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</a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Golden age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse_and_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse_and_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Collapse and split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse_and_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biblical chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="مملكة إسرائيل الموحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة إسرائيل الموحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srail_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_(birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_monarxiya)" title="İsrail krallığı (birləşmiş monarxiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsrail krallığı (birləşmiş monarxiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C)" title="ایسرائیل کراللیغی (بیرلشیک مونارشی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسرائیل کراللیغی (بیرلشیک مونارشی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ইসরায়েল ও যিহূদা যুক্তরাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসরায়েল ও যিহূদা যুক্তরাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Давидово царство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Давидово царство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_d%27Israel_Unit" title="Regne d'Israel Unit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne d'Israel Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_(sjednocen%C3%A9)" title="Izraelské království (sjednocené) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Izraelské království (sjednocené)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidisch-salomonisches_Gro%C3%9Freich" title="Davidisch-salomonisches Großreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Davidisch-salomonisches Großreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisraeli_kuningriik_(%C3%BChendatud_monarhia)" title="Iisraeli kuningriik (ühendatud monarhia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iisraeli kuningriik (ühendatud monarhia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB_(%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Βασίλειο του Ισραήλ (Ηνωμένη Μοναρχία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο του Ισραήλ (Ηνωμένη Μοναρχία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Israel_(monarqu%C3%ADa_unida)" title="Reino de Israel (monarquía unida) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Israel (monarquía unida)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Israelo" title="Reĝlando Israelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Israelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelgo_Erresuma_(batua)" title="Israelgo Erresuma (batua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Israelgo Erresuma (batua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF)" title="پادشاهی اسرائیل (پادشاهی متحد) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی اسرائیل (پادشاهی متحد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_d%27Isra%C3%ABl_(monarchie_unifi%C3%A9e)" title="Royaume d'Israël (monarchie unifiée) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume d'Israël (monarchie unifiée)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%97%98_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="이스라엘 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스라엘 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իսրայելի հրեական թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսրայելի հրեական թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Israel_(kerajaan_bersatu)" title="Kerajaan Israel (kerajaan bersatu) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Israel (kerajaan bersatu)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Unito_di_Israele" title="Regno Unito di Israele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno Unito di Israele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA" title="ממלכת ישראל המאוחדת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת ישראל המאוחדת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Израиль патшалығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Израиль патшалығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_Reino_de_Israel" title="Primer Reino de Israel – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Primer Reino de Israel" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Israel" title="Regnum Israel – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Israel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izra%C4%93las_%C4%B7%C4%93ni%C5%86valsts" title="Izraēlas ķēniņvalsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izraēlas ķēniņvalsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelio_karalyst%C4%97" title="Izraelio karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Izraelio karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egys%C3%A9ges_Izraeli_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Egységes Izraeli Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egységes Izraeli Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjakan%27_i_Israely_(mitambatra)" title="Fanjakan' i Israely (mitambatra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanjakan' i Israely (mitambatra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="مملكة اسرائيل الموحده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة اسرائيل الموحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karajaan_Israel_(karajaan_basatu)" title="Karajaan Israel (karajaan basatu) – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karajaan Israel (karajaan basatu)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABng-%C3%A9k_%C4%AA-s%C3%A1ik-li%C4%95k_U%C3%B2ng-gu%C3%B3k" title="Tūng-ék Ī-sáik-liĕk Uòng-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tūng-ék Ī-sáik-liĕk Uòng-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk Israël – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verenigd Koninkrijk Israël" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="イスラエル王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラエル王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Исраилан пачхьалкх – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Исраилан пачхьалкх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_forente_konged%C3%B8mme_Israel" title="Det forente kongedømme Israel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det forente kongedømme Israel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isroil_podsholigi" title="Isroil podsholigi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Isroil podsholigi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_(%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA)" title="مملکت اسرائیل (متحدہ بادشاہت) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مملکت اسرائیل (متحدہ بادشاہت)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjednoczone_kr%C3%B3lestwo_Izraela" title="Zjednoczone królestwo Izraela – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zjednoczone królestwo Izraela" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Israel_e_Jud%C3%A1" title="Reino de Israel e Judá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Israel e Judá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Israel_(monarhie_unit%C4%83)" title="Regatul Israel (monarhie unită) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Israel (monarhie unită)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Израильское царство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Израильское царство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Izraelit_(monarkia_e_bashkuar)" title="Mbretëria e Izraelit (monarkia e bashkuar) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Izraelit (monarkia e bashkuar)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelsko_kraljestvo_(zdru%C5%BEeno)" title="Izraelsko kraljestvo (združeno) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izraelsko kraljestvo (združeno)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE)" title="Краљевина Израел (уједињено) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Израел (уједињено)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistynyt_Israelin_kuningaskunta" title="Yhdistynyt Israelin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdistynyt Israelin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Israel_(f%C3%B6renad_monarki)" title="Kungariket Israel (förenad monarki) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Israel (förenad monarki)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Israel_(nagkakaisang_monarkiya)" title="Kaharian ng Israel (nagkakaisang monarkiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian ng Israel (nagkakaisang monarkiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF)" title="இசுரயேல் அரசு (ஒன்றிணைந்த முடியாட்சி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுரயேல் அரசு (ஒன்றிணைந்த முடியாட்சி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2)" title="ราชอาณาจักรอิสราเอล (สหราชาธิปไตย) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรอิสราเอล (สหราชาธิปไตย)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srail_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_(birle%C5%9Fik_monar%C5%9Fi)" title="İsrail Krallığı (birleşik monarşi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsrail Krallığı (birleşik monarşi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ізраїльське царство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ізраїльське царство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_(%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA)" title="مملکت اسرائیل (متحدہ بادشاہت) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت اسرائیل (متحدہ بادشاہت)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Israel_(th%E1%BB%91ng_nh%E1%BA%A5t)" title="Vương quốc Israel (thống nhất) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Israel (thống nhất)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginhadian_han_Israel" title="Ginhadian han Israel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ginhadian han Israel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="以色列聯合王國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="以色列聯合王國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F)" title="以色列王國 (前期) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以色列王國 (前期)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Israel</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Moabite-language text"><span lang="obm" dir="rtl">𐤉𐤔𐤓𐤀𐤋</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1047 BCE</span>–930 BCE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Wyld,_the_elder,_Land_of_Israel_Shewing_the_Purveyorships_in_the_Reign_of_Solomon._1._Kings,_Chap._4_(FL45582276_3918323).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Land of Israel Shewing the Purveyorships in the Reign of Solomon, published by James Wyld in 1819 based on the Books of Kings"><img alt="Land of Israel Shewing the Purveyorships in the Reign of Solomon, published by James Wyld in 1819 based on the Books of Kings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/James_Wyld%2C_the_elder%2C_Land_of_Israel_Shewing_the_Purveyorships_in_the_Reign_of_Solomon._1._Kings%2C_Chap._4_%28FL45582276_3918323%29.jpg/250px-James_Wyld%2C_the_elder%2C_Land_of_Israel_Shewing_the_Purveyorships_in_the_Reign_of_Solomon._1._Kings%2C_Chap._4_%28FL45582276_3918323%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/James_Wyld%2C_the_elder%2C_Land_of_Israel_Shewing_the_Purveyorships_in_the_Reign_of_Solomon._1._Kings%2C_Chap._4_%28FL45582276_3918323%29.jpg/375px-James_Wyld%2C_the_elder%2C_Land_of_Israel_Shewing_the_Purveyorships_in_the_Reign_of_Solomon._1._Kings%2C_Chap._4_%28FL45582276_3918323%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/James_Wyld%2C_the_elder%2C_Land_of_Israel_Shewing_the_Purveyorships_in_the_Reign_of_Solomon._1._Kings%2C_Chap._4_%28FL45582276_3918323%29.jpg/500px-James_Wyld%2C_the_elder%2C_Land_of_Israel_Shewing_the_Purveyorships_in_the_Reign_of_Solomon._1._Kings%2C_Chap._4_%28FL45582276_3918323%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="2951" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><i>Land of Israel Shewing the Purveyorships in the Reign of Solomon</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/James_Wyld" title="James Wyld">James Wyld</a> in 1819 based on the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Aramaic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Ancient Semitic religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a> <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1047–1010 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1010–1008 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1008–970 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 970–931 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 931–930 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Saul#Anointed_as_king" title="Saul">Ascension of Saul</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1047 BCE</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam%27s_Revolt" title="Jeroboam's Revolt">Jeroboam's Revolt</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">930 BCE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Menorah.svg/20px-Menorah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Menorah.svg/30px-Menorah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Menorah.svg/40px-Menorah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="326" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Menorah.svg/20px-Menorah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Menorah.svg/30px-Menorah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Menorah.svg/40px-Menorah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="326" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Menorah.svg/20px-Menorah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Menorah.svg/30px-Menorah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Menorah.svg/40px-Menorah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="326" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomistic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomistic history">Deuteronomistic history</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, a <b>United Monarchy</b> or <b>United Kingdom of Israel</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> existed under the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a>, <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, encompassing the territories of both the later kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harvey1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-devaux1997_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devaux1997-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether the United Monarchy existed—and, if so, to what extent—is a matter of ongoing academic debate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s, some biblical scholars began to argue that the archaeological evidence for an extensive kingdom before the late 8th century BCE is too weak, and that the methodology used to obtain the evidence is flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-garfinkel20122_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garfinkel20122-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fink2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fink2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars remain divided among those who support the historicity of the biblical narrative, those who doubt or dismiss it, and those who support the kingdom's theoretical existence while maintaining that the biblical narrative is exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the kingdom's existence traditionally date it to between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1047 BCE</span> and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 930 BCE</span>. </p><p>In the 1990s, Israeli archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> contended that existing archaeological evidence for the United Monarchy in the 10th century BCE should be dated to the 9th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zachary_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zachary-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59–61">: 59–61 </span></sup> This model placed the biblical kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age I">Iron Age I</a>, suggesting that it was not functioning as a country under centralized governance but rather as tribal chiefdom over a small polity in Judah, disconnected from the north's Israelite tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-lipschits_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipschits-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuhrtp438_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhrtp438-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bibleinterp.com_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleinterp.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rival chronology of Israeli archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Amihai_Mazar" title="Amihai Mazar">Amihai Mazar</a> places the relevant period beginning in the early 10th century BCE and ending in the mid-9th century BCE, addressing the problems of the traditional chronology while still aligning pertinent findings with the time of Saul, David, and Solomon. Mazar's chronology and the traditional one have been fairly widely accepted,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there is no current consensus on the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent archaeological discoveries by Israeli archaeologists <a href="/wiki/Eilat_Mazar" title="Eilat Mazar">Eilat Mazar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Garfinkel" title="Yosef Garfinkel">Yosef Garfinkel</a> in Jerusalem and <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa">Khirbet Qeiyafa</a>, respectively, seem to support the existence of the United Monarchy, but the dating and identifications are not universally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Zachary_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zachary-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historicity of Solomon and his rule is also hotly debated. While the current <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">consensus</a> allows for a historical Solomon, it regards his reign as king over the United Monarchy in the tenth century BCE as uncertain and the biblical description of his apparent empire's lavishness as most probably a massive <a href="/wiki/Anachronistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anachronistic">anachronistic</a> exaggeration.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe22_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe22-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De2021_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De2021-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the biblical account, on the succession of Solomon's son <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a>, the United Monarchy split into two separate kingdoms: the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> in the north, containing the cities of <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">Samaria</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> in the south, containing Jerusalem and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Jewish Temple</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_record">Archaeological record</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">History of the ancient Levant</a></div> <p>In the 1980s, a few biblical scholars began to assert that the archaeological evidence for an extensive kingdom before the late 8th century BCE is too weak, and that the methodology used to obtain the evidence is flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-garfinkel20122_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garfinkel20122-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fink2012_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fink2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995 and 1996, Israel Finkelstein published two papers where he proposed a Low Chronology for the stratigraphy of Iron Age Israel. Finkelstein's model would push stratigraphic dates assigned by the conventional chronology by up to a century later, so Finkelstein concluded that much of the monumental architecture characterizing Israel in the 10th century BCE that biblical United Monarchy has been traditionally associated with instead belongs to the 9th century. Finkelstein wrote that "Accepting the Low Chronology means stripping the United Monarchy of monumental buildings, including ashlar masonry and proto-Ionic capitals"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Finkelstein and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Neil Silberman</a>, the authors of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_Unearthed" title="The Bible Unearthed">The Bible Unearthed</a></i>, ideas of a united monarchy is not accurate history but "creative expressions of a powerful religious reform movement" that are possibly "based on certain historical kernels."<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein2001_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lipschits_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipschits-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finkelstein and Silberman accept that David and Solomon were real kings of Judah around the 10th century BCE, but they cite the fact that the earliest independent reference to the Kingdom of Israel dates to about 890 BCE and that to the Kingdom of Judah dates to about 750 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-finkelsteinsilberman2007_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finkelsteinsilberman2007-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some see the united monarchy as fabricated during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian Exile</a> transforming David and Solomon from local <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">folk heroes</a> into rulers of international status.<sup id="cite_ref-Tubbp115_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubbp115-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finkelstein has posited a potential United Monarchy under <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a> in the 8th century BCE, whereas the former one was potentially invented during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> to justify his territorial expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finkelstein's views have been strongly criticized by Amihai Mazar; in response, Mazar proposed the Modified Conventional Chronology, which places the beginning of the Iron IIA period in the early 10th century and its end in the mid-9th century, solving the problems of the High Chronology while still dating the archeological discoveries to the 10th century BCE. Finkelstein's Low Chronology and views about the monarchy have received strong criticism from other scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Amnon_Ben-Tor" title="Amnon Ben-Tor">Amnon Ben-Tor</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">William G. Dever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kenneth Kitchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doron_Ben-Ami" title="Doron Ben-Ami">Doron Ben-Ami</a>, Raz Kletter and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stager" title="Lawrence Stager">Lawrence Stager</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-divided_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divided-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Kuhrt" title="Amélie Kuhrt">Amélie Kuhrt</a> acknowledges that "there are no royal inscriptions from the time of the united monarchy (indeed very little written material altogether) and not a single contemporary reference to either David or Solomon," she concludes, "Against this must be set the evidence for substantial development and growth at several sites, which is plausibly related to the tenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhrtp438_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhrtp438-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kenneth Kitchen</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>) reaches a similar conclusion, arguing that "the physical archaeology of tenth-century <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> is consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its terrain."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 4, 2005, archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Eilat_Mazar" title="Eilat Mazar">Eilat Mazar</a> announced that she had discovered in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> what may have been the palace of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Large_Stone_Structure" title="Large Stone Structure"><i>Large Stone</i> structure</a>, Mazar's discovery consists of a public building she dated from the 10th century BCE, a copper scroll, pottery from the same period, and a clay <a href="/wiki/Bulla_(seal)" title="Bulla (seal)">bulla</a>, or inscribed seal, of <a href="/wiki/Jehucal" title="Jehucal">Jehucal</a>, son of Shelemiah, son of Shevi, an official mentioned at least twice in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a>. In July 2008, she also found a second bulla, belonging to Gedaliah ben Pashhur, who is mentioned together with Jehucal in Jeremiah 38:1.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amihai Mazar called the find "something of a miracle." He has said that he believes the building may be the Fortress of Zion that David is said to have captured. Other scholars are skeptical that the foundation walls are from David's palace.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garfinkel also claimed to have discovered David's palace in 2013, 25 kilometres away, at <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa">Khirbet Qeiyafa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biblical_Archaeology_Society_2017_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biblical_Archaeology_Society_2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qeiyafa_city_wall1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Qeiyafa_city_wall1.jpg/220px-Qeiyafa_city_wall1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Qeiyafa_city_wall1.jpg/330px-Qeiyafa_city_wall1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Qeiyafa_city_wall1.jpg/440px-Qeiyafa_city_wall1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa">Khirbet Qeiyafa</a>, an archaeological site in modern-day Israel (2008)</figcaption></figure> <p>Excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa, an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> site in Judah, found an urbanized settlement <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dated" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon dated">radiocarbon dated</a> well before scholars such as Finkelstein suggest that <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> had begun in Judah, which supports the existence of an urbanized kingdom in the 10th century BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> stated, "The excavations at Khirbat Qeiyafa reveal an urban society that existed in Judah already in the late eleventh century BCE. It can no longer be argued that the Kingdom of Judah developed only in the late eighth century BCE or at some other later date."<sup id="cite_ref-garfinkel2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garfinkel2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The techniques and interpretations to reach some conclusions related to Khirbet Qeiyafa have been criticized by some scholars, such as Finkelstein and Alexander Fantalkin.<sup id="cite_ref-finkelsteinfantalkin2012_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finkelsteinfantalkin2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Eilat_Mazar" title="Eilat Mazar">Eilat Mazar</a> announced the discovery of part of the ancient city walls around the City of David, which she believes dates to the tenth century BCE. According to Mazar, "It's the most significant construction we have from First Temple days in Israel," and "It means that at that time, the 10th century, in Jerusalem, there was a regime capable of carrying out such construction." The 10th century is the period the Bible describes as the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>. Not all archaeologists agree with Mazar, and archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Aren_Maeir" title="Aren Maeir">Aren Maeir</a> is dubious about such claims and Mazar's dating.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Jewish Study Bible</i> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Oded_Lipschits" title="Oded Lipschits">Oded Lipschits</a> states the concept of United Monarchy should be abandoned,<sup id="cite_ref-lipschits_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipschits-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Aren_Maeir" title="Aren Maeir">Aren Maeir</a> believes there is insufficient evidence in support of the United Monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-maeir_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maeir-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2015, Israeli archaeologists discovered massive fortifications in the ruins of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a>, supposed birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a>. The size of the fortifications shows that Gath was a large city in the 10th century BCE, perhaps the largest in Canaan at the time. The professor leading the dig, <a href="/wiki/Aren_Maeir" title="Aren Maeir">Aren Maeir</a>, estimated that Gath was as much as four times the size of contemporary Jerusalem, which cast doubt that David's kingdom could have been as powerful as described in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book, <i>The Forgotten Kingdom</i> (2016), <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> considered that Saul, originally from the Benjamin territory, had gained power in his natal <a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a> region around the 10th century BCE and that he conquered Jerusalem in the south and <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> to the north, creating a polity dangerous to Egypt's geopolitical intentions. So, <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a>, from Egypt, invaded the territory and destroyed this new polity, and installed David of Bethlehem in Jerusalem (Judah) and Jeroboam I in Shechem (Israel) as small local rulers who were vassals of Egypt. Finkelstein concludes that the memory of a united monarchy was inspired by Saul's conquered territory serving first the ideal of a great united monarchy ruled by a northern king in the times of Jeroboam II and next to the idea of a united monarchy ruled from Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an article on the <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">William G. Dever</a> strongly criticized Finkelstein's theory, calling it full of "numerous errors, misrepresentations, over-simplifications and contradictions." Dever noted that Finkelstein proposes that Saul ruled a polity extending as far north as Jezreel and as far south as Hebron and reaching a border with Gath, with a capital located in Gibeon rather than Jerusalem. According to Dever, such a polity is a united monarchy in its own right, ironically confirming the biblical tradition. In addition, he rejected the notion that Gibeon was the capital of such polity since there is "no clear archaeological evidence of occupation in the tenth century, much less monumental architecture." Dever went as far as to dismiss Finkelstein's theory as "a product of his fantasy, stemmed by his obsession to prove that Saul, David and Solomon were not real kings and that the United Monarchy is an invention of a Judahite-biased biblical writer." Dever concluded by stating that "Finkelstein has not discovered a forgotten kingdom. He had invented it. The careful reader will nevertheless gain some insights into Israel—Israel Finkelstein, that is."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-divided_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divided-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another more moderate review was written in the same magazine by Aaron Burke: Burke described Finkelstein's book as "ambitious" and praised its literary style but did not accept his conclusions: according to Burke, Finkelstein's thesis is mainly based on his proposed Low Chronology, ignoring the criticism that it has received from scholars like <a href="/wiki/Amihai_Mazar" title="Amihai Mazar">Amihai Mazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bronk_Ramsey" title="Christopher Bronk Ramsey">Christopher Bronk Ramsey</a> and others, and engages in several speculations that archeology, biblical and extrabiblical sources cannot prove. He also criticized him for persistently trying to downgrade the role of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> in the development of ancient Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-divided_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divided-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his books, <i>Beyond the Texts</i> (2018) and <i>Has Archeology Buried the Bible?</i> (2020), <a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">William G. Dever</a> has defended the historicity of the United Monarchy, maintaining that the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon are "reasonably well attested."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar arguments were advanced by Amihai Mazar in two essays written in 2010 and 2013, which point toward archaeological evidence emerged from excavation sites in Jerusalem by Eilat Mazar and in Khirbet Qeiyafa by <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Garfinkel" title="Yosef Garfinkel">Yosef Garfinkel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Faust" title="Avraham Faust">Avraham Faust</a> announced that his excavations at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Eton" title="Tel Eton">Tel 'Eton</a> (believed to be the biblical <a href="/wiki/Eglon,_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglon, Canaan">Eglon</a>) had uncovered an elite house (which he referred to as "the governor's residency"), whose foundations were dated by <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a> analysis in the late 11th–10th century BCE, the time usually ascribed to Saul, David and Solomon. Such dating would strengthen the thesis that a centralized state existed at the time of David.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></div> <p>According to mainstream <a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">source criticism</a>, several contrasting source texts were spliced together to produce the current Books of Samuel.<sup id="cite_ref-bibleinterp.com_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleinterp.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent sections in the early parts of the first book come from a pro-monarchical source and from an anti-monarchical source. By identifying both sources, two separate accounts can be reconstructed. </p><p>The anti-monarchical source describes <a href="/wiki/Samuel_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel (Bible)">Samuel</a>, having thoroughly routed the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>, as begrudgingly accepting the people's demand for a ruler and appointing Saul by <a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">cleromancy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The pro-monarchical source describes the divinely-appointed birth of <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> (a single word being changed by a later editor so that it referred to Samuel) and his leading of an army to victory over the <a href="/wiki/Ammon_(nation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammon (nation)">Ammonites</a>, which resulted in the people clamouring for him to lead them against the Philistines when he is appointed king.<sup id="cite_ref-jones2001_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2001-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scholars believe that the Books of Samuel exhibit too many anachronisms to have been a contemporary account. For example, the text mentions later armour (1 Samuel 17:4–7, 38–39; 25:13), the use of camels (1 Samuel 30:17), cavalry (as distinct from <a href="/wiki/Chariotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariotry">chariotry</a>) (1 Samuel 13:5, 2 Samuel 1:6), and iron picks and axes (as if they were prevalent) (2 Samuel 12:31).<sup id="cite_ref-FinkelsteinMazar2007_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinkelsteinMazar2007-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FinkelsteinSilberman2002_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinkelsteinSilberman2002-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FinkelsteinSilberman2007_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinkelsteinSilberman2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most scholars believe that the text of the Books of Samuel was compiled in the 8th century BCE - rather than in the 10th century when most of the events described took place - based on historical and legendary sources. The narrative served primarily to fill the gap in Israelite history after the events described in <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweeney2023_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney2023-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kalimi2018_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalimi2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_narrative">Biblical narrative</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Israel" title="Category:History of Israel">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of <span class="fn org label">Israel</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Western Wall, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/245px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/368px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/490px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistoric Levant</a></b> <small></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran_culture" title="Kebaran culture">Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harifian_culture" title="Harifian culture">Harifian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodian_culture" title="Lodian culture">Lodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizzanim_culture" title="Nizzanim culture">Nizzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <small></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Iron Age I <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12th–10th centuries BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–720 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–587 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 587–538 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Persian Yehud</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538–333 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Hellenistic period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 333–164 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 164–37 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Herodian tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 37 BCE–6 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman Judaea</a> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 6 CE–136 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Late Antiquity and Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 70–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 136–395</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Byzantine Palaestina</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 395–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bilad_a-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilad a-Sham">Early Islamic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Filastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Urdunn</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1291</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1174–1260</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1260–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Modern history</b> <small>(1517–1948)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Israel (1948–present)">State of Israel</a></b> <small>(1948–present)</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history" title="Timeline of Israeli history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Israel" title="List of years in Israel">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Wadi" title="Silicon Wadi">Silicon Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine" title="Cartography of Palestine">Historical maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Historical population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelogues_of_Palestine" title="Travelogues of Palestine">Historical literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Israel">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">Jewish leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Jewish warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums" title="List of Israeli museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Israel" title="Template:History of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Israel" title="Template talk:History of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the biblical account, the united monarchy was formed when the elders of Israel expressed the desire for a king.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God and Samuel seem to have a distaste for the monarchy, with God telling Samuel that "[Israel has] rejected me, that I should not be king over them."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Samuel still proceeds with the establishment of a monarchy by anointing Saul.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Samuel">Second Book of Samuel</a>, Saul's disobedience prompts Yahweh to curtail his reign and to hand his kingdom over to another dynasty, leading to Saul's death in battle against the Philistines.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His heir Ish-bosheth rules for only two years before being assassinated. Though David was only the King of Judah, he ends the conspiracy and is appointed King of Israel in Ish-bosheth's place. Some textual critics and biblical scholars suggest that David was responsible for the assassination and that his innocence was a later invention to legitimize his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israel rebels against David and crowns David's son <a href="/wiki/Absalom" title="Absalom">Absalom</a>. David is forced into exile east of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but eventually launches a successful counterattack, which results in the death of Absalom. Having retaken Judah and asserted control over Israel, David returns west of the Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_age">Golden age</h3></div> <p>Throughout the monarchy of Saul, the capital is in <a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a>. After Saul's death, Ish-bosheth rules over the Kingdom of Israel from <a href="/wiki/Mahanaim" title="Mahanaim">Mahanaim</a>, and David establishes the capital of the Kingdom of Judah in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the civil war with Saul, David forges a powerful and unified Israelite monarchy and rules from c. 1000 to 961 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Judges_Chronology_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judges_Chronology-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern archaeologists, however, believe that the two distinct cultures and geographic entities of Judah and Israel continued uninterrupted, and if a political union between them existed, it might have had no practical effect on their relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein2001_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the biblical account, David embarks on successful military campaigns against the enemies of Judah and Israel and defeats such regional entities as the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a> to secure his borders. Israel grows from kingdom to empire, its military and political sphere of influence expanding to control the weaker client states of <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, with Aramaean city-states <a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Aram-Zobah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a> becoming vassal states.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David is succeeded by his son Solomon, who obtains the throne in a somewhat-disreputable manner from the rival claimant <a href="/wiki/Adonijah" title="Adonijah">Adonijah</a>, his elder brother.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/David%27s_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="David's Palace">David's Palace</a>, Solomon's temple is designed and built with the assistance of Tyrian architects, skilled labourers, money, jewels, cedar and other goods obtained in exchange for land ceded to <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solomon goes on to rebuild numerous significant cities, including <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a>. Some scholars have attributed aspects of archaeological remains excavated from these sites, including six-chambered gates and <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> palaces, to the building programme. However, Israel Finkelstein's Low Chronology would propose to date them to the 9th century BCE. <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a> later concluded that the stables that had been believed to have served Solomon's vast collection of horses were built by <a href="/wiki/King_Ahab" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ahab">King Ahab</a> in the 9th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-finkelsteinmazar2007_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finkelsteinmazar2007-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collapse_and_split">Collapse and split</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam%27s_Revolt" title="Jeroboam's Revolt">Jeroboam's Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg/220px-Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg/330px-Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg/440px-Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a> after the collapse of the United Monarchy, showing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Northern Kingdom</a> in blue and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Southern Kingdom</a> in gold (9th century BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Solomon's death in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 926 BCE</span>, tensions between the northern part of Israel, containing the ten northern tribes, and the southern section, dominated by Jerusalem and the southern tribes, reached a boiling point. When Solomon's son and successor Rehoboam dealt tactlessly with economic complaints of the northern tribes, in about 930 BCE (there are differences of opinion as to the actual year), the Kingdom of Israel and Judah splits into two kingdoms: the northern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a>, which included the cities of <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">Samaria</a>, and the southern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, which contained Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kingdom of Israel (or the Northern Kingdom or Samaria) existed as an independent state until 722 BCE when it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. The Kingdom of Judah (or the Southern Kingdom) existed as an independent state until 586 BCE when it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_chronology">Biblical chronology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Kings of Israel and Judah</a></div> <p>Many alternative chronologies have been suggested, and there is no ultimate consensus between the different factions and scholarly disciplines concerned with the period as to when it is depicted as having begun or when it ended.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most biblical scholars follow either of the older chronologies established by American archaeologists <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._Thiele" title="Edwin R. Thiele">Edwin R. Thiele</a> or the newer one by Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Gershon_Galil" title="Gershon Galil">Gershon Galil</a>. Thiele's chronology generally corresponds with Galil's chronology below, with a difference of one year at most.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Monarch </th> <th>Albright–Thiele dates </th> <th>Galil dates </th> <th>Hebrew dates<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="20%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saul" title="House of Saul">House of Saul</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שָׁאוּל</span>‎</span></span>; <i>Šāʾūl</i>) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1021–1000 BCE</span></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1030–1010 BCE</span></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3064/3094–3104</span></td> <td>Committed suicide during the battle </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶשְׁבַּעַל</span>‎</span></span>; <i>ʾEšbaʿal</i>) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BCE</span></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1010–1008 BCE</span></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3104-3106</span></td> <td>Son of Saul and <a href="/wiki/Ahinoam" title="Ahinoam">Ahinoam</a>; assassinated </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">דָּוִד</span>‎</span></span>; <i>Dāvīd</i>) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000–962 BCE</span> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1008–970 BCE</span> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3106/3112–3145</span> </td> <td>Son-in-law of Saul and brother-in-law of Ish-bosheth </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שְׁלֹמֹה</span>‎</span></span>; <i>Šəlōmō</i>) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 962–922 BCE</span></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 970–931 BCE</span> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3145–3185</span></td> <td>Son of David and <a href="/wiki/Bathsheba" title="Bathsheba">Bathsheba</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רְחַבְעָם</span>‎</span></span>; <i>Rəḥavʿām</i>) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 922–921 BCE</span></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 931–930 BCE</span></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3185</span></td> <td>Son of Solomon and <a href="/wiki/Naamah_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Naamah (wife of Solomon)">Naamah</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Bible" title="Chronology of the Bible">Chronology of the Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Jewish states and dynasties">List of Jewish states and dynasties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Near East folk religions</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 240–243">: 240–243 </span></sup></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRollston2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rollston" title="Christopher Rollston">Rollston, Chris A.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA52"><i>Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age</i></a>. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 52–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-107-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-107-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-107-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Literacy+in+the+World+of+Ancient+Israel%3A+Epigraphic+Evidence+from+the+Iron+Age&rft.pages=52-54&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-107-0&rft.aulast=Rollston&rft.aufirst=Chris+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkx9Uke_IfloC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompston1919" class="citation book cs1">Compston, Herbert F. B. (1919). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Inscription_on_the_Stele_of_M%C3%A9%C5%A1a%CA%BF"><i>The Inscription on the Stele of Méšaʿ</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inscription+on+the+Stele+of+M%C3%A9%C5%A1a%CA%BF&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Compston&rft.aufirst=Herbert+F.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Inscription_on_the_Stele_of_M%25C3%25A9%25C5%25A1a%25CA%25BF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel+8&version=NIV">"Bible Gateway passage: Ezekiel 8 – New International Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Ezekiel+8+%E2%80%93+New+International+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DEzekiel%2B8%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/1_kings/11-5.htm">"1 Kings 11:5 Solomon followed Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians and Molech the abomination of the Ammonites"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=1+Kings+11%3A5+Solomon+followed+Ashtoreth+the+goddess+of+the+Sidonians+and+Molech+the+abomination+of+the+Ammonites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2F1_kings%2F11-5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/2_kings/23-13.htm">"2 Kings 23:13 The King also desecrated the high places east of Jerusalem, to the south of the Mount of Corruption, which King Solomon of Israel had built for Ashtoreth the abomination of the Sidonians, for Chemosh the abomination of the Moabites, and for Molech the abomination of the Ammonites"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=2+Kings+23%3A13+The+King+also+desecrated+the+high+places+east+of+Jerusalem%2C+to+the+south+of+the+Mount+of+Corruption%2C+which+King+Solomon+of+Israel+had+built+for+Ashtoreth+the+abomination+of+the+Sidonians%2C+for+Chemosh+the+abomination+of+the+Moabites%2C+and+for+Molech+the+abomination+of+the+Ammonites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2F2_kings%2F23-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/jeremiah/11-13.htm">"Jeremiah 11:13 Your gods are indeed as numerous as your cities, O Judah, and the altars of shame you have set up—the altars to burn incense to Baal—are as many as the streets of Jerusalem"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Jeremiah+11%3A13+Your+gods+are+indeed+as+numerous+as+your+cities%2C+O+Judah%2C+and+the+altars+of+shame+you+have+set+up%E2%80%94the+altars+to+burn+incense+to+Baal%E2%80%94are+as+many+as+the+streets+of+Jerusalem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fjeremiah%2F11-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein2001_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein2001_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein2001_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein2001_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Israel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Silberman, Neil Asher</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&q=The+Bible+Unearthed:+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+its+Stories"><i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of its Stories</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4"><bdi>978-0-684-86912-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+its+Stories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86912-4&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC%26q%3DThe%2BBible%2BUnearthed%3A%2BArchaeology%2527s%2BNew%2BVision%2Bof%2BAncient%2BIsrael%2Band%2Bthe%2BOrigin%2Bof%2Bits%2BStories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Veen1989–90" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Van der Veen, Peter (1989–90). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/12350744/HabiruPV.pdf">"Early Monarchy in Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum</i>. <b>2</b>. Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Science: 72–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Ancient+Chronology+Forum&rft.atitle=Early+Monarchy+in+Israel&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=72-78&rft.date=1989%2F1990&rft.aulast=Van+der+Veen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F12350744%2FHabiruPV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dever, Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah, SBL Press, 2017, pg. 349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvey1996-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harvey1996_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1996" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Graham (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy5D90UapWsC"><i>The True Israel: Uses of the Names Jew, Hebrew, and Israel in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Literature</i></a>. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, Inc. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04119-6"><bdi>978-0-391-04119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Israel%3A+Uses+of+the+Names+Jew%2C+Hebrew%2C+and+Israel+in+Ancient+Jewish+and+Early+Christian+Literature&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04119-6&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDy5D90UapWsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-devaux1997-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-devaux1997_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vaux,_O.P.1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">de Vaux, O.P., Roland</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A42yVk8kj8kC"><i>Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions</i></a>. Translated by McHugh, John. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4278-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4278-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-4278-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel%3A+Its+Life+and+Institutions&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4278-7&rft.aulast=de+Vaux%2C+O.P.&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA42yVk8kj8kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amihai Mazar, "Iron Age Chronology: A Reply to I. Finkelstein" Levant (1997), pp. 157–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amihai Mazar, "The Debate over the Chronology of the Iron Age in the Southern Levant" in (eds. Lvy & Higman) The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text, and Science (2005), pp. 15–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raz Kletter, "Chronology and United Monarchy: A Methodological Review", Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (2004), pp. 13–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garfinkel20122-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garfinkel20122_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-garfinkel20122_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="garfinkel2012" class="citation web cs1">Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623021750/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1989">"Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report"</a>. <i>Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel</i>. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1989">the original</a> on 23 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hadashot+Arkheologiyot%3A+Excavations+and+Surveys+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Journal+124%3A+Khirbat+Qeiyafa+preliminary+report&rft.date=2012-04-19&rft.aulast=Garfinkel&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft.au=Ganor%2C+Sa%27ar&rft.au=Hasel%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadashot-esi.org.il%2Freport_detail_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fink2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fink2012_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fink2012_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="finkelsteinfantalkin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Fantalkin, Alexander (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Qeiyafa_Unsensational_Interpretation.pdf">"Khirbet Qeiyafa: an unsensational archaeological and historical interpretation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tel Aviv</i>. <b>39</b>: 38–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F033443512x13226621280507">10.1179/033443512x13226621280507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161627736">161627736</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=Khirbet+Qeiyafa%3A+an+unsensational+archaeological+and+historical+interpretation&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=38-63&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F033443512x13226621280507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161627736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Fantalkin%2C+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.tau.ac.il%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F04%2FQeiyafa_Unsensational_Interpretation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mazar, Amihai (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2503754">"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy"</a>. <i>Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives</i>: 29. <q>For conservative approaches defining the United Monarchy as a state 'from Dan to Beer Sheba' including 'conquered kingdoms' (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and "spheres of influence" in Geshur and Hamath cf. e.g. Ahlström (1993), 455–542; Meyers (1998); Lemaire (1999); Masters (2001); Stager (2003); Rainey (2006), 159–168; Kitchen (1997); Millard (1997; 2008). For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy cf., e.g. Davies (1992), 67–68; others suggested a 'chiefdom' comprising a small region around Jerusalem, cf. Knauf (1997), 81–85; Niemann (1997), 252–299 and Finkelstein (1999). For a 'middle of the road' approach, [proposing] a United Monarchy of [greater] territorial scope though smaller than the biblical description cf., e.g., Miller (1997); Halpern (2001), 229–262; Liverani (2005), 92–101. The latter recently suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, which was subsequently enlarged to include areas of northern Samaria and influence areas in Galilee and Transjordan. Na'aman (1992; 1996) once accepted the [fundamental] biography of David as authentic and later rejected the United Monarchy as a state, cf. id. (2007), 401–402.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+and+Biblical+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Biblical+Narrative%3A+The+Case+of+the+United+Monarchy&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2503754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Tobolowsky, "Israelite and Judahite History in Contemporary Theoretical Approaches," <i><a href="/wiki/Currents_in_Biblical_Research" title="Currents in Biblical Research">Currents in Biblical Research</a></i> (2018), pg. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zachary-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zachary_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zachary_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Zachary (22 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146107916639208">"Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come"</a>. <i>Biblical Theology Bulletin</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 59–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146107916639208">10.1177/0146107916639208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-1079">0146-1079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147053561">147053561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Theology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Debating+the+United+Monarchy%3A+Let%27s+See+How+Far+We%27ve+Come&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-69&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147053561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0146-1079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146107916639208&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F0146107916639208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lipschits-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lipschits_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lipschits_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lipschits_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits2014" class="citation book cs1">Lipschits, Oded (2014). "The history of Israel in the biblical period". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Jewish Study Bible</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 2107–2119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5"><bdi>978-0-19-997846-5</bdi></a>. <q>As this essay will show, however, the pre monarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. Though the archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, meaning the rubric of "united monarchy" is best abandoned, it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. [...] Although the kingdom of Judah is mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit comprised of Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy called "Israel."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Israel+in+the+biblical+period&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.pages=2107-2119&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997846-5&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyErYBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhrtp438-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhrtp438_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhrtp438_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Kuhrt" title="Amélie Kuhrt">Kuhrt, Amélie</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_sfMzRPTgoC&q=Kuhrt,+Amiele+(1995).+The+Ancient+Near+East."><i>The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BC, Band 1</i></a>. New York: Routledge. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41516-762-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41516-762-8"><bdi>978-0-41516-762-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%2C+c.+3000%E2%80%93330+BC%2C+Band+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-41516-762-8&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_sfMzRPTgoC%26q%3DKuhrt%2C%2BAmiele%2B%281995%29.%2BThe%2BAncient%2BNear%2BEast.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleinterp.com-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleinterp.com_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleinterp.com_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Wright" title="Jacob L. Wright">Wright, Jacob L.</a> (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml">"David, King of Judah (not Israel)"</a>. <i>The Bible and Interpretation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bible+and+Interpretation&rft.atitle=David%2C+King+of+Judah+%28not+Israel%29&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Jacob+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibleinterp.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F07%2Fwri388001.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faust, Avraham; Garfinkel, Yosef; Mumcuoglu, Madeleine (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jjar.huji.ac.il/publications/study-10th-century-bce-early-21st-century-ce-overview">«The Study of the 10th Century BCE in the Early 21st Century CE: An Overview»</a>. <i>Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology</i> <b>1</b>: 1-14. "The sophisticated methods of data collection and analysis that resulted from the debate significantly narrowed the chronological gap between the schools, leading most scholars to follow various versions of the traditional, or modified, chronology (e.g., Stager 2003; Mazar 2011; Katz and Faust 2014; Garfinkel et al. 2015; 2019; Dever 2017; Faust and Sapir 2018; Ortiz 2018; Master 2019)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lester Grabbe, Ancient Israel, 2017, pg. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium-crying-king-david-not-his-palace-1.5324620">"Crying King David: Are the ruins found in Israel really his palace?"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>Not all agree that the ruins found in Khirbet Qeiyafa are of the biblical town Sha'arayim, let alone the palace of ancient Israel's most famous King</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Crying+King+David%3A+Are+the+ruins+found+in+Israel+really+his+palace%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Farchaeology%2F.premium-crying-king-david-not-his-palace-1.5324620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe22-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe22_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe, Lester. The Dawn of Israel: A History of Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE. 2023. T&T Clark. p. 255-259. “It is essentially a <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">folktale</a> about an Eastern potentate – it is royal legend or Königsnovelle.” “Thus, it looks difficult to discover much in the Solomon story that strikes the critical reader as likely to be historical.” “[T]he temple story has been inflated into a legendary extravaganza.” “[T]he Solomon story is the most problematic of those relating to the early Israelite kings, providing the thickest cloud of obscurity over the history that lies behind it.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De2021-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-De2021_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dever, William G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52486%2F01.00001.4">"Solomon, Scripture, and Science: The Rise of the Judahite State in the 10th Century BCE"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>1</b>: 102–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52486%2F01.00001.4">10.52486/01.00001.4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2788-8819">2788-8819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Solomon%2C+Scripture%2C+and+Science%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Judahite+State+in+the+10th+Century+BCE&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=102-125&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.52486%2F01.00001.4&rft.issn=2788-8819&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.52486%252F01.00001.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Israel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Silberman, Neil Asher</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/davidsolomoninse00fink"><i>David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition</i></a>. Free Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743243629" title="Special:BookSources/9780743243629"><bdi>9780743243629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+and+Solomon%3A+In+Search+of+the+Bible%27s+Sacred+Kings+and+the+Roots+of+the+Western+Tradition&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780743243629&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdavidsolomoninse00fink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel Finkelstein, "The Archaeology of the United Monarchy: an Alternative View," <i>Levant</i> (1996). See pg. 185 for the quote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel Finkelstein, "The Date of the Settlement of the Philistines in Canaan," <i>Tel Aviv</i> (1995), pp. 213–239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finkelsteinsilberman2007-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finkelsteinsilberman2007_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uH7Kg9yEc7AC"><i>David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-416-55688-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-416-55688-6"><bdi>978-1-416-55688-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+and+Solomon%3A+In+Search+of+the+Bible%27s+Sacred+Kings+and+the+Roots+of+the+Western+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-416-55688-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuH7Kg9yEc7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tubbp115-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tubbp115_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubb2006" class="citation book cs1">Tubb, Jonathan (2006). <i>Canaanites</i>. London: The British Museum Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2766-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2766-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-2766-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanites&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-2766-8&rft.aulast=Tubb&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2019" class="citation news cs1">David, Ariel (27 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium.MAGAZINE-meet-the-real-king-david-the-one-the-bible-didn-t-want-you-to-know-about-1.7062754">"Meet the Real King David, the One the Bible Didn't Want You to Know About"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Real+King+David%2C+the+One+the+Bible+Didn%27t+Want+You+to+Know+About&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Farchaeology%2F.premium.MAGAZINE-meet-the-real-king-david-the-one-the-bible-didn-t-want-you-to-know-about-1.7062754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-divided-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-divided_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-divided_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-divided_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeverBurke2014" class="citation web cs1">Dever, William G.; Burke, Aaron (2 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/divided-kingdom-united-critics/">"Divided Kingdom, United Critics"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.atitle=Divided+Kingdom%2C+United+Critics&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft.au=Burke%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Freviews%2Fdivided-kingdom-united-critics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2006" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, K. A. (9 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw6U05qBiXcC&q=%22the+physical+archaeology+of+tenth-century+Canaan+is+consistent+with+the+former+existence+of+a+unified+state+on+its+terrain%22&pg=PA158"><i>On the Reliability of the Old Testament</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0396-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0396-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-0396-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Reliability+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2006-06-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0396-2&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKw6U05qBiXcC%26q%3D%2522the%2Bphysical%2Barchaeology%2Bof%2Btenth-century%2BCanaan%2Bis%2Bconsistent%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bformer%2Bexistence%2Bof%2Ba%2Bunified%2Bstate%2Bon%2Bits%2Bterrain%2522%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Erlanger, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/05/international/middleeast/05jerusalem.html">King David's Palace Is Found, Archaeologist Says</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, August 5, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early+History+-+Archaeology/Unique+biblical+discovery+at+City+of+David+excavation+site+18-Aug-2008.htm">"Unique biblical discovery at City of David excavation site"</a>. Israel Ministry of Foreign affairs. 18 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unique+biblical+discovery+at+City+of+David+excavation+site&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+affairs.&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FHistory%2FEarly%2BHistory%2B-%2BArchaeology%2FUnique%2Bbiblical%2Bdiscovery%2Bat%2BCity%2Bof%2BDavid%2Bexcavation%2Bsite%2B18-Aug-2008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span> The identifications of the four biblical figures in these two bullae, namely, Jehucal, Shelemiah, Gedaliah, and Pashhur, are affirmed to be strong identifications in Lawrence Mykytiuk, "Archaeology Confirms 50 Real People in the Bible," <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>, vol. 40, issue 2 (March/April 2014), p. 47 (persons 31–34) and p. 49, with endnotes on all 50 persons, including persons 31–34, freely available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/comment-page-1/#comments">http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/comment-page-1/#comments</a>. Earlier, these four identifications were very reasonable in Lawrence J. Mykytiuk, "Corrections and Updates to 'Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 BCE,'" <i>Maarav</i> 16/1 (2009), pp. 85–100, which is freely available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/lib_research/129/">https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/lib_research/129/</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2013" class="citation web cs1">Schultz, Colin (22 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130723153114/http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2013/07/archaeologists-just-found-the-biblical-king-davids-palace-maybe/">"Archaeologists Just Found the Biblical King David's Palace. Maybe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2013/07/archaeologists-just-found-the-biblical-king-davids-palace-maybe/">the original</a> on 23 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeologists+Just+Found+the+Biblical+King+David%27s+Palace.+Maybe&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmartnews%2F2013%2F07%2Farchaeologists-just-found-the-biblical-king-davids-palace-maybe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biblical_Archaeology_Society_2017-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biblical_Archaeology_Society_2017_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar2017" class="citation web cs1">Mazar, Eilat (12 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/hebrew-bible/did-i-find-king-davids-palace/">"Did I Find King David's Palace?"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>My position, to put it mildly, had not received [wide] support from the archaeological community. Indeed, quite the opposite was the case;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.atitle=Did+I+Find+King+David%27s+Palace%3F&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Eilat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fbiblical-topics%2Fhebrew-bible%2Fdid-i-find-king-davids-palace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garfinkel2012-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-garfinkel2012_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="garfinkel2012" class="citation web cs1">Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623021750/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1989">"Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report"</a>. <i>Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel</i>. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1989">the original</a> on 23 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hadashot+Arkheologiyot%3A+Excavations+and+Surveys+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Journal+124%3A+Khirbat+Qeiyafa+preliminary+report&rft.date=2012-04-19&rft.aulast=Garfinkel&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft.au=Ganor%2C+Sa%27ar&rft.au=Hasel%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadashot-esi.org.il%2Freport_detail_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finkelsteinfantalkin2012-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finkelsteinfantalkin2012_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="finkelsteinfantalkin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Fantalkin, Alexander (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Qeiyafa_Unsensational_Interpretation.pdf">"Khirbet Qeiyafa: an unsensational archaeological and historical interpretation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tel Aviv</i>. <b>39</b>: 38–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F033443512x13226621280507">10.1179/033443512x13226621280507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161627736">161627736</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=Khirbet+Qeiyafa%3A+an+unsensational+archaeological+and+historical+interpretation&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=38-63&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F033443512x13226621280507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161627736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Fantalkin%2C+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.tau.ac.il%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F04%2FQeiyafa_Unsensational_Interpretation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelig2009" class="citation web cs1">Selig, Abe (23 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=169388">"Jerusalem city wall dates back to King Solomon"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Jerusalem+city+wall+dates+back+to+King+Solomon&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft.aulast=Selig&rft.aufirst=Abe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D169388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maeir-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maeir_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaeir2014" class="citation book cs1">Maeir, Aren M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ">"Archeology and the Hebrew Bible"</a>. In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). <i>The Jewish Study Bible</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 2125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5"><bdi>978-0-19-997846-5</bdi></a>. <q>Archeological evidence for the early stages of the monarchy is minimal at best. [...] In any case, the lack of substantive epigraphic materials from this early stage of the Iron Age II (after 1000 BCE) and other extensive archeological evidence indicate that even if an early united monarchy existed, its level of political and bureaucratic complexity was not as developed as the biblical text suggests. The mention of the "House of David" in the Tel Dan inscription dates to the mid/late 9th c. BCE does not prove the existence of an extensive Davidic kingdom in the early 10th c. BCE but does indicate a Judean polity during the 9th c. that even then associated its origin with David. [...] Although there is archeological and historical evidence (from extrabiblical documents) [to support] various events of the monarchical period (especially the later period) recorded in the Bible, there is little [...] evidence corroborating the biblical depiction of early Israelite or Judean history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archeology+and+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.pages=2125&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997846-5&rft.aulast=Maeir&rft.aufirst=Aren+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyErYBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasson2015" class="citation news cs1">Hasson, Nir (4 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/beta/.premium-1.669425">"Philistine city of Gath a lot more powerful than thought, archaeologists suggest"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Philistine+city+of+Gath+a+lot+more+powerful+than+thought%2C+archaeologists+suggest&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.aulast=Hasson&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fbeta%2F.premium-1.669425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein, Israel, (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3-DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22israel+finkelstein%22&pg=PA33">"Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem"</a>, in Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, and Kristin Weingart (eds.), Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives, SBL Press, pp. 43–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William G Dever, <i>Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah</i>, SBL Press, 2017, pg. 319. Also, see pg. 381, n. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2020" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (18 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39HoDwAAQBAJ"><i>Has Archaeology Buried the Bible?</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5949-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5949-5"><bdi>978-1-4674-5949-5</bdi></a>. <q>Finkelstein's low chronology, never followed by [most] mainstream scholars, is a house of cards. Yet it is the only reason for attributing our copious tenth-century-BCE archaeological evidence of a united monarchy to the ninth-century BCE. Finkelstein himself seems to have doubts. Originally, he insisted that no Judean state emerged until the eighth century BCE. Then it was the ninth century BCE. Eventually, he posited a tenth-century BCE 'Saulide polity' with its 'hub' at Gibeon—not Jerusalem, and not Solomon, only his predecessor! But there is absolutely no archaeological evidence for such an imaginary kingdom. Finkelstein's [extreme] scenario is clever but not convincing. It should be ignored. The reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon are reasonably well attested.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Has+Archaeology+Buried+the+Bible%3F&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-5949-5&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39HoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mazar, Amihai (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23199258">"Archaeology and the Bible: Reflections on Historical Memory in the Deuteronomistic History"</a>. <i>Congress Volume Munich 2013</i>: 347–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004281226_015">10.1163/9789004281226_015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28122-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28122-6"><bdi>978-90-04-28122-6</bdi></a>. <q>The continuous debate concerning the evaluation of the United Monarchy as a historical entity cannot be resolved unequivocally by archaeology due to the current disagreements among archaeologists regarding the interpretation of the evidence. In my view, when [accounting for] the combined evidence presented above, [along with] previous papers, we cannot simply deny the existence of such an entity. [Defining and explaining] this state in the tenth century is [up for] debate. In previous papers, I explained David's kingdom as a tribal state that emerged during a political vacuum in most of the southern Levant caused by the great weakness of the earlier Canaanite population and the increase in the Israelite population in the highlands. This background, combined with personal qualities and a small but effective military force, may have enabled David to create a substantial political and military power, [possibly including] large parts of the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congress+Volume+Munich+2013&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Bible%3A+Reflections+on+Historical+Memory+in+the+Deuteronomistic+History&rft.pages=347-369&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004281226_015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28122-6&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23199258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mazar, Amihai (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2503754">"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy"</a>. <i>Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives</i>: 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+and+Biblical+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Biblical+Narrative%3A+The+Case+of+the+United+Monarchy&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2503754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaustSapir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Faust, Avraham; Sapir, Yair (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2018.10">"The "Governor's Residency" at Tel 'Eton, The United Monarchy, and the Impact of the Old-House Effect on Large-Scale Archaeological Reconstructions"</a>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 801–820. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Radcb..60..801F">2018Radcb..60..801F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2018.10">10.1017/RDC.2018.10</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134281901">134281901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=The+%22Governor%27s+Residency%22+at+Tel+%27Eton%2C+The+United+Monarchy%2C+and+the+Impact+of+the+Old-House+Effect+on+Large-Scale+Archaeological+Reconstructions&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=801-820&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134281901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FRDC.2018.10&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Radcb..60..801F&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft.au=Sapir%2C+Yair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FRDC.2018.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Borschel-Dan" class="citation web cs1">Amanda Borschel-Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/proof-of-king-david-not-yet-but-riveting-site-shores-up-roots-of-israelite-era/">"Proof of King David? Not yet. But riveting site shores up roots of Israelite era"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Proof+of+King+David%3F+Not+yet.+But+riveting+site+shores+up+roots+of+Israelite+era&rft.au=Amanda+Borschel-Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fproof-of-king-david-not-yet-but-riveting-site-shores-up-roots-of-israelite-era%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones2001-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones2001_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gwilym H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCRYl9Ikk6EC&pg=PA196">"1 and 2 Samuel"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)" title="John Barton (theologian)">Barton, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Muddiman" title="John Muddiman">Muddiman, John</a> (eds.). <i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 197–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19875-500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19875-500-5"><bdi>978-0-19875-500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+and+2+Samuel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=197-199&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19875-500-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gwilym+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCRYl9Ikk6EC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinkelsteinMazar2007-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FinkelsteinMazar2007_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinMazarInternational_Institute_for_Secular_Humanistic_Judaism._Colloquium2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism. Colloquium (24 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC&pg=PA37"><i>The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel</i></a>. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Israel%3A+Debating+Archaeology+and+the+History+of+Early+Israel&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Lit&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-277-0&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Mazar%2C+Amihay&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Secular+Humanistic+Judaism.+Colloquium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjpbngoKHg8gC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinkelsteinSilberman2002-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FinkelsteinSilberman2002_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (6 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&pg=PA176"><i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-2338-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Sacred+Texts&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinkelsteinSilberman2007-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FinkelsteinSilberman2007_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (3 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvq6JbIHBDEC&pg=PA197"><i>David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4363-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4363-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-4363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+and+Solomon%3A+In+Search+of+the+Bible%27s+Sacred+Kings+and+the+Roots+of+the+Western+Tradition&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4363-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvq6JbIHBDEC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweeney2023-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney2023_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2023" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, Marvin A. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNfbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>1 – 2 Samuel</i></a>. New Cambridge Bible Commentary. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47261-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47261-6"><bdi>978-1-108-47261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+%E2%80%93+2+Samuel&rft.series=New+Cambridge+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=8-16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47261-6&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Marvin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNfbEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalimi2018-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalimi2018_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalimi2018" class="citation book cs1">Kalimi, Isaac (29 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L9Z7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>Writing and Rewriting the Story of Solomon in Ancient Israel</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-58837-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-58837-9"><bdi>978-1-108-58837-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Rewriting+the+Story+of+Solomon+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft.isbn=978-1-108-58837-9&rft.aulast=Kalimi&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL9Z7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Samuel#8:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible (American Standard)/1 Samuel">1 Samuel 8:4 - 1 Samuel 8:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Samuel#8:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible (American Standard)/1 Samuel">1 Samuel 8:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Samuel#10:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible (American Standard)/1 Samuel">1 Samuel 10:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Samuel%2031&version=ESV">"Bible Gateway passage: 1 Samuel 31 - English Standard Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+1+Samuel+31+-+English+Standard+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D1%2520Samuel%252031%26version%3DESV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemaire" class="citation web cs1">Lemaire, Andre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220959/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Ancient_and_Medieval_History/2500_BCE-539_BCE/Social_History/Sauls_United_Kingdom.shtml">"King Saul"</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Ancient_and_Medieval_History/2500_BCE-539_BCE/Social_History/Sauls_United_Kingdom.shtml">the original</a> on 27 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=King+Saul&rft.aulast=Lemaire&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fhistory%2FAncient_and_Medieval_History%2F2500_BCE-539_BCE%2FSocial_History%2FSauls_United_Kingdom.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Jerome_Isser2003" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Jerome Isser (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHT6Y-6RCewC&pg=PA152"><i>The Sword of Goliath: David in Heroic Literature</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 152–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12737-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12737-1"><bdi>978-90-04-12737-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+of+Goliath%3A+David+in+Heroic+Literature&rft.pages=152-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12737-1&rft.au=Stanley+Jerome+Isser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHT6Y-6RCewC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Samuel+15&version=NIV">"2 Samuel 15 NIV - - Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Samuel+15+NIV+-+-+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D2%2520Samuel%2B15%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Samuel+19&version=NIV">"2 Samuel 19 NIV - - Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Samuel+19+NIV+-+-+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D2%2520Samuel%2B19%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Samuel+2&version=NIV">"2 Samuel 2 NIV - - Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Samuel+2+NIV+-+-+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D2%2520Samuel%2B2%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judges_Chronology-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judges_Chronology_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoling1975" class="citation book cs1">Boling, Robert G., ed. (1975). <i>Judges (The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries)</i>. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. XXI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13945-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13945-7"><bdi>978-0-300-13945-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judges+%28The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Commentaries%29&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=XXI&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13945-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%208:1–14&version=nrsv">2 Sam 8:1–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Kings+1&version=NIV">"1 Kings 1 NIV - - Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Kings+1+NIV+-+-+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D1%2520Kings%2B1%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Kings+7&version=NIV">"1 Kings 7 NIV - - Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Kings+7+NIV+-+-+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D1%2520Kings%2B7%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finkelsteinmazar2007-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finkelsteinmazar2007_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinMazar2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC&q=102"><i>The Quest for the Historical Israel</i></a>. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Israel&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-277-0&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Mazar%2C+Amihay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjpbngoKHg8gC%26q%3D102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Kings%2012&version=NIV">"1 Kings 12 NIV - - Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Kings+12+NIV+-+-+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D1%2520Kings%252012%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks2010" class="citation book cs1">Shanks, Hershel (2010). <i>Ancient Israel</i> (3rd ed.). Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-09643-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-09643-5"><bdi>978-0-205-09643-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-205-09643-5&rft.aulast=Shanks&rft.aufirst=Hershel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1987" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Richard (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whowrotebible000frie"><i>Who Wrote The Bible</i></a></span>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-063035-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-063035-5"><bdi>978-0-06-063035-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Wrote+The+Bible&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-06-063035-5&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhowrotebible000frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2004" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold (2004). <i>The Book of J</i>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4191-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4191-0"><bdi>978-0-8021-4191-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+J&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-4191-0&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kenneth Kitchen</a>, How We Know When Solomon Ruled: Israel's Kings, BAR September/October 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesacredcalendar.com/israels-kings-and-prophets/">"Israel's Kings and Prophets"</a>. <i>Bible Timeline</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bible+Timeline&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Kings+and+Prophets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesacredcalendar.com%2Fisraels-kings-and-prophets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2017" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mog6DwAAQBAJ"><i>Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah</i></a>. SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-217-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-217-1"><bdi>978-0-88414-217-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Texts%3A+An+Archaeological+Portrait+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-88414-217-1&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmog6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHjelmThompson2016" class="citation book cs1">Hjelm, Ingrid; Thompson, Thomas L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGOaCwAAQBAJ">"Introduction"</a>. In Hjelm, Ingrid; Thompson, Thomas L. (eds.). <i>History, Archaeology and The Bible Forty Years After "Historicity"</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-42814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-42814-5"><bdi>978-1-317-42814-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=History%2C+Archaeology+and+The+Bible+Forty+Years+After+%22Historicity%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-42814-5&rft.aulast=Hjelm&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPGOaCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreKelle2011" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&pg=PA125"><i>Biblical History and Israel's Past</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-6260-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+History+and+Israel%27s+Past&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Megan+Bishop&rft.au=Kelle%2C+Brad+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjkz_8EMoaUC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2022" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Zachary (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4beREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA236">"Israel's Political and Administrative Structures in the Pre-Monarchic and Monarchic Periods"</a>. In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.). <i>The Ancient Israelite World</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-77324-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-77324-8"><bdi>978-1-000-77324-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Political+and+Administrative+Structures+in+the+Pre-Monarchic+and+Monarchic+Periods&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Israelite+World&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-77324-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4beREAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Israel+%28united+monarchy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Israel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kingdom of Israel">Kingdom of Israel</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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historical <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Torture of Israelites by Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Monarchy (Kingdom of Israel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Northern Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Southern Kingdom (Kingdom of Judah)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template talk:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Khana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/42px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jordan" title="Portal:Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/16px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/25px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/33px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/21px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, 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