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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-基本解釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本解釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>基本解釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本解釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-光線" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#光線"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>光線</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-光線-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关光線子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-光線-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-折射定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#折射定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>折射定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-折射定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水面的折射" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水面的折射"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>水面的折射</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水面的折射-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-色散" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#色散"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>色散</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-色散-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大氣折射" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大氣折射"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>大氣折射</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大氣折射-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-海浪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海浪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>海浪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海浪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-臨床意義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#臨床意義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>臨床意義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-臨床意義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-聲音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聲音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>聲音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聲音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-圖片集" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#圖片集"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>圖片集</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-圖片集-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">折射</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。89种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligbreking" title="Ligbreking – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ligbreking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechung_(Physik)" title="Brechung (Physik) – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Brechung (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ስብረት – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የብርሃን ስብረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="انكسار (فيزياء) – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انكسار (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraici%C3%B3n" title="Refraición – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Refraición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n_s%C4%B1nmas%C4%B1" title="İşığın sınması – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşığın sınması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Праламленне – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праламленне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peml%C3%A8ngsongan" title="Pemlèngsongan – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pemlèngsongan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пречупване – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пречупване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="আলোর প্রতিসরণ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোর প্রতিসরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3" title="Refracció – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Refracció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="شکانەوەی ڕووناکی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شکانەوەی ڕووناکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_vln%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Lom vlnění – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lom vlnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Рефракци – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рефракци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plygiant" title="Plygiant – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plygiant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktion" title="Refraktion – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Refraktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechung_(Physik)" title="Brechung (Physik) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brechung (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Διάθλαση – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάθλαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakto" title="Refrakto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Refrakto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3n" title="Refracción – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refracción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktsioon" title="Refraktsioon – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Refraktsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errefrakzio" title="Errefrakzio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errefrakzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC)" title="شکست (امواج) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکست (امواج)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittuminen" title="Taittuminen – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taittuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9fraction" title="Réfraction – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réfraction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athraonadh" title="Athraonadh – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Athraonadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3n" title="Refracción – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Refracción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="שבירה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="अपवर्तन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपवर्तन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakcija" title="Refrakcija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Refrakcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksyon" title="Refraksyon – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Refraksyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s" title="Fénytörés – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fénytörés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Լույսի անդրադարձում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լույսի անդրադարձում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiasan" title="Pembiasan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembiasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3sbrot" title="Ljósbrot – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljósbrot" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazione" title="Rifrazione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rifrazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98" title="屈折 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="屈折" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksi" title="Refraksi – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Refraksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рефракция – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рефракция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ವಕ್ರೀಭವನ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಕ್ರೀಭವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EC%A0%88" title="굴절 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="굴절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рефракция – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рефракция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractio" title="Refractio – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Refractio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liichtrefraktioun" title="Liichtrefraktioun – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liichtrefraktioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazion" title="Rifrazion – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rifrazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A" title="ການຫັກລົບ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຫັກລົບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangos_l%C5%AB%C5%BEis" title="Bangos lūžis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bangos lūžis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana" title="Gaismas laušana – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaismas laušana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Прекршување (физика) – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прекршување (физика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അപവർത്തനം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="अपवर्तन – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अपवर्तन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiasan" title="Pembiasan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembiasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtbreking" title="Lichtbreking – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lichtbreking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksjon" title="Refraksjon – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Refraksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysbrytning" title="Lysbrytning – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lysbrytning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraccion" title="Refraccion – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Refraccion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabee_darbuu" title="Dabee darbuu – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dabee darbuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC)" title="ਅਪਵਰਤਨ (ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼) – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਪਵਰਤਨ (ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakshion" title="Refrakshion – 尼日利亚皮钦语" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Refrakshion" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="尼日利亚皮钦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakcja" title="Refrakcja – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Refrakcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrassion" title="Rifrassion – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rifrassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refra%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Refração – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Refração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrac%C8%9Bie" title="Refracție – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Refracție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Преломление – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Преломление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лом світла – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лом світла" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="अपवर्तनम् (भौतविज्ञानम्) – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अपवर्तनम् (भौतविज्ञानम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazzioni" title="Rifrazzioni – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rifrazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelamanje" title="Prelamanje – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prelamanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="වර්තනය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්තනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_svetlobe" title="Lom svetlobe – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lom svetlobe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupambuko_rweChiedza" title="Rupambuko rweChiedza – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rupambuko rweChiedza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelamanje_svetlosti" title="Prelamanje svetlosti – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prelamanje svetlosti" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktion" title="Refraktion – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Refraktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளி முறிவு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளி முறிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="వక్రీభవనం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వక్రీభవనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB" title="การหักเห – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การหักเห" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1lma_(fizik)" title="Kırılma (fizik) – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırılma (fizik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Заломлення – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Заломлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%81" title="انعطاف – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انعطاف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksiya" title="Refraksiya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Refraksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Khúc xạ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khúc xạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="ברעכונג – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברעכונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiat-si%C4%81" title="Chiat-siā – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiat-siā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72277#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" 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lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li 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.hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span><b>提示</b>：此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84" title="衍射">衍射</a></b>。</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refraction_photo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Refraction_photo.png/220px-Refraction_photo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Refraction_photo.png/330px-Refraction_photo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Refraction_photo.png/440px-Refraction_photo.png 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>一束光線在塑膠磚中折射</figcaption></figure> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學">物理學</a>中，<b>折射</b>（refraction）是指<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>在穿越<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="介质">介質</a>或經歷<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="介质">介質</a>的漸次變化時傳播方向上的改變<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="视光学">视光学</a>中，又称<b>屈光</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。透過眼睛去看，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>的折射的例子最為明顯，是容易觀察的折射現象，不過其他像是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="聲音">聲音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="海浪">海浪</a>也都會有折射的性質。而一個波的折射程度取決於波速的變化量，還有初始行進方向及波速變化方向間的夾角。 </p><p>光的折射（屈光）遵守<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B6%85%E7%88%BE%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="斯涅爾定律">斯涅爾定律</a>：給定一對介質，則<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E5%B0%84%E8%A7%92" title="入射角">入射角</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f84b9443d095623e02fd287cd095123d70b0278" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"></span>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E8%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="折射角">折射角</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ed6ea624b20b153403979ffaf5434fc36de2990" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"></span>正弦值的比率（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c4cd29ac909b31c58af24b0a569929d18c214c15" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:6.224ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}}"></span>）會等同於兩者的波速比率（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b611670eb49acbe00ed22b667c01da1b30a08279" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:3.018ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}}"></span>），等價來說，也等同於兩者<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E7%8E%87" title="折射率">折射率</a>的比率（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3087839636a74a49919a497a37a6155d8025345" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:3.285ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"></span>）。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/429d498749f292c242e1b7bd9e1cf219fd403736" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:18.724ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snells_law.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Snells_law.svg/220px-Snells_law.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Snells_law.svg/330px-Snells_law.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Snells_law.svg/440px-Snells_law.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>在兩個不同折射率介質的交界面發生之光的折射，其中<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}>n_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}>n_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a7dff47d66f4b8b88a98a78832c447aee02c9d48" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.996ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}>n_{1}}"></span>，因為波速在介質二中較低（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{2}<v_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{2}<v_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/17365b05792a807fc4d1f433e7501a0162bd60f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.462ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{2}<v_{1}}"></span>），因此<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E8%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="折射角">折射角</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ed6ea624b20b153403979ffaf5434fc36de2990" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"></span>會比<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E5%B0%84%E8%A7%92" title="入射角">入射角</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f84b9443d095623e02fd287cd095123d70b0278" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"></span>小，也就是說：光線在折射率較高的介質中較靠近法線</figcaption></figure> <p>如同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%9C%BC" title="人眼">人眼</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%B1%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="棱镜">棱鏡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E9%95%9C" title="透镜">透镜</a>能利用折射來改變光行進的方向。物質的折射率會隨光<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="波長">波長</a>的改變而有變化，<sup id="cite_ref-dispersion_ELPT_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dispersion_ELPT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因此不同光折射的角度也不同，這個現象稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%95%A3_(%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8)" title="色散 (光學)">色散</a>，也就是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%9C%E9%8F%A1" title="稜鏡">稜鏡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%99%B9" title="彩虹">彩虹</a>為什麼能將白光分成其組合元素的一串光譜<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E8%89%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="顏色">顏色</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-hyperphysics_dispersion_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyperphysics_dispersion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本解釋"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E8.A7.A3.E9.87.8B"></span>基本解釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：基本解釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refraction_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Refraction_animation.gif/220px-Refraction_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Refraction_animation.gif/330px-Refraction_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Refraction_animation.gif/440px-Refraction_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>當波進入一個波速較慢的介質時，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%89%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="波前">波前</a>會被壓縮，因為其在波必須改變方向的邊界要保持連接，同時可以觀察波的峰與谷的狀態</figcaption></figure> <p>其物理原理如圖片所示，考慮一個波從一物質行經至另一速度較慢的物質。當它以某個角度接觸到兩物質間的介面時，波的一邊會先抵達因此會先減慢速度，而一邊減速會導致整個波前進的同時，向那邊轉動，這就是當波進入波速較慢的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="介质">介質</a>時會偏離介面或偏向<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BA%BF" title="法线">法線</a>的原因。相反地，當波接觸波速較快的物質時，其中一邊會先加速使得波整體變得偏離那邊。另外，當轉換介質中，如果遇到<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="球體">球體</a>，法線將會是其半徑，也就是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="圓心">圓心</a>延伸到入射點和反射點。 </p><p>另一種理解這件事的方法是考慮在界面上波長的改變。當波從一個物質行經到另一個時，波速<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span>不相同，但<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">頻率</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span>仍維持一樣，因此<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%99%A3%E9%9D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="波陣面">波陣面</a>間的距離或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="波長">波長</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {v}{f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>v</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {v}{f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/197ad4644112fc4ee31b4116261b8e5d359934a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:6.568ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {v}{f}}}"></span>會改變。若波速增加，像是圖片中對於右方的介質來說的話，則波長也會增加。如果波陣面和介面有夾角，則在界面時，角度與波的間距必須變化來維持波陣面的完整，而這些想法可以導出<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E5%B0%84%E8%A7%92" title="入射角">入射角</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f84b9443d095623e02fd287cd095123d70b0278" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E8%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="折射角">折射角</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ed6ea624b20b153403979ffaf5434fc36de2990" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"></span>與不同介質的兩波速<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98d33f5d498d528bd8c10edc8ac8c34347f32b3a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{1}}"></span>和<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb04c423c2cb809c30cac725befa14ffbf4c85f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{2}}"></span>之間的關係，這就是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B6%85%E7%88%BE%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="斯涅爾定律">斯涅爾定律</a>，可以寫成<sup id="cite_ref-Hecht_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hecht-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b9236206a93f3939ddf41b26cea51d7633ab008a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.34ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>如果以更基本的方法解釋，可以用二維或三維的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%8A%A8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="波动方程">波動方程</a>得出關於折射現象的結論。在界面上的邊界條件要求切線方向的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="波向量">波向量</a>在兩邊需一致，<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="波向量">波向量</a>的大小取決於波速，所以需要方向上的改變。以上所討論的相對波速是指波的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BD%8D%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="相位速度">相位速度</a>，這和可視為更接近真實波速的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="群速度">群速度</a>相仿，但當兩者有出入時，在折射相關的計算上最好使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BD%8D%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="相位速度">相位速度</a>。 </p><p>當一個波垂直穿越邊界，也就是其<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%89%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="波前">波前</a>平行於邊界時，即便波速改變了也不會改變方向。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="光線"><span id=".E5.85.89.E7.B7.9A"></span>光線</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：光線"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pen_in_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pen_in_water.jpg/220px-Pen_in_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pen_in_water.jpg/330px-Pen_in_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pen_in_water.jpg/440px-Pen_in_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>一支部分沉在一碗水中的筆因為折射而看起來像是在水面彎曲</figcaption></figure> <p>光線的折射在我們的生活中隨處可見，它使水面下的物件看起來比實際上近，同時是<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="透鏡">透鏡</a>的原理，應用在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1" title="眼鏡">眼鏡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="照相機">照相機</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%AD%92%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="雙筒望遠鏡">雙筒望遠鏡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%9C%BC" title="人眼">人眼</a>中，而折射也是一些自然光學現象的原因，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%99%B9" title="彩虹">彩虹</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E8%9C%83%E6%A8%93" class="mw-redirect" title="海市蜃樓">海市蜃樓</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="折射定律"><span id=".E6.8A.98.E5.B0.84.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>折射定律</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：折射定律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在光線的折射中，一個物質的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E7%8E%87" title="折射率">折射率</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span>比波在其中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BD%8D%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="相位速度">相位速度</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span>更常使用，不過加進真空中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span>後，它們是直接相關的，關係式為<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33da8c421d52a437e59e6726572ed6d09cb6f3e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.457ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}"></span> 。因此在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光學">光學</a>中，折射定律通常被寫作：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b6b2a5ea2d5d1fdf92e3b13e58bd3f91a48236ff" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.545ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{2}}"></span> 。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="水面的折射"><span id=".E6.B0.B4.E9.9D.A2.E7.9A.84.E6.8A.98.E5.B0.84"></span>水面的折射</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：水面的折射"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.svg/220px-Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.svg/330px-Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.svg/440px-Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>一支浸入水中的鉛筆因折射而看起來彎曲，從Ｘ點射出的光線因為方向改變而被認為是從Ｙ點發出的</figcaption></figure> <p>當光線穿過水面時會產生折射，這是由於水的折射率為1.33而空氣的折射率是1的緣故。如果注視著一個筆直的物件，例如圖中的鉛筆，傾斜的插在水中，部分位於水面下，則物體看起來像在水面處彎曲了，這是因為光線從水進到空氣時彎曲了。當光抵達眼睛時，人眼會認為他走的是直線來回推（視線），而這兩條視線（圖中虛線）在比光線實際產生位置要高的地方交會，這便導致鉛筆看起來較高和水目測比實際還要淺的現象。 </p><p>從水面上觀察認為的水深被稱為<b>視深</b>，這個認知對於<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="spearfishing" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="spearfishing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spearfishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spearfishing（页面不存在）">用魚叉捕魚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spearfishing" class="extiw" title="en:spearfishing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">spearfishing</span></a></span>）</span></span>非常重要，因為他會使得目標魚看起來跟實際上在不同位置，所以漁夫需要瞄準低一點的地方才能抓到魚。反過來說，在水下觀察時，水面上的物件會有較高的<b>視高</b>，因此<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%84%E6%B0%B4%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="射水魚">射水魚</a>在射擊水面上的目標時需要做出相反的修正。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>若入射角較小（此時和法線間的夾角其<b>正弦值</b>約和<b>正切值</b>相同），視深和實深的比值會與空氣和水的折射率比值相同。但當入射角接近 90<sup>o</sup> 時，視深會趨近於零，不過反射會變強，使得在較大<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E5%B0%84%E8%A7%92" title="入射角">入射角</a>時的觀察受限。相反地，當入射角（從水面下出發）增加，視高會趨近於無限，但在這件事發生之前，會先達到產生<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="全反射">全反射</a>的角度（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E8%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="臨界角">臨界角</a>）。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_reflection_in_raindrops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/GGB_reflection_in_raindrops.jpg/220px-GGB_reflection_in_raindrops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/GGB_reflection_in_raindrops.jpg/330px-GGB_reflection_in_raindrops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/GGB_reflection_in_raindrops.jpg/440px-GGB_reflection_in_raindrops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%96%80%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B_(%E8%88%8A%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B1)" class="mw-redirect" title="金門大橋 (舊金山)">金門大橋</a>的畫面被許多不同的三維水滴折射和彎曲</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="色散"><span id=".E8.89.B2.E6.95.A3"></span>色散</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：色散"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>折射也是造成<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%99%B9" title="彩虹">彩虹</a>和使光線在通過<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A8%9C%E9%8F%A1" title="三稜鏡">三稜鏡</a>後分成彩色光譜的原因。玻璃相對於空氣有著較高的折射率，所以當一束白光從空氣進入一個物質時，其折射率會因頻率不同而有變化，因為不同的顏色對應到不同的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">頻率</a>，它們在交界處會折向不同角度因而分開，換句話說，白光中不同顏色的組成會以不同角度折射，<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%95%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="色散">色散</a>的現象便發生了。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大氣折射"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E6.B0.A3.E6.8A.98.E5.B0.84"></span>大氣折射</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：大氣折射"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackbird-sunset-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Blackbird-sunset-03.jpg/220px-Blackbird-sunset-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Blackbird-sunset-03.jpg/330px-Blackbird-sunset-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Blackbird-sunset-03.jpg/440px-Blackbird-sunset-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>大氣中的折射使得太陽在接近地平線時看起來有些扁平</figcaption></figure> <p>空氣的折射率和其<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>有關，因此會隨著<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氣溫">氣溫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="氣壓">氣壓</a>而改變。由於在高海拔地區的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="氣壓">氣壓</a>較低，折射率也較小，使得光線經大氣長途傳播時向地表折射，這會讓接近地平線的星星看起來的位置有些許偏移，也讓我們在日出時能先看見太陽，即便它在幾何上來說仍未升上地平線。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:66599_,_Tupton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/66599_%2C_Tupton.jpg/220px-66599_%2C_Tupton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/66599_%2C_Tupton.jpg/330px-66599_%2C_Tupton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/66599_%2C_Tupton.jpg/440px-66599_%2C_Tupton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%BB%8A%E9%A0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="火車頭">火車頭</a>引擎排氣產生的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="heat haze" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="heat haze"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_haze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heat haze（页面不存在）">熱暈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heat_haze" class="extiw" title="en:heat haze"><span lang="en" dir="auto">heat haze</span></a></span>）</span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>空氣中溫度上的改變也會造成光線的折射，而這可以在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="heat haze" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="heat haze"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_haze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heat haze（页面不存在）">熱暈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heat_haze" class="extiw" title="en:heat haze"><span lang="en" dir="auto">heat haze</span></a></span>）</span></span>這個冷熱空氣混合的現象中看到，例如在火焰上方、排氣的引擎中或是在寒冷的日子打開窗戶。它使得透過混合空氣的物體在冷熱空氣交錯移動中看起來有些閃爍或是在周圍隨機移動，這個影響也可以在普通的氣溫變化中發現。當我們在熱天中使用高倍率的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%94%9D%E9%8F%A1%E9%A0%AD" title="遠攝鏡頭">遠攝鏡頭</a>時，常會因會大氣折射而使照片品質受限，<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同樣地，大氣<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="亂流">亂流</a>在以天文<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="望遠鏡">望遠鏡</a>拍攝的照片中造成瞬變的<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B8%E8%AE%8A" title="畸變">畸變</a>，若不使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自適應光學">自適應光學</a>或其他技術來克服<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%A7%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="視寧度">視寧度</a>限制，會使地面望遠鏡的解析度受限。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirage_over_a_hot_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mirage_over_a_hot_road.jpg/220px-Mirage_over_a_hot_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mirage_over_a_hot_road.jpg/330px-Mirage_over_a_hot_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Mirage_over_a_hot_road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>高溫路面的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E8%9C%83%E6%A8%93" class="mw-redirect" title="海市蜃樓">海市蜃樓</a></figcaption></figure> <p>氣溫在近地表的變化可以導致其他的光學現象，像是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E8%9C%83%E6%A8%93" class="mw-redirect" title="海市蜃樓">海市蜃樓</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E8%9C%83%E6%99%AF" title="複雜蜃景">複雜蜃景</a>。較常見的是在熱天被高溫路面加熱的空氣使得光線以較淺角度射向觀察者時被彎曲，這讓路面看起來像是會反射一般，給人一種有水積在路上的錯覺。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="海浪"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E6.B5.AA"></span>海浪</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：海浪"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_and_waves_(2784111859).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Beach_and_waves_%282784111859%29.jpg/220px-Beach_and_waves_%282784111859%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Beach_and_waves_%282784111859%29.jpg/330px-Beach_and_waves_%282784111859%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Beach_and_waves_%282784111859%29.jpg/440px-Beach_and_waves_%282784111859%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>海浪在打上海灘時幾乎是垂直於海岸的，因為它們會在水變淺時漸漸地向陸地方向折射</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="海浪">海浪</a>在較淺的地方行進較慢，而這可以用來解釋水波槽中的折射和沿岸的波浪為何傾向以接近平行的方式拍打海岸，當海浪從水深處進入到較淺地方時，會從原本行進的方向往垂直海岸的那側折射。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="臨床意義"><span id=".E8.87.A8.E5.BA.8A.E6.84.8F.E7.BE.A9"></span>臨床意義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：臨床意義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學">醫學</a>上，特別是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="視光學">視光學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="眼科學">眼科學</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="orthoptics" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="orthoptics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthoptics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthoptics（页面不存在）">視軸矯正</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orthoptics" class="extiw" title="en:orthoptics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">orthoptics</span></a></span>）</span></span>中，<b>屈光</b>（折射）可由合適的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="eye care professional" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="eye care professional"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_care_professional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eye care professional（页面不存在）">眼科保健執業人員</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/eye_care_professional" class="extiw" title="en:eye care professional"><span lang="en" dir="auto">eye care professional</span></a></span>）</span></span>操作<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="phoropter" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="phoropter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoropter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoropter（页面不存在）">綜合屈光檢查儀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phoropter" class="extiw" title="en:phoropter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">phoropter</span></a></span>）</span></span>來檢驗，藉以決定眼睛是否有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E5%85%89%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="屈光不正">屈光不正</a>的問題並選定最佳的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="corrective lens" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="corrective lens"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrective_lens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrective lens（页面不存在）">矯正鏡片</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/corrective_lens" class="extiw" title="en:corrective lens"><span lang="en" dir="auto">corrective lens</span></a></span>）</span></span>。在一系列漸進改變<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E5%80%8D%E7%8E%87" title="光學倍率">光學倍率</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%B7%9D" title="焦距">焦距</a>的檢驗後，便可決定如何調整出最銳利、最清晰的視力。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="聲音"><span id=".E8.81.B2.E9.9F.B3"></span>聲音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：聲音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="underwater acoustics" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="underwater acoustics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_acoustics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater acoustics（页面不存在）">水下聲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/underwater_acoustics" class="extiw" title="en:underwater acoustics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">underwater acoustics</span></a></span>）</span></span>中，折射指的是聲波彎曲或弧線前進的現象，是聲波經過聲速梯度，也就是從原本的地方進入到另一個有著不同聲速的區域時會有的結果。聲波彎曲的程度取決於前後聲速的差異，等同於水的溫度、鹽度和壓力的變化。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>類似的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="聲學">聲學</a>效應也出現在地球大氣層中，幾世紀以來，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="地球大氣層">地球大氣層</a>中的聲音折射現象一直廣為人知，<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但從1970年代早期才開始廣泛的流行研究這個效果，起因是為了設計城市<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="公路">公路</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%B1%8F%E9%9A%9C" title="隔音屏障">隔音屏障</a>來改善<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="氣象學">氣象學</a>效應對低層大氣中聲波的彎曲。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="圖片集"><span id=".E5.9C.96.E7.89.87.E9.9B.86"></span>圖片集</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：圖片集"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Refraction_of_a_quantum_particle.webm/220px--Refraction_of_a_quantum_particle.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="226" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Refraction_of_a_quantum_particle.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Refraction_of_a_quantum_particle.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Refraction_of_a_quantum_particle.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="390" data-height="401" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Refraction_of_a_quantum_particle.webm/Refraction_of_a_quantum_particle.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="234" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Refraction_of_a_quantum_particle.webm/Refraction_of_a_quantum_particle.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="350" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Refraction_of_a_quantum_particle.webm/Refraction_of_a_quantum_particle.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="350" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>2D模擬：這是一個量子的折射，其中黑色的半邊沒有位能，而灰色的半邊有較高的位能，白色的糊點代表測量時在特定區域內發現這個粒子的機率分佈</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/120px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/180px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/240px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Just_a_refraction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Just_a_refraction.jpg/120px-Just_a_refraction.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Just_a_refraction.jpg/180px-Just_a_refraction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Just_a_refraction.jpg/240px-Just_a_refraction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R-DSC00449-WMC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/R-DSC00449-WMC.jpg/80px-R-DSC00449-WMC.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/R-DSC00449-WMC.jpg/120px-R-DSC00449-WMC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/R-DSC00449-WMC.jpg/160px-R-DSC00449-WMC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_refraction.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Light_refraction.gif/67px-Light_refraction.gif" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Light_refraction.gif/101px-Light_refraction.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Light_refraction.gif/135px-Light_refraction.gif 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sz%C3%ADnsz%C3%B3r%C3%B3d%C3%A1s_prizm%C3%A1n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sz%C3%ADnsz%C3%B3r%C3%B3d%C3%A1s_prizm%C3%A1n2.jpg/120px-Sz%C3%ADnsz%C3%B3r%C3%B3d%C3%A1s_prizm%C3%A1n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sz%C3%ADnsz%C3%B3r%C3%B3d%C3%A1s_prizm%C3%A1n2.jpg/180px-Sz%C3%ADnsz%C3%B3r%C3%B3d%C3%A1s_prizm%C3%A1n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sz%C3%ADnsz%C3%B3r%C3%B3d%C3%A1s_prizm%C3%A1n2.jpg/240px-Sz%C3%ADnsz%C3%B3r%C3%B3d%C3%A1s_prizm%C3%A1n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Refraction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Refraction.svg/120px-Refraction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Refraction.svg/180px-Refraction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Refraction.svg/240px-Refraction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="大氣折射">大氣折射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="双折射">雙折射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%8D%E8%8F%B2%E6%B6%85%E8%80%B3%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="惠更斯－菲涅耳原理">惠更斯－菲涅耳原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9F%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="负折射">負折射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="視差">視差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="反射 (物理学)">反射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="全反射">全反射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光學">光學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B9%E5%BD%B1%E6%B3%95" title="纹影法">纹影法</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/refraction">Refraction</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-10-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082916/https://www.britannica.com/science/refraction">存档</a>于2018-10-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.atitle=Refraction&rft.au=The+Editors+of+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Frefraction&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/41157/1#s1">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-02-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219034031/https://www.termonline.cn/word/41157/1#s1">存档</a>于2023-02-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.termonline.cn%2Fword%2F41157%2F1%23s1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Born and Wolf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofopti00born">Principles of Optics</a>. New York, NY: Pergamon Press INC. 1959: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofopti00born/page/37">37</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.au=Born+and+Wolf&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Optics&rft.date=1959&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=37&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press+INC.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofopti00born&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dispersion_ELPT-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dispersion_ELPT_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Paschotta, article on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rp-photonics.com/chromatic_dispersion.html">chromatic dispersion</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629012047/http://www.rp-photonics.com/chromatic_dispersion.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2015-06-29. in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rp-photonics.com/encyclopedia.html">Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813044135/http://www.rp-photonics.com/encyclopedia.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2015-08-13., accessed on 2014-09-08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyperphysics_dispersion-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hyperphysics_dispersion_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl R. Nave, page on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/dispersion.html">Dispersion</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924222742/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/dispersion.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2014-09-24. in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html">HyperPhysics</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028155517/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2007-10-28., Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, accessed on 2014-09-08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hecht-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hecht_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hecht, Eugene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/optics00hech_225">Optics</a>. Addison-Wesley. 2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/optics00hech_225/page/n107">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-321-18878-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-321-18878-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-321-18878-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.au=Hecht%2C+Eugene&rft.btitle=Optics&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-321-18878-0&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foptics00hech_225&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rp-photonics.com/refraction.html">Refraction</a>. RP Photonics Encyclopedia. RP Photonics Consulting GmbH, Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-10-23</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628174941/https://www.rp-photonics.com/refraction.html">存档</a>于2015-06-28）. <q>It results from the boundary conditions which the incoming and the transmitted wave need to fulfill at the boundary between the two media. Essentially, the tangential components of the wave vectors need to be identical, as otherwise the phase difference between the waves at the boundary would be position-dependent, and the wavefronts could not be continuous. As the magnitude of the wave vector depends on the refractive index of the medium, the said condition can in general only be fulfilled with different propagation directions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.atitle=Refraction&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RP+Photonics+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp-photonics.com%2Frefraction.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dill, Lawrence M. Refraction and the spitting behavior of the archerfish (<i>Toxotes chatareus</i>). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 1977, <b>2</b> (2): 169–184. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4599128"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 4599128</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00361900"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/BF00361900</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.atitle=Refraction+and+the+spitting+behavior+of+the+archerfish+%28Toxotes+chatareus%29&rft.au=Dill%2C+Lawrence+M.&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.pages=169-184&rft.volume=2&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4599128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00361900&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nikonimgsupport.com/eu/BV_article?articleNo=000006491&configured=1&lang=en_GB">The effect of heat haze on image quality</a>. Nikon. 2016-07-10 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-11-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126075255/https://www.nikonimgsupport.com/eu/BV_article?articleNo=000006491&configured=1&lang=en_GB">存档</a>于2020-11-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.btitle=The+effect+of+heat+haze+on+image+quality&rft.date=2016-07-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikonimgsupport.com%2Feu%2FBV_article%3FarticleNo%3D000006491%26configured%3D1%26lang%3Den_GB&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414215458/http://www.coastal.udel.edu/ngs/waves.html#">Shoaling, Refraction, and Diffraction of Waves</a>. University of Delaware Center for Applied Coastal Research. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-07-23</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coastal.udel.edu/ngs/waves.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-04-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.btitle=Shoaling%2C+Refraction%2C+and+Diffraction+of+Waves&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Center+for+Applied+Coastal+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coastal.udel.edu%2Fngs%2Fwaves.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526054235/http://www.eyeglossary.net/#R">Refraction</a>. eyeglossary.net. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-05-23</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyeglossary.net/#R">原始内容</a>存档于2006-05-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.atitle=Refraction&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eyeglossary.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyeglossary.net%2F%23R&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402164802/https://www.nwdc.navy.mil/Documents/NTRP_1-02.pdf">Navy Supplement to the DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="美國海軍">Department Of The Navy</a>. August 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-12-21</span>]</span>. NTRP 1-02. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwdc.navy.mil/Documents/NTRP_1-02.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2020-04-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.btitle=Navy+Supplement+to+the+DOD+Dictionary+of+Military+and+Associated+Terms&rft.date=2006-08&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Department+Of+The+Navy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwdc.navy.mil%2FDocuments%2FNTRP_1-02.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E9%BB%98%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="玛丽·费尔法克斯·萨默维尔">Mary Somerville</a> (1840), <i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Connexion_of_the_Physical_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences（页面不存在）">On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Connexion_of_the_Physical_Sciences" class="extiw" title="en:On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences"><span lang="en" dir="auto">On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences</span></a></span>）</span></span></i>, J. Murray Publishers, (originally by Harvard University)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hogan, C. Michael. Analysis of highway noise. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 1973, <b>2</b> (3): 387–392. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973WASP....2..387H"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1973WASP....2..387H</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00159677"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/BF00159677</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+highway+noise&rft.au=Hogan%2C+C.+Michael&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Water%2C+Air%2C+%26+Soil+Pollution&rft.pages=387-392&rft.volume=2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973WASP....2..387H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00159677&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Refraction" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Refraction"><span style="font-weight:bold;">折射</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flipcode.com/archives/reflection_transmission.pdf">Reflections and Refractions in Ray Tracing</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201127204630/http://www.flipcode.com/archives/reflection_transmission.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, a simple but thorough discussion of the mathematics behind refraction and reflection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interactagram.com/physics/optics/refraction/">Flash refraction simulation- includes source</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210317190001/http://www.interactagram.com/physics/optics/refraction/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Explains refraction and Snell's Law.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F" title="基爾霍夫衍射公式">菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射公式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AB%E7%90%85%E7%A6%BE%E8%B4%B9%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84" title="夫琅禾费衍射">夫琅禾费衍射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E6%B6%85%E8%80%B3%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84" title="菲涅耳衍射">菲涅耳衍射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%A0%85" title="光栅">光栅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="瑞利散射">瑞利散射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%B0%8F%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="米氏散射">米氏散射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%95%A3_(%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8)" title="色散 (光學)">色散 (光學)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%8C%AF" title="偏振">偏振</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傅里叶光学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fourier optics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%85%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%B6%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傅里叶光学（页面不存在）">傅里叶光学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_optics" class="extiw" title="en:Fourier optics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fourier optics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">現代光学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="激光">激光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="光谱学">光谱学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性光学">非线性光学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="晶体光学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crystal optics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晶体光学（页面不存在）">晶体光学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_optics" class="extiw" title="en:Crystal optics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crystal optics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光学工程">光学工程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="光子学">光子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B0%8E%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="光導纖維">光導纖維</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" 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