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class="mw-page-title-main">ar-</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wiktionary, the free dictionary</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="disambig-see-also"><i>See also:</i> <b class="Latn"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Variations_of_%22ar%22" title="Appendix:Variations of "ar"">Appendix:Variations of "ar"</a></b></div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#English"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">English</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology_1"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology 1</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prefix"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prefix</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Etymology_2"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology 2</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Prefix_2"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prefix</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Anagrams"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Anagrams</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Aka-Bea"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Aka-Bea</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Prefix_3"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prefix</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Old_Irish"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Old Irish</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Pronunciation"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pronunciation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Prefix_4"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Prefix</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Derived_terms"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Derived terms</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Tocharian_A"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Tocharian A</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Etymology_3"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Verb"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Verb</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Welsh"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Welsh</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Alternative_forms"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Alternative forms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Etymology_4"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Pronunciation_2"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pronunciation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Prefix_5"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Prefix</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Derived_terms_2"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Derived terms</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Mutation"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Mutation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#References_2"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1">Etymology 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extracted from the word <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/aromatic#English" title="aromatic">aromatic</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prefix">Prefix</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prefix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="en"><i>ar</i>-</strong></span> </p> <ol><li><span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content"><a href="/wiki/organic_chemistry" title="organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a></span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> <span class="use-with-mention"><span class="Latn" lang="en">Forming <a href="/wiki/classification#English" title="classification">classification</a> names for <a href="/wiki/classes#English" title="classes">classes</a> of <a href="/wiki/organic_compounds#English" title="organic compounds">organic compounds</a> that contain a carbon skeleton and one or more <a href="/wiki/aromatic#English" title="aromatic">aromatic</a> rings.</span></span> <ul><li><b>1900</b>, Edgar Fahs Smith (English translator), R. Anschütz (German editor), <i>Victor von Richter's Organic Chemistry: or, Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds</i>, Third American Edition, Volume II, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qxJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA393&dq=ar">page 393</a>: <dl><dd>Potassium permanganate oxidizes ac-tetrahydronaphtylamine to o-<i>hydrocinnam-carboxylic acid</i> (p. 245); <b>ar-</b>tetrahydronaphthylamine, however, because of the oxidation of its amided benzene nucleus, is changed to <i>adipic acid</i> together with oxalic acid (B. 22, 767): <span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b">[</span>…<span class="q-hellip-b">]</span><span class="q-hellip-b"> </span></dd></dl></li> <li><b>1919</b> January 10, C. J. West, abstract of G. Schroeter and K. Thomas, “Transformation of tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) in the animal body”; in American Chemical Society, <i>Chemical Abstracts</i>, Volume 13, Number 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=a8W2AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA43&dq=ar">page 43</a>: <dl><dd><i><b>ar-</b>Tetrahydro-α-carbamidonaphthalene</i>, C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>14</sub>ON<sub>2</sub>, crystallized in square plates from alc., soften at 198° and melts at about 206° (quickly heated, at 212°).</dd></dl></li> <li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><span class="None" lang="und"><b>2006</b></span>, Amit Arora, <cite>Aromatic Organic Chemistry</cite>, Discovery Publishing House, published <span class="None" lang="und">2007</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8356-202-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8356-202-7">→ISBN</a></small>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=m_Lx4neEdT0C&pg=RA1-PA173&dq=ar">page <span class="None" lang="und">173</span></a>:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Latn e-quotation cited-passage" lang="en">1-Naphthylamine is reduced by sodium and isopentanol to <b><i>ar</i>-</b>tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine; the prefix <i><b>ar-</b></i> is the abbreviation of <i>aromatic</i> and indicates that the four hydrogen atoms are <i>not</i> in the ring containing the amino-group: <span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b">[</span>…<span class="q-hellip-b">]</span><span class="q-hellip-b"></span></span></div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2">Etymology 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortened from <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/area#English" title="area">area</a></i> (because the function describes the area under a hyperbola), by analogy with <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/arc-#English" title="arc-">arc-</a></i>, the corresponding prefix for the circular trigonometric functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prefix_2">Prefix</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prefix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="en">ar-</strong></span> </p> <ol><li><span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content"><a href="/wiki/trigonometry" title="trigonometry">trigonometry</a></span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> <span class="use-with-mention"><span class="Latn" lang="en">Used to form the names of <a href="/wiki/inverse_hyperbolic_function#English" title="inverse hyperbolic function">inverse hyperbolic functions</a>, and the symbols for these functions.</span></span> <dl><dd><span class="nyms synonym"><span class="defdate">Synonyms:</span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">sometimes proscribed</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/arc-#English" title="arc-">arc-</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/a-#English" title="a-">a-</a></span>, <span class="None" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/-1#English" title="-1"><sup>−1</sup></a></span></span></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=m_Lx4neEdT0C&pg=RA1-PA173&lpg=RA1-PA173&dq=%22prefix+ar%22">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=h_gvAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22prefix+ar%22+chemistry&q=%22prefix+ar%22#search_anchor">[2]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=K1FVAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22prefix+ar%22+aromatic&q=%22prefix+ar%22+#search_anchor">[3]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anagrams">Anagrams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anagrams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/%27RA#English" title="'RA">'RA</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/%27Ra#English" title="'Ra">'Ra</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/ra#English" title="ra">ra</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/RA#English" title="RA">RA</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Ra#English" title="Ra">Ra</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aka-Bea">Aka-Bea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aka-Bea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prefix_3">Prefix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prefix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="abj">ar-</strong></span> </p> <ol><li><span class="use-with-mention"><span class="Latn" lang="en">prefix for limbs or upright things</span></span></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Irish">Old Irish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Old Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/%C9%B8are-" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ɸare-">*ɸare-</a></i>. Prefix form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga"><a href="/wiki/ar#Old_Irish" title="ar">ar</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">in front of</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">pretonically</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Old_Irish_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Old Irish pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ar/</span></li> <li><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">in stressed syllables</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Old_Irish_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Old Irish pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: <span class="IPA">/œr/</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prefix_4">Prefix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prefix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="sga">ar-</strong></span> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/for-" title="for-">for-</a>, <a href="/wiki/fore-" title="fore-">fore-</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms">Derived terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Derived terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Old_Irish_terms_prefixed_with_ar-" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Irish_terms_prefixed_with_ar-" title="Category:Old Irish terms prefixed with ar-">Old Irish terms prefixed with ar-</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tocharian_A">Tocharian A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tocharian A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_3">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharian_languages" class="extiw" title="w:Tocharian languages">Proto-Tocharian</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-toc-pro"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Tocharian/er-" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Tocharian/er-">*er-</a></i> (whence also <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchean_language" class="extiw" title="w:Kuchean language">Tocharian B</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="txb"><a href="/wiki/er-#Tocharian_B" title="er-">er-</a></i>), from <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%83er-" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃er-">*h₃er-</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">to move, stir</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb">Verb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Verb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="xto">ar-</strong></span> </p> <ol><li>to <a href="/wiki/evoke" title="evoke">evoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/call_up" title="call up">call up</a></li> <li>to <a href="/wiki/produce" title="produce">produce</a>, <a href="/wiki/yield" title="yield">yield</a>, <a href="/wiki/bring_forth" title="bring forth">bring forth</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Welsh">Welsh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_forms">Alternative forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alternative forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/er-#Welsh" title="er-">er-</a></span> (with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affection_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="w:Affection (linguistics)">i-affection</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_4">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic" class="extiw" title="w:Common Brittonic">Proto-Brythonic</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-bry-pro"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/ar-" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/ar-">*ar-</a></i>, from <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/%C9%B8are" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ɸare">*ɸare</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_2">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Welsh_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Welsh pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ar/</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prefix_5">Prefix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prefix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="cy">ar-</strong></span> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/on" title="on">on</a>, <a href="/wiki/above" title="above">above</a>, <a href="/wiki/sur-" title="sur-">sur-</a>, <a href="/wiki/super-" title="super-">super-</a>, <a href="/wiki/epi-" title="epi-">epi-</a> <dl><dd><span class="affixusex">‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">ar-</i> + ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/nofio#Welsh" title="nofio">nofio</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">to swim</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> → ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/arnofio#Welsh" title="arnofio">arnofio</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">to float</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></span></dd> <dd><span class="affixusex">‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">ar-</i> + ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/ysgrif#Welsh" title="ysgrif">ysgrif</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">writing</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> → ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy"><a href="/w/index.php?title=arysgrif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="arysgrif (page does not exist)">arysgrif</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">inscription, epigraph</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/near" title="near">near</a> <dl><dd><span class="affixusex">‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">ar-</i> + ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/lliw#Welsh" title="lliw">lliw</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">colour</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> → ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/arlliw#Welsh" title="arlliw">arlliw</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">shade</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></span></dd> <dd><span class="affixusex">‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">ar-</i> + ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/m%C3%B4r#Welsh" title="môr">môr</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">sea</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> → ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/arfor#Welsh" title="arfor">arfor</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">coast</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></span></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms_2">Derived terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Derived terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Welsh_terms_prefixed_with_ar-" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_terms_prefixed_with_ar-" title="Category:Welsh terms prefixed with ar-">Welsh terms prefixed with ar-</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutation">Mutation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mutation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="inflection-table-wrapper inflection-table-narrow inflection-table-green" style="width: fit-content" data-toggle-category="inflection"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82739966">.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-wrapper{padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0;background:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue);border:1px solid var(--wikt-palette-grey)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-wrapper.inflection-table-narrow{}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-wrapper.inflection-table-no-title{border:0;padding:0}@media all and (max-width:639px){.mw-parser-output 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th.outer{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-purple-4)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-magenta.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-magenta-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-magenta th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-magenta-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-magenta th.outer{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-magenta-4)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-rose.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-rose-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-rose th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-rose-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-rose th.outer{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-rose-4)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey th.outer{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-4)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown th.outer{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-4)}</style> <table class="inflection-table"> <caption class="inflection-table-title"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Welsh_mutations" title="Appendix:Welsh mutations">Mutated forms</a> of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">ar-</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/radical" title="radical">radical</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/soft_mutation" title="soft mutation">soft</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/nasal_mutation" title="nasal mutation">nasal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/h-prothesis" title="h-prothesis">h-prothesis</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cy"><strong class="selflink">ar-</strong></span> </td> <td><i>unchanged</i> </td> <td><i>unchanged</i> </td> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-cy h-prothesis-form-of origin-ar-" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/har-#Welsh" title="har-">har-</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="font-size:85%;"><i>Note:</i> Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.<br />All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.</p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"> ^ </a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morris-Jones" class="extiw" title="w:John Morris-Jones">Morris Jones, John</a> (<span class="None" lang="und">1913</span>) <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Welsh_Grammar,_Historical_and_Comparative" class="extiw" title="s:A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative">A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative</a></cite>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, <span class="None" lang="und">§ 156 i (6)</span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ar-&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source">R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://welsh-dictionary.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?ar-">ar-</a>”, in <cite>Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online</cite> (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies</span></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=ar-&oldid=82605448">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=ar-&oldid=82605448</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_lemmas" title="Category:English lemmas">English lemmas</a></li><li><a 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