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Según ese análisis, los argumentos a fortiori son, en su acepción más general, argumentos con garantías escalares. Distingo tres formas distintas, aunque interconectadas, de argumento a fortiori: argumentos y metaargumentos basados en el tópico de lo más y de lo menos, y argumentos por comparación de la fuerza. 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{"work":{"id":16855719,"created_at":"2015-10-15T20:43:11.027-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-15T09:24:13.682-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Propongo un análisis de los argumentos a\nfortiori en el marco de una teoría\ntoulminiana de esquemas argumentativos.\nSegún ese análisis, los argumentos a\nfortiori son, en su acepción más general,\nargumentos con garantías escalares.\nDistingo tres formas distintas, aunque\ninterconectadas, de argumento a fortiori:\nargumentos y metaargumentos basados en\nel tópico de lo más y de lo menos, y\nargumentos por comparación de la fuerza.\nDiferencio también dos órdenes de\ncomplejidad, dependiendo de si la\ncomparación implícita involucra a la\ngarantía o al respaldo."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"es","title":"Variedades de la argumentación a fortiori","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors 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src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1834304/3158168/29455662/s65_hubert.marraud.jpg" />hubert marraud</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">17 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 16855719; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=16855719"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if 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// Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Propongo un análisis de los argumentos a fortiori en el marco de una teoría toulminiana de esquemas argumentativos. Según ese análisis, los argumentos a fortiori son, en su acepción más general, argumentos con garantías escalares. Distingo tres formas distintas, aunque interconectadas, de argumento a fortiori: argumentos y metaargumentos basados en el tópico de lo más y de lo menos, y argumentos por comparación de la fuerza. Diferencio también dos órdenes de complejidad, dependiendo de si la comparación implícita involucra a la garantía o al respaldo.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":39220863,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/16855719/Variedades_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n_a_fortiori"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":39220863,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/16855719/Variedades_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n_a_fortiori"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">RESUMEN: El objetivo de este artículo es describir los argumentos a fortiori en el marco de una teoría de los esquemas argumentativos de corte toulminiano. Una argumentación a fortiori comporta la comparación de la fuerza de dos o más argumentos, y requiere que esos argumentos involucren inferencias escalares. Se pueden distinguir dos órdenes de argumentos a fortiori, en función de si esa inferencia media entre las premisas y la conclusión o entre el respaldo y la garantía de los argumentos. El primer patrón corresponde al a fortiori retórico y el segundo al a fortiori jurídico.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Argumentos a fortiori","attachmentId":42531106,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21757180/Argumentos_a_fortiori","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21757180/Argumentos_a_fortiori"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="99086828" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99086828/Discusi%C3%B3n_actual_sobre_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n">Discusión actual sobre la argumentación</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12957941" href="https://unam1.academia.edu/GilbertoGim%C3%A9nez">Gilberto Giménez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">México Si el propósito de argumentar es orientar al interlocutor hacia ciertas conclusiones y apartarlo de otras, el estudio de la argumentación comprenderá, además de la consideración de los procesos lógicos del razonamiento, el análisis de las operaciones discursivas que constituyen y valoran al objeto. Así, en las últimas décadas se han propuesto estructuras que incluyen más elementos que aquellos contemplados en los silogismos. Además, se han desarrollado líneas de investigación sobre distintas técnicas y estrategias argumentativas. Se reseñan y ejemplifican aquí las posiciones principales y algunas observaciones críticas.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Discusión actual sobre la argumentación","attachmentId":100267029,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99086828/Discusi%C3%B3n_actual_sobre_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99086828/Discusi%C3%B3n_actual_sobre_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="88084468" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88084468/La_argumentaci%C3%B3n_Nociones_generales">La argumentación : Nociones generales</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="172949005" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RosanaPascual2">Rosana Pascual</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Se caracteriza la argumentación a partir de la consideración del plano enunciativo (marcas propias del aspecto comunicativo, temporalidad) y de su dimensión perlocutiva (objetivos, efectos últimos). El estudio de la dimensión argumentativa de un discurso puede tornarse aún más interesante cuando se abordan tipologías textuales concebidas comúnmente como neutras, tales como ciertas exposiciones o narraciones, en el sentido en que el emisor y su mundo ideológico están ausentes. Siguiendo a Vignaux, se define el discurso argumentativo como un conjunto de estrategias cuya finalidad es buscar persuadir y cuya naturaleza se opone a las evidencias. El dominio de los argumentos es lo probable, lo verosímil aristotélico, y no lo verdadero, entendiendo por verdadero aquello que puede someterse a demostración a través de algún tipo de evidencia. Lo verosímil admite contrarios, tiene que ver con las certidumbres humanas, no con las científicas. Así delimitado, son pocos los textos que obvian lo...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"La argumentación : Nociones generales","attachmentId":92129897,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88084468/La_argumentaci%C3%B3n_Nociones_generales","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88084468/La_argumentaci%C3%B3n_Nociones_generales"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="28664866" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28664866/La_riqueza_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n">La riqueza de la argumentación</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4352038" href="https://ipn.academia.edu/Innovaci%C3%B3nEducativaIPN">Revista Innovación Educativa, Instituto Politécnico Nacional</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Claudia Vianney Islas Díaz Centro de Investigaciones Económicas, Administrativas y Sociales (CIECAS), Instituto Politécnico Nacional</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"La riqueza de la argumentación","attachmentId":49043377,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28664866/La_riqueza_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28664866/La_riqueza_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="33043698" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33043698/Las_falacias_en_las_teor%C3%ADas_contempor%C3%A1neas_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n">Las falacias en las teorías contemporáneas de la argumentación</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="669056" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Cristi%C3%A1nSantib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez">Cristián Santibáñez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">En el presente artículo utilizamos el concepto de filosofía formalizada de Hansson, así como las categorías de idealización simplificada y perfeccionista que se le asocian, con el fin de proponer un metaanálisis de tres enfoques teóricos de la argumentación, a saber, la pragmadialéctica de van Eemeren y Grootendorst, los esquemas argumentativos de Walton y el enfoque conversacional de Jacobs y Jackson, en relación con el tratamiento de las falacias como un tipo de trasgresión de reglas pragmáticas. Concluimos que mientras las dos primeras están ancladas en una concepción centralizada de lo falaz, la tercera abandona toda posibilidad de normatividad.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Las falacias en las teorías contemporáneas de la argumentación","attachmentId":53152326,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33043698/Las_falacias_en_las_teor%C3%ADas_contempor%C3%A1neas_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33043698/Las_falacias_en_las_teor%C3%ADas_contempor%C3%A1neas_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="19200247" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19200247/De_la_argumentacion">De la argumentacion</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39418435" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OlmosAlexander">Alexander Olmos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Lo que llamamos argumentación y argumento no es un objeto definido del conocimiento, sino un amplio espectro de posibilidades. De hecho, tampoco se trata de una gama de objetos, en el sentido de entidades estáticas. Los argumentos pueden ser vistos con más propiedad como actividades humanas, crecimientos específicos, y si bien habrá en ellos ciertos elementos, rasgos y relaciones parcialmente en común, no comparten nada esencial que deba elucidarse con insistencia. El intento de reducirlos todos a un común denominador sólo deforma la realidad y produce gran confusión y alienación. Por otro lado, los intentos esquemáticos, los modelos, los principios explicativos, deben también ser tomados con cautela: como veremos, son ópticas apropiadas para ciertos fenómenos argumentales, otros no. En forma general, en la expresión "teoría de la argumentación", el término "teoría" debe leerse en primer lugar en el sentido descriptivo. No se trata de una teoría explicativa de la argumentación, sino de un dar cuenta de diversos aspectos y fenómenos en torno a esa variedad inagotable que son las prácticas argumentales.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"De la argumentacion","attachmentId":40486741,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19200247/De_la_argumentacion","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19200247/De_la_argumentacion"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="1764280" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1764280/Virtudes_argumentales">Virtudes argumentales</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="197576" href="https://uaa.academia.edu/MarioGensollen">Mario Gensollen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Quisiera partir de un principio simple, el principio de la menor violencia:</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Virtudes argumentales","attachmentId":22441849,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1764280/Virtudes_argumentales","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1764280/Virtudes_argumentales"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="40141457" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40141457/El_campo_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n_esencialmente_pol%C3%A9mica">El campo de la argumentación esencialmente polémica</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="115198361" href="https://eafit.academia.edu/JulderAG%C3%B3mezPosada">Julder Gómez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Discusiones filosóficas, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Este artículo es producto de la investigación: "Sobre la posibilidad objetiva de la aplicación de las reglas retóricas a los desacuerdos relativos a la acción social", realizada en el grupo de investigación "Estudios sobre Política y Lenguaje", de la Escuela de Ciencias y Humanidades de la Universidad Eafit. Este artículo ha sido realizado durante el período sabático que la Universidad Eafit me ha concedido en el segundo semestre del año 2011. key worDs field of argumentation, essentially contested concepts, definition, Gallie, rhetorics.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"El campo de la argumentación esencialmente polémica","attachmentId":60358174,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40141457/El_campo_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n_esencialmente_pol%C3%A9mica","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40141457/El_campo_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n_esencialmente_pol%C3%A9mica"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="41371568" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41371568/Los_usos_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n">Los usos de la argumentación</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46449429" href="https://tecnoeducativa.academia.edu/RichardSosa">Ríchard Sosa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Toulmin, S. (2007). Los usos de la argumentación. Traducción de María Morrás y Victoria Pineda. (1° era Ed.). Barcelona: Editorial Península. Pp.330. La argumentación es sin duda alguna uno de los conceptos teóricos que mayor debate y controversia ha causado por lo menos en las últimas dos décadas. Este vocablo cuenta con cientos de definiciones y por lo general, todas convergen en convencer, manipular e influir en los interlocutores del proceso comunicativo (Fraca, En este sentido, autores foráneos como Stephen Toulmin han abordado la disciplina argumentativa a través de sus obras. Este prosista nace en Londres el año 1922. Es un matemático con PHD en filosofía de la Universidad de Cambridge. Entre sus trabajos con mayor reconocimiento y difusión se encuentran Los usos de la argumentación (1958), en el cual establece un modelo de argumentación que consta de seis partes y se aborda en el presente trabajo. Este modelo se amplía en Una introducción al razonamiento (1979). También escribe una obra intitulada Los abusos de la casuística (1988) para estudiar el fenómeno de este tipo de argumentación. En el caso del texto que nos ocupa, Los usos de la argumentación, se atiende de manera pertinente la necesidad de clarificar los usos asignados a la argumentación. Su obra versa sobre un estudio minucioso del objeto de estudio de esta disciplina desde la mirada filosófica propuesta por el autor. Para ello, la obra se encuentra estructurada en cinco capítulos además del prólogo, introducción, conclusión, referencias e índice onomástico. En el primer capítulo se abordan los campos a los que se circunscribe la argumentación y los denominados términos modales; en el segundo se plantean las probabilidades; en el tercero se revisan las formas de los argumentos; en el cuarto, se desarrollan la lógica operativa y</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Los usos de la argumentación","attachmentId":61569484,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41371568/Los_usos_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41371568/Los_usos_de_la_argumentaci%C3%B3n"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="4199407" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4199407/La_argumentaci%C3%B3n">La argumentación</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1258267" href="https://uam-xochimilco.academia.edu/SilviaGutierrez">Silvia Gutierrez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Argumentos, 1989</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">S egun Portine, el discurso desempena, en el plano de la comunicacion, tres funciones principales: la informativa, la expresiva y la argumentativa. La primera implica reducir el margen de incertidumbre del interlocutor con respecto a algun campo referencial. La segunda es implicita o explicitamente reveladora del sujeto de enunciacion. La tercera esquematiza la realidad con vistas a una intervencion sobre el auditorio.' Es especificamente esta tercera funcion la que describiremos en este articulo.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"La argumentación","attachmentId":31694001,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4199407/La_argumentaci%C3%B3n","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4199407/La_argumentaci%C3%B3n"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39220863,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39220863,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39220863" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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