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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Emission/Byproducts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emission/Byproducts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Emission/Byproducts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emission/Byproducts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automobiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Automobiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horizontally-opposed_pistons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontally-opposed_pistons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Horizontally-opposed pistons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontally-opposed_pistons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advancement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advancement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Advancement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advancement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increasing_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Increasing power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combustion_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Combustion efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Engine configuration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engine_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heat_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Heat engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combustion_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Combustion engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_combustion_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_combustion_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Internal combustion engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_combustion_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_combustion_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_combustion_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>External combustion engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_combustion_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air-breathing_combustion_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air-breathing_combustion_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Air-breathing combustion engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-breathing_combustion_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Environmental effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Air quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-combusting_heat_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-combusting_heat_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>Non-combusting heat engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-combusting_heat_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-thermal_chemically_powered_motor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-thermal_chemically_powered_motor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Non-thermal chemically powered motor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-thermal_chemically_powered_motor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_motor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_motor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Electric motor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_motor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physically_powered_motor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physically_powered_motor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Physically powered motor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physically_powered_motor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pneumatic_motor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pneumatic_motor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Pneumatic motor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pneumatic_motor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydraulic_motor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydraulic_motor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Hydraulic motor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydraulic_motor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thrust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thrust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Thrust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thrust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Torque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Sound levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engines_by_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engines_by_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Engines by use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engines_by_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Engine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83" title="محرك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momyiha" title="Momyiha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Momyiha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCh%C9%99rrik" title="Mühərrik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mühərrik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ইঞ্জিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইঞ্জিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%CC%8Bn-j%C3%ADn" title="Ia̋n-jín – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ia̋n-jín" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Двигатель – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Двигатель" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Рухавік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рухавік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Рухавік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рухавік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Двигател – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Двигател" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoa" title="Motoa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Motoa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤེད་འཕྲུལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤེད་འཕྲུལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Моттор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Моттор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injini" title="Injini – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Injini" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injan" title="Injan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Injan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mootor" title="Mootor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mootor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κινητήρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινητήρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoro" title="Motoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Motoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="موتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moteur" title="Moteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_(m%C3%A1quina)" title="Motor (máquina) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Motor (máquina)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89n-ch%C3%ACn" title="Én-chìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Én-chìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Көдлгүр – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Көдлгүр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%94%EC%A7%84" title="엔진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엔진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Շարժիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շարժիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="इंजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoro" title="Motoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Motoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilumbamdiki" title="Isilumbamdiki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isilumbamdiki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motore" title="Motore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2" title="מנוע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנוע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ძრავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძრავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Қозғалтқыш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қозғалтқыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injini" title="Injini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Injini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B2" title="Motò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Motò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenium_(machina)" title="Ingenium (machina) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ingenium (machina)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzin%C4%93js" title="Dzinējs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzinējs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variklis" title="Variklis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Variklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C9%9B%CC%81l%C9%9B" title="Motɛ́lɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Motɛ́lɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutur" title="Mutur – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mutur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="എൻജിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എൻജിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="इंजिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंजिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ქვარქვანტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქვარქვანტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ماتر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ماتر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjin" title="Enjin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enjin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Хөдөлгүүр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөдөлгүүр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အင်ဂျင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်ဂျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="इन्जिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्जिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2_(%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0)" title="機関 (機械) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="機関 (機械)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoor" title="Motoor – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Motoor" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvigatel" title="Dvigatel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dvigatel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A3" title="ਇੰਜਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਜਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DD%A8" title="انجݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انجݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injin" title="Injin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Injin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silnik" title="Silnik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyuchina" title="Kuyuchina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kuyuchina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Двигатель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Двигатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motore" title="Motore – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Motore" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingine" title="Ingine – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ingine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motori" title="Motori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Motori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muturi_(ticnoluggia)" title="Muturi (ticnoluggia) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Muturi (ticnoluggia)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8" title="එන්ජිම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එන්ජිම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine" title="Engine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Engine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DA%BB" title="انجڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انجڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matoor" title="Matoor – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Matoor" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1" title="بزوێنەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بزوێنەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мотор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мотор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moottori" title="Moottori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moottori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="விசைப்பொறி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விசைப்பொறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansmassu" title="Ansmassu – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ansmassu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6rtke%C3%A7" title="Yörtkeç – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Yörtkeç" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇంజిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంజిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Муҳаррик – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳаррик" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Двигун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Двигун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="انجن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_c%C6%A1" title="Động cơ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động cơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodor" title="Moodor – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Moodor" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="发动机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="发动机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8" title="מאטאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאטאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%89%93" title="摩打 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="摩打" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="发动机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="发动机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44167#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Engine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&oldid=1259643054" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Machine that converts one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy (of motion)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Engine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Engine (disambiguation)">Engine (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Motor" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Motor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Motor (disambiguation)">Motor (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif" decoding="async" width="225" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>An animation showing the four stages of the <a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">four-stroke</a> gasoline-fueled internal combustion cycle with <a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">electrical ignition source</a>: <div><ol><li>Induction <i>(Fuel enters)</i></li><li>Compression</li><li>Ignition <i>(Fuel is burnt)</i></li><li>Emission <i>(Exhaust out)</i></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jet_engine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jet_engine.svg/450px-Jet_engine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jet_engine.svg/675px-Jet_engine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jet_engine.svg/900px-Jet_engine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jet_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet engines">Jet engines</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">heat of combustion</a> to generate a high-velocity exhaust as a form of <a href="/wiki/Reaction_engine" title="Reaction engine">reaction engine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">Mechanical energy</a> to power the aircraft's electrical and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> systems can be taken from the turbine shaft, but <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> is produced by expelled exhaust gas.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>engine</b> or <b>motor</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a> designed to convert one or more forms of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> into <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">mechanical energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Available energy sources include <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> (e.g. energy of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a> as exploited in <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power generation">hydroelectric power generation</a>), heat energy (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">electric potential</a> and nuclear energy (from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>). Many of these processes generate heat as an intermediate energy form; thus <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engines</a> have special importance. Some natural processes, such as atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Convection_cell" title="Convection cell">convection cells</a> convert environmental heat into motion (e.g. in the form of rising air currents). Mechanical energy is of particular importance in <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>, but also plays a role in many industrial processes such as cutting, grinding, crushing, and mixing. </p><p>Mechanical heat engines convert <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> into work via various thermodynamic processes. The <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> is perhaps the most common example of a mechanical heat engine in which heat from the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> causes rapid pressurisation of the gaseous combustion products in the combustion chamber, causing them to expand and drive a <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a>, which turns a <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>. Unlike internal combustion engines, a <a href="/wiki/Reaction_engine" title="Reaction engine">reaction engine</a> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a>) produces <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> by expelling <a href="/wiki/Reaction_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction mass">reaction mass</a>, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_third_law_of_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's third law of motion">Newton's third law of motion</a>. </p><p>Apart from heat engines, <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> convert electrical energy into <a href="/wiki/Machine_(mechanical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine (mechanical)">mechanical</a> motion, <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">pneumatic motors</a> use <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clockwork_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Clockwork motor">clockwork motors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wind-up_toy" title="Wind-up toy">wind-up toys</a> use <a href="/wiki/Elastic_energy" title="Elastic energy">elastic energy</a>. In biological systems, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_motor" title="Molecular motor">molecular motors</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, use <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> to create forces and ultimately motion (a chemical engine, but not a heat engine). </p><p>Chemical heat engines which employ air (ambient atmospheric gas) as a part of the fuel reaction are regarded as airbreathing engines. Chemical heat engines designed to operate outside of Earth's atmosphere (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>, deeply submerged <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>) need to carry an additional fuel component called the <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a> (although there exist <a href="/wiki/Superoxidant" title="Superoxidant">super-oxidizers</a> suitable for use in rockets, such as <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, a more powerful oxidant than oxygen itself); or the application needs to obtain heat by non-chemical means, such as by means of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emission/Byproducts"><span id="Emission.2FByproducts"></span>Emission/Byproducts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Emission/Byproducts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All chemically fueled heat engines emit exhaust gases. The cleanest engines emit water only. Strict <a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-emissions">zero-emissions</a> generally means zero emissions other than water and water vapour. Only heat engines which combust pure hydrogen (fuel) and pure oxygen (oxidizer) achieve zero-emission by a strict definition (in practice, one type of rocket engine). If hydrogen is burnt in combination with air (all airbreathing engines), a side reaction occurs between atmospheric oxygen and atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> resulting in small emissions of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub></a></span>. If a <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">alcohol</a> or gasoline) is burnt as fuel, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>, is emitted. Hydrogen and oxygen from air can be reacted into water by a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a> without side production of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub></span>, but this is an <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">electrochemical</a> engine not a heat engine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>engine</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i lang="fro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/engin#Old_French" class="extiw" title="wikt:engin">engin</a></i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ingenium</i></span>–the root of the word <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ingenious#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ingenious">ingenious</a></i>. Pre-industrial weapons of war, such as <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering rams</a>, were called <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a></i>, and knowledge of how to construct them was often treated as a military secret. The word <i>gin</i>, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a></i>, is short for <i>engine</i>. Most mechanical devices invented during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example. However, the original steam engines, such as those by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Thomas Savery</a>, were not mechanical engines but pumps. In this manner, a <a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">fire engine</a> in its original form was merely a water pump, with the engine being transported to the fire by horses.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern usage, the term <i>engine</i> typically describes devices, like steam engines and internal combustion engines, that burn or otherwise consume fuel to perform <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical work">mechanical work</a> by exerting a <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> or linear <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> (usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a>). Devices converting heat energy into motion are commonly referred to simply as <i>engines</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of engines which exert a torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as <a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">turboshafts</a>. Examples of engines which produce thrust include <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>. </p><p>When the internal combustion engine was invented, the term <i>motor</i> was initially used to distinguish it from the steam engine—which was in wide use at the time, powering locomotives and other vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Steamroller" title="Steamroller">steam rollers</a>. The term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/motor" class="extiw" title="wikt:motor">motor</a></i> derives from the Latin verb <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moto#Verb#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:moto">moto</a></i> which means 'to set in motion', or 'maintain motion'. Thus a motor is a device that imparts motion. </p><p><i>Motor</i> and <i>engine</i> are interchangeable in standard English.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some engineering jargons, the two words have different meanings, in which <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/engine" class="extiw" title="wikt:engine">engine</a></i> is a device that <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">burns</a> or otherwise consumes fuel, changing its chemical composition, and a motor is a device driven by <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">air</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_motor" title="Hydraulic motor">hydraulic</a> pressure, which does not change the chemical composition of its energy source.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/High-power_rocketry" title="High-power rocketry">rocketry</a> uses the term <a href="/wiki/Model_rocket_motor_classification" title="Model rocket motor classification">rocket motor</a>, even though they consume fuel. </p><p>A heat engine may also serve as a <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prime_mover" class="extiw" title="wikt:prime mover">prime mover</a></i>—a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid</a> into <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">mechanical energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine. Another way of looking at it is that a motor receives power from an external source, and then converts it into mechanical energy, while an engine creates power from pressure (derived directly from the explosive force of combustion or other <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> reaction, or secondarily from the action of some such force on other substances such as air, water, or steam).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="You are citing an Associated Press style guide? Really? Surely there is a better source. (February 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">Simple machines</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">oar</a> (examples of the <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a>), are <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a>. More complex engines using <a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">human power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Working_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Working animals">animal power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">wind power</a> and even steam power date back to antiquity. Human power was focused by the use of simple engines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)" title="Capstan (nautical)">capstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windlass" title="Windlass">windlass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Treadwheel" title="Treadwheel">treadmill</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">ropes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulleys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Block_and_tackle" title="Block and tackle">block and tackle</a> arrangements; this power was transmitted usually with the forces <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">multiplied</a> and the speed <a href="/wiki/Gear_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gear reduction">reduced</a>. These were used in <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a> and aboard <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">water pumps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege engines">siege engines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>. The writers of those times, including <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, treat these engines as commonplace, so their invention may be more ancient. By the 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> were used in <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">mills</a>, driving machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, a water-powered mill was built in Kaberia of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">kingdom of Mithridates</a> during the 1st century BC. Use of <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheels</a> in mills spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> over the next few centuries. Some were quite complex, with <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">aqueducts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluices</a> to maintain and channel the water, along with systems of <a href="/wiki/Gears" class="mw-redirect" title="Gears">gears</a>, or toothed-wheels made of wood and metal to regulate the speed of rotation. More sophisticated small devices, such as the <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antikythera Mechanism">Antikythera Mechanism</a> used complex trains of gears and dials to act as calendars or predict astronomical events. In a poem by <a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a> in the 4th century AD, he mentions a stone-cutting saw powered by water. <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> is credited with many such <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> powered machines in the 1st century AD, including the <a href="/wiki/Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">Aeolipile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machine</a>, often these machines were associated with worship, such as animated altars and automated temple doors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval Muslim engineers employed <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gears</a> in mills and water-raising machines, and used <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> as a source of water power to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a>, such advances made it possible to <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanize</a> many industrial tasks previously carried out by <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">manual labour</a>. </p><p>In 1206, <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazari">al-Jazari</a> employed a <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">crank</a>-<a href="/wiki/Conrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrod">conrod</a> system for two of his water-raising machines. A rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> device was described by <a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Taqi al-Din</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hassan1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1551 and by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Branca" title="Giovanni Branca">Giovanni Branca</a><sup id="cite_ref-Giovanni_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giovanni-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1629.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th century, the solid <a href="/wiki/Rocket_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket motor">rocket motor</a> was invented in China. Driven by gunpowder, this simplest form of internal combustion engine was unable to deliver sustained power, but was useful for propelling weaponry at high speeds towards enemies in battle and for <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>. After invention, this innovation spread throughout Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg/170px-Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg/255px-Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg/340px-Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Boulton & Watt engine of 1788</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt steam engine</a> was the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric</a> to drive the piston helped by a partial vacuum. Improving on the design of the 1712 <a href="/wiki/Newcomen_steam_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcomen steam engine">Newcomen steam engine</a>, the Watt steam engine, developed sporadically from 1763 to 1775, was a great step in the development of the steam engine. Offering a dramatic increase in <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>'s design became synonymous with steam engines, due in no small part to his business partner, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a>. It enabled rapid development of efficient semi-automated factories on a previously unimaginable scale in places where waterpower was not available. Later development led to <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> and great expansion of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway transportation</a>. </p><p>As for internal combustion <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engines</a>, these were tested in France in 1807 by <a href="/wiki/De_Rivaz" class="mw-redirect" title="De Rivaz">de Rivaz</a> and independently, by the <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Niépce brothers</a>. They were theoretically advanced by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a> in 1824.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1853–57 <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Barsanti" title="Eugenio Barsanti">Eugenio Barsanti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felice_Matteucci" title="Felice Matteucci">Felice Matteucci</a> invented and patented an engine using the free-piston principle that was possibly the first 4-cycle engine.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invention of an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> which was later commercially successful was made during 1860 by <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Lenoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Lenoir">Etienne Lenoir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1877, the <a href="/wiki/Otto_cycle" title="Otto cycle">Otto cycle</a> was capable of giving a far higher <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a> than steam engines and worked much better for many transportation applications such as cars and aircraft. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg/260px-Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg/390px-Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg/520px-Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>A V6 <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automobiles">Automobiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Automobiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first commercially successful automobile, created by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a>, added to the interest in light and powerful engines. The lightweight gasoline internal combustion engine, operating on a four-stroke Otto cycle, has been the most successful for light automobiles, while the thermally more-efficient <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a> is used for trucks and buses. However, in recent years, <a href="/wiki/Turbocharged" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbocharged">turbocharged</a> Diesel engines have become increasingly popular in automobiles, especially outside of the United States, even for quite small cars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horizontally-opposed_pistons">Horizontally-opposed pistons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Horizontally-opposed pistons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1896, Karl Benz was granted a patent for his design of the first engine with horizontally opposed pistons. His design created an engine in which the corresponding pistons move in horizontal cylinders and reach top dead center simultaneously, thus automatically balancing each other with respect to their individual momentum. Engines of this design are often referred to as “flat” or “boxer” engines due to their shape and low profile. They were used in the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV" title="Citroën 2CV">Citroën 2CV</a>, some Porsche and Subaru cars, many <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a>. Opposed four- and six-cylinder engines continue to be used as <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">a power source</a> in small, <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">propeller-driven</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advancement">Advancement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Advancement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The continued use of internal combustion engines in automobiles is partly due to the improvement of engine control systems, such as on-board computers providing engine management processes, and electronically controlled fuel injection. Forced air induction by turbocharging and supercharging have increased the power output of smaller displacement engines that are lighter in weight and more fuel-efficient at normal cruise power.. Similar changes have been applied to smaller Diesel engines, giving them almost the same performance characteristics as gasoline engines. This is especially evident with the popularity of smaller diesel engine-propelled cars in Europe. Diesel engines produce lower <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> and CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions, but greater <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulate</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub></a></span> pollution, than gasoline engines.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2001_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diesel engines are also 40% more fuel efficient than comparable gasoline engines.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2001_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Increasing_power">Increasing power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Increasing power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first half of the 20th century, a trend of increasing engine power occurred, particularly in the U.S. models.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="As opposed to what models? (June 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Design changes incorporated all known methods of increasing engine capacity, including increasing the pressure in the cylinders to improve efficiency, increasing the size of the engine, and increasing the rate at which the engine produces work. The higher forces and pressures created by these changes created engine vibration and size problems that led to stiffer, more compact engines with V and opposed cylinder layouts replacing longer straight-line arrangements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combustion_efficiency">Combustion efficiency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Combustion efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optimal combustion efficiency in passenger vehicles is reached with a coolant temperature of around 110 °C (230 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Engine_configuration">Engine configuration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Engine configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earlier automobile engine development produced a much larger range of engines than is in common use today. Engines have ranged from 1- to 16-cylinder designs with corresponding differences in overall size, weight, <a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">engine displacement</a>, and cylinder <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">bores</a>. Four cylinders and power ratings from 19 to 120 hp (14 to 90 kW) were followed in a majority of the models. Several three-cylinder, two-stroke-cycle models were built while most engines had straight or in-line cylinders. There were several V-type models and horizontally opposed two- and four-cylinder makes too. Overhead <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshafts</a> were frequently employed. The smaller engines were commonly air-cooled and located at the rear of the vehicle; compression ratios were relatively low. The 1970s and 1980s saw an increased interest in improved <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a>, which caused a return to smaller V-6 and four-cylinder layouts, with as many as five valves per cylinder to improve efficiency. The <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Veyron" title="Bugatti Veyron">Bugatti Veyron</a> 16.4 operates with a <a href="/wiki/W16_engine" title="W16 engine">W16 engine</a>, meaning that two <a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8</a> cylinder layouts are positioned next to each other to create the W shape sharing the same crankshaft. </p><p>The largest internal combustion engine ever built is the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4rtsil%C3%A4-Sulzer_RTA96-C" title="Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C">Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C</a>, a 14-cylinder, 2-stroke turbocharged diesel engine that was designed to power the <i><a href="/wiki/Emma_M%C3%A6rsk" title="Emma Mærsk">Emma Mærsk</a></i>, the largest container ship in the world when launched in 2006. This engine has a mass of 2,300 tonnes, and when running at 102 rpm (1.7 Hz) produces over 80 MW, and can use up to 250 tonnes of fuel per day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An engine can be put into a category according to two criteria: the form of energy it accepts in order to create motion, and the type of motion it outputs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_engine">Heat engine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Heat engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">Heat engine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combustion_engine">Combustion engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Combustion engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Combustion engines are <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engines</a> driven by the heat of a <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_combustion_engine">Internal combustion engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Internal combustion engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_three-horsepower_internal_combustion_engine_that_ran_on_coal_gas_LCCN2006691790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/A_three-horsepower_internal_combustion_engine_that_ran_on_coal_gas_LCCN2006691790.jpg/254px-A_three-horsepower_internal_combustion_engine_that_ran_on_coal_gas_LCCN2006691790.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/A_three-horsepower_internal_combustion_engine_that_ran_on_coal_gas_LCCN2006691790.jpg/381px-A_three-horsepower_internal_combustion_engine_that_ran_on_coal_gas_LCCN2006691790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/A_three-horsepower_internal_combustion_engine_that_ran_on_coal_gas_LCCN2006691790.jpg/508px-A_three-horsepower_internal_combustion_engine_that_ran_on_coal_gas_LCCN2006691790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3310" /></a><figcaption>A three-horsepower internal combustion engine that ran on coal gas</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></div><p>The <i>internal combustion engine</i> is an engine in which the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of a fuel (generally, <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a>. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> and high <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> gases, which are produced by the combustion, directly applies <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> to components of the engine, such as the <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">pistons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">turbine blades</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Propulsive_nozzle" class="mw-redirect" title="Propulsive nozzle">nozzle</a>, and by moving it over a distance, generates mechanical <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="External_combustion_engine">External combustion engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External combustion engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">External combustion engine</a></div> <p>An <i>external combustion engine</i> (EC engine) is a <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engine</a> where an internal working <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> is heated by combustion of an external source, through the engine wall or a <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> then, by expanding and acting on the <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanism</a> of the engine produces motion and usable <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical work">work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fluid is then cooled, compressed and reused (closed cycle), or (less commonly) dumped, and cool fluid pulled in (open cycle air engine). </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a>" refers to <a href="/wiki/Burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning">burning</a> fuel with an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a>, to supply the heat. Engines of similar (or even identical) configuration and operation may use a supply of heat from other sources such as nuclear, solar, geothermal or exothermic reactions not involving combustion; but are not then strictly classed as external combustion engines, but as external thermal engines. </p><p>The working fluid can be a gas as in a <a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling engine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> as in a steam engine or an organic liquid such as n-pentane in an <a href="/wiki/Organic_Rankine_cycle" title="Organic Rankine cycle">Organic Rankine cycle</a>. The fluid can be of any composition; gas is by far the most common, although even single-phase <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> is sometimes used. In the case of the steam engine, the fluid changes <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phases</a> between liquid and gas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air-breathing_combustion_engines">Air-breathing combustion engines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Air-breathing combustion engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Air-breathing combustion engines</i> are combustion engines that use the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in atmospheric air to <a href="/wiki/Oxidise" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidise">oxidise</a> ('burn') the fuel, rather than carrying an <a href="/wiki/Oxidiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidiser">oxidiser</a>, as in a <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a>. Theoretically, this should result in a better <a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">specific impulse</a> than for rocket engines. </p><p>A continuous stream of air flows through the air-breathing engine. This air is compressed, mixed with fuel, ignited and expelled as the <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Reaction_engine" title="Reaction engine">reaction engines</a>, the majority of the combustion energy (heat) exits the engine as exhaust gas, which provides thrust directly. </p> <dl><dt>Examples</dt></dl> <p>Typical air-breathing engines include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbreathing_jet_engine" title="Airbreathing jet engine">Airbreathing jet engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turbo-propeller engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse jet">Pulse jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">Ramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_air_cycle_engine" title="Liquid air cycle engine">Liquid air cycle engine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reaction_Engines_SABRE" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction Engines SABRE">Reaction Engines SABRE</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Environmental effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The operation of engines typically has a negative impact upon <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a> and ambient <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">sound levels</a>. There has been a growing emphasis on the pollution producing features of automotive power systems. This has created new interest in alternate power sources and internal-combustion engine refinements. Though a few limited-production battery-powered electric vehicles have appeared, they have not proved competitive owing to costs and operating characteristics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 21st century the diesel engine has been increasing in popularity with automobile owners. However, the gasoline engine and the Diesel engine, with their new emission-control devices to improve emission performance, have not yet been significantly challenged.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A number of manufacturers have introduced hybrid engines, mainly involving a small gasoline engine coupled with an electric motor and with a large battery bank, these are starting to become a popular option because of their environment awareness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_quality">Air quality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Air quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> from a spark ignition engine consists of the following: <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> 70 to 75% (by volume), <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> 10 to 12%, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> 10 to 13.5%, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> 0.5 to 2%, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> 0.2 to 2%, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>: 0.1 to 6%, unburnt <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a> and partial <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> products (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a>) 0.5 to 1%, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen monoxide">nitrogen monoxide</a> 0.01 to 0.4%, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> <100 ppm, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> 15 to 60 ppm, traces of other compounds such as fuel additives and lubricants, also halogen and metallic compounds, and other particles.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbon monoxide is highly toxic, and can cause <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a>, so it is important to avoid any build-up of the gas in a confined space. <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converters</a> can reduce toxic emissions, but not eliminate them. Also, resulting greenhouse gas emissions, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, from the widespread use of engines in the modern industrialized world is contributing to the global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> – a primary concern regarding <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-combusting_heat_engines">Non-combusting heat engines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Non-combusting heat engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engine</a></div> <p>Some engines convert heat from noncombustive processes into mechanical work, for example a nuclear power plant uses the heat from the nuclear reaction to produce steam and drive a steam engine, or a gas turbine in a rocket engine may be driven by decomposing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>. Apart from the different energy source, the engine is often engineered much the same as an internal or external combustion engine. </p><p>Another group of noncombustive engines includes <a href="/wiki/Thermoacoustic_heat_engine" title="Thermoacoustic heat engine">thermoacoustic heat engines</a> (sometimes called "TA engines") which are thermoacoustic devices that use high-amplitude sound waves to pump heat from one place to another, or conversely use a heat difference to induce high-amplitude sound waves. In general, thermoacoustic engines can be divided into standing wave and travelling wave devices.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stirling_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirling engines">Stirling engines</a> can be another form of non-combustive heat engine. They use the Stirling thermodynamic cycle to convert heat into work. An example is the alpha type Stirling engine, whereby gas flows, via a <a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">recuperator</a>, between a hot cylinder and a cold cylinder, which are attached to reciprocating pistons 90° out of phase. The gas receives heat at the hot cylinder and expands, driving the piston that turns the <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>. After expanding and flowing through the recuperator, the gas rejects heat at the cold cylinder and the ensuing pressure drop leads to its compression by the other (displacement) piston, which forces it back to the hot cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-thermal_chemically_powered_motor">Non-thermal chemically powered motor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Non-thermal chemically powered motor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-thermal motors usually are powered by a chemical reaction, but are not heat engines. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_motor" title="Molecular motor">Molecular motor</a> – motors found in living things</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_molecular_motor" title="Synthetic molecular motor">Synthetic molecular motor</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_motor">Electric motor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Electric motor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a></div> <p>An <i>electric motor</i> uses <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">mechanical energy</a>, usually through the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic fields">magnetic fields</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">current-carrying conductors</a>. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">generator</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">Traction motors</a> used on vehicles often perform both tasks. Electric motors can be run as generators and vice versa, although this is not always practical. Electric motors are ubiquitous, being found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, <a href="/wiki/Power_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Power tools">power tools</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">disk drives</a>. They may be powered by direct current (for example a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electric)">battery</a> powered portable device or motor vehicle), or by <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> from a central electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for propulsion of large ships, and for such purposes as pipeline compressors, with ratings in the thousands of <a href="/wiki/Watt_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt (unit)">kilowatts</a>. Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, and by their application. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_motor.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Electric_motor.gif/220px-Electric_motor.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Electric_motor.gif/330px-Electric_motor.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Electric_motor.gif/440px-Electric_motor.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Electric motor</figcaption></figure> <p>The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field was known as early as 1821. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed throughout the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric motors on a large scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks. </p><p>To reduce the electric <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption</a> from motors and their associated <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprints</a>, various regulatory authorities in many countries have introduced and implemented legislation to encourage the manufacture and use of higher efficiency electric motors. A well-designed motor can convert over 90% of its input energy into useful power for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the efficiency of a motor is raised by even a few percentage points, the savings, in <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kilowatt hours</a> (and therefore in cost), are enormous. The electrical <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> of a typical industrial <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">induction motor</a> can be improved by: 1) reducing the electrical losses in the <a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">stator</a> windings (e.g., by increasing the cross-sectional area of the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductor</a>, improving the <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">winding</a> technique, and using materials with higher <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivities</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>), 2) reducing the electrical losses in the <a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">rotor</a> coil or casting (e.g., by using materials with higher electrical conductivities, such as copper), 3) reducing magnetic losses by using better quality magnetic <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, 4) improving the <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic">aerodynamics</a> of motors to reduce mechanical windage losses, 5) improving <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a> to reduce <a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">friction losses</a>, and 6) minimizing manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">tolerances</a>. <i>For further discussion on this subject, see <a href="/wiki/Premium_efficiency" title="Premium efficiency">Premium efficiency</a>).</i> </p><p>By convention, <i>electric engine</i> refers to a railroad <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric locomotive</a>, rather than an electric motor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physically_powered_motor">Physically powered motor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Physically powered motor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some motors are powered by potential or kinetic energy, for example some <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funiculars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravity_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity plane">gravity plane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ropeway_conveyor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ropeway conveyor">ropeway conveyors</a> have used the energy from moving water or rocks, and some clocks have a weight that falls under gravity. Other forms of potential energy include compressed gases (such as <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">pneumatic motors</a>), springs (<a href="/wiki/Clockwork_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Clockwork motor">clockwork motors</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Elastic_band#Model_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic band">elastic bands</a>. </p><p>Historic <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege engines">siege engines</a> included large <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchets</a>, and (to some extent) <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering rams</a> were powered by potential energy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pneumatic_motor">Pneumatic motor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pneumatic motor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">Pneumatic motor</a></div> <p>A <i>pneumatic motor</i> is a machine that converts potential energy in the form of <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a> into <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical work">mechanical work</a>. Pneumatic motors generally convert the compressed air to mechanical work through either linear or rotary motion. Linear motion can come from either a diaphragm or piston actuator, while rotary motion is supplied by either a vane type air motor or piston air motor. Pneumatic motors have found widespread success in the hand-held tool industry and continual attempts are being made to expand their use to the transportation industry. However, pneumatic motors must overcome efficiency deficiencies before being seen as a viable option in the transportation industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydraulic_motor">Hydraulic motor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hydraulic motor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_motor" title="Hydraulic motor">Hydraulic motor</a></div> <p>A <i>hydraulic motor</i> derives its power from a <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressurized</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>. This type of engine is used to move heavy loads and drive machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid">Hybrid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some motor units can have multiple sources of energy. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle">plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a>'s electric motor could source electricity from either a battery or from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> inputs via an internal combustion engine and a generator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are used in the assessment of the performance of an engine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed">Speed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speed refers to crankshaft rotation in piston engines and the speed of compressor/turbine rotors and electric motor rotors. It is measured in <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">revolutions per minute</a> (rpm). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thrust">Thrust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Thrust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">Thrust</a> is the force exerted on an airplane as a consequence of its propeller or jet engine accelerating the air passing through it. It is also the force exerted on a ship as a consequence of its propeller accelerating the water passing through it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torque">Torque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Torque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">Torque</a> is a turning moment on a shaft and is calculated by multiplying the force causing the moment by its distance from the shaft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">Power</a> is the measure of how fast work is done. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Engine_efficiency" title="Engine efficiency">Engine efficiency</a></div> <p>Efficiency is a proportion of useful energy output compared to total input. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_levels">Sound levels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sound levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vehicle noise is predominantly from the engine at low vehicle speeds and from tires and the air flowing past the vehicle at higher speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric motors are quieter than internal combustion engines. Thrust-producing engines, such as turbofans, turbojets and rockets emit the greatest amount of noise due to the way their thrust-producing, high-velocity exhaust streams interact with the surrounding stationary air. Noise reduction technology includes intake and exhaust system <a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">mufflers</a> (silencers) on gasoline and diesel engines and noise attenuation liners in turbofan inlets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engines_by_use">Engines by use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Engines by use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particularly notable kinds of engines include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Aircraft engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile engine">Automobile engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_engine" title="Model engine">Model engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_engine" title="Motorcycle engine">Motorcycle engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">Marine propulsion</a> engines such as <a href="/wiki/Outboard_motor" title="Outboard motor">Outboard motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-road_engine" title="Non-road engine">Non-road engine</a> is the term used to define engines that are not used by vehicles on roadways.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway locomotive">Railway locomotive</a> engine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> engines such as <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_engine" title="Traction engine">Traction engine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Aircraft engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_engine_replacement" title="Automobile engine replacement">Automobile engine replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine cooling">Engine cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_swap" title="Engine swap">Engine swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine">Gasoline engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCCI" class="mw-redirect" title="HCCI">HCCI engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesselman_engine" title="Hesselman engine">Hesselman engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_bulb_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot bulb engine">Hot bulb engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRIS_engine" title="IRIS engine">IRIS engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromotor" title="Micromotor">Micromotor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flagella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagella">Flagella</a> – biological motor used by some microorganisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomotor" title="Nanomotor">Nanomotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_motor" title="Molecular motor">Molecular motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_molecular_motor" title="Synthetic molecular motor">Synthetic molecular motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_quantum_motor" title="Adiabatic quantum motor">Adiabatic quantum motor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">Multifuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_engine" title="Reaction engine">Reaction engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state engine">Solid-state engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_heat_engine_technology" title="Timeline of heat engine technology">Timeline of heat engine technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_motor_and_engine_technology" title="Timeline of motor and engine technology">Timeline of motor and engine technology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/motor">"Motor"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080407154945/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Motor">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-09</span></span>. <q>a person or thing that imparts motion, esp. a contrivance, as a steam engine, that receives and modifies energy from some source in order to use it in driving machinery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motor&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmotor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/motor">Dictionary.com: (World heritage)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080407154945/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Motor">Archived</a> 2008-04-07 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a> "3. any device that converts another form of energy into mechanical energy so as to produce motion"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/engine.htm">"World Wide Words: Engine and Motor"</a>. <i>World Wide Words</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425010153/http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/engine.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wide+Words&rft.atitle=World+Wide+Words%3A+Engine+and+Motor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwidewords.org%2Farticles%2Fengine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Engine">"Engine"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829024422/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/engine">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Engine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2FEngine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dictionary definitions: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-motor" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=motor">"motor"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=motor&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmotor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-engine" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=engine">"engine"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=engine&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dengine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/motor">"motor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=motor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmotor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/engine">"engine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fengine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/motor">"motor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=motor&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmotor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/engine">"engine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=engine&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fengine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Engine", <i>McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i>, Third Edition, Sybil P. Parker, ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994, p. 714.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinion" class="citation web cs1">Quinion, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/engine.htm">"World Wide Words: Engine and Motor"</a>. <i>Worldwide Words</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425010153/http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/engine.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldwide+Words&rft.atitle=World+Wide+Words%3A+Engine+and+Motor&rft.aulast=Quinion&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwidewords.org%2Farticles%2Fengine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Prime mover", <i>McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i>, Third Edition, Sybil P. Parker, ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994, p. 1498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Norm, ed. (2007). <i>The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law</i> (42nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00489-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00489-8"><bdi>978-0-465-00489-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Associated+Press+Stylebook+and+Briefing+on+Media+Law&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=84&rft.edition=42nd&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00489-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y. Hassan">Hassan, Ahmad Y.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218171021/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.htm">"Transmission of Islamic Engineering"</a>. <i>Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West, Part II</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.htm">the original</a> on 2008-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transmission+of+Islamic+Engineering&rft.btitle=Transfer+of+Islamic+Technology+to+the+West%2C+Part+II&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FArticles%2Farticles%252071.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hassan1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Hassan, Ahmad Y.</a> (1976). <i>Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering</i>, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aleppo" title="University of Aleppo">University of Aleppo</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giovanni-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giovanni_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034636/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/Chapter1.html">"University of Rochester, NY, <i>The growth of the steam engine</i> online history resource, chapter one"</a>. History.rochester.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/Chapter1.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Rochester%2C+NY%2C+The+growth+of+the+steam+engine+online+history+resource%2C+chapter+one&rft.pub=History.rochester.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.rochester.edu%2Fsteam%2Fthurston%2F1878%2FChapter1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNag2002" class="citation book cs1">Nag, P.K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv9LH4ckuEwC&pg=PA432"><i>Power plant engineering</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Tata_McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata McGraw-Hill">Tata McGraw-Hill</a>. p. 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-043599-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-043599-5"><bdi>0-07-043599-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+plant+engineering&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-07-043599-5&rft.aulast=Nag&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCv9LH4ckuEwC%26pg%3DPA432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225042248/http://www.barsantiematteucci.it/inglese/documentiStorici.html">"La documentazione essenziale per l'attribuzione della scoperta"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barsantiematteucci.it/inglese/documentiStorici.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2014</span>. <q>A later request was presented to the Patent Office of the Reign of Piedmont, under No. 700 of Volume VII of that Office. The text of this patent request is not available, only a photo of the table containing a drawing of the engine. This may have been either a new patent or an extension of a patent granted three days earlier, on 30 December 1857, at Turin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+documentazione+essenziale+per+l%27attribuzione+della+scoperta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barsantiematteucci.it%2Finglese%2FdocumentiStorici.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Albert Walter Hillier, Peter Coombes – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoYaRsNFlEYC&dq=cc+engine&pg=PA34"><i>Hillier's Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology</i>, Book 1</a> Nelson Thornes, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7487-8082-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7487-8082-3">0-7487-8082-3</a> [Retrieved 2016-06-16]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison2001-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison2001_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison2001_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roy_M._Harrison" title="Roy M. Harrison">Harrison, Roy M.</a> (2001), <i>Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control</i> (4th ed.), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-621-8"><bdi>978-0-85404-621-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pollution%3A+Causes%2C+Effects+and+Control&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-621-8&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Roy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight2017" class="citation web cs1">McKnight, Bill (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motor.com/magazine-summary/electrically-assisted-thermostat">"The Electrically Assisted Thermostat"</a>. <i>Motor.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503012608/https://www.motor.com/magazine-summary/electrically-assisted-thermostat">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+encyclopedia%3A+Internal+combustion+engine&rft.pub=Inventors.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Fgi%2Fdynamic%2Foffsite.htm%3Fsite%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fin%2Fintern-co.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r4_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0825332.html">"Internal-combustion engine"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internal-combustion+engine&rft.pub=Infoplease.com&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fce6%2Fsci%2FA0825332.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/external%20combustion">"External combustion"</a>. 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Thesis</i></a>. Egypt: Cairo University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928064211/http://www.scribd.com/doc/147785416/Experimental-Investigations-on-a-Standing-Wave-Thermoacoustic-Engine#fullscreen">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceee.org/topics/motors">the original</a> on 2012-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motors&rft.pub=American+Council+for+an+Energy-Efficient+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aceee.org%2Ftopics%2Fmotors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821175006/http://reference.howstuffworks.com/hydraulic-engine-encyclopedia.htm">"Howstuffworks "Engineering"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Reference.howstuffworks.com. 2006-01-29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.howstuffworks.com/hydraulic-engine-encyclopedia.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Howstuffworks+%22Engineering%22&rft.pub=Reference.howstuffworks.com&rft.date=2006-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.howstuffworks.com%2Fhydraulic-engine-encyclopedia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (September 1973). "Analysis of Highway Noise". <i>Journal of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 387–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973WASP....2..387H">1973WASP....2..387H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00159677">10.1007/BF00159677</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0049-6979">0049-6979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109914430">109914430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Water%2C+Air%2C+and+Soil+Pollution&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Highway+Noise&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=387-92&rft.date=1973-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00159677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109914430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0049-6979&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973WASP....2..387H&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>J.G. Landels, <i>Engineering in the Ancient World</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04127-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04127-5">0-520-04127-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Engines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Engines">Engines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/engine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:engine">engine</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/motor" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:motor">motor</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US194047">U.S. patent 194,047</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animatedpiston.com">Detailed Engine Animations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbm.dk/gbm/Motor-e.htm">Working 4-Stroke Engine – Animation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425010224/http://www.gbm.dk/gbm/Motor-e.htm">Archived</a> 2019-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animatedengines.com">Animated illustrations of various engines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/news/industry/5-alternative-engine-architectures?click=main_sr">5 Ways to Redesign the Internal Combustion Engine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turfmagazine.com/maintenance/rebirth-of-the-gasoline-engine/">Article on Small SI Engines.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turfmagazine.com/maintenance/rise-of-the-compact-diesel-engine-2/">Article on Compact Diesel Engines.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016054925/https://www.autocurious.com/2020/04/types-of-engines.html?m=1">Types Of Engines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42369">Motors</a> (1915) by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/635">James Slough Zerbe</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=23758">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heat_engines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F0DC82;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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title="Aeolipile">Aeolipile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoacoustic_heat_engine" title="Thermoacoustic heat engine">Thermoacoustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manson_engine" title="Manson engine">Manson engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beale_number" title="Beale number">Beale number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_number" title="West number">West number</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_heat_engine_technology" title="Timeline of heat engine technology">Timeline of heat engine technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0DC82;"><div><a 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thermodynamic_cycles" title="Template talk:Thermodynamic cycles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thermodynamic_cycles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thermodynamic cycles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thermodynamic_cycles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle" title="Thermodynamic cycle">Thermodynamic cycles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">External<br />combustion / thermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Without phase change<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hot_air_engine" title="Hot air engine">hot air engines</a>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle#Reverse_Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Bell Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton/Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnot_cycle" title="Carnot cycle">Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericsson_cycle" title="Ericsson cycle">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_cycle" title="Stirling cycle">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo_Stirling_cycle" title="Pseudo Stirling cycle">Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoddard cycle">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manson_engine" title="Manson engine">Manson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">With phase change</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_cycle" title="Kalina cycle">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic_cycle" title="Hygroscopic cycle">Hygroscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Organic_Rankine_cycle" title="Organic Rankine cycle">Organic Rankine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative cycle">Regenerative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal <br />combustion / thermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atkinson_cycle" title="Atkinson cycle">Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton/Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_cycle" title="Diesel cycle">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expander_cycle" title="Expander cycle">Expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-generator_cycle" title="Gas-generator cycle">Gas-generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_cycle" title="Humphrey cycle">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenoir_cycle" title="Lenoir cycle">Lenoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_cycle" title="Miller cycle">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_cycle" title="Otto cycle">Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuderi_cycle" title="Scuderi cycle">Scuderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staged_combustion_cycle" title="Staged combustion cycle">Staged combustion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">Combined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-efficiency_hybrid_cycle" title="High-efficiency hybrid cycle">HEHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed/dual_cycle" title="Mixed/dual cycle">Mixed/dual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Refrigeration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampson%E2%80%93Linde_cycle" title="Hampson–Linde cycle">Hampson–Linde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleemenko_cycle" title="Kleemenko cycle">Kleemenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_tube_refrigerator" title="Pulse tube refrigerator">Pulse tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_cooling" title="Regenerative cooling">Regenerative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcritical_cycle" title="Transcritical cycle">Transcritical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Vapor absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_cycle" title="Siemens cycle">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuilleumier_cycle" title="Vuilleumier cycle">Vuilleumier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionocaloric_refrigeration" title="Ionocaloric refrigeration">Ionocaloric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Machines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Machines" title="Template:Machines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Machines" title="Template talk:Machines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Machines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Machines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Machines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Machines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">Classical simple machines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_plane" title="Inclined plane">Inclined plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">Pulley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_(simple_machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw (simple machine)">Screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge (mechanical device)">Wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_and_axle" title="Wheel and axle">Wheel and axle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_clock" title="Pendulum clock">Pendulum clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_clock" title="Quartz clock">Quartz clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Compressors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">Eductor-jet pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_ram" title="Hydraulic ram">Hydraulic ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompe" title="Trompe">Trompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_pump" title="Vacuum pump">Vacuum pump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">External combustion engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">Rotary engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutating_disc_engine" title="Nutating disc engine">Nutating disc engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">Linkages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaucellier%E2%80%93Lipkin_linkage" title="Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage">Peaucellier-Lipkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">Turbine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasiturbine" title="Quasiturbine">Quasiturbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">Water turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind generator">Wind generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">Aerofoil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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