation book">(editor), Diego de Leo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suicideeuthanasi0000unse">Suicide and euthanasia in older adults : a transcultural journey</a>. Toronto: Hogrefe & Huber. 2001: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suicideeuthanasi0000unse/page/121">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780889372511" title="Special:网络书源/9780889372511">ISBN 9780889372511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Diego+de+Leo&rft.aulast=%28editor%29&rft.btitle=Suicide+and+euthanasia+in+older+adults+%3A+a+transcultural+journey&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780889372511&rft.pages=121&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Hogrefe+%26+Huber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuicideeuthanasi0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pjevac, M; Pregelj, P. Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour.. Psychiatria Danubina. 2012-10,. 24 Suppl 3: S336–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23114813">PMID 23114813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Neurobiology+of+suicidal+behaviour.&rft.au=Pregelj%2C+P&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Pjevac&rft.date=2012-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatria+Danubina&rft.pages=S336-41&rft.volume=24+Suppl+3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23114813&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sher, L. The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the pathophysiology of adolescent suicidal behavior.. International journal of adolescent medicine and health. 2011, 23 (3): 181–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191181">PMID 22191181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=The+role+of+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+in+the+pathophysiology+of+adolescent+suicidal+behavior.&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Sher&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=International+journal+of+adolescent+medicine+and+health&rft.pages=181-5&rft.volume=23&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22191181&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sher, L. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and suicidal behavior.. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians. 2011 May, 104 (5): 455–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051476">PMID 21051476</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcq207">doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcq207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+and+suicidal+behavior.&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Sher&rft.chron=2011+May&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=QJM+%3A+monthly+journal+of+the+Association+of+Physicians&rft.pages=455-8&rft.volume=104&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcq207&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21051476&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Dwi2012-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dwi2012_131-0">131.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dwi2012_131-1">131.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Dwivedi, Yogesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=5hcOf_SM-U0C&pg=PA166">The neurobiological basis of suicide</a>. 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[2022-11-08]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/%E7%96%AB%E5%BE%8C%E8%A1%9D%E6%93%8A%E5%A4%A7-39%E8%90%AC%E4%BA%BA%E6%9B%BE%E6%83%B3%E8%BC%95%E7%94%9F-%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%98%B2%E6%B2%BB%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E6%8F%AD%E6%9B%89-%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA%E5%A4%9A300%E5%80%8D-022550317.html">原始内容</a>存档于2022-09-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E7%96%AB%E5%BE%8C%E8%A1%9D%E6%93%8A%E5%A4%A7%E3%80%8C39%E8%90%AC%E4%BA%BA%E6%9B%BE%E6%83%B3%E8%BC%95%E7%94%9F%E3%80%8D%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%98%B2%E6%B2%BB%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E6%8F%AD%E6%9B%89%EF%BC%81%E4%B8%80%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA%E5%A4%9A300%E5%80%8D&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftw.stock.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2F%25E7%2596%25AB%25E5%25BE%258C%25E8%25A1%259D%25E6%2593%258A%25E5%25A4%25A7-39%25E8%2590%25AC%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%259B%25BE%25E6%2583%25B3%25E8%25BC%2595%25E7%2594%259F-%25E8%2587%25AA%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E9%2598%25B2%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E6%2595%25B8%25E6%2593%259A%25E6%258F%25AD%25E6%259B%2589-%25E6%2597%258F%25E7%25BE%25A4%25E9%25A2%25A8%25E9%259A%25AA%25E5%25A4%259A300%25E5%2580%258D-022550317.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805021546/https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20180729/s00002/1532801071790">20歲以下自殺亡增50% 13年新高最細求助者僅7歲多與家庭有關</a>. 明報. 2018-07-29 [2018-08-04]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20180729/s00002/1532801071790">原始内容</a>存档于2018-08-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=20%E6%AD%B2%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%A1%E5%A2%9E50%25+13%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%B0%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%80%E7%B4%B0%E6%B1%82%E5%8A%A9%E8%80%85%E5%83%857%E6%AD%B2+%E5%A4%9A%E8%88%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C&rft.date=2018-07-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mingpao.com%2Fpns%2Fdailynews%2Fweb_tc%2Farticle%2F20180729%2Fs00002%2F1532801071790&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222233445/http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20180729/00176_034.html">自殺年輕化7歲都想死</a>. 東方日報. 2018-07-29 [2018-08-04]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20180729/00176_034.html">原始内容</a>存档于2021-02-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%B9%B4%E8%BC%95%E5%8C%967%E6%AD%B2%E9%83%BD%E6%83%B3%E6%AD%BB&rft.date=2018-07-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forientaldaily.on.cc%2Fcnt%2Fnews%2F20180729%2F00176_034.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-wenweipo0729-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wenweipo0729_155-0">155.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wenweipo0729_155-1">155.1</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424230417/http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/07/29/a01-0729.pdf">青少年自殺飆50% 機構籲遇困多傾訴家庭學業問題成輕生主因</a> (PDF). 文匯報. 2018-07-29 [2018-08-04]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/07/29/a01-0729.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2021-04-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A3%8650%25+%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%E7%B1%B2%E9%81%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A4%9A%E5%82%BE%E8%A8%B4+%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A5%AD%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E6%88%90%E8%BC%95%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%BB%E5%9B%A0&rft.date=2018-07-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%AF%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.wenweipo.com%2F2018%2F07%2F29%2Fa01-0729.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-voa-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voa_156-0">156.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voa_156-1">156.1</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100131140911/http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/social-issues/SUICIDES-ABOVE-30000-FOR-12th-YEAR-IN-2009-20100126-82680362.html">日本自杀人数连续12年超3万人</a>. VOA. 2010-01-26 [2010-01-31]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/social-issues/SUICIDES-ABOVE-30000-FOR-12th-YEAR-IN-2009-20100126-82680362.html">原始内容</a>存档于2010-01-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E8%BF%9E%E7%BB%AD12%E5%B9%B4%E8%B6%853%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA&rft.date=2010-01-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.voanews.com%2Fchinese%2Fnews%2Fsocial-issues%2FSUICIDES-ABOVE-30000-FOR-12th-YEAR-IN-2009-20100126-82680362.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Szasz, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=5AqzlMdurkcC&pg=PA11">Fatal freedom : the ethics and politics of suicide</a>. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 1999: 11 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-275-96646-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-275-96646-1">ISBN 978-0-275-96646-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619183757/https://books.google.ca/books?id=5AqzlMdurkcC&pg=PA11&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Szasz&rft.btitle=Fatal+freedom+%3A+the+ethics+and+politics+of+suicide&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96646-1&rft.pages=11&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Praeger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5AqzlMdurkcC%26pg%3DPA11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Maris2000-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Maris2000_158-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Maris, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509014053/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA97">Comprehensive textbook of suicidology</a>. New York [u.a.]: Guilford Press. 2000: 97–103 [2017-05-09]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-57230-541-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-57230-541-0">ISBN 978-1-57230-541-0</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA97">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.aulast=Maris&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+textbook+of+suicidology&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57230-541-0&rft.pages=97-103&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZi-xoFAPnPMC%26pg%3DPA97&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Dickinson, Michael R. Leming, George E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=L8ETDRsB8ZYC&pg=PA290">Understanding dying, death, and bereavement</a> 7th. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. : 290 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-495-81018-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-495-81018-6">ISBN 978-0-495-81018-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519201528/https://books.google.ca/books?id=L8ETDRsB8ZYC&pg=PA290&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-05-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.+Leming%2C+George+E.&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.btitle=Understanding+dying%2C+death%2C+and+bereavement&rft.edition=7th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-495-81018-6&rft.pages=290&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8ETDRsB8ZYC%26pg%3DPA290&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <cite class="citation book">W. S. F. 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London [u.a.]: Routledge. 2000: 69. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-20582-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-20582-5">ISBN 978-0-415-20582-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402063717/https://books.google.com/books?id=9KQO6dGY1cwC&pg=PA69">存档</a>于2016-04-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.au=Geoffrey+Walford&rft.au=W.+S.+F.+Pickering&rft.btitle=Durkheim%27s+Suicide+%3A+a+century+of+research+and+debate&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=1st&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20582-5&rft.pages=69&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9KQO6dGY1cwC%26pg%3DPA69&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Maris540-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maris540_161-0">161.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maris540_161-1">161.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Maris, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA540">Comprehensive textbook of suicidology</a>. New York [u.a.]: Guilford Press. 2000: 540 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-57230-541-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-57230-541-0">ISBN 978-1-57230-541-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230123/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA540&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.aulast=Maris&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+textbook+of+suicidology&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57230-541-0&rft.pages=540&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZi-xoFAPnPMC%26pg%3DPA540&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-McL2007-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McL2007_162-0">162.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McL2007_162-1">162.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McL2007_162-2">162.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McL2007_162-3">162.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McL2007_162-4">162.4</a> <cite class="citation book">McLaughlin, Columba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=I2FJRbekdC8C&pg=PA24">Suicide-related behaviour understanding, caring and therapeutic responses</a>. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. 2007: 24 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-470-51241-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-470-51241-8">ISBN 978-0-470-51241-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230209/https://books.google.ca/books?id=I2FJRbekdC8C&pg=PA24&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Columba&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.btitle=Suicide-related+behaviour+understanding%2C+caring+and+therapeutic+responses&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-470-51241-8&rft.pages=24&rft.place=Chichester%2C+England&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2FJRbekdC8C%26pg%3DPA24&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <cite class="citation book">White, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12">Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support</a>. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2010: 12 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84905-115-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84905-115-6">ISBN 978-1-84905-115-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213228/http://books.google.ca/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12">存档</a>于2013-10-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.aulast=White&rft.btitle=Working+with+suicidal+individuals+%3A+a+guide+to+providing+understanding%2C+assessment+and+support&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84905-115-6&rft.pages=12&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_ZvK-DBYfIC%26pg%3DPT12&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Paperno, Irina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=m3pqf8f-6bMC&pg=PA60">Suicide as a cultural institution in Dostoevsky's Russia</a>. Ithaca: Cornell university press. 1997: 60 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8014-8425-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8014-8425-4">ISBN 978-0-8014-8425-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213225/http://books.google.ca/books?id=m3pqf8f-6bMC&pg=PA60">存档</a>于2013-10-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft.aulast=Paperno&rft.btitle=Suicide+as+a+cultural+institution+in+Dostoevsky%27s+Russia&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8425-4&rft.pages=60&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+university+press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3pqf8f-6bMC%26pg%3DPA60&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <cite class="citation book">al.], David Lanham ... 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Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. 2006: 229 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-86287-558-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-86287-558-6">ISBN 978-1-86287-558-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230137/https://books.google.ca/books?id=D97doQ1iZx4C&pg=PA229&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=David+Lanham+...+%5Bet&rft.aulast=al.%5D&rft.btitle=Criminal+laws+in+Australia&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-86287-558-6&rft.pages=229&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD97doQ1iZx4C%26pg%3DPA229&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Duffy, Michael Costa, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=TqZqTHwvCH8C&pg=PA315">Labor, prosperity and the nineties : beyond the bonsai economy</a> 2nd. Sydney: Federation Press. 1991: 315 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-86287-060-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-86287-060-4">ISBN 978-1-86287-060-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230143/https://books.google.ca/books?id=TqZqTHwvCH8C&pg=PA315&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Michael+Costa%2C+Mark&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.btitle=Labor%2C+prosperity+and+the+nineties+%3A+beyond+the+bonsai+economy&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-86287-060-4&rft.pages=315&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTqZqTHwvCH8C%26pg%3DPA315&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Quill, Constance E. 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Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 2002: 143 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-89789-921-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-89789-921-5">ISBN 978-0-89789-921-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619183842/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GmFwa3I7vqMC&pg=PA143&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Constance+E.+Putnam+%3B+foreword+by+Timothy+E.&rft.aulast=Quill&rft.btitle=Hospice+or+hemlock%3F+%3A+searching+for+heroic+compassion&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-921-5&rft.pages=143&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Praeger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmFwa3I7vqMC%26pg%3DPA143&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Holt, Gerry.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14374296">"When suicide was illegal"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140207074649/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14374296">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 3 August 2011. 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New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. : 256 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-81-7993-412-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-81-7993-412-8">ISBN 978-81-7993-412-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230203/https://books.google.ca/books?id=UGrUgX-nKTIC&pg=PA256&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=editors%2C+Nitish+Dogra%2C+Sangeet&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.btitle=Climate+change+and+disease+dynamics+in+India&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-7993-412-8&rft.pages=256&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=The+Energy+and+Resources+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUGrUgX-nKTIC%26pg%3DPA256&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> "German politician Roger Kusch helped elderly woman to die"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4251894.ece">Times Online</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100601051855/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4251894.ece">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） July 2, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17649899-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17649899_172-0">172.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17649899_172-1">172.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Appel, JM. 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[2014-02-02]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/127.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-09-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Chapter+127.800%E2%80%93995+The+Oregon+Death+with+Dignity+Act&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Oregon+State+Legislature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.or.us%2Fors%2F127.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100708000006/http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=70.245">Chapter 70.245 RCW, The Washington death with dignity act</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_State_Legislature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington State Legislature（页面不存在）">Washington State Legislature</a>. [2014-02-02]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=70.245">原始内容</a>存档于2010-07-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Chapter+70.245+RCW%2C+The+Washington+death+with+dignity+act&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+State+Legislature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.leg.wa.gov%2FRCW%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcite%3D70.245&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <cite class="citation news">金真熙. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinese.joins.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=35989">朝鲜生活如此艰难，自杀率为何很低？</a>. 中央日報. 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[2008-09-16]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/euthanasia/judaism.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2006-05-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Euthanasia+and+Judaism%3A+Jewish+Views+of+Euthanasia+and+Suicide&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ReligionFacts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Feuthanasia%2Fjudaism.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Hindu Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_suicide.asp">Hinduism and suicide</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080507034203/http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_suicide.asp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-hindu-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hindu_185-0">185.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindu_185-1">185.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/hinduethics/euthanasia.shtml">Hinduism –Euthanasia and Suicide</a>. BBC. 2009-08-25 [2014-02-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000740/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/hinduethics/euthanasia.shtml">存档</a>于2018-10-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Hinduism+%E2%80%93Euthanasia+and+Suicide&rft.date=2009-08-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fhinduism%2Fhinduethics%2Feuthanasia.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-StanfordSuicide-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StanfordSuicide_186-0">186.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StanfordSuicide_186-1">186.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StanfordSuicide_186-2">186.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/suicide/">Suicide (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a>. Plato.stanford.edu. 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Culture, medicine and psychiatry. 2008-12, 32 (4): 516–51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800195">PMID 18800195</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11013-008-9108-0">doi:10.1007/s11013-008-9108-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Too+lonely+to+die+alone%3A+internet+suicide+pacts+and+existential+suffering+in+Japan.&rft.aufirst=C&rft.aulast=Ozawa-de+Silva&rft.date=2008-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Culture%2C+medicine+and+psychiatry&rft.pages=516-51&rft.volume=32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_culture-medicine-and-psychiatry_2008-12_32_4%2Fpage%2F516&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11013-008-9108-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18800195&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Dur2011-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Dur2011_193-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Durkee, T; Hadlaczky, G; Westerlund, M; Carli, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210590">Internet pathways in suicidality: a review of the evidence.</a>. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2011-10, 8 (10): 3938–52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210590">PMC 3210590</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073021">PMID 22073021</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph8103938">doi:10.3390/ijerph8103938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Internet+pathways+in+suicidality%3A+a+review+of+the+evidence.&rft.au=Carli%2C+V&rft.au=Hadlaczky%2C+G&rft.au=Westerlund%2C+M&rft.aufirst=T&rft.aulast=Durkee&rft.date=2011-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=International+journal+of+environmental+research+and+public+health&rft.pages=3938-52&rft.volume=8&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3210590&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3210590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph8103938&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22073021&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013849/https://tw.appledaily.com/international/20181101/A7A3VSJZYDIUHWSDH3GC2U32KQ/">禁書《完全自殺手冊》出版25年後作者身無分文：我很幸福</a>. 蘋果新聞網. [2020-09-27]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tw.appledaily.com/international/20181101/A7A3VSJZYDIUHWSDH3GC2U32KQ/">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-09） （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=%E7%A6%81%E6%9B%B8%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A%E3%80%8B%E5%87%BA%E7%89%8825%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%8C+%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E8%BA%AB%E7%84%A1%E5%88%86%E6%96%87%EF%BC%9A%E6%88%91%E5%BE%88%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftw.appledaily.com%2Finternational%2F20181101%2FA7A3VSJZYDIUHWSDH3GC2U32KQ%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson2012-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson2012_195-0">195.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson2012_195-1">195.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Robinson, edited by David Picard, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=PjuY_4Vy_UUC&pg=PT176">Emotion in motion : tourism, affect and transformation</a>. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. : 176 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4094-2133-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4094-2133-7">ISBN 978-1-4094-2133-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109212501/http://books.google.ca/books?id=PjuY_4Vy_UUC&pg=PT176">存档</a>于2014-11-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=edited+by+David+Picard%2C+Mike&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.btitle=Emotion+in+motion+%3A+tourism%2C+affect+and+transformation&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-2133-7&rft.pages=176&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPjuY_4Vy_UUC%26pg%3DPT176&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Robinson, ed. by Peter; Heitmann, Sine; Dieke, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=219aFMSRPqgC&pg=PA172">Research themes for tourism</a>. Oxfordshire [etc.]: CABI. 2010: 172 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84593-684-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84593-684-6">ISBN 978-1-84593-684-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619184007/https://books.google.ca/books?id=219aFMSRPqgC&pg=PA172&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.au=Dieke%2C+Peter&rft.au=Heitmann%2C+Sine&rft.aufirst=ed.+by+Peter&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.btitle=Research+themes+for+tourism&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-684-6&rft.pages=172&rft.place=Oxfordshire+%5Betc.%5D&rft.pub=CABI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D219aFMSRPqgC%26pg%3DPA172&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennis2008-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis2008_197-0">197.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis2008_197-1">197.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Dennis, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=Gq9_uNNkmKUC&pg=PA20">Cities in modernity : representations and productions of metropolitan space, 1840 – 1930</a> Repr. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. 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Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 2010: 23 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-49913-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-49913-2">ISBN 978-0-415-49913-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230320/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2VfP1-o0BgcC&pg=PA23&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Marie&rft.au=Trainor%2C+Gemma&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.btitle=Helping+children+and+young+people+who+self-harm+%3A+an+introduction+to+self-harming+and+suicidal+behaviours+for+health+professionals&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-49913-2&rft.pages=23&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2VfP1-o0BgcC%26pg%3DPA23&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Bateson2008-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bateson2008_199-0">199.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bateson2008_199-1">199.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Bateson, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=GUzq5qNegkYC&pg=PA180">Building hope : leadership in the nonprofit world</a>. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 2008: 180 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-313-34851-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-313-34851-8">ISBN 978-0-313-34851-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230325/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GUzq5qNegkYC&pg=PA180&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Bateson&rft.btitle=Building+hope+%3A+leadership+in+the+nonprofit+world&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34851-8&rft.pages=180&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Praeger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGUzq5qNegkYC%26pg%3DPA180&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2011-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2011_200-0">200.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2011_200-1">200.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Miller, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=bAHcIUDoVEoC&pg=PA46">Child and Adolescent Suicidal Behavior: School-Based Prevention, Assessment, and Intervention</a>. 2011: 46 [2014-02-02]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-60623-997-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-60623-997-1">ISBN 978-1-60623-997-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230330/https://books.google.ca/books?id=bAHcIUDoVEoC&pg=PA46&hl=en">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.btitle=Child+and+Adolescent+Suicidal+Behavior%3A+School-Based+Prevention%2C+Assessment%2C+and+Intervention&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-60623-997-1&rft.pages=46&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbAHcIUDoVEoC%26pg%3DPA46&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Hall 1987, p.282 </li> <li id="cite_note-tape-202"><a href="#cite_ref-tape_202-0">^</a> Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. 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[2011-11-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/Tapes/Tapes/DeathTape/death.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-01-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonestown.sdsu.edu%2FAboutJonestown%2FTapes%2FTapes%2FDeathTape%2Fdeath.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> "1978:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/18/newsid_2540000/2540209.stm">Mass Suicide Leaves 900 Dead</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104074001/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/18/newsid_2540000/2540209.stm">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-11-04.". Retrieved 9 November 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Toland_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Toland (author)（页面不存在）">John Toland</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rising_Sun:_The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Japanese_Empire_1936%E2%80%931945&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945（页面不存在）">The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945</a>, Random House, 1970, p. 519 </li> <li id="cite_note-Philosophy59OKeeffe-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Philosophy59OKeeffe_205-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3750951">Suicide and Self-Starvation</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200402023250/https://www.jstor.org/pss/3750951">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Terence M. 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New York Times. 2008-08-25 [2014-02-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503014503/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/science/26obsalm.html?ref=science">存档</a>于2019-05-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=In+Salmonella+Attack%2C+Taking+One+for+the+Team&rft.au=Chang%2C+Kenneth&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F26%2Fscience%2F26obsalm.html%3Fref%3Dscience&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tofilski,Adam; Couvillon, MJ;Evison, SEF; Helantera, H; Robinson, EJH; Ratnieks, FLW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091127130838/http://www.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~rotofils/Tofilski_etal_2008.pdf">Preemptive Defensive Self-Sacrifice by Ant Workers</a> (PDF). The American Naturalist. 2008, 172 (5): E239–E243 [2014-02-02]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18928332">PMID 18928332</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F591688">doi:10.1086/591688</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~rotofils/Tofilski_etal_2008.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2009-11-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Preemptive+Defensive+Self-Sacrifice+by+Ant+Workers&rft.au=Tofilski%2CAdam%3B+Couvillon%2C+MJ%3BEvison%2C+SEF%3B+Helantera%2C+H%3B+Robinson%2C+EJH%3B+Ratnieks%2C+FLW&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.pages=E239-E243&rft.volume=172&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyf-kr.edu.pl%2F~rotofils%2FTofilski_etal_2008.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F591688&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18928332&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Larry O'Hanlon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/animals/animal-suicide-behavior.html">Animal Suicide Sheds Light on Human Behavior</a>. 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A Scientific Debate</a>. Time. 2010-03-19 [2014-02-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817103106/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1973486,00.html">存档</a>于2013-08-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Do+Animals+Commit+Suicide%3F+A+Scientific+Debate&rft.au=Nobel%2C+Justin&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fhealth%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1973486%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Stoff, David; Mann, J. John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418174725/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120752899/abstract">Suicide Research</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Suicide+Research&rft.au=Mann%2C+J.+John&rft.au=Stoff%2C+David&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Neurobiology+of+Suicide%2C+The+%3A+From+the+Bench+to+the+Clinic&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pages=1-11&rft.volume=836&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F120752899%2Fabstract&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997NYASA.836....1S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1997.tb52352.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考書籍">參考書籍</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：參考書籍">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>吳飛：《無言的游魂——“理解自殺”札記之一》，载于《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BB%E8%80%85" class="mw-disambig" title="读者">讀者</a>》，2005(7)，pp. 3–10.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="自殺" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Suicide_navbox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Suicide navbox（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="自殺" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">自殺</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="自殺危機">自殺危機</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA%E8%A9%95%E4%BC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺風險評估（页面不存在）">自殺風險評估</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment_of_suicide_risk" class="extiw" title="en:Assessment of suicide risk">Assessment of suicide risk</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E9%80%9A%E5%A0%B1%E7%86%B1%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緊急事件通報熱線（页面不存在）">緊急事件通報熱線</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_hotline" class="extiw" title="en:Crisis hotline">Crisis hotline</a>）-<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%98%B2%E6%B2%BB%E5%B0%88%E7%B7%9A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="自殺防治專線列表">防止自殺熱線列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺意念（页面不存在）">自殺意念</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" class="extiw" title="en:Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90" title="自殺危機干預">自殺干預</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺學（页面不存在）">自殺學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidology" class="extiw" title="en:Suicidology">Suicidology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2" title="自殺預防">自殺預防</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%9B%A3%E6%B8%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺監測（页面不存在）">自殺監測</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_watch" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a>）</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg/90px-St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg/135px-St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg/180px-St%C3%BCckelberg_Sappho_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="2438" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">社會觀點</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺的法律觀點（页面不存在）">法律</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_legislation" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide legislation">Suicide legislation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺哲學（页面不存在）">自殺哲學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy of suicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺的宗教觀點（页面不存在）">宗教觀點</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Religious views on suicide">Religious views on suicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B9%90%E6%AD%BB" title="安乐死">安乐死</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E6%AC%8A" title="死亡權">死亡權</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benevolent_suicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benevolent suicide（页面不存在）">犧牲自殺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolent_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Benevolent suicide">Benevolent suicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBT青年的自殺（页面不存在）">LGBT的自殺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBT_youth" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide among LGBT youth">Suicide among LGBT youth</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%80%96%E5%AD%98%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺倖存者（页面不存在）">自殺倖存者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_survivor" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide survivor">Suicide survivor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺文學（页面不存在）">自殺文學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_literature" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in literature">Suicide in literature</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">自殺型態</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B8%E5%87%8C%E5%92%8C%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霸凌和自殺（页面不存在）">霸凌和自殺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Bullying and suicide">Bullying and suicide</a>） (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%A0%E9%9C%B8%E5%87%8C%E8%80%8C%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="因霸凌而自殺的列表（页面不存在）">因霸凌而自殺的列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suicides_which_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="extiw" title="en:List of suicides which have been attributed to bullying">List of suicides which have been attributed to bullying</a>）)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%A8%A1%E4%BB%BF" title="自殺模仿">自殺模仿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%80%AB%E5%91%BD%E6%A1%88" title="逆倫命案">逆倫命案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%9C%E6%AD%BB" title="賜死">賜死</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A6%AE%E8%80%80%E6%80%A7%E8%87%AA%E5%88%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="榮耀性自刎（页面不存在）">榮耀性自刎</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Honor suicide">Honor suicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="网络自杀">网络自杀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="集體自殺">集體自殺</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AC%80%E6%AE%BA-%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="謀殺-自殺案（页面不存在）">謀殺-自殺案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%96%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="準自殺（页面不存在）">準自殺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasuicide" class="extiw" title="en:Parasuicide">Parasuicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理性自殺（页面不存在）">理性自殺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Rational suicide">Rational suicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%85%B9" title="切腹">切腹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%84%E8%80%81" title="棄老">棄老</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A" title="自殺攻擊">自殺攻擊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%93%A1%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="飛行員自殺">飛行員自殺</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suicide_by_cop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suicide by cop（页面不存在）">警察自殺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_by_cop" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide by cop">Suicide by cop</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺契約（页面不存在）">自殺契約</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_pact" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide pact">Suicide pact</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="未成年自殺（页面不存在）">未成年自殺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Youth suicide">Youth suicide</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺的性別差異（页面不存在）">性別差異</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:Gender differences in suicide">Gender differences in suicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国自杀率列表">各国自杀率列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="LGBT自杀人物列表">LGBT自杀人物列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E6%86%82%E9%AC%B1%E5%8A%91%E5%92%8C%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗憂鬱劑和自殺風險（页面不存在）">抗憂鬱劑和自殺風險</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressants_and_suicide_risk" class="extiw" title="en:Antidepressants and suicide risk">Antidepressants and suicide risk</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_suicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of suicide（页面不存在）">自殺的歷史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_suicide" class="extiw" title="en:History of suicide">History of suicide</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代的自殺（页面不存在）">古代的自殺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_antiquity" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in antiquity">Suicide in antiquity</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺列表（页面不存在）">自殺列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suicides" class="extiw" title="en:List of suicides">List of suicides</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=21%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="21世紀自殺列表（页面不存在）">21世紀自殺列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suicides_in_the_21st_century" class="extiw" title="en:List of suicides in the 21st century">List of suicides in the 21st century</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E4%BC%81%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自殺企圖（页面不存在）">自殺企圖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide attempt">Suicide attempt</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%82%B7%E5%AE%B3" title="自我傷害">自我傷害</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="自杀方式">自杀方式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E6%9B%B8" title="遺書">遺書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%A0%B4%E6%89%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="自殺場所列表">自殺場所列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84" title="自殺預防契約">自殺預防契約</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">世界各國的自殺問題</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳洲自殺問題（页面不存在）">澳洲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Australia" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Australia">Suicide in Australia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟加拉自殺問題（页面不存在）">孟加拉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Bangladesh" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Bangladesh">Suicide in Bangladesh</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不丹自殺問題（页面不存在）">不丹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Bhutan" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Bhutan">Suicide in Bhutan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E9%BA%A5%E9%9A%86%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科麥隆自殺問題（页面不存在）">科麥隆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Cameroon" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Cameroon">Suicide in Cameroon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加拿大自殺問題（页面不存在）">加拿大</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Canada" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Canada">Suicide in Canada</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="中國自殺現象">中国</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國自殺問題（页面不存在）">法國</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in France">Suicide in France</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E8%98%AD%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="格陵蘭自殺現象">格陵蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9E%E9%82%A3%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圭亞那自殺問題（页面不存在）">圭亞那</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Guyana" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Guyana">Suicide in Guyana</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度自殺問題（页面不存在）">印度</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_India" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in India">Suicide in India</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗自殺問題（页面不存在）">伊朗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Iran" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Iran">Suicide in Iran</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="日本自杀現象">日本</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈薩克自殺問題（页面不存在）">哈薩克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Kazakhstan">Suicide in Kazakhstan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="立陶宛自殺問題（页面不存在）">立陶宛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Lithuania" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Lithuania">Suicide in Lithuania</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫桑比克自殺問題（页面不存在）">莫桑比克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Mozambique" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Mozambique">Suicide in Mozambique</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼泊爾自殺問題（页面不存在）">尼泊爾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Nepal" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Nepal">Suicide in Nepal</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦自殺問題（页面不存在）">巴基斯坦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Pakistan" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Pakistan">Suicide in Pakistan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="俄羅斯自殺現象">俄羅斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="韩国自杀现象">韩国</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙自殺問題（页面不存在）">西班牙</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Spain" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Spain">Suicide in Spain</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯里蘭卡自殺問題（页面不存在）">斯里蘭卡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Sri_Lanka" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Sri Lanka">Suicide in Sri Lanka</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑞典自殺問題（页面不存在）">瑞典</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Sweden" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Sweden">Suicide in Sweden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑞士自殺問題（页面不存在）">瑞士</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Switzerland" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Switzerland">Suicide in Switzerland</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="烏克蘭自殺問題（页面不存在）">烏克蘭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in Ukraine">Suicide in Ukraine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國自殺問題（页面不存在）">英國</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide in the United Kingdom</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國自殺問題（页面不存在）">美國</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Suicide in the United States">Suicide in the United States</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="死亡及相關主題" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_and_related_topics" title="Template:Death and related topics"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death_and_related_topics" title="Template talk:Death and related topics"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Death_and_related_topics" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Death and related topics"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="死亡及相關主題" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a>及相關主題</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">醫學判定</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A7" title="人工流产">堕胎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%97%E5%B1%8D" title="驗屍">屍檢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E6%AD%BB" title="脑死">脑死</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8D%E9%AB%94%E7%97%99%E6%94%A3" title="屍體痙攣">屍體痙攣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="临床死亡">临床死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%89%8D%E5%96%89%E9%B8%A3" title="死前喉鸣">死前喉鸣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%BB%88%E5%85%B3%E6%80%80" title="临终关怀">临终关怀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B9%90%E6%AD%BB" title="安乐死">安乐死</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%92%92%E8%B7%AF%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="拉撒路現象">拉撒路現象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%92%92%E8%B7%AF%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81" title="拉撒路综合征">拉撒路综合征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E5%91%BD%E5%88%9B%E4%BC%A4" title="致命创伤">致命创伤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E6%8D%90%E8%B4%88" title="器官捐贈">器官捐贈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%97%87" title="絕症">絕症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%9D%E6%AD%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="猝死">猝死</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%B8%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="非正常死亡">非正常死亡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="Category:死亡相關列表">死亡相關列表</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B4%E6%AD%BB%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E5%8F%8A%E6%89%80%E5%8D%A0%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="2002年致死原因及所占比例列表">2002年致死原因及所占比例列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_expressions_related_to_death&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of expressions related to death（页面不存在）">死亡相關表達列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="extiw" title="en:List of expressions related to death">List of expressions related to death</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="自然災害死亡人數排序列表">自然灾害</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_by_cause_of_death&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People by cause of death（页面不存在）">意外死亡列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" class="extiw" title="en:Lists of people by cause of death">Lists of people by cause of death</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Premature_obituaries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premature obituaries（页面不存在）">誤報訃聞列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="extiw" title="en:List of premature obituaries">List of premature obituaries</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="可預防死亡因子">可預防死因列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%B9%B4%E9%80%9D%E4%B8%96%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="歷年逝世人物列表">歷年逝世人物列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_unusual_deaths&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of unusual deaths（页面不存在）">非正常死亡列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="extiw" title="en:List of unusual deaths">List of unusual deaths</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%8D%E6%91%84%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%89%A7%E6%BC%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拍摄期间死亡电视剧演员列表（页面不存在）">拍摄期间死亡电视剧演员列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_actors_who_died_during_production" class="extiw" title="en:List of television actors who died during production">List of television actors who died during production</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">死亡形態</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="儿童死亡率">儿童死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%81" title="长生不老">长生不老</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="婴儿死亡率">婴儿死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8B%9E%E6%AD%BB" title="過勞死">過勞死</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="法定死亡">法定死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%95%E4%BA%A7%E5%A6%87%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="孕产妇死亡">母体死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%A1%8D%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="超額死亡">超額死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="死亡率">死亡率</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E9%A1%AF%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死亡顯著性（页面不存在）">死亡顯著性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_salience" class="extiw" title="en:Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E7%94%A2%E6%9C%9F%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="周產期死亡">新生兒死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E4%BA%BA" title="食人">人食人</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">死後</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8D%E9%AB%94" title="屍體">屍體</a>腐爛階段</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%BC%E7%99%BD%E5%83%B5%E7%9B%B4" title="蒼白僵直">蒼白僵直</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E5%86%B7" title="尸冷">尸冷</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E5%83%B5" title="尸僵">尸僵</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E6%96%91" title="尸斑">尸斑</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8D%E9%AB%94%E8%85%90%E6%95%97" title="屍體腐敗">屍體腐敗</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="分解作用">分解作用</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6%E5%8C%96" title="骨架化">骨架化</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%B7%E9%AB%85" title="骷髅">骸骨</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8D%E9%AB%94" title="屍體">屍體</a>处理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%91%AC" title="土葬">土葬</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%91%AC" title="水葬">水葬</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%91%AC" title="海葬">海葬</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC" title="火葬">火葬</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%91%AC" title="天葬">天葬</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E8%91%AC" title="生态葬">生态葬</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BE%E9%AA%A8%E8%91%AC" title="拾骨葬">拾骨葬</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%BE%8C%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="死後分娩">死後生產</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E9%AB%94%E6%8D%90%E8%B4%88" title="遺體捐贈">遺體捐贈</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="人體冷凍技術">人體冷凍技術</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%B1%8D%E9%AB%94%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="人類屍體處理">人類屍體處理</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E9%AB%94%E4%BF%9D%E5%AD%98%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="遺體保存技術">遺體保存技術</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E4%B9%83%E4%BC%8A" title="木乃伊">木乃伊</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E8%91%AC" title="冷凍葬">冷凍葬</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%91%AC%E6%B3%95" title="水葬法">水焚葬</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%91%AC" title="国葬">国葬</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">其他方面</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%86%E4%B8%96" title="來世">來世</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E4%BD%93%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="尸体现象">尸体现象</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E5%8B%83%E8%B5%B7" title="死亡勃起">死亡勃起</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%B3%E5%A0%B4" title="墳場">墳場</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E5%90%8E%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死后意识（页面不存在）">死后意识</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="extiw" title="en:Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a>）</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC" title="Category:喪葬">喪葬</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7" title="死亡面具">死亡面具</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E6%81%86%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永恆遺忘（页面不存在）">虛無</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" class="extiw" title="en:Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a>）</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%AA%A2%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%98" title="醫學檢驗官">醫學檢驗官</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%AC%E7%A4%BC" title="葬礼">葬礼</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AA%E6%85%9F" title="喪慟">喪慟</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中間態（页面不存在）">中間態</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_state" class="extiw" title="en:Intermediate state">Intermediate state</a>）</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AA%E4%BA%8B" title="喪事">喪事</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%85%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E7%A6%81%E5%BF%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死者相關禁忌（页面不存在）">死者相關禁忌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo_on_the_dead" class="extiw" title="en:Taboo on the dead">Taboo on the dead</a>）</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E9%9D%88" title="守靈">守靈</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9B%E9%87%91" title="帛金">帛金</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%84%80" title="吉儀">吉儀</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%83%E5%A2%93" title="掃墓">掃墓</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A0%E7%A5%AD" title="祠祭">祠祭</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%91%AC" title="国葬">国葬</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">超自然現象</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%95%E6%AD%BB%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97" title="瀕死經驗">瀕死經驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%95%E6%AD%BB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="瀕死研究">瀕死研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E7%B5%82%E7%95%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="臨終異象">臨終異象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9B%E9%AD%82%E8%A1%93" title="招魂術">招魂術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82%E5%87%BA%E7%AB%85" title="靈魂出竅">靈魂出竅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E4%B8%96" title="轉世">轉世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E" title="轮回">轮回</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E7%A5%9E%E4%BC%9A" title="降神会">降神会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%96%E5%9B%9E%E6%BA%AF" title="前世回溯">前世回溯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E6%B4%BB" title="復活">復活</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">法律相關</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%95%E8%83%8E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="堕胎法（页面不存在）">堕胎法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_law" class="extiw" title="en:Abortion law">Abortion law</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91" title="死刑">死刑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="死因">死因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%A0%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%98" title="死因裁判官">死因裁判官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E6%A1%88%E9%99%AA%E5%AF%A9%E5%9C%98" title="死刑案陪審團">死刑案陪審團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E8%AD%89" title="死亡證">死亡證</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="宣告死亡">宣告死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E7%8A%AF" title="死刑犯">死刑犯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%88%E6%AD%BB" title="诈死">诈死</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%A0%E5%AF%A9%E5%95%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死因審問（页面不存在）">死因審問</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquest" class="extiw" title="en:Inquest">Inquest</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%80%E6%AE%BA" title="謀殺">謀殺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E6%AC%8A" title="死亡權">死亡權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E8%A8%97_(%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B)" title="信託 (法律)">信託</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%9B%91" title="遺囑">遺囑</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他相關</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%BB%B6%E7%BA%8C" title="生命延續">生命延續</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死亡与文化（页面不存在）">死亡与文化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Death and culture">Death and culture</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%8C%E8%BE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="忌辰">忌辰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="死亡焦虑 (心理学)">死亡焦虑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%9A%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死囚現象（页面不存在）">死囚現象</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row_phenomenon" class="extiw" title="en:Death row phenomenon">Death row phenomenon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死神列表（页面不存在）">死神列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_death_deities" class="extiw" title="en:List of death deities">List of death deities</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E7%A5%9E" title="死神">死神</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A9%E6%B4%BB%E4%B9%8B%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="復活之神（页面不存在）">復活之神</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying-and-rising_god" class="extiw" title="en:Dying-and-rising god">Dying-and-rising god</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82%E5%9A%AE%E5%B0%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="靈魂嚮導（页面不存在）">靈魂嚮導</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopomp" class="extiw" title="en:Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95%E7%87%9F" title="滅絕營">滅絕營</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E6%AC%B2%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死亡欲力（页面不存在）">死亡欲力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_drive" class="extiw" title="en:Death drive">Death drive</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%91%E6%AD%BB" title="笑死">笑死</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E9%AA%97%E5%B1%80" title="死亡骗局">死亡骗局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%B8%A7%E9%92%9F" title="死亡丧钟">死亡丧钟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E8%A1%8C%E8%BB%8D" title="死亡行軍">死亡行軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BD%BF%E8%80%85" title="死亡使者">死亡使者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5" title="死亡通知">死亡通知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%91%BD%E8%A9%A9" title="絕命詩">絕命詩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%85%89" title="死光">死光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%84%E5%86%B3%E5%B0%8F%E9%98%9F" title="处决小队">处决小队</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E5%A8%81%E8%83%81" title="死亡威胁">死亡威胁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%AF%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死亡節（页面不存在）">死亡節</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" class="extiw" title="en:Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%B7%E6%88%80" title="對死亡的迷戀">對死亡的迷戀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%80%E4%BA%BA" title="杀人">杀人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E7%B5%82%E7%A6%B1%E5%91%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="臨終禱告">临终祷告</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_rites" class="extiw" title="en:Last rites">Last rites</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%89%E6%95%99" title="殉教">殉教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%AF%E8%91%AC%E5%AD%B8" title="殯葬學">殯葬學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="细胞死亡">细胞死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%80%E5%B1%8D" title="戀屍">戀屍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F" title="捕食">捕食</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%BA%E7%89%B2" title="牺牲">牺牲</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A5%AD" title="人祭">人祭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%A5%AD" title="動物祭">牲祭</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精神死亡（页面不存在）">精神死亡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_death" class="extiw" title="en:Spiritual death">Spiritual death</a>）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">自殺</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%8A%A9%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" title="协助自杀">协助自杀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="自杀方式">自杀方式</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="死亡教育">死亡教育</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="死亡學">死亡學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AD%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="生死學">生死學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AD%BB" title="生死">生死</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="不死生物">不死生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争">战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B6%E5%AE%85" title="凶宅">凶宅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BD%9B%E7%83%88%E5%85%8B%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90" class="mw-redirect" title="海佛烈克極限">海佛烈克極限</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="Category:死亡">分類</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="Portal:死亡">死亡</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:死亡专题">專題</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10737#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10737#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10737#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525594">西班牙</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946657r">法国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946657r">BnF data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4054423-0">德国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300069678">AAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/017450">瑞士历史词典</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10665299">NARA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/040785327">IdRef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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