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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mental_nerve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_nerve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Mental nerve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_nerve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incisive_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incisive_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Incisive branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incisive_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anesthesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anesthesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anesthesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anesthesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervus_alveolaris_inferior" title="Nervus alveolaris inferior – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nervus alveolaris inferior" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervio_alveolar_inferior" title="Nervio alveolar inferior – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nervio alveolar inferior" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerf_alv%C3%A9olaire_inf%C3%A9rieur" title="Nerf alvéolaire inférieur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nerf alvéolaire inférieur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%AD%AF%E6%A7%BD%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C" title="下歯槽神経 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="下歯槽神経" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo_alveolar_inferior" title="Nervo alveolar inferior – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nervo alveolar inferior" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%9A%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Доњи зубни живац – Serbian" lang="sr" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of the mandibular nerve</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Inferior+alveolar+nerve%22">"Inferior alveolar nerve"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Inferior+alveolar+nerve%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Inferior+alveolar+nerve%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Inferior+alveolar+nerve%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Inferior+alveolar+nerve%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Inferior+alveolar+nerve%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Inferior alveolar nerve</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray778.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gray778.png/250px-Gray778.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gray778.png/375px-Gray778.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gray778.png/500px-Gray778.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="578" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_nerve" title="Maxillary nerve">maxillary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandibular_nerve" title="Mandibular nerve">mandibular nerves</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Submaxillary_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Submaxillary ganglion">submaxillary ganglion</a>. (Inferior alveolar visible at center left.)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray781.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray781.png/250px-Gray781.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray781.png/375px-Gray781.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray781.png/500px-Gray781.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="514" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (Inferior alveolar labeled at bottom right.)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">From</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_nerve" title="Mandibular nerve">Mandibular nerve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">To</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mylohyoid_nerve" title="Mylohyoid nerve">Mylohyoid</a>, dental, <a href="/wiki/Incisive_foramen" title="Incisive foramen">incisive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mental_nerve" title="Mental nerve">mental</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Innervates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dental_alveolus" title="Dental alveolus">Dental alveolus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>nervus alveolaris inferior</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.2.01.089%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.2.01.089</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=6274">6274</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma53243">53243</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1538474" class="extiw" title="d:Q1538474">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>inferior alveolar nerve</b> (<b>IAN</b>) (also the <b>inferior dental nerve</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nerve" title="Sensory nerve">sensory</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="One source states the IAC to be a sensory nerve rather than a mixed nerve, while another appears to claim that it emits a motor (mylohyoid) branch. (July 2023)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Mandibular_nerve" title="Mandibular nerve">mandibular nerve (CN V<sub>3</sub>)</a> (which is itself the third branch of the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve (CN V)</a>). The nerve provides sensory innervation to the lower/mandibular teeth and their corresponding gingiva as well as a small area of the face (via its <a href="/wiki/Mental_nerve" title="Mental nerve">mental nerve</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inferior alveolar nerve arises from the <a href="/wiki/Mandibular_nerve" title="Mandibular nerve">mandibular nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 543">: 543 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Course">Course</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After branching from the mandibular nerve, the inferior alveolar nerve passes posterior to the lateral pterygoid muscle. It issues a branch (the <a href="/wiki/Mylohyoid_nerve" title="Mylohyoid nerve">mylohyoid nerve</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="One source states the IAC to be a sensory nerve rather than a mixed nerve, while another appears to claim that it emits a motor (mylohyoid) branch. (July 2023)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> before entering the <a href="/wiki/Mandibular_foramen" title="Mandibular foramen">mandibular foramen</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 543">: 543 </span></sup> to come to pass in the <a href="/wiki/Mandibular_canal" title="Mandibular canal">mandibular canal</a> within the mandible. Passing through the canal, it issues <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">sensory branches</a> for the molar and second premolar teeth; the branches first form the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_dental_plexus" title="Inferior dental plexus">inferior dental plexus</a> which then gives off small gingival and dental nerves to these teeth themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nerve terminates distally/anteriorly (near the second lower premolar)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> within the mandibular canal by splitting into its two terminal branches: the <a href="/wiki/Mental_nerve" title="Mental nerve">mental nerve</a>, and the incisive branch.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branches">Branches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mental_nerve">Mental nerve</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mental nerve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mental nerve emerges from the mandibular canal through the <a href="/wiki/Mental_foramen" title="Mental foramen">mental foramen</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provides sensory innervation to the <a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">chin</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">lip</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incisive_branch">Incisive branch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Incisive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The incisive branch represents the anterior continuation of the inferior alveolar nerve.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It continues to course within the mandible in the <a href="/wiki/Mandibular_incisive_canal" title="Mandibular incisive canal">mandibular incisive canal</a> either as a single nerve or by forming the incisive <a href="/wiki/Nerve_plexus" title="Nerve plexus">plexus</a>. It provides sensory innervation to the lower/mandibular premolar, <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incisors" class="mw-redirect" title="Incisors">incisor</a> teeth as well as their associated <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inferior alveolar nerves supply sensation to the lower teeth,<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2008_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 519">: 519 </span></sup> and, via the mental nerve, sensation to the <a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">chin</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">lip</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mylohyoid_nerve" title="Mylohyoid nerve">mylohyoid nerve</a> is a motor nerve supplying the <a href="/wiki/Mylohyoid_muscle" title="Mylohyoid muscle">mylohyoid</a> and the anterior belly of the <a href="/wiki/Digastric" class="mw-redirect" title="Digastric">digastric</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="One source states the IAC to be a sensory nerve rather than a mixed nerve, while another appears to claim that it emits a motor (mylohyoid) branch. (July 2023)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation">Variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rarely, a bifid inferior alveolar nerve may be present, in which case a second mandibular foramen, more inferiorly placed, exists and can be detected by noting a doubled mandibular canal on a radiograph.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandibular_nerve_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mandibular_nerve_1.jpg/300px-Mandibular_nerve_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mandibular_nerve_1.jpg/450px-Mandibular_nerve_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mandibular_nerve_1.jpg/600px-Mandibular_nerve_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Inferior alveolar nerve</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Injury">Injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inferior nerve injury most commonly occurs during surgery including wisdom tooth, dental implant placement in the mandible, root canal treatment where tooth roots are close to the nerve canal in the mandible, deep dental local anaesthetic injections or orthognathic surgery. Trauma and related mandibular fractures are also often related to inferior alveolar nerve injuries. </p><p>Trigeminal sensory nerve injuries are associated with numbness, pain, altered sensation and usually a combination of all three.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22247929_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22247929-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can result in a significant reduction in quality of life with functional difficulties and psychological impact.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24171179_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24171179-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The risk associated with wisdom tooth surgery is commonly accepted to be 2% temporary and 0.2% permanent. However, this risk assessment is not concrete as the same source<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is cited for <a href="/wiki/Lingual_nerve" title="Lingual nerve">lingual nerve</a> paresthesia. It is well documented that inferior alveolar nerve injury is more common than lingual nerve injury.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The percentage of injury varies significantly in different studies. Furthermore, many factors affect the incidence of nerve injury. For example, the incidence of nerve injury in teens removing third molars is much lower than the incidence in patients 25 and older.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This risk increases 10 fold if the tooth is close to the inferior dental canal containing the inferior alveolar nerve (as judged on a dental radiograph).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24012054_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24012054-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These high risk wisdom teeth can be further assessed using cone beam CT imaging to assess and plan surgery to minimise nerve injury by careful extraction or undertaking a coronectomy procedure in healthy patients with healthy teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22622663_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22622663-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The risk of nerve injury in relation to mandibular dental implants is not known but it is a recognised risk requiring the patient to be warned.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22677874_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22677874-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If an injury occurs urgent treatment is required. The risk nerve injury in relation deep dental injections has a risk of injury in approximately 1:14,000 with 25% of these remaining persistent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Routine preoperative warnings about these injuries should occur before surgery, and represent good practice.<sup id="cite_ref-RCA_2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCA_2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inferior alveolar nerve injury secondary to orthodontic treatment is also emerging in the literature in the recent years as a rare complication and manifested as anesthesia, paresthesia, or combination of both; however full recovery was achieved in all of the reported cases when proper management was applied. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anesthesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inferior_alveolar_nerve_anaesthesia" title="Inferior alveolar nerve anaesthesia">Inferior alveolar nerve anaesthesia</a></div> <p>During dental procedures, a local <a href="/wiki/Nerve_block" title="Nerve block">nerve block</a> may be applied. Anaesthetic injected near the mandibular foramen to block the inferior alveolar nerve and the nearby lingual nerve (supplying the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>). This causes loss of sensation on the same side as the block to: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a> (inferior alveolar nerve block)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Lower_lip" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower lip">lower lip</a> and chin (mental nerve block)</li> <li>front two-thirds of the tongue (lingual nerve block).</li></ul> <p>Studies found that oral medications of <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAIDs</a> taken before the dental procedure increases the efficacy of the anesthesia in patients with <a href="/wiki/Irreversible_pulpitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreversible pulpitis">irreversible pulpitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nerve" title="Alveolar nerve">Alveolar nerve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dental_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nerve">Dental nerve</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_alveolar_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior alveolar nerve">Superior alveolar nerve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Superior_dental_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior dental nerve">Superior dental nerve</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_alveolar_nerve" title="Anterior superior alveolar nerve">Anterior superior alveolar nerve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_dental_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior superior dental nerve">Anterior superior dental nerve</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_superior_alveolar_nerve" title="Middle superior alveolar nerve">Middle superior alveolar nerve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_superior_dental_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle superior dental nerve">Middle superior dental nerve</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_superior_alveolar_nerve" title="Posterior superior alveolar nerve">Posterior superior alveolar nerve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_superior_dental_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior superior dental nerve">Posterior superior dental nerve</a>)</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray181.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandible of human embryo 95 mm long. Inner aspect. Nuclei of cartilage stippled."><img alt="Mandible of human embryo 95 mm long. Inner aspect. Nuclei of cartilage stippled." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray181.png/120px-Gray181.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray181.png/180px-Gray181.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray181.png/240px-Gray181.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandible of human embryo 95 mm long. Inner aspect. Nuclei of cartilage stippled.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray782_updated.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandibular division of trifacial nerve, seen from the middle line."><img alt="Mandibular division of trifacial nerve, seen from the middle line." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Gray782_updated.png/120px-Gray782_updated.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Gray782_updated.png/180px-Gray782_updated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Gray782_updated.png/240px-Gray782_updated.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandibular division of trifacial nerve, seen from the middle line. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide9dddd.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Inferior alveolar nerve"><img alt="Inferior alveolar nerve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Slide9dddd.JPG/120px-Slide9dddd.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Slide9dddd.JPG/180px-Slide9dddd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Slide9dddd.JPG/240px-Slide9dddd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inferior alveolar nerve </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2cec.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandibular nerve and bone. Deep dissection. Anterior view."><img alt="Mandibular nerve and bone. Deep dissection. Anterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Slide2cec.JPG/120px-Slide2cec.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Slide2cec.JPG/180px-Slide2cec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Slide2cec.JPG/240px-Slide2cec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandibular nerve and bone. Deep dissection. Anterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide7cece.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Infratemporal fossa. Lingual and inferior alveolar nerve. Deep dissection. Anterolateral view"><img alt="Infratemporal fossa. Lingual and inferior alveolar nerve. Deep dissection. Anterolateral view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Slide7cece.JPG/120px-Slide7cece.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Slide7cece.JPG/180px-Slide7cece.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Slide7cece.JPG/240px-Slide7cece.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Infratemporal fossa. Lingual and inferior alveolar nerve. Deep dissection. Anterolateral view</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaugheyDoShenOhyama2021" class="citation journal cs1">Caughey, Jennifer A.; Do, Quang; Shen, Daniel; Ohyama, Hiroe; He, Puhan; Tubbs, R. Shane; Iwanaga, Joe (2021-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5115/acb.21.113">"Comprehensive review of the incisive branch of the inferior alveolar nerve"</a>. <i>Anatomy & Cell Biology</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 409–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5115%2Facb.21.113">10.5115/acb.21.113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2093-3665">2093-3665</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8693131">8693131</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34620736">34620736</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238474299">238474299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatomy+%26+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+review+of+the+incisive+branch+of+the+inferior+alveolar+nerve&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=409-416&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8693131%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238474299%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5115%2Facb.21.113&rft.issn=2093-3665&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34620736&rft.aulast=Caughey&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Do%2C+Quang&rft.au=Shen%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Ohyama%2C+Hiroe&rft.au=He%2C+Puhan&rft.au=Tubbs%2C+R.+Shane&rft.au=Iwanaga%2C+Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5115%2Facb.21.113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInferior+alveolar+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRAYS2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2008_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandringBorley2008" class="citation book cs1">Standring S, Borley NR, et al., eds. 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accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9376692">9376692</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27933616">27933616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Dental+Journal&rft.atitle=Efficacy+of+preoperative+ibuprofen+and+meloxicam+on+the+success+rate+of+inferior+alveolar+nerve+block+for+teeth+with+irreversible+pulpitis&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-90&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9376692%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27933616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fidj.12272&rft.aulast=Shantiaee&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Javaheri%2C+S&rft.au=Movahhedian%2C+A&rft.au=Eslami%2C+S&rft.au=Dianat%2C+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9376692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInferior+alveolar+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_alveolar_nerve&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100101010101/http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/figs/l27/270306.htm">Anatomy figure: 27:03-06</a> at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago" title="Loyola University Chicago">MedEd at Loyola</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meddean.luc.edu/Lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cnb3.htm">GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cnb3.htm</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/lesson4.htm">lesson4</a> at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/Images/mandibularnerve.jpg">mandibularnerve</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/cranialnerves.htm">cranialnerves</a> at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/Images/V.jpg">V</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_trigeminal_nerve" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trigeminal_nerve" title="Template:Trigeminal nerve"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trigeminal_nerve" title="Template talk:Trigeminal nerve"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trigeminal_nerve" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trigeminal nerve"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_trigeminal_nerve" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_nerve" title="Ophthalmic nerve">ophthalmic</a> (V1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frontal_nerve" title="Frontal nerve">frontal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supratrochlear_nerve" title="Supratrochlear nerve">supratrochlear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_nerve" title="Supraorbital nerve">supraorbital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasociliary_nerve" title="Nasociliary nerve">nasociliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_ciliary_nerves" title="Long ciliary nerves">long ciliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infratrochlear_nerve" title="Infratrochlear nerve">infratrochlear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ethmoidal_nerve" title="Posterior ethmoidal nerve">posterior ethmoidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ethmoidal_nerve" title="Anterior ethmoidal nerve">anterior ethmoidal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_nasal_nerve" title="External nasal nerve">external nasal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_root_of_ciliary_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory root of ciliary ganglion">sensory root of ciliary ganglion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_ganglion" title="Ciliary ganglion">ciliary ganglion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_nerve" title="Lacrimal nerve">lacrimal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_nerve" title="Maxillary nerve">maxillary</a> (V2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">in <a href="/wiki/Middle_cranial_fossa" title="Middle cranial fossa">middle cranial fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_meningeal_nerve" title="Middle meningeal nerve">middle meningeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">in <a href="/wiki/Pterygopalatine_fossa" title="Pterygopalatine fossa">pterygopalatine fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_nerve" title="Zygomatic nerve">zygomatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygomaticotemporal_nerve" title="Zygomaticotemporal nerve">zygomaticotemporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomaticofacial_nerve" title="Zygomaticofacial nerve">zygomaticofacial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraorbital_nerve" title="Infraorbital nerve">infraorbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_superior_alveolar_nerve" title="Posterior superior alveolar nerve">posterior superior alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_superior_alveolar_nerve" title="Middle superior alveolar nerve">middle superior alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_alveolar_nerve" title="Anterior superior alveolar nerve">anterior superior alveolar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_nerve" title="Mandibular nerve">mandibular</a> (V3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">in <a href="/wiki/Middle_cranial_fossa" title="Middle cranial fossa">middle cranial fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningeal_branch_of_the_mandibular_nerve" title="Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve">meningeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">anterior division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_mastication" title="Muscles of mastication">to muscles of mastication</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_pterygoid_nerve" title="Medial pterygoid nerve">medial pterygoid</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nerve_to_tensor_veli_palatini" title="Nerve to tensor veli palatini">to tensor veli palatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_pterygoid_nerve" title="Lateral pterygoid nerve">lateral pterygoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masseteric_nerve" title="Masseteric nerve">masseteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_temporal_nerves" title="Deep temporal nerves">deep temporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_nerve" title="Buccal nerve">buccal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">posterior division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auriculotemporal_nerve" title="Auriculotemporal nerve">auriculotemporal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otic_ganglion" title="Otic ganglion">otic ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_nerve" title="Lingual nerve">lingual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submandibular_ganglion" title="Submandibular ganglion">submandibular ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">inferior alveolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mylohyoid_nerve" title="Mylohyoid nerve">mylohyoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_nerve" title="Mental nerve">mental</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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