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role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Commons</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Copyright rules by territory/France</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright rules by territory">Commons:Copyright rules by territory</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div 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<li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/id" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Peraturan hak cipta berdasarkan wilayah/Perancis (32% translated)" lang="id" dir="ltr">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/de" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Frankreich (45% translated)" lang="de" dir="ltr">Deutsch</a></li> <li><span class="mw-pt-languages-ui mw-pt-languages-selected mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" lang="en" dir="ltr">English</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/eo" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Kopirajtaj reguloj de teritoria/Francio (12% translated)" lang="eo" dir="ltr">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/ca" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/ca (2% translated)" lang="ca" dir="ltr">català</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/es" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/es (19% translated)" lang="es" dir="ltr">español</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/fr" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Commons:Droit d'auteur par territoire/France (94% translated)" lang="fr" dir="ltr">français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/gl" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/gl (1% translated)" lang="gl" dir="ltr">galego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/it" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/it (16% translated)" lang="it" dir="ltr">italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/hu" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/hu (1% translated)" lang="hu" dir="ltr">magyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/nb" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/nb (1% translated)" lang="nb" dir="ltr">norsk bokmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/oc" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/oc (1% translated)" lang="oc" dir="ltr">occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/pl" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Prawa autorskie według krajów/Francja (22% translated)" lang="pl" dir="ltr">polski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/scn" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Règuli di copyright pi tirritoriu/Francia (13% translated)" lang="scn" dir="ltr">sicilianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/fi" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/fi (1% translated)" lang="fi" dir="ltr">suomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/mk" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/mk (1% translated)" lang="mk" dir="ltr">македонски</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/ru" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Нормы авторского права по территории/Франция (22% translated)" lang="ru" dir="ltr">русский</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/uk" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Норми авторського права за територією/Франція (12% translated)" lang="uk" dir="ltr">українська</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/ar" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="كومنز:قوانين حقوق النشر حسب الإقليم/فرنسا (21% translated)" lang="ar" dir="rtl">العربية</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/bn" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="কমন্স:অঞ্চল অনুযায়ী কপিরাইট নিয়মাবলী/ফ্রান্স (24% translated)" lang="bn" dir="ltr">বাংলা</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/gu" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="કૉમન્સ:પ્રદેશ પ્રમાણે પ્રકાશનાધિકાર નિયમો/ફ્રાન્સ (14% translated)" lang="gu" dir="ltr">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/zh" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="共享资源:各地著作权法规/法国 (32% translated)" lang="zh" dir="ltr">中文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/ja" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/フランス (25% translated)" lang="ja" dir="ltr">日本語</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r924572397">.mw-parser-output .infobox.infobox-copyright-rules{margin:5px 0 .5em 1em;float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .infobox-copyright-rules-title{font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox-copyright-rules-title .error{font-size:100%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox-copyright-rules-shortcut{margin:1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);border-radius:4px;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-emphasized,#000);padding:0 1em;text-align:center;font-size:x-small}.mw-parser-output .infobox-copyright-rules-header{background-color:#ccf}</style> <table class="infobox infobox-copyright-rules" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:22em;width:280px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <div class="infobox-copyright-rules-title">Copyright rules: France</div><div class="infobox-copyright-rules-shortcut">Shortcut: COM:FRANCE</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of France" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/100px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/150px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/200px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of France" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/France_in_the_World.svg/260px-France_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/France_in_the_World.svg/390px-France_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/France_in_the_World.svg/520px-France_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-copyright-rules-header" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_lengths" class="extiw" title="en:List of countries' copyright lengths">Durations</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background:#ddf;text-align:start;font-weight:bold;font-size:smaller;">Standard</th><td style="font-size:smaller;"> Life + 70 years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background:#ddf;text-align:start;font-weight:bold;font-size:smaller;">Anonymous</th><td style="font-size:smaller;"> Publish + 70 years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background:#ddf;text-align:start;font-weight:bold;font-size:smaller;">Posthumous</th><td style="font-size:smaller;"> Publish + 25 years</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-copyright-rules-header" style="text-align:center">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background:#ddf;text-align:start;font-weight:bold;font-size:smaller;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Freedom_of_panorama" class="extiw" title="w:en:Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama</a></th><td style="font-size:smaller;"> No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background:#ddf;text-align:start;font-weight:bold;font-size:smaller;">Terms run to year end</th><td style="font-size:smaller;"> Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background:#ddf;text-align:start;font-weight:bold;font-size:smaller;">Common licence tags</th><td style="font-size:smaller;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:PD-France" title="Template:PD-France"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-France}}</span></a><br/><a href="/wiki/Template:PD-old-auto" title="Template:PD-old-auto"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-old-auto}}</span></a><br/><a href="/wiki/Template:PD-EU-no_author_disclosure" title="Template:PD-EU-no author disclosure"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-EU-no author disclosure}}</span></a><br/><a href="/wiki/Template:PD-EU-unpublished" title="Template:PD-EU-unpublished"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-EU-unpublished}}</span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background:#ddf;text-align:start;font-weight:bold;font-size:smaller;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-3" class="extiw" title="en:ISO 3166-1 alpha-3">ISO 3166-1 alpha-3</a></th><td style="font-size:smaller;"> FRA</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-copyright-rules-header" style="text-align:center">Treaties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background:#ddf;text-align:start;font-weight:bold;font-size:smaller;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Berne_Convention" class="extiw" title="w:en:Berne Convention">Berne convention</a></th><td style="font-size:smaller;"> 5 December 1887</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background:#ddf;text-align:start;font-weight:bold;font-size:smaller;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:World_Trade_Organization" class="extiw" title="w:en:World Trade Organization">WTO member</a></th><td style="font-size:smaller;"> 1 January 1995</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background:#ddf;text-align:start;font-weight:bold;font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Commons:URAA-restored_copyrights" title="Commons:URAA-restored copyrights">URAA restoration date</a>‌*</th><td style="font-size:smaller;"> 1 January 1996</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background:#ddf;text-align:start;font-weight:bold;font-size:smaller;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" class="extiw" title="w:en:WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO treaty</a></th><td style="font-size:smaller;"> 14 March 2010</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:x-small; text-align:initial;"> *‌A work is usually protected in the US if it is a type of work copyrightable in the US, published after 31 December 1928 and protected in the country of origin on the URAA date.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:right"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_copyright_rules" title="Template:Infobox copyright rules"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_copyright_rules" title="Template talk:Infobox copyright rules"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_copyright_rules&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This page provides an overview of <b>copyright rules of France</b> relevant to uploading works into Wikimedia Commons. Note that any work originating in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:France" class="extiw" title="w:en:France">France</a> must be in the public domain, or available under a free license, in both France and the United States before it can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. If there is any doubt about the copyright status of a work from France, refer to the relevant laws for clarification. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Governing_laws"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Governing laws</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#General"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">General</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Images_from_public_web_sites"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Images from public web sites</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Wartime_copyright_extensions"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Wartime copyright extensions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Works_of_arts,_including_architecture,_exhibited_in_public_spaces"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Works of arts, including architecture, exhibited in public spaces</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Historical_terms"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Historical terms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Copyright_tags"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Copyright tags</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Currency"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Currency</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#De_minimis"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">De minimis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Freedom_of_panorama"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Freedom of panorama</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Stamps"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Stamps</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Threshold_of_originality"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Threshold of originality</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Governing_laws" data-mw-thread-id="h-Governing_laws"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Governing_laws"></span>Governing laws<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Governing_laws"></span></h2></div> <p>France has been a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Berne_Convention" class="extiw" title="w:en:Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a> since 5 December 1887, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:World_Trade_Organization" class="extiw" title="w:en:World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> since 1 January 1995 and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" class="extiw" title="w:en:WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a> since 14 March 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-France-WIPO_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France-WIPO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relevant laws are in the first book of the Code of Intellectual Property.<sup id="cite_ref-Legi6069414_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legi6069414-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Legi13723_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legi13723-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code includes dispositions transposed from the 1993 European directive on Copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-EEC1993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEC1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" class="extiw" title="w:en:World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO), an agency of the United Nations, listed the <i>Intellectual Property Code (consolidated version as of September 7, 2018)</i> as the main IP law enacted by the legislature of France.<sup id="cite_ref-France-WIPO_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France-WIPO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>WIPO holds the text of this law in their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:WIPO_Lex" class="extiw" title="w:en:WIPO Lex">WIPO Lex</a> database.<sup id="cite_ref-Code2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Code2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="General" data-mw-thread-id="h-General"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-General"></span>General<span data-mw-comment-end="h-General"></span></h2></div> <ul><li>Standard copyright term: Life + 70 years, (except posthumous works, musical works, and works whose author "died for France")</li></ul> <dl><dd>Note that before 1996/7 the duration was 50 years after the author's death, with wartime extensions of eight years for any work published before 1948. Therefore the calculation of the copyright term before the <a href="/wiki/Commons:URAA" class="mw-redirect" title="Commons:URAA">URAA</a> date must consider these works protected for 58 years <i><abbr title="post mortem auctoris (Latin for 'after the author's death')">p.m.a.</abbr></i>, meaning that works by authors who died in 1937 or before were in the public domain at the URAA date.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Wartime copyright extensions may apply to musical works: + 6 years 152 days for musical work published through 1920 (Art. L123-8); + 8 years and 120 days for musical work published through 1947 (Art. L123-9); these extensions are cumulative with each other and with the "died for France" extension.</li> <li>Anonymous works: 70 years after publication (if author never disclosed)</li> <li>Posthumous works: Life + 70 years if published within 70 years of the author's death, otherwise, 25 years from publication<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/fr/fr467en.pdf">[5]</a></li> <li>Government works: not free except for video, text and graphics published on the gouvernement.fr site between March 2014 and September 2014 (Please use <a href="/wiki/Template:Gouvernement.fr" title="Template:Gouvernement.fr"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{Gouvernement.fr}}</span></a>)</li></ul> <p>The normal duration of copyright is 70 years following the end of the year of death of the author (or the death of the last author for multiple authors); if the work is anonymous, pseudonymous or collective, it is 70 years following the end of the year of <i>publication</i> of the work (unless the authors named themselves). This applies only if publication occurs within 70 years of creation (see Article L123-3). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images_from_public_web_sites" data-mw-thread-id="h-Images_from_public_web_sites-General"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Images_from_public_web_sites-General"></span>Images from public web sites<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Images_from_public_web_sites-General"></span></h3></div> <p>Note that French government services often use professional photographers who are <i>not</i> government employees to make official photographs. These photographers then typically sell usage rights of the photograph to the government. In such circumstances, the government does not own the copyright to the photograph, and thus could not give us a license to use it even if it wanted to. </p><p>The rules for protection of works by the government are somewhat fuzzy, and one should assume by default that anything from a government entity is copyrighted. One should refer to the Law of 17 July 1978 and Decree of 30 December 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Legi6068643_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legi6068643-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Legi6053066_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legi6053066-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laws, decrees, court decisions and other similar government texts (but not the translations or commentaries thereof), possibly found on the Légifrance website, are in the public domain. This seems acknowledged by Légifrance's copyright terms. </p><p>Video, text and graphics published on the gouvernement.fr website are now licensed under Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND but where in 2014 under CC BY 3.0 FR. Be careful, since this does not apply to photographs. However, it is possible to import images taken from videos. Please use <a href="/wiki/Template:Gouvernement.fr" title="Template:Gouvernement.fr"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{Gouvernement.fr}}</span></a> Unless you really know what you're doing, please abstain from copying photos from French government web sites to Commons. Thanks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_copyright_extensions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wartime_copyright_extensions-General"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wartime_copyright_extensions-General"></span>Wartime copyright extensions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wartime_copyright_extensions-General"></span></h3></div> <p>On February 27, 2007, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Court_of_Cassation_(France)" class="extiw" title="w:en:Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a>, supreme jurisdiction, first civil chamber, ruled in the <i>Hazan</i> case (arrêt n° 280 du 27 février 2007) that articles L123-8 and L123-9, extending the duration of protection to compensate for periods of wartime, were not applicable to works for which an extended protection period (beyond 70 years) had not started to elapse on July 1, 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-CC2802007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC2802007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CC280-281_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC280-281-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judgment regarding Giovanni Boldini's work was broke too, by the same court.<sup id="cite_ref-cc281-2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc281-2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, French law granted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fr:Prorogations_de_guerre" class="extiw" title="w:fr:Prorogations de guerre">extensions to copyright because of the World Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Code2018_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Code2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extensions were: </p> <ul><li>6 years and 152 days for World War I</li> <li>8 years and 120 days for World War II</li> <li>30 years for people who died for France, example includes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Alain-Fournier" class="extiw" title="w:en:Alain-Fournier">Alain-Fournier</a> (d.1915), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry" class="extiw" title="w:en:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</a> (d.1944) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Jehan_Alain" class="extiw" title="w:en:Jehan Alain">Jehan Alain</a> (d.1940).</li></ul> <p>Several extensions can be added together, by example: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Alain-Fournier" class="extiw" title="w:en:Alain-Fournier">Alain-Fournier</a>, « Mort pour la France » on 1 January 1915 : +50 years, +30 years, +6 years +152 days, +8 years +120 days = 30 September 2009. </p><p>In practice, copyright extensions today only apply for authors "Mort pour la France", but even this is subject to debate. </p><p>It was previously assumed that the European directive on copyright did not necessarily suppress these extensions: </p> <ul><li>Article 10 – <i>Where a term of protection, which is longer than the corresponding term provided for by this Directive, is already running in a Member State on the date referred to in Article 13 (1), this Directive shall not have the effect of shortening that term of protection in that Member State.</i></li></ul> <p>According to the French Ministry of Culture, the legal status of these extensions, adopted when copyright was 50 years after death, was unclear in the context of the new 70-year law; the Ministry called for erring on the side of caution and assuming they are valid.<sup id="cite_ref-MinCulNum_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinCulNum-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also assumed that copyright holders do try to enforce these extensions. In 2005, right holders demanded payment for a movie where a character whistled <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:The_Internationale" class="extiw" title="w:en:The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i>, whose author died in 1932. (See also <a href="/wiki/Template:PD-Internationale" title="Template:PD-Internationale">Template:PD-Internationale</a> for further information.) On the other hand, the Paris Appeal Court ruled against applying the extensions in 2004. However, on 12 October 2005, another section of the same court applied the extension so that the works of the painter Giovanni Boldini who died in 1931 will not enter the public domain before late 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_of_arts,_including_architecture,_exhibited_in_public_spaces" data-mw-thread-id="h-Works_of_arts,_including_architecture,_exhibited_in_public_spaces-General"><span id="Works_of_arts.2C_including_architecture.2C_exhibited_in_public_spaces"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Works_of_arts,_including_architecture,_exhibited_in_public_spaces-General"></span>Works of arts, including architecture, exhibited in public spaces<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Works_of_arts,_including_architecture,_exhibited_in_public_spaces-General"></span></h3></div> <p>The architect of a notable building owns copyright over the representations of that building, including postcards and photographs. For instance, the architect of the pyramid in the courtyard of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Louvre" class="extiw" title="w:en:Louvre">Louvre Museum</a> may claim copyright over images of the pyramid. This, for instance, extends to the designer of lighting systems; for instance, the company operating the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Eiffel_Tower" class="extiw" title="w:en:Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> claims copyright of images of the tower when lighted at night. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyon_1er_-_Place_des_Terreaux_-_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_est.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lyon_1er_-_Place_des_Terreaux_-_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_est.jpg/220px-Lyon_1er_-_Place_des_Terreaux_-_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_est.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lyon_1er_-_Place_des_Terreaux_-_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_est.jpg/330px-Lyon_1er_-_Place_des_Terreaux_-_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_est.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lyon_1er_-_Place_des_Terreaux_-_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_est.jpg/440px-Lyon_1er_-_Place_des_Terreaux_-_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_est.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096"/></a><figcaption>Place des Terreaux, Lyon</figcaption></figure> <p><i>However</i>, ruling #567 of March 15, 2005 of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Court_of_Cassation_(France)" class="extiw" title="w:en:Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a> denied the right of producers of works of arts installed in a public plaza over photographs of the whole plaza: </p> <dl><dd><i>Because the Court has noticed that, as it was shown in the incriminated images, the works of Mr X... and Z... blended into the architectural ensemble of the Terreaŭx plaza, of which it was a mere element, the appeals court correctly deduced that this presentation of the litigious work was accessory to the topic depicted, which was the representation of the plaza, so that the image did not constitute a communication of the litigious work to the public</i></dd></dl> <p>The court draws a distinction between depictions of a work of art, and depictions of whole settings of which the work of art is a mere part, and denies the right of the artist over such images. </p><p>While architects may have rights to works derived from their work of art, this is not the case of the <i>owners</i> of works of art or buildings, in general. The summary of the conclusions of a May 7, 2004 ruling by the Court of Cassation was:<sup id="cite_ref-CC02-10450_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC02-10450-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>The owner of a thing does not have an exclusive right over the image of this thing; he or she can however oppose the usage of this image by a third party if this usage results in an abnormal disturbance to him or her.</i></dd></dl> <p>In this decision, the court excluded that the owner of a hotel, who had made extensive repairs and enhancements to the buildings at high costs, could claim exclusive rights to the image of that hotel: merely demonstrating that the costs supported did not demonstrate that the publishing of images was an abnormal disturbance. </p><p>The Court already ruled on [June 5, 2003], that the right of property comprised absolutely no right to the image of this property.<sup id="cite_ref-CC02-12853_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC02-12853-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they also upheld the right to privacy of the homeowners: in this case, not only a photograph of a house was published, but also its exact location and the name of the owners. Earlier rulings similarly rejected requests based on ownership without a justification of an abnormal disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-CC99-10709_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC99-10709-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span id="TAG"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Historical_terms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Historical_terms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Historical_terms"></span>Historical terms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Historical_terms"></span></h2></div> <p>In 1866, France enacted a copyright term of life + 50 years for most works. On January 1, 1986, the term for musical compositions was increased to life + 70 years. On March 27, 1997, the copyright term for most works was increased to life + 70 years, which retroactively took effect on July 1, 1995 in harmonization with the rest of the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to July 1, 1995, posthumous works were protected for 50 years from the date of publication.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Copyright_tags" data-mw-thread-id="h-Copyright_tags"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Copyright_tags"></span>Copyright tags<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Copyright_tags"></span></h2></div> <div class="shortcut2" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #202122);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r927745239">.mw-parser-output .shortcut2{float:right;margin:0.4em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0 1em;text-align:center;font-size:85%;border-radius:4px}</style><a href="/wiki/Commons:Shortcuts" title="Commons:Shortcuts">Shortcut</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r574572692">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:TAG_France&redirect=no">COM:TAG France</a></span></li></ul> </div></div> <p><span dir="ltr">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags" title="Commons:Copyright tags">Commons:Copyright tags</a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:PD-France" title="Template:PD-France"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-France}}</span></a> – Public domain because the author(s) died more than 70 years ago and did not benefit from any copyright extension, or it is an anonymous, pseudonymous or collective work and more than 70 years have passed since its publication, or it is the recording of an audiovisual or musical work already in the public domain, and more than 50 years have passed since the performance or the recording.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:PD-Archivesnormandie" title="Template:PD-Archivesnormandie"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-Archivesnormandie}}</span></a> – for pictures from the site <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivesnormandie39-45.org/">Archives Normandie 1939-45</a>. Pictures credited to the National Archives USA or the National Archives Canada and tagged "libres de droits" are in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Public_domain" class="extiw" title="w:en:Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:PD-JORF" title="Template:PD-JORF"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-JORF}}</span></a> – for French official legal texts as published in the <i>Journal officiel de la République Française</i> or reprinted on <i>Légifrance</i>; note: not all texts on Légifrance are out-of-copyright, many others are copyrighted under free licenses, and sometimes under unfree licenses).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:PD-JORF-nor-conso" title="Template:PD-JORF-nor-conso"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-JORF-nor-conso}}</span></a> – with NOR (identification number) and index of the updated text.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:PD-ID-France" title="Template:PD-ID-France"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-ID-France}}</span></a> – Ineligible for copyright and therefore in the public domain because it is a legally valid French identity photograph.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Licence_Ouverte" title="Template:Licence Ouverte"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{Licence Ouverte}}</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Licence_Ouverte_2" title="Template:Licence Ouverte 2"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{Licence Ouverte 2}}</span></a> – For documents issued under the <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Ouverte" class="extiw" title="fr:Licence Ouverte">Licence Ouverte</a></i> (for example from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://data.gouv.fr">http://data.gouv.fr</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Gouvernement.fr" title="Template:Gouvernement.fr"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{Gouvernement.fr}}</span></a> – For extracts from a video, text or infographic issued on the French government's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouvernement.fr">website</a>.<span id="CUR"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Currency" data-mw-thread-id="h-Currency"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Currency"></span>Currency<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Currency"></span></h2></div> <div class="shortcut2" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #202122);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r927745239"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Shortcuts" title="Commons:Shortcuts">Shortcut</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r574572692"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:CUR_France&redirect=no">COM:CUR France</a></span></li></ul> </div></div> <p><span dir="ltr">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commons:Currency" title="Commons:Currency">Commons:Currency</a></span> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b> Regarding former French currency (<i>francs</i>), case law states that copyright exists, but is paralysed by the ‘allocation to the general interest and character of public service’ of currency. See, for instance, Cour de Cassation 5 February 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Alric_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alric-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Please use <a href="/wiki/Template:Money-FR" title="Template:Money-FR"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{Money-FR}}</span></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="De_minimis" data-mw-thread-id="h-De_minimis"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-De_minimis"></span>De minimis<span data-mw-comment-end="h-De_minimis"></span></h2></div> <p><span id="DM"></span> </p> <div class="shortcut2" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #202122);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r927745239"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Shortcuts" title="Commons:Shortcuts">Shortcut</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r574572692"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:DM_France&redirect=no">COM:DM France</a></span></li></ul> </div></div> <p><span dir="ltr">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis" title="Commons:De minimis">Commons:De minimis</a></span> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg/160px-Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg/240px-Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg/320px-Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804"/></a><figcaption>This photograph is not a copyright violation since it is of the entire plaza, and not just the Louvre Pyramid.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg/160px-Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg/240px-Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg/320px-Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804"/></a><figcaption>The white triangle in this derivative work covers the copyright protected region of the top image.</figcaption></figure> <p>French case law admits an exception if the copyrighted artwork is "accessory compared to the main represented or handled subject" (CA Paris, 27 octobre 1992, <i>Antenne 2 c/ société Spadem</i>, « la représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité »). Thus ruling #567 of March 15, 2005 of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Court_of_Cassation_(France)" class="extiw" title="w:en:Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a> denied the right of producers of works of arts installed in a public plaza over photographs of the whole plaza:<sup id="cite_ref-CC567-2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC567-2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Because the Court has noticed that, as it was shown in the incriminated images, the works of Mr X... and Z... blended into the architectural ensemble of the Terreaux plaza, of which it was a mere element, the appeals court correctly deduced that this presentation of the litigious work was accessory to the topic depicted, which was the representation of the plaza, so that the image did not constitute a communication of the litigious work to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br/> French case law states that the said artwork must not be intentionally included as an element of the setting: its presence in the picture must be unavoidable (CA Versailles, 26 janvier 1998, <i>Sté Movie box c/ Spadem et a.</i>): </p> <ul><li>It can be considered as an illicit representation of a statue by Maillol, the broadcasting of a commercial in which it appears, as it was not included in a film sequence shot in a natural setting—which would explain the brief and non-essential to the main subject, appearance of the sculpture, which is set in the Tuileries gardens, but used as an element of the setting.<span id="FOP"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Freedom_of_panorama" data-mw-thread-id="h-Freedom_of_panorama"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Freedom_of_panorama"></span>Freedom of panorama<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Freedom_of_panorama"></span></h2></div> <div class="shortcut2" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #202122);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r927745239"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Shortcuts" title="Commons:Shortcuts">Shortcut</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r574572692"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:FOP_France&redirect=no">COM:FOP France</a></span></li></ul> </div></div> <p><span dir="ltr">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commons:Freedom_of_panorama" title="Commons:Freedom of panorama">Commons:Freedom of panorama</a></span> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> {{<a href="/wiki/Template:NoFoP-France" title="Template:NoFoP-France">NoFoP-France</a>}} </p><p>Please, tag France no-FoP deletion requests: <code><noinclude>[[Category:French FOP cases/pending]]</noinclude></code>. </p><p>On 7 October 2016, the French parliament approved a law recognizing a limited version of the freedom of panorama that authorizes the reproduction by individuals (not organizations) of buildings and sculptures permanently located in public space, but only for non-commercial utilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Manara2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manara2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rees2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Reproductions and representations of architectural works and sculptures, permanently placed on public roads, carried out by natural persons, to the exclusion of any commercial use.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[L.122 5]</sup></span></li></ul> <p>On 4 April 2001, a court emphasized that "<i>droit d'auteur</i> unquestionably applies to the reproduction of artworks placed in public space" (« le droit d'auteur s'étend incontestablement à la reproduction de l'œuvre installée dans un espace public »). Concerning buildings, case law defines several criteria for originality:<sup id="cite_ref-Buren2001_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buren2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"a definite artistic character" (« un caractère artistique certain »), as opposed to the building being purely functional, and not being part of a series (as is the case in housing development) (CA Riom, 26 May 1966) [ this decision has been criticised as the law explicitly states copyright protection is granted regardless of merit, art.L.112-1 of the French copyright act but another decision of French supreme court concludes on 20 october 2011 that creation must be original as required by art 111-1 of French copyright act and that it is up to appeal court to decide if it is original work or not.<sup id="cite_ref-Verbrugge2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbrugge2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a harmonious combination of its composing elements, like volumes and colours (TGI Paris, 19 June 1979)</li> <li>an “esthetic preoccupation”, here the choice of a sphere and of a mirror surface (CA Paris, 23 October 1990, about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_G%C3%A9ode" class="extiw" title="en:La Géode">en:La Géode</a>)</li> <li>a choice which cannot be ascribed to purely technical reasons (CA Paris 20 November 1996, about stairs and a glass roof)</li> <li>Works are protected if the creation is original, but not if the realization is purely technical.<sup id="cite_ref-Franck2008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franck2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Works without a particular or original character, which are a trivial reproduction of building types largely found across the country, are not protected.</i> (#13).<sup id="cite_ref-Etendueetlimites_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etendueetlimites-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is up to the author or an architectural, art or picture work to prove that it is original and not just application of a technical knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Verbrugge2011_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbrugge2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Case law traditionally admits an exception if the copyrighted artwork is "accessory compared to the main represented or handled subject" (CA Paris, 27 octobre 1992, <i>Antenne 2 c/ société Spadem</i>, « la représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité »). Thus, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Cour_de_cassation_-_03-14.820" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Cour de cassation - 03-14.820">ruling #567 of March 15, 2005</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" class="extiw" title="w:Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a> denied the right of producers of works of art installed in a public plaza over photographs of the whole plaza: </p> <ul><li>Because the Court has noticed that, as it was shown in the incriminated images, the works of Mr X... and Z... blended into the architectural ensemble of the Terreaux plaza, of which it was a mere element, the appeals court correctly deduced that this presentation of the litigious work was accessory to the topic depicted, which was the representation of the plaza, so that the image did not constitute a communication of the litigious work to the public.</li></ul> <p>Case law states that the said artwork must not be intentionally included as an element of the setting: its presence in the picture must be unavoidable (CA Versailles, 26 janvier 1998, <i>Sté Movie box c/ Spadem et a.</i>): </p><p>Courts are traditionally lenient with pictures showing urban landscapes, cf. <i>Tour Montparnasse</i>, C.A. Paris - 7 novembre 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Jactrow2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jactrow2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Copyright protection expires 70 years after the death of the original author (who is defined as the creator or designer) here. On January 1st of the following year (ie. January 1 of the 71st Year), freely licensed images of the author's 3D works such as sculptures, buildings, bridges or monuments are now free and can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. The lack of Freedom of Panorama is no longer relevant here for states with no formal FOP since the author's works are now copyright free.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Two-dimensional public art</dt></dl> <p>The non-commercial freedom of panorama exception only covers works of architecture and sculptures in public spaces. A case file from 2023 (Combo v. Melénchon), concerning a politician's use of a street art in their ad campaign, sets a precedence that all street art is not covered by the panorama exception. Therefore, all 2D art is <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b>, <u>even for non-commercial uses</u>. Another precedence is that graphic works are not permanent because these are always exposed to hazards, like bad weather or damage by passersby.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illegal graffiti are also protected under French copyright law. One image of an illegal graffiti <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Miss_tic_enfile_art_mur_jnl.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Miss tic enfile art mur jnl.jpg">was deleted</a> after a cease-and-desist letter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:Legifer/mars_2012#Image_de_graffiti_et_ADAGP" class="extiw" title="w:fr:Wikipédia:Legifer/mars 2012">was sent to Wikimedia France</a> in 2012. </p> <dl><dt>Local transfer to French Wikipedia</dt></dl> <p>If the subject of the picture is either a <b>building</b> or an <b>architectural artwork</b>, and if the picture is already used on the French-speaking Wikipedia, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fr:Utilisateur:Le_plus_bot" class="extiw" title="w:fr:Utilisateur:Le plus bot">w:fr:Utilisateur:Le plus bot</a> can transfer the picture from Commons to this local Wikipedia under a <b>local exception</b>, as voted by the community in 2006 and 2011 (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:Exceptions_au_droit_d%27auteur#Exceptions" class="extiw" title="w:fr:Wikipédia:Exceptions au droit d'auteur">w:fr:Wikipédia:Exceptions au droit d'auteur#Exceptions</a>). </p> <ul><li>This minimal exception is only for the illustration of the most directly related article in French Wikipedia (this illustration is not usable elsewhere), or outside French Wikipedia.</li> <li>Their licencing terms must not permit their extension to derived works (for example, sales of these pictures is not authorized, as well as offline republication or online republication via external proxies and aggregators)</li> <li>The copyrighted protection must be stated explicitly in their description page, with relevant licencing templates tracking usage of these images in French Wikipedia.</li> <li>The image description page will also display the full list of local pages (most often only one) embedding for their illustration a very limited number of such medias (images in galleries showing all artistic and creative aspect of the same copyrighted subject should not be integrated in these French Wikipedia articles: generally a single illustration is enough). These images should not be integrated in templates reusable in an unbound number of pages.</li> <li>Most free images currently hosted on French Wikipedia should be transferred to Commons, so that French Wikipedia will only host non-free copyrighted materials subject to these restrictions: this will allow remote proxies or Wikipedia contents aggregators, or other linguistic editions of Wikipedia to block these images, even if they display the rest of articles embedding these non-free illustration images, only by looking at the prefix of their URL on the image servers (instead of displaying these images, they can display only their textual description with a direct link to the French Wikipedia article showing these images covered by this exception).</li> <li>Do not transfer these non-free images currently hosted by French Wikipedia (including corporate logos unless they are accessory to the rest of the image and unavoidable) to any other editions of Wikipedia or to other Wikimedia sites (including Commons, as stated by licencing templates shown in their description pages in French Wikipedia).</li> <li>Even if these non-free images are now tolerated in French Wikipedia articles, the legitimate copyright holders can send their veto so that these images will be deleted on French Wikipedia too. The same deletion will occur when receiving a French court order: their long-term presence is not warranted as long as the copyright protection persists.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Stamps" data-mw-thread-id="h-Stamps"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Stamps"></span>Stamps<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Stamps"></span></h2></div> <p><span dir="ltr">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commons:Stamps" title="Commons:Stamps">Commons:Stamps</a></span> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_copyright.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Red_copyright.svg/25px-Red_copyright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Red_copyright.svg/38px-Red_copyright.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Red_copyright.svg/50px-Red_copyright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197"/></a></span> According to La Poste, French stamps have the same legal status as any other work of art. Stamps by designers deceased more than 70 years ago are public domain.<sup id="cite_ref-LaPosteRepro_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaPosteRepro-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of the artists are generally printed at the bottom of the stamps or its main picture. Check the individual artists death dates in the frwiki category: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Dessinateur_de_timbres" class="extiw" title="fr:Catégorie:Dessinateur de timbres">Dessinateur de timbres/Stamp designers</a> and also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phil-ouest.com/Liste_artistes.php">French Phil-ouest website</a> that lists many more than have wiki articles.<sup id="cite_ref-Phil-Ouest_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phil-Ouest-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1st January 2015, it appears that all postage stamps of France issued until 1922 are in the public domain (doubts about the 1919 stamp known as "The Two Orphans" – cause: no information found on the date of death of Surand and Jarraud). </p><p>The following list of artists whose works are in public domain in France (but not necessarily in the United States) because they died before 31 December 1953 is non-exhaustive: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r714798474">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:thin solid #AAA}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="-moz-column-width:20em;-webkit-column-width:20em;column-width:20em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Jean_Barre" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques-Jean Barre">Barre, Jacques-Jean</a> (1793–1855)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Victor_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" class="extiw" title="w:Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugène</a> (1798–1863)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Albert_Barre" class="extiw" title="fr:Désiré-Albert Barre">Barre, Désiré-Albert</a> (1818–1878)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Merwart" class="extiw" title="w:Paul Merwart">Merwart, Paul</a> (1855–1902)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Blanc_(peintre)" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Blanc (peintre)">Blanc, Joseph</a> (1846–1904)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alph%C3%A9e_Dubois" class="extiw" title="fr:Alphée Dubois">Dubois, Alphée</a> (1831–1905)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules-Cl%C3%A9ment_Chaplain" class="extiw" title="w:Jules-Clément Chaplain">Chaplain, Jules</a> (1839–1909)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Auguste_Sage" class="extiw" title="fr:Jules Auguste Sage">Sage, Jules-Auguste</a> (1840–1910)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Roty" class="extiw" title="w:Oscar Roty">Roty, Oscar</a> (1846–1911)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Mouchon" class="extiw" title="w:Louis-Eugène Mouchon">Mouchon, Louis-Eugène</a> (1843–1914)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_de_la_N%C3%A9zi%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="w:Georges de la Nézière">Nézière, Georges de la</a> (1878–1914)</li> <li>Puyplat, Jules-Jacques (1843–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc-Olivier_Merson" title="Luc-Olivier Merson">Merson, Luc-Olivier</a> (1846–1920)</li> <li>Thévenin, Auguste (1856–1921)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dumoulin" class="extiw" title="w:Louis Dumoulin">Dumoulin, Louis</a> (1860–1924)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Froment" class="extiw" title="fr:Eugène Froment">Froment, Eugène</a> (1844–1926 (?))</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Albert_Laurens" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul Albert Laurens">Paul Albert Laurens</a> (1870–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:L%C3%A9on_Ruff%C3%A9" title="Category:Léon Ruffé">Ruffé, Léon</a> (1864–1935)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Mignon" class="extiw" title="fr:Abel Mignon">Mignon, Justin Abel Francois Xaviér</a> (1861–1936)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Dezarrois" class="extiw" title="fr:Antoine Dezarrois">Dezarrois, Antoine</a> (1864–1939)</li> <li>Gandon, Gaston (1872–1941)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Antonin_Delzers" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Antonin Delzers">Delzers, Jean Antonin</a> (1873–1943)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Degorce" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Degorce">Degorce, Georges Léo</a> (1894–1943)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_La_N%C3%A9zi%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph de La Nézière">Nézière, Joseph de La</a> (1873–1944)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gr%C3%A9goire" class="extiw" title="fr:René Grégoire">Grégoire, René</a> (1871–1945)</li> <li>Prudhomme, George Henri (1873–1947)</li> <li>Cortot, Henri (1892–1950)<sup id="cite_ref-CatawikiCortot_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatawikiCortot-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Ouvr%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Achille Ouvré">Ouvré, Achille</a> (1872–1951)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Hourriez" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Hourriez">Hourriez, Georges</a> (1878–1953)<sup id="cite_ref-Hourriez_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hourriez-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Dulac" class="extiw" title="w:Edmund Dulac">Dulac, Edmond</a> (1882–1953)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_de_La_N%C3%A9zi%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Raymond de La Nézière">Nézière, Raymond de la</a> (1865–1953)</li></ul> </div> <p>Works by the following artists will be in public domain in France (but not necessarily in the United States) on 1 January following 70 years after their death: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r714798474"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="-moz-column-width:20em;-webkit-column-width:20em;column-width:20em;"> <ul><li>Feltesse, Émile Henri (1881–1955) @2026</li> <li>Barlangue, Gabriel Antoine (1874–1956) @2027</li> <li>Dufresne, Charles Paul (1885–1956) @2027</li> <li>Lemasson, Henri (1870–1956) @2027</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cheffer" class="extiw" title="fr:Henry Cheffer">Cheffer, Henry</a> (1880–1957) @2028</li> <li>Rigal, Louis Pierre (1888–1959) @2030</li> <li>Munier, Pierre (1889–1962) @2033</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Cocteau">Cocteau, Jean</a> (1889–1963) @2034</li> <li>Kieffer, Clément (1881-1964) @2035</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mazelin" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles Mazelin">Mazelin, Charles</a> (1882–1964) @2035</li> <li>Louis, Robert (1902–1965) @2036</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Serres" class="extiw" title="fr:Raoul Serres">Serres, Raoul</a> (1881–1971) @2042</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cami" class="extiw" title="fr:Robert Cami">Cami, Robert</a> (1900–1973) @2044</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lemagny" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul Lemagny">Lemagny, Paul Pierre</a> (1905–1977) @2048</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Spitz" class="extiw" title="fr:André Spitz">Spitz, André</a> (1883–1977) @2048</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Piel" class="extiw" title="fr:Jules Piel">Piel, Jules</a> (1882–1978) @2049</li> <li>Picart Le Doux, Jean (1902–1982) @2053</li> <li>Monvoisin, Michel (1932–1982) @2053</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" class="extiw" title="fr:Joan Miró">Miró, Joan</a> (1893–1983) @2054</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Fernez" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Fernez">Fernez Louis</a> (1900–1984) @2055</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Decaris" class="extiw" title="w:Albert Decaris">Decaris, Albert</a> (1901–1988) @2059</li> <li>Delpech, Jean (1916–1988) @2059</li> <li>Haley, Claude (1923–1988) @2059</li> <li>Gandon, Pierre (1899–1990) @2061</li> <li>Pheulpin, Jean (1907–1991) @2062</li> <li>Cottet, René (1902–1992) @2063</li> <li>Combet, Jacques (1920–1993) @2064</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lengell%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul Lengellé">Lengellé, Paul</a> (1908-1993) @2064</li> <li>Peynet, Raymond (1908–1999) @2070</li> <li>Hundertwasser, Friedensreich (1928–2000) @2071</li> <li>Leguay, Marc (1910–2001) @2072</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calude_Durrens" class="extiw" title="fr:Calude Durrens">Durrens, Claude</a> (1921–2002) @2073</li> <li>Hertenberger, Claude (1912–2002) @2073</li> <li>Bridoux, Charles (1942–2003) @2074</li> <li>Dessirier, René (1919–2003@2074</li> <li>Guillame, Cécile (1933–2004) @2075</li> <li>Folon, Jean-Michel (1934–2005) @2076</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Forget_(artiste)" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Forget (artiste)">Forget, Pierre</a> (1923–2005) @2076</li> <li>Lacaque, Eugène (1914–2005) @2076</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czeslaw_Slania" class="extiw" title="fr:Czeslaw Slania">Slania, Czeslaw</a> (1921–2005) @2076</li> <li>Schach-Duc, Yvonne (1933–2009) @2080</li> <li>Sainson, Huguette (1929–2011) @2082</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Mathieu" class="extiw" title="w:Georges Mathieu">Mathieu, Georges</a> (1921–2012) @2083</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9quet" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Béquet">Béquet, Pierre</a> (1932–2012) @2083</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Leliepvre" class="extiw" title="fr:Eugène Leliepvre">Leliepvre, Eugène</a> (1908–2013) @2084</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zao_Wou-Ki" class="extiw" title="fr:Zao Wou-Ki">Wou-Ki, Zao</a> (1920–2013) @2084</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Mark%C3%B3" class="extiw" title="fr:Serge Markó">Markó, Serge</a> (1926–2014) @2085</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Taraskoff" class="extiw" title="fr:Marc Taraskoff">Taraskoff, Mark</a> (1955–2015) @2086</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Quillivic_(graveur)" class="extiw" title="fr:René Quillivic (graveur)">Quillivic, René</a> (1925–2016) @2087</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Andr%C3%A9otto" class="extiw" title="fr:Claude Andréotto">Andréotto, Claude</a> (1949–2017) @2088</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Threshold_of_originality" data-mw-thread-id="h-Threshold_of_originality"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Threshold_of_originality"></span>Threshold of originality<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Threshold_of_originality"></span></h2></div> <p><span id="TOO"></span> </p> <div class="shortcut2" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #202122);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r927745239"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Shortcuts" title="Commons:Shortcuts">Shortcut</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r574572692"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:TOO_France&redirect=no">COM:TOO France</a></span></li></ul> </div></div> <p><span dir="ltr">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Threshold of originality">Commons:Threshold of originality</a></span> </p><p>French law asserts that a work is copyrightable when it bears the "imprint of the personality of the author". In practice, it depends on the work in question, but this has left the bar quite low for many works where an artistic intent can be shown. For an art exhibition, a man placed the word <i>paradis</i> with gold lettering above the bathroom door of the old dormitory of alcoholics at a psychiatric facility, and termed it artwork; the French courts agreed with him that it was copyrightable based on the aesthetic choices made ("affixing the word 'paradise' in gold with patina effect and a special graphics on dilapidated door, the lock-shaped cross, encased in a crumbling wall with peeling paint").<sup id="cite_ref-Paradis_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paradis-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France has "a slightly higher threshold of originality in general, and particularly so in the context of photographic works".<sup id="cite_ref-Pavis_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavis-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A decision from Supreme court (Cour de Cassation) on October 2011 agreed with appeal court decision saying that a quite artistic picture of two fish on a yellow plate about a traditional Marseille meal could not be protected by French law because of lack of originality.<sup id="cite_ref-Verbrugge2011_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbrugge2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this decision, level of originality required by this appeal court is very high. This decision was criticized but French supreme court does not control facts but only controls interpretation of the law. In 2017, copyright protection on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021537/https://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2017/08/18/france-mankowitzs-photo-jimi-hendrix-finally-protected-copyright-appeal/">this image of Jimi Hendrix</a> was restored after a court initially denied protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/France" title="Special:MyLanguage/France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_FOP_cases" title="Category:French FOP cases">Category:French FOP cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:License_tags_of_France" title="Category:License tags of France">Category:License tags of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stamps_of_France" title="Category:Stamps of France">Category:Stamps of France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Citations"></span>Citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Citations"></span></h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-France-WIPO-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-France-WIPO_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-France-WIPO_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite>France Copyright and Related Rights (Neighboring Rights)</cite><sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/results.jsp?countries=FR&cat_id=11">[1]</a></sup>, WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legi6069414-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Legi6069414_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069414&dateTexte=20190325">Code de la propriété intellectuelle</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legi13723-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Legi13723_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/content/download/1959/13723/version/3/file/Code_35.pdf">Code of Intellectual Property</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EEC1993-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EEC1993_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/1427">Council Directive No. 93/98/EEC of 29 October 1993 harmonizing the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights</a>. WIPO. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Code2018-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Code2018_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Code2018_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite>Intellectual Property Code (consolidated version as of September 7, 2018)</cite><sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=484194">[2]</a></sup>, France, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legi6068643-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Legi6068643_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006068643&dateTexte=20190325">Loi n° 78-753 du 17 juillet 1978 portant diverses mesures d'amélioration des relations entre l'administration et le public et diverses dispositions d'ordre administratif, social et fiscal Version consolidée au 25 mars 2019</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legi6053066-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Legi6053066_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006053066&dateTexte=20190325">Décret n°2005-1755 du 30 décembre 2005 relatif à la liberté d'accès aux documents administratifs et à la réutilisation des informations publiques, pris pour l'application de la loi n° 78-753 du 17 juillet 1978. Version consolidée au 25 mars 2019</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC2802007-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CC2802007_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/actualite_jurisprudence_21/premiere_chambre_civile_568/arrets_569/br_arret_9940.html">04-12.138 Arrêt n° 280 du 27 février 2007</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Cour de cassation - Première chambre civile. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC280-281-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CC280-281_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/actualite_jurisprudence_21/premiere_chambre_civile_568/arrets_569/communique_9942.html">Communiqué relatif aux arrêts n°280 et n°281 rendus le 27 février 2007</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Cour de cassation. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cc281-2007-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cc281-2007_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081115130354/https://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_2/premiere_chambre_civile_568/arrets_569/br_arret_9941.html">Arrêt n° 281 du 27 février 2007</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Cour de cassation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_2/premiere_chambre_civile_568/arrets_569/br_arret_9941.html">the original</a> on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2008-11-15">15 November 2008</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MinCulNum-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MinCulNum_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/Thematiques/Innovation-numerique/Numerisation2#02">Numérisation</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Ministère de la Culture. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC02-10450-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CC02-10450_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnDocument?base=CASS&nod=CXCXAX2004X05X0PX00010X000">N° de pourvoi: 02-10450</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Cour de cassation (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2004-05-07">7 May 2004</span>). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC02-12853-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CC02-12853_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000007048689&dateTexte=">N° de pourvoi: 02-12853</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Cour de cassation (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2003-06-05">5 June 2003</span>). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC99-10709-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CC99-10709_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnDocument?base=CASS&nod=CXCXAX2001X05X01X00114X000">N° de pourvoi: 99-10709</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Cour de cassation chambre civile 1 (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2001-05-02">May 2, 2001</span>). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/section_lc/LEGITEXT000006069414/LEGISCTA000006146349/#LEGISCTA000006161638">Code de la propriété intellectuelle</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2024-08-24">August 24, 2024</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000315384">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alric-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Alric_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clotilde Alric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legalnews.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72199">La Cour de cassation confirme que les billets de banque ne sont pas protégés par le code de la propriété intellectuelle</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. <i>LegalNews</i>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC567-2005-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CC567-2005_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_2/premiere_chambre_civile_568/nbsp_arr_632.html">03-14.820 Arrêt n° 567 du 15 mars 2005</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Cour de cassation. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">... Attendu qu’ayant relevé que, telle que figurant dans les vues en cause, l’oeuvre de MM. X... et Z... se fondait dans l’ensemble architectural de la place des Terreaux dont elle constituait un simple élément, la cour d’appel en a exactement déduit qu’une telle présentation de l’oeuvre litigieuse était accessoire au sujet traité, résidant dans la représentation de la place, de sorte qu’elle ne réalisait pas la communication de cette oeuvre au public ...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manara2016-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Manara2016_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manara, Cedric, La Nouvelle « Exception De Panorama ». Gros Plan Sur L’Article L. 122-5 10° Du Code Français De La Propriété Intellectuelle (The New 'Panorama Exception' in French Copyright Law) (August 20, 2016). Forthcoming, Revue Lamy Droit de l'Immatériel, 2016. Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2828355">https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2828355</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees2016-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rees2016_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc Rees (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2016-06-30">30 June 2016</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nextinpact.com/news/100481-loi-numerique-liberte-panorama-limitee-mais-consacree.htm">Loi Numérique : la liberté de panorama limitée, mais consacrée</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. <i>NextImpact</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buren2001-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Buren2001_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.en-droit.com/jurisprudence_resumes/pi_04.04.2001.htm#">Résumé de la décision : TGI Lyon, 4 avril 2001, Buren et a. c/ Tassin et a.</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verbrugge2011-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Verbrugge2011_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verbrugge2011_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verbrugge2011_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joëlle Verbrugge (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2011-10-28">28 October 2011</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.droit-et-photographie.com/originalite-bouillabaisse-et-contrefacon/">Originalité, bouillabaisse et contrefaçon</a>. "l’originalité s’entend du reflet de la personnalité de l’auteur ou de la révélation d’un talent créateur ... l’originalité ne se confond pas avec la compétence professionnelle . En d’autres termes, la simple notoriété et compétence d’un photographe ne fait pas de chacune de ses créations une œuvre originale susceptible de protection. le photographe ne rapportait pas à suffisance la preuve d’une « activité créatrice révélant sa personnalité, nonobstant la position en arc de cercle des poissons et l’angle de prise de vue utilisé« , avant de considérer, sur le plan technique que « ce cliché n’est révélateur d’aucune recherche dans les éclairages adéquats, la tonalité des fonds, l’environnement mobilier et les angles de prise de vue. Il ne constitue ainsi qu’une prestation de services techniques ne traduisant qu’un savoir faire."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franck2008-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Franck2008_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques-Franck (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2008-07-21">21 July 2008</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/les-architectes-face-au-droit-d-auteur-par-agnes-tricoire-avocat.1032944">"Les architectes face au droit d'auteur", par Agnès Tricoire, avocat.</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etendueetlimites-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Etendueetlimites_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" title="archived on 11 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111195647/http://www.davenport.fr/droit%20auteur%20architecte.htm">archive copy</a> at the <span lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="extiw" title="en:Wayback Machine"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wayback Machine</span></a></span></bdi> Etendue et limites du droit d’auteur de l’architecte sur l’œuvre architecturale</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jactrow2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jactrow2010_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">« s’agissant d’un élément d’un ensemble architectural qui constitue le cadre de vie de nombreux habitants d’un quartier de Paris (…), le droit à protection cesse lorsque l’œuvre en question est reproduite non pas en tant qu’œuvre d’art, mais par nécessité, au cours d’une prise de vue dans un lieu public ; sur la carte postale litigieuse, la Tour Montparnasse n’a pas été photographiée isolément mais dans son cadre naturel qui ne fait l’objet d’aucune protection. » Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://jastrow.wordpress.com/2010/05/05/de-minimis-non-curat-praetor/">[4]</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zajdela, Agathe (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-09-13">September 13, 2023</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.village-justice.com/articles/exception-panorama-permet-pas-reproduction-une-oeuvre-street-art,47217.html">L’EXCEPTION DE PANORAMA NE PERMET PAS LA REPRODUCTION D’UNE OEUVRE DE STREET ART</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in fr)</span>. <i>Village de la Justice</i>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2024-06-01">June 1, 2024</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaPosteRepro-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LaPosteRepro_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laposte.fr/toutsurletimbre/echanger-partager/documents-pratiques/docs-pratiques/droits-reproduction-timbres-poste.pdf">REPRODUCTION DES TIMBRES-POSTE</a>. La Poste. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-01-29">2019-01-29</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phil-Ouest-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Phil-Ouest_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phil-ouest.com/Liste_artistes.php">Les artistes graveurs ou dessinateurs et leurs timbres</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. <i>Phil-Ouest</i>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CatawikiCortot-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CatawikiCortot_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catawiki.fr/catalog/timbres-poste/maquettistes-graveurs/2936321-cortot-henri-1892-1950">Cortot, Henri (1892-1950)</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. <i>catawiki.fr</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hourriez-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hourriez_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/User_talk:Stan_Shebs#French_stamps" title="User talk:Stan Shebs">User talk:Stan Shebs#French stamps</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phil-ouest.com/Timbres.php?Cas=Artiste&ListeMots=Hourriez&Ordre=DateVente">Les 72 timbres, blocs-feuillets, carnets français ou timbres à date de Georges Hourriez - Page 1–2</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in French)</span>. <i>Phil Ouest</i>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paradis-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paradis_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m524/magog3/image95FBHW.png">Paradis</a>. <i>Photobucket</i>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-25">2019-03-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pavis-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pavis_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathilde Pavis (University of Exeter) (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2015-07-15">15 July 2015</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the1709blog.blogspot.com/2015/07/forgive-my-french-copyright-la-carte.html">Forgive my French: copyright ‘a la carte’ for photographic works</a>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-01-29">2019-01-29</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="border-top:1px solid #AAA;margin-top:10px;padding-top:2px;font-size:smaller">Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. <span dir="ltr">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commons:General_disclaimer" title="Commons:General disclaimer">Commons:General disclaimer</a></span> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_rules_by_territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CRT_list2" title="Template:CRT list2"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CRT_list2" title="Template talk:CRT list2"><span title="Discuss this template" 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href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Algeria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ambazonia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ambazonia">Ambazonia</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Angola" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Azawad" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Azawad">Azawad</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Benin" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bir_Tawil" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bir Tawil">Bir Tawil</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Botswana" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Burkina_Faso" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Burundi" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cameroon" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Canary_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cape_Verde" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Central_African_Republic" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ceuta" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ceuta">Ceuta</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Chad" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Comoros" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Djibouti" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Egypt" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Eritrea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Eswatini" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ethiopia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Gabon" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Gambia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ghana" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guinea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guinea-Bissau" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ivory_Coast" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kenya" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Lesotho" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Liberia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Libya" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Madagascar" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Madeira" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Madeira">Madeira</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Malawi" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mali" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mauritania" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mauritius" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mayotte" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mayotte">Mayotte</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Melilla" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Melilla">Melilla</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Morocco" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mozambique" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Namibia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Niger" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Nigeria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Puntland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Puntland">Puntland</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Rwanda" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/R%C3%A9union" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Réunion">Réunion</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Senegal" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Seychelles" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sierra_Leone" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Somalia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Somaliland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Africa" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Sudan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sudan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tanzania" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Togo" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tunisia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Uganda" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Western_Sahara" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Zambia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Zimbabwe" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px;text-align:start; font-size:88%; padding:0 5px; line-height:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Anguilla" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Argentina" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Aruba" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Aruba">Aruba</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bahamas" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Barbados" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Belize" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bermuda" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bolivia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Brazil" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/British_Virgin_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Canada" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cayman_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Chile" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Clipperton_Island" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Colombia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Costa_Rica" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cuba" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Curaçao">Curaçao</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Dominica" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Dominican_Republic" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ecuador" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/El_Salvador" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Falkland_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/French_Guiana" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/French Guiana">French Guiana</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Greenland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Greenland">Greenland</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Grenada" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guadeloupe" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guatemala" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guyana" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Haiti" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Honduras" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Jamaica" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Martinique" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Martinique">Martinique</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mexico" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Montserrat" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Nicaragua" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Panama" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Paraguay" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Peru" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Puerto_Rico" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint_Lucia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint-Martin_(France)" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint-Martin (France)">Saint-Martin</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint-Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sint_Maarten" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Suriname" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_States" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States">United States of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Uruguay" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Venezuela" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px;text-align:start; font-size:88%; padding:0 5px; line-height:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Afghanistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Armenia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Azerbaijan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bahrain" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bangladesh" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bhutan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Brunei" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cambodia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/China" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/China">China</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cyprus" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/East_Timor" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Egypt" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Georgia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Hong_Kong" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/India" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Indonesia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Iran" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Iraq" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Iraqi Kurdistan">Kurdistan Region</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Israel" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Japan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Jordan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kazakhstan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kuwait" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kyrgyzstan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Laos" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Lebanon" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Macau" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Macau">Macau</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Malaysia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Maldives" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mongolia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Myanmar" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Nepal" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/North_Korea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Oman" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Pakistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/State_of_Palestine" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Philippines" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Qatar" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Russia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saudi_Arabia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Singapore" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Korea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sri_Lanka" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Syria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Taiwan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tajikistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Thailand" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Turkey" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Turkmenistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Arab_Emirates" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Uzbekistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Vietnam" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Yemen" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px;text-align:start; font-size:88%; padding:0 5px; line-height:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Abkhazia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Albania" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Andorra" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Armenia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Austria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Azerbaijan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Belarus" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Belgium" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bulgaria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Croatia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cyprus" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Czech_Republic" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Denmark" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Estonia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Faroe_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Finland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Georgia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Germany" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Gibraltar" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Greece" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Hungary" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Iceland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ireland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Isle_of_Man" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Italy" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Jersey" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Jersey">Jersey</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kazakhstan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kosovo" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kosovo">Kosovo</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Latvia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Liechtenstein" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Lithuania" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Luxembourg" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Malta" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Moldova" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Monaco" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Montenegro" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Netherlands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/North_Macedonia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Norway" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Poland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Portugal" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Romania" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Russia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/San_Marino" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Serbia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Slovakia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Slovenia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Ossetia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Spain" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sweden" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Switzerland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Transnistria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Transnistria">Transnistria</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Turkey" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Northern_Cyprus" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ukraine" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Kingdom" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Vatican_City" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px;text-align:start; font-size:88%; padding:0 5px; line-height:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/American_Samoa" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Australia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cook_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Fiji" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/French_Polynesia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guam" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guam">Guam</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Hawaii" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Hawaii">Hawaii</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kiribati" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Marshall_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Nauru" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/New_Caledonia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/New_Zealand" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Niue" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Niue">Niue</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Norfolk_Island" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Palau" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Samoa" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Solomon_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tokelau" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tonga" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tuvalu" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Vanuatu" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px;text-align:start; font-size:88%; padding:0 5px; line-height:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Andean_Community" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Andean Community">Andean Community</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Antarctica" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Antarctica">Antarctica</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/British_Overseas_Territories" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/British Overseas Territories">British overseas territories</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Czechoslovakia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/European_Union" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/European Union">European Union</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Manchukuo" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ottoman_Empire" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Overseas_France" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Overseas France">Overseas France</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Soviet_Union" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Nations" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Nations">United Nations</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Yugoslavia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span id="a-others" class="citation" style="padding:10px">*‌<span style="font-size:small;">Other region, e.g. dependency, union, former country</span></span><span id="b-limited" class="citation" style="padding:10px"><sup>†</sup>‌<span style="font-size:small;">Limited international recognition</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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