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<li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Invention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Introduction in France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Terror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Terror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Reign of Terror</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Terror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Overseas departments and regions of France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Living_heads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_heads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Living heads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_heads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_for_the_guillotine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_for_the_guillotine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Names for the guillotine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_for_the_guillotine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guillotine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86xgealga" title="Æxgealga – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Æxgealga" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9" title="مقصلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقصلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilyotin" title="Gilyotin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gilyotin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="গিলোটিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গিলোটিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гільяціна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гільяціна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гилотина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гилотина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljotina" title="Giljotina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Giljotina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibennerez" title="Dibennerez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dibennerez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotina" title="Guillotina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guillotina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гильотина – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гильотина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilotina" title="Gilotina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gilotina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljotiin" title="Giljotiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Giljotiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Γκιλοτίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκιλοτίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotina" title="Guillotina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guillotina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilotino" title="Gilotino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gilotino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillotina" title="Gillotina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gillotina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گیوتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیوتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilit%C3%ADn" title="Gilitín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gilitín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%A9ng%27ei" title="Kĩng'ei – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kĩng'ei" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8" title="ગિલોટીન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગિલોટીન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%91%90%EB%8C%80" title="단두대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단두대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiokina" title="Kiokina – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kiokina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Գիլիոտին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիլիոտին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="गिलोटिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गिलोटिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljotina" title="Giljotina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Giljotina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilotino" title="Gilotino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gilotino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%C3%B6xi" title="Fallöxi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fallöxi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghigliottina" title="Ghigliottina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghigliottina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="גיליוטינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גיליוטינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗಿಲೊಟೀನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಿಲೊಟೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гильотина – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Гильотина" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გილიოტინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გილიოტინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гильотина – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гильотина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9Fneqe" title="Meşneqe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Meşneqe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljot%C4%ABna" title="Giljotīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Giljotīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljotina" title="Giljotina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Giljotina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaktil%C3%B3" title="Nyaktiló – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyaktiló" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гилотина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гилотина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഗില്ലറ്റിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗില്ലറ്റിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الجيلوتين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجيلوتين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گیوتین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گیوتین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilotin" title="Gilotin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gilotin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="गियोतिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गियोतिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AD%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="ギロチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギロチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljotin" title="Giljotin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Giljotin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljotin" title="Giljotin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Giljotin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilotina" title="Gilotina – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gilotina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਗੀਓਤੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੀਓਤੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilotyna" title="Gilotyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gilotyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilhotina" title="Guilhotina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guilhotina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghilotin%C4%83" title="Ghilotină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ghilotină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гилотина – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гилотина" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гильотина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гильотина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гильотина – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гильотина" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghillotina" title="Ghillotina – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ghillotina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gijotina" title="Gijotina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gijotina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guillotine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilot%C3%ADna" title="Gilotína – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gilotína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljotina" title="Giljotina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Giljotina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гиљотина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гиљотина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljotina" title="Giljotina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Giljotina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljotiini" title="Giljotiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Giljotiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljotin" title="Giljotin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Giljotin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கில்லட்டின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கில்லட்டின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гильотина – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гильотина" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="กิโยตีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กิโยตีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гилйотина – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гилйотина" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giyotin" title="Giyotin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Giyotin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гільйотина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гільйотина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گلوٹین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلوٹین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghijotina" title="Ghijotina – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ghijotina" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_ch%C3%A9m" title="Máy chém – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy chém" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotina" title="Guillotina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Guillotina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AD%E5%A4%B4%E5%8F%B0" title="断头台 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="断头台" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E9%A0%AD%E5%8F%B0" title="斷頭台 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斷頭台" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giyotin" title="Giyotin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Giyotin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E9%A0%AD%E5%8F%B0" title="斷頭台 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斷頭台" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128015#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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beheading</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the device used to carry out executions by beheading. For the paper slicing tool, see <a href="/wiki/Paper_cutter" title="Paper cutter">Paper cutter</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Guillotine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Guillotine (disambiguation)">Guillotine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Guillotine" title="Special:EditPage/Guillotine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Guillotine%22">"Guillotine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Guillotine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Guillotine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Guillotine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Guillotine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Guillotine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillotine_Luxembourg_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guillotine_Luxembourg_01.jpg/220px-Guillotine_Luxembourg_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guillotine_Luxembourg_01.jpg/330px-Guillotine_Luxembourg_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guillotine_Luxembourg_01.jpg/440px-Guillotine_Luxembourg_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The guillotine used in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> between 1789 and 1821</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>guillotine</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GHIL</span>-ə-teen</i></a> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GHIL</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">TEEN</span></i></a> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GHEE</span>-yə-teen</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out <a href="/wiki/Executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Executions">executions</a> by <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheading</a>. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled <a href="/wiki/Blade" title="Blade">blade</a> suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with a <a href="/wiki/Pillory" title="Pillory">pillory</a> at the bottom of the frame, holding the position of the neck directly below the blade. The blade is then released, swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single, clean pass; the head falls into a basket or other receptacle below. </p><p>The guillotine is best known for its use in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, where the revolution's supporters celebrated it as the people's avenger and the revolution's opponents vilified it as the pre-eminent symbol of the violence of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the name "guillotine" dates from this period, similar devices had been in use elsewhere in Europe over several centuries. Use of an oblique blade and the pillory-like restraint device set this type of guillotine apart from others. Display of severed heads had long been one of the most common ways European sovereigns exhibited their power to their subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design of the guillotine was intended to make capital punishment more reliable and less painful in accordance with new <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideas of human rights. Prior to use of the guillotine, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> had inflicted manual beheading and a variety of methods of execution, many of which were more gruesome and required a high level of precision and skill to carry out successfully. </p><p>After its adoption, the device remained France's standard method of judicial execution until the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France#Abolition" title="Capital punishment in France">abolition of capital punishment</a> in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-legifrance.gouv.fr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legifrance.gouv.fr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last person to be executed by a government via guillotine was <a href="/wiki/Hamida_Djandoubi" title="Hamida Djandoubi">Hamida Djandoubi</a> on 10 September 1977 in France.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Halifax_Gibbet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_350422.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Halifax_Gibbet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_350422.jpg/220px-The_Halifax_Gibbet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_350422.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Halifax_Gibbet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_350422.jpg/330px-The_Halifax_Gibbet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_350422.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Halifax_Gibbet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_350422.jpg/440px-The_Halifax_Gibbet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_350422.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>A replica of the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Gibbet" title="Halifax Gibbet">Halifax Gibbet</a> on its original site in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax, West Yorkshire</a>, in 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Maiden,_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Maiden%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/220px-The_Maiden%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Maiden%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/330px-The_Maiden%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Maiden%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/440px-The_Maiden%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The original <a href="/wiki/Maiden_(guillotine)" title="Maiden (guillotine)">Maiden</a>, introduced in 1564 and used until 1716, now on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The use of beheading machines in Europe long predates such use during the French Revolution in 1792. An early example of the principle is found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <a href="/wiki/Perlesvaus" title="Perlesvaus"><i>High History of the Holy Grail</i></a>, dated to about 1210. Although the device is imaginary, its function is clear.<sup id="cite_ref-grail_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grail-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text says: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Within these three openings are the hallows set for them. And behold what I would do to them if their three heads were therein ... She setteth her hand toward the openings and draweth forth a pin that was fastened into the wall, and a cutting blade of steel droppeth down, of steel sharper than any razor, and closeth up the three openings. "Even thus will I cut off their heads when they shall set them into those three openings thinking to adore the hallows that are beyond."<sup id="cite_ref-grail_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grail-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Gibbet" title="Halifax Gibbet">Halifax Gibbet</a> in England was a wooden structure consisting of two wooden uprights, capped by a horizontal beam, of a total height of 4.5 metres (15 ft). The blade was an axe head weighing 3.5 kg (7.7 lb), attached to the bottom of a massive wooden block that slid up and down in grooves in the uprights. This device was mounted on a large square platform 1.25 metres (4 ft) high. It is not known when the Halifax Gibbet was first used; the first recorded execution in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a> dates from 1280, but that execution may have been by sword, axe, or gibbet. The machine remained in use until <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> forbade capital punishment for petty theft. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Hans_Weiditz" title="Hans Weiditz">Hans Weiditz</a> (1495–1537) woodcut illustration from the 1532 edition of <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>'s <i>De remediis utriusque fortunae</i>, or "Remedies for Both Good and Bad Fortune" shows a device similar to the Halifax Gibbet in the background being used for an execution.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Holinshed%27s_Chronicles" title="Holinshed's Chronicles">Holinshed's Chronicles</a></i> of 1577 included a picture of "The execution of Murcod Ballagh near Merton in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> in 1307" showing a similar execution machine, suggesting its early use in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maiden_(guillotine)" title="Maiden (guillotine)">Maiden</a> was constructed in 1564 for the Provost and Magistrates of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland and was in use from April 1565 to 1710. One of those executed was <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton">James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton</a>, in 1581, and a 1644 publication began circulating the legend that Morton himself commissioned the Maiden after he had seen the Halifax Gibbet.<sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maiden was readily dismantled for storage and transport, and it is now on display in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Etymology">Etymology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a period of time after its invention, the guillotine was called a <i>louisette</i>. However, it was later named after French <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin" title="Joseph-Ignace Guillotin">Joseph-Ignace Guillotin</a>, who proposed on 10 October 1789 the use of a special device to carry out executions in France in a more humane manner. A death penalty opponent, he was displeased with the <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">breaking wheel</a> and other common, more grisly methods of execution and sought to persuade <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI of France</a> to implement a less painful alternative. While not the device's inventor, Guillotin's name ultimately became an eponym for it. Contrary to popular myth, Guillotin did not die by guillotine but rather by natural causes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invention">Invention</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Invention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French surgeon and physiologist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Louis" title="Antoine Louis">Antoine Louis</a> and German engineer Tobias Schmidt built a prototype for the guillotine. According to the memoir of the French executioner <a href="/wiki/Charles-Henri_Sanson" title="Charles-Henri Sanson">Charles-Henri Sanson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> suggested the use of a straight, angled blade instead of a curved one.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Introduction_in_France">Introduction in France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Introduction in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Portrait_de_Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin_(1738-1814),_m%C3%A9decin_et_homme_politique._-_P1052_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Anonymous_-_Portrait_de_Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin_%281738-1814%29%2C_m%C3%A9decin_et_homme_politique._-_P1052_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Anonymous_-_Portrait_de_Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin_%281738-1814%29%2C_m%C3%A9decin_et_homme_politique._-_P1052_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Anonymous_-_Portrait_de_Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin_%281738-1814%29%2C_m%C3%A9decin_et_homme_politique._-_P1052_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Anonymous_-_Portrait_de_Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin_%281738-1814%29%2C_m%C3%A9decin_et_homme_politique._-_P1052_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Anonymous_-_Portrait_de_Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin_%281738-1814%29%2C_m%C3%A9decin_et_homme_politique._-_P1052_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Anonymous_-_Portrait_de_Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin_%281738-1814%29%2C_m%C3%A9decin_et_homme_politique._-_P1052_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin" title="Joseph-Ignace Guillotin">Joseph-Ignace Guillotin</a> after whom the guillotine was named</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 October 1789, physician <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin" title="Joseph-Ignace Guillotin">Joseph-Ignace Guillotin</a> proposed to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> that <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> should always take the form of decapitation "by means of a simple mechanism".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sensing the growing discontent, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> banned the use of the <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">breaking wheel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1791, as the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> progressed, the National Assembly researched a new method to be used on all condemned people regardless of class, consistent with the idea that the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> was simply to end life rather than to inflict unnecessary pain.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A committee formed under <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Louis" title="Antoine Louis">Antoine Louis</a>, physician to the King and Secretary to the Academy of Surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guillotin was also on the committee. The group was influenced by beheading devices used elsewhere in Europe, such as the Italian Mannaia (or Mannaja, which had been used since Roman times<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), the <a href="/wiki/Maiden_(beheading)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiden (beheading)">Scottish Maiden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Gibbet" title="Halifax Gibbet">Halifax Gibbet</a> (3.5 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-SaturdayMag_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaturdayMag-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many of these prior instruments crushed the neck or used blunt force to take off a head, a number of them also used a crescent blade to behead and a hinged two-part yoke to immobilize the victim's neck.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laquiante, an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> criminal court,<sup id="cite_ref-Croker1857_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croker1857-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed a beheading machine and employed Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer and <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> maker, to construct a prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antoine Louis is also credited with the design of the prototype. France's official executioner, <a href="/wiki/Charles-Henri_Sanson" title="Charles-Henri Sanson">Charles-Henri Sanson</a>, claimed in his memoirs that King Louis XVI, an amateur locksmith, recommended that the device employ an oblique blade rather than a crescent one, lest the blade not be able to cut through all necks; the neck of the king, who himself died by guillotine years later, was offered up discreetly as an example.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first execution by guillotine was performed on a highwayman <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Jacques_Pelletier" title="Nicolas Jacques Pelletier">Nicolas Jacques Pelletier</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 25 April 1792<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in front of what is now Place de l'Hôtel de Ville, the city hall of Paris. All citizens condemned to die were from then on executed there, until the scaffold was moved on 21 August to the <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Carrousel" title="Place du Carrousel">Place du Carrousel</a>. </p><p>The machine was judged successful because it was considered a humane form of execution in contrast with more cruel methods used in the pre-revolutionary <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i>. In France, before the invention of the guillotine, members of the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> were beheaded with a sword or an axe, which often took two or more blows to kill the condemned. The condemned or their families would sometimes pay the executioner to ensure that the blade was sharp in order to achieve a quick and relatively painless death. Commoners were usually hanged, which could take many minutes. </p><p>In the early phase of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, prior to the guillotine's adoption, the slogan <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_lanterne" title="À la lanterne">À la lanterne</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">To the lamp post!</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) symbolized popular justice in revolutionary France. The revolutionary radicals hanged officials and aristocrats from street lanterns and also employed more gruesome methods of execution, such as <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">the wheel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burning at the stake</a>. </p><p>Having only one method of civil execution for all regardless of class was also seen as an expression of equality among citizens. The guillotine was then the only civil <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France" title="Capital punishment in France">legal execution method in France</a> until abolition of the death penalty in 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apart from certain crimes against the security of the state, or for the death sentences passed by military courts,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which entailed <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">execution by firing squad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reign_of_Terror">Reign of Terror</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reign of Terror"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/220px-Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/330px-Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/440px-Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5043" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption>The execution of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">King Louis XVI</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg/220px-Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg/330px-Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg/440px-Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>'s execution on 16 October 1793</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_robespierre,_saint_just....jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg/220px-Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg/330px-Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg/440px-Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg 2x" data-file-width="3490" data-file-height="2270" /></a><figcaption>The execution of <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a>; the person who had just been executed in this drawing is <a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a>. Robespierre is the figure marked "10" in the <a href="/wiki/Tumbrel" title="Tumbrel">tumbrel</a>, holding a handkerchief to his shattered jaw.</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis Collenot d'Angremont was a royalist famed for having been the first guillotined for his political ideas, on 21 August 1792. During the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> between June 1793 and July 1794 about 17,000 people were guillotined, including former <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">King Louis XVI</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> who were executed at the guillotine in 1793. Towards the end of the Terror in 1794, revolutionary leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> were sent to the guillotine. Most of the time, executions in Paris were carried out in the Place de la Revolution (former Place <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</a> and current <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a>); the guillotine stood in the corner near the Hôtel Crillon where the City of Brest Statue can be found today. The machine was moved several times, to the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Nation" title="Place de la Nation">Place de la Nation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</a>, but returned, particularly for the execution of the King and for Robespierre. </p><p>For a time, executions by guillotine were a popular form of entertainment that attracted great crowds of spectators, with vendors selling programs listing the names of the condemned. But more than being popular entertainment alone during the Terror, the guillotine symbolized revolutionary ideals: equality in death equivalent to equality before the law; open and demonstrable revolutionary justice; and the destruction of privilege under the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i>, which used separate forms of execution for nobility and commoners.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parisian <i><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a></i>, then the popular public face of lower-class patriotic radicalism, thus considered the guillotine a positive force for revolutionary progress.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retirement">Retirement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_-_Public_execution_on_Guillotine_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/France_-_Public_execution_on_Guillotine_1897.jpg/220px-France_-_Public_execution_on_Guillotine_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/France_-_Public_execution_on_Guillotine_1897.jpg/330px-France_-_Public_execution_on_Guillotine_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/France_-_Public_execution_on_Guillotine_1897.jpg/440px-France_-_Public_execution_on_Guillotine_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>A 20 April 1897 public execution by guillotine in front of the prison of <a href="/wiki/Lons-le-Saunier" title="Lons-le-Saunier">Lons-le-Saunier</a>. The man about to be beheaded, Pierre Vaillat, robbed and killed two elder siblings on Christmas Day 1896. He was convicted of his crimes on 9 March 1897.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, executions resumed in the city centre. On 4 February 1832, the guillotine was moved behind the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jacques_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Jacques Tower">Church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie</a>, before being moved again, to the <a href="/wiki/La_Roquette_Prisons" title="La Roquette Prisons">Grande Roquette prison</a>, on 29 November 1851. </p><p>In the late 1840s, the Tussaud brothers Joseph and Francis, gathering relics for <a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a> wax museum, visited the aged <a href="/wiki/Henry-Cl%C3%A9ment_Sanson" title="Henry-Clément Sanson">Henry-Clément Sanson</a>, grandson of the executioner <a href="/wiki/Charles-Henri_Sanson" title="Charles-Henri Sanson">Charles-Henri Sanson</a>, from whom they obtained parts, the knife and lunette, of one of the original guillotines used during the Reign of Terror. The executioner had "pawned his guillotine, and got into woeful trouble for alleged trafficking in municipal property".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 August 1909, the guillotine was used at the junction of the Boulevard Arago and the Rue de la Santé, behind the <a href="/wiki/La_Sant%C3%A9_Prison" title="La Santé Prison">La Santé Prison</a>. </p><p>The last public guillotining in France was of <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weidmann" title="Eugen Weidmann">Eugen Weidmann</a>, who was convicted of six murders. He was beheaded on 17 June 1939 outside the prison Saint-Pierre, rue Andre Mignot 5 at <a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a>, which is now the Tribunal Judiciaire de Versailles. The proceedings caused "disgusting" and "unruly" behaviour among spectators. The “hysterical behavior” by spectators was so scandalous that French president Albert Lebrun immediately banned all future public executions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_Giraud" title="Marie-Louise Giraud">Marie-Louise Giraud</a> (17 November 1903 – 30 July 1943) was one of the last women to be executed in France. Giraud was convicted in Vichy France and was guillotined for having performed 27 abortions in the Cherbourg area on 30 July 1943. Her story was dramatized in the 1988 film <a href="/wiki/Story_of_Women" title="Story of Women">Story of Women</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chabrol" title="Claude Chabrol">Claude Chabrol</a>. </p><p>The guillotine remained the official method of execution in France until the death penalty was abolished in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-legifrance.gouv.fr_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legifrance.gouv.fr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final three guillotinings in France before its abolition were those of child-murderers <a href="/wiki/Christian_Ranucci" title="Christian Ranucci">Christian Ranucci</a> (on 28 July 1976) in Marseille, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Carrein" title="Jérôme Carrein">Jérôme Carrein</a> (on 23 June 1977) in Douai and torturer-murderer <a href="/wiki/Hamida_Djandoubi" title="Hamida Djandoubi">Hamida Djandoubi</a> (on 10 September 1977) in Marseille. Djandoubi's death was the last time that the guillotine was used for an execution by any government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France">Overseas departments and regions of France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Overseas departments and regions of France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Western Hemisphere, the guillotine saw only limited use. The only recorded guillotine execution in North America north of the Caribbean took place on the French island of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint-Pierre, Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre</a> in 1889, of Joseph Néel, with a guillotine brought in from <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Caribbean, it was used rarely in <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>; its last use in the region was at <a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South America, the guillotine was only used in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, where about 150 people were beheaded between 1850 and 1945: most of them were convicts exiled from France and incarcerated within the "bagne", or penal colonies. </p><p>Within the Southern Hemisphere, it worked in <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> (which had a bagne too until the end of the 19th century) and at least twice in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the guillotine is known as <i>Fallbeil</i> ("falling axe") or <i>Köpfmaschine</i> ("beheading machine") and was used in various German states from the 19th century onwards,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> becoming the preferred method of execution in <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic">Napoleonic</a> times in many parts of the country. The guillotine, axe<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">firing squad</a> were the legal methods of execution during the era of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918) and the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1919–1933). </p><p>The original German guillotines resembled the French Berger 1872 model, but they eventually evolved into sturdier and more effective machines. Built primarily of metal instead of wood, these new guillotines had heavier blades than their French predecessors and thus could use shorter uprights as well. Officials could also conduct multiple executions faster, thanks to a more effective blade recovery system and the eventual removal of the tilting board (bascule). Those deemed likely to struggle were backed slowly into the device from behind a curtain to prevent them from seeing it prior to the execution. A metal screen covered the blade as well in order to conceal it from the sight of the condemned. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> used the guillotine between 1933 and 1945 to execute 16,500 prisoners, 10,000 of them in 1944 and 1945 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable political victims executed by the guillotine under the Nazi government included <a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Marinus van der Lubbe</a>, a Dutch communist blamed for the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> and executed by guillotine in January 1934. The Nazi government also guillotined <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Sophie Scholl</a>, who was convicted of high treason after distributing anti-Nazi pamphlets at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a> with her brother <a href="/wiki/Hans_Scholl" title="Hans Scholl">Hans</a>, and other members of the German student resistance group, the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholl_1983_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholl_1983-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The citation that backs this up does not specify a guillotine was used for the execution (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The guillotine was last used in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in 1949 in the execution of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schuh" title="Richard Schuh">Richard Schuh</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lamprecht2011_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamprecht2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was last used in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> in September 1967 when the murderers Paul Beirau and Günter Herzfeld were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> used the guillotine in East Germany between 1950 and 1966 for secret executions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of countries, primarily in Europe, continued to employ this method of execution into the 19th and 20th centuries, but they ceased to use it before France did in 1977. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium, the last person to be beheaded was Francis Kol. Convicted of robbery and murder, he received his punishment on 8 May 1856. During the period from 19 March 1798 to 30 March 1856, there were 19 beheadings in Antwerp.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, the Netherlands, the first person to be beheaded was Anthony van Benthem, a criminal confined in a mental institution. He killed a cellmate after being called a sodomite. He was executed at Paardenveld on 27 July 1811. Back then, the Netherlands was part of the French Empire, Utrecht being in the <a href="/wiki/Zuyderz%C3%A9e" title="Zuyderzée">Zuyderzée</a> department. </p><p>In Switzerland, it was used for the last time by the canton of <a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">Obwalden</a> in the execution of murderer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Vollenweider" title="Hans Vollenweider">Hans Vollenweider</a> in 1940. </p><p>In Greece, the guillotine (along with the <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a>) was introduced as a method of execution in 1834; it was last used in 1913. </p><p>In Sweden, beheading became the mandatory method of execution in 1866. The guillotine replaced manual beheading in 1903, and it was used only once, in the execution of murderer <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ander" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Ander">Alfred Ander</a> in 1910 at <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5ngholmen_Prison" title="Långholmen Prison">Långholmen Prison</a>, Stockholm. Ander was also the last person to be executed in Sweden before capital punishment was abolished there in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-popularhistoria.se_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popularhistoria.se-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hemmetsjournal.se_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hemmetsjournal.se-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Diệm</a> regime enacted the 10/59 Decree in 1959, mobile special military courts were dispatched to the countryside in order to intimidate the rural population; they used guillotines, which had belonged to the former French colonial power, in order to carry out death sentences on the spot.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such guillotine is still on show at the <a href="/wiki/War_Remnants_Museum_(Ho_Chi_Minh_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="War Remnants Museum (Ho Chi Minh City)">War Remnants Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States in 1996, Georgia State Representative <a href="/wiki/Doug_Teper" title="Doug Teper">Doug Teper</a> unsuccessfully sponsored a bill to replace that state's <a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">electric chair</a> with the guillotine.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, a limited number of individuals have killed themselves using self-constructed guillotines.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Languille_in_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Execution_of_Languille_in_1905.jpg/220px-Execution_of_Languille_in_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Execution_of_Languille_in_1905.jpg/330px-Execution_of_Languille_in_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Execution_of_Languille_in_1905.jpg/440px-Execution_of_Languille_in_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>A retouched photo of the execution of Languille in 1905 with foreground figures painted in over the original photo</figcaption></figure> <p>Ever since the guillotine's first use, there has been debate as to whether or not the guillotine provided as swift and painless a death as Guillotin had hoped. With previous methods of execution that were intended to be painful, few expressed concern about the level of suffering that they inflicted. However, because the guillotine was invented specifically to be more humane, the issue of whether or not the condemned experiences pain has been thoroughly examined and remains a controversial topic. Certain eyewitness accounts of guillotine executions suggest anecdotally that awareness may persist momentarily after decapitation, although there is no scientific consensus on the matter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_heads">Living heads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Living heads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Decapitation#Physiology_of_death_by_decapitation" title="Decapitation">Decapitation § Physiology of death by decapitation</a></div> <p>Gabriel Beaurieux, a physician who observed the head of executed prisoner Henri Languille, wrote on 28 June 1905: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here, then, is what I was able to note immediately after the decapitation: the eyelids and lips of the guillotined man worked in irregularly rhythmic contractions for about five or six seconds. This phenomenon has been remarked by all those finding themselves in the same conditions as myself for observing what happens after the severing of the neck ... </p><p>I waited for several seconds. The spasmodic movements ceased. [...] It was then that I called in a strong, sharp voice: "Languille!" I saw the eyelids slowly lift up, without any spasmodic contractions – I insist advisedly on this peculiarity – but with an even movement, quite distinct and normal, such as happens in everyday life, with people awakened or torn from their thoughts. </p><p>Next Languille's eyes very definitely fixed themselves on mine and the pupils focused themselves. I was not, then, dealing with the sort of vague dull look without any expression, that can be observed any day in dying people to whom one speaks: I was dealing with undeniably living eyes which were looking at me. After several seconds, the eyelids closed again [...]. </p><p> It was at that point that I called out again and, once more, without any spasm, slowly, the eyelids lifted and undeniably living eyes fixed themselves on mine with perhaps even more penetration than the first time. Then there was a further closing of the eyelids, but now less complete. I attempted the effect of a third call; there was no further movement – and the eyes took on the glazed look which they have in the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_for_the_guillotine">Names for the guillotine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Names for the guillotine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the span of its usage, the French guillotine has gone by many names, some of which include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>La Monte-à-regret (The Regretful Climb)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medarus.org_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medarus.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Le Rasoir National (The National Razor)<sup id="cite_ref-medarus.org_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medarus.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Le Vasistas or La Lucarne (The Fanlight)<sup id="cite_ref-medarus.org_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medarus.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktakafka.free.fr-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>La Veuve (The Widow)<sup id="cite_ref-medarus.org_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medarus.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Le Moulin à Silence (The Silence Mill)<sup id="cite_ref-medarus.org_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medarus.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Louisette or Louison (from the name of prototype designer <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Louis" title="Antoine Louis">Antoine Louis</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-medarus.org_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medarus.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Madame La Guillotine<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mirabelle (from the name of <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-medarus.org_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medarus.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>La Bécane (The Machine)<sup id="cite_ref-medarus.org_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medarus.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Le Massicot (The <a href="/wiki/Paper_cutter" title="Paper cutter">Paper Trimmer</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktakafka.free.fr-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>La Cravate à Capet (Capet's Necktie, Capet being <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktakafka.free.fr-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>La Raccourcisseuse Patriotique (The Patriotic Shortener)<sup id="cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktakafka.free.fr-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>La demi-lune (The Half-Moon)<sup id="cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktakafka.free.fr-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Les Bois de Justice (Timbers of Justice)<sup id="cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktakafka.free.fr-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>La Bascule à Charlot (Charlot's Rocking-chair)<sup id="cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktakafka.free.fr-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Le Prix Goncourt des Assassins (The <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Goncourt Prize</a> for Murderers)<sup id="cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktakafka.free.fr-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul 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Weidmann</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-guillotine" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=guillotine">"guillotine"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=guillotine&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dguillotine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Po-chia Hsia, Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith, <i>The Making of the West, Peoples and Culture, A Concise History, Volume II: Since 1340</i>, Second Edition (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 664.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanes1991" class="citation journal cs1">Janes, Regina (1991). "Beheadings". <i>Representations</i> (35): 21–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2928715">10.2307/2928715</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2928715">2928715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representations&rft.atitle=Beheadings&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=21-51&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2928715&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2928715%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Janes&rft.aufirst=Regina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legifrance.gouv.fr-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legifrance.gouv.fr_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legifrance.gouv.fr_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000319513&dateTexte=20090728">Loi n°81-908 du 9 octobre 1981 portant abolition de la peine de mort</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731141543/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000319513&dateTexte=20090728">Archived</a> 31 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabricius" class="citation web cs1">Fabricius, Jørn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guillotine.dk/pages/history.html">"History of the guillotine"</a>. <i>guillotine.dk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guillotine.dk&rft.atitle=History+of+the+guillotine&rft.aulast=Fabricius&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguillotine.dk%2Fpages%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grail-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grail_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grail_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">High History of the Grail, translated by Sebastian Evans <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781-4209-44075" title="Special:BookSources/9781-4209-44075">9781-4209-44075</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/1613536198">Asset No. 1613536198</a>, The British Museum Collection.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guillotine.dk/Pages/History.html">History of the guillotine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906164403/http://www.guillotine.dk/pages/history.html">Archived</a> 6 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guillotine Headquarters 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maxwell-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maxwell_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maxwell, H <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/edinburghhistori00maxwrich/edinburghhistori00maxwrich_djvu.txt">Edinburgh, A Historical Study</a></i>, Williams and Norgate (1916), pp. 137, 299–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/scottish-history-and-archaeology/the-maiden/">"The Maiden"</a>. <i>Nms.ac.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museums_Scotland" title="National Museums Scotland">National Museums Scotland</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nms.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Maiden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nms.ac.uk%2Fexplore-our-collections%2Fstories%2Fscottish-history-and-archaeology%2Fthe-maiden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/head-man/">"Origins of the Guillotine"</a>. <i>Snopes.com</i>. 4 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Guillotine&rft.date=2011-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Ffact-check%2Fhead-man%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanson1831" class="citation book cs1">Sanson, Charles-Henri (1831). <i>Mémoires de Sanson</i>. 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A&E Television Networks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Marvels%3A+Death+Devices&rft.pub=A%26E+Television+Networks&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaturdayMag-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SaturdayMag_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1834" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, John William (26 July 1834). "The Halifax Gibbet-Law". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Magazine_(magazine)" title="The Saturday Magazine (magazine)">The Saturday Magazine</a></i> (132): 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Halifax+Gibbet-Law&rft.issue=132&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1834-07-26&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croker1857-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Croker1857_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroker1857" class="citation book cs1">Croker, John Wilson (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fQZoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Essays on the early period of the French Revolution</i></a>. J. Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fQZoAAAAMAAJ/page/n519">549</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+early+period+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Croker&rft.aufirst=John+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_fQZoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmond-Jean Guérin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histoirepassion.eu/spip.php?article1360">"1738–1814 – Joseph-Ignace Guillotin : biographie historique d'une figure saintaise"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720164546/http://www.histoirepassion.eu/spip.php?article1360">Archived</a> 20 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Histoire P@ssion</i> website, accessed 2009-06-27, citing M. Georges de Labruyère in <i>le Matin</i>, 22 Aug. 1907</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688–1847 / edited by Henry Sanson. pp 260–261. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/memoirsofsansons00sansuoft/memoirsofsansons00sansuoft_djvu.txt">"Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688–1847 / Edited by Henry Sanson"</a>. 1876. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140511015142/https://archive.org/stream/memoirsofsansons00sansuoft/memoirsofsansons00sansuoft_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Sansons%2C+from+private+notes+and+documents%2C+1688%E2%80%931847+%2F+Edited+by+Henry+Sanson&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmemoirsofsansons00sansuoft%2Fmemoirsofsansons00sansuoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span> accessed 28 April 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201092331/http://www.crimemuseum.org/library/execution/guillotine.html">"Crime Library"</a>. National Museum of Crime & Punishment. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>. <q>[I]n 1792, Nicholas-Jacques Pelletier became the first person to be put to death with a guillotine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+Library&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Crime+%26+Punishment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crimemuseum.org%2Flibrary%2Fexecution%2Fguillotine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chasescalendarof00edit"><i>Chase's Calendar of Events 2007</i></a></span>. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2007. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chasescalendarof00edit/page/291">291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146818-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146818-3"><bdi>978-0-07-146818-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chase%27s+Calendar+of+Events+2007&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-07-146818-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchasescalendarof00edit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScurr2007" class="citation book cs1">Scurr, Ruth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLxpgYt4dJcC&pg=PA222"><i>Fatal Purity</i></a>. New York: H. Holt. pp. 222–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8261-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8261-6"><bdi>978-0-8050-8261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatal+Purity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=222-223&rft.pub=H.+Holt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8261-6&rft.aulast=Scurr&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyLxpgYt4dJcC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott2007" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Jeffery (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatwaytogo00geof"><i>What a Way to Go</i></a></span>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatwaytogo00geof/page/144">144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36656-8"><bdi>978-0-312-36656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+a+Way+to+Go&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-36656-8&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Jeffery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatwaytogo00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051020135642/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/dossiers/abolition-peine-mort/code-penal-dalloz.shtml">Pre-1981 penal code, article 12</a>: "Any person sentenced to death shall be beheaded."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pre-1971 Code de Justice Militaire, article 336: "Les justiciables des juridictions des forces armées condamnés à la peine capitale sont fusillés dans un lieu désigné par l'autorité militaire."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051020135642/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/dossiers/abolition-peine-mort/code-penal-dalloz.shtml">Pre-1981 penal code, article 13</a>: "By exception to article 12, when the death penalty is handed for crimes against the safety of the State, execution shall take place by firing squad.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArasse1989" class="citation book cs1">Arasse, Daniel (1989). <i>"The Guilloine and the Terror"</i>. London: Penguin. pp. 75–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Guilloine+and+the+Terror%22&rft.place=London&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Arasse&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigonnet2000" class="citation book cs1">Higonnet, Patrice (2000). <i>"Goodness Beyond Virtue: Jacobins During the French Revolution "</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard. p. 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Goodness+Beyond+Virtue%3A+Jacobins+During+the+French+Revolution+%22&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Harvard&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Higonnet&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Cottrell (1952) <i>Madame Tussaud</i>, Evans Brothers Limited, pp. 142–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/last-public-execution-guillotine-1939/">"The Last Public Execution by Guillotine, 1939"</a>. <i>Rare Historical Photos</i>. 1 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rare+Historical+Photos&rft.atitle=The+Last+Public+Execution+by+Guillotine%2C+1939&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frarehistoricalphotos.com%2Flast-public-execution-guillotine-1939%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grandcolombier.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/zuzaregui.jpg">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035012/http://grandcolombier.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/zuzaregui.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrandcolombier.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F12%2Fzuzaregui.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWren1986" class="citation news cs1">Wren, Christopher S. (27 July 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/27/travel/a-bit-of-france-off-the-coast-of-canada.html?pagewanted=all">"A Bit of France off the Coast of Canada"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201135933/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/27/travel/a-bit-of-france-off-the-coast-of-canada.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Bit+of+France+off+the+Coast+of+Canada&rft.date=1986-07-27&rft.aulast=Wren&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F07%2F27%2Ftravel%2Fa-bit-of-france-off-the-coast-of-canada.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/behead.html">"The history of beheading and decapitation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+beheading+and+decapitation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalpunishmentuk.org%2Fbehead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opie2013-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Opie2013_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Frederick_Opie2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert Frederick Opie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ob87AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT131"><i>Guillotine: The Timbers of Justice</i></a>. History Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752496054" title="Special:BookSources/9780752496054"><bdi>9780752496054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guillotine%3A+The+Timbers+of+Justice&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780752496054&rft.au=Robert+Frederick+Opie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dob87AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2014" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Evan (15 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/8-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-guillotine">"8 Things You May Not Know About the Guillotine"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. <q>According to Nazi records, the guillotine was eventually used to execute some 16,500 people between 1933 and 1945, many of them resistance fighters and political dissidents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=8+Things+You+May+Not+Know+About+the+Guillotine&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F8-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-guillotine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scholl_1983-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scholl_1983_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholl1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Inge_Scholl" title="Inge Scholl">Scholl, Inge</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whiterosemunich100scho/page/114"><i>The White Rose: Munich, 1942–1943</i></a>. Schultz, Arthur R. (Trans.). Middletown, CT: <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whiterosemunich100scho/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6086-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6086-5"><bdi>978-0-8195-6086-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Rose%3A+Munich%2C+1942%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Middletown%2C+CT&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6086-5&rft.aulast=Scholl&rft.aufirst=Inge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhiterosemunich100scho%2Fpage%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamprecht2011-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lamprecht2011_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolf_Lamprecht2011" class="citation book cs1">Rolf Lamprecht (5 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1qIjNgNzVfwC&pg=PT55"><i>Ich gehe bis nach Karlsruhe: Eine Geschichte des Bundesverfassungsgerichts – Ein SPIEGEL-Buch</i></a>. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-641-06094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-641-06094-7"><bdi>978-3-641-06094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ich+gehe+bis+nach+Karlsruhe%3A+Eine+Geschichte+des+Bundesverfassungsgerichts+%E2%80%93+Ein+SPIEGEL-Buch&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt&rft.date=2011-09-05&rft.isbn=978-3-641-06094-7&rft.au=Rolf+Lamprecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1qIjNgNzVfwC%26pg%3DPT55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stefan-droessler.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/20071010-CZ-Hinrichtungen.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Grausam, unmenschlich und erniedrigend" – Celler Häftlinge gegen Hinrichtungen in USA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cellesche Zeitung</i> (in German). Celle, Germany. 10 October 2007. p. 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellesche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=%22Grausam%2C+unmenschlich+und+erniedrigend%22+%E2%80%93+Celler+H%C3%A4ftlinge+gegen+Hinrichtungen+in+USA&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2007-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stefan-droessler.com%2Fblog%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2F20071010-CZ-Hinrichtungen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_O._Koehler2008" class="citation book cs1">John O. Koehler (5 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=waxWwxY1tt8C&pg=PA18"><i>Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786724413" title="Special:BookSources/9780786724413"><bdi>9780786724413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stasi%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+East+German+Secret+Police&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.isbn=9780786724413&rft.au=John+O.+Koehler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwaxWwxY1tt8C%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazet van Mechelen, 8 May 1956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popularhistoria.se-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popularhistoria.se_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolmstedt2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bolmstedt, Åsa (21 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popularhistoria.se/artiklar/affarside-vanskotsel-och-barnamord-anglamakerskan">"Änglamakerskan"</a> [The angel maker]. <i>Populär Historia</i> (in Swedish). LRF Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050629/http://popularhistoria.se/artiklar/affarside-vanskotsel-och-barnamord-anglamakerskan">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popul%C3%A4r+Historia&rft.atitle=%C3%84nglamakerskan&rft.date=2006-12-21&rft.aulast=Bolmstedt&rft.aufirst=%C3%85sa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpopularhistoria.se%2Fartiklar%2Faffarside-vanskotsel-och-barnamord-anglamakerskan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hemmetsjournal.se-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hemmetsjournal.se_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRystad2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rystad, Johan G. (1 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208134759/http://www.hemmetsjournal.se/odenochaventyr/Artiklar/Reportage/Anglamakerskan-i-Helsingborg-drankte-atta-fosterbarn/">"Änglamakerskan i Helsingborg dränkte åtta fosterbarn"</a> [The angel maker in Helsingborg drowned eight foster care children]. <i><a href="/wiki/Hemmets_Journal" title="Hemmets Journal">Hemmets Journal</a></i> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Egmont_Group" title="Egmont Group">Egmont Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hemmetsjournal.se/odenochaventyr/Artiklar/Reportage/Anglamakerskan-i-Helsingborg-drankte-atta-fosterbarn/">the original</a> on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hemmets+Journal&rft.atitle=%C3%84nglamakerskan+i+Helsingborg+dr%C3%A4nkte+%C3%A5tta+fosterbarn&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.aulast=Rystad&rft.aufirst=Johan+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hemmetsjournal.se%2Fodenochaventyr%2FArtiklar%2FReportage%2FAnglamakerskan-i-Helsingborg-drankte-atta-fosterbarn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen_Thi_DinhMai_V._Elliott1976" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen Thi Dinh; Mai V. Elliott (1976). <i>No Other Road to Take: Memoir of Mrs Nguyen Thi Dinh</i>. Cornell University Southeast Asia Program. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87727-102-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87727-102-X"><bdi>0-87727-102-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Road+to+Take%3A+Memoir+of+Mrs+Nguyen+Thi+Dinh&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Southeast+Asia+Program&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87727-102-X&rft.au=Nguyen+Thi+Dinh&rft.au=Mai+V.+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrara2004" class="citation book cs1">Farrara, Andrew J. (2004). <i>Around the World in 220 Days: The Odyssey of an American Traveler Abroad</i>. Buy Books. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7414-1838-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7414-1838-X"><bdi>0-7414-1838-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Around+the+World+in+220+Days%3A+The+Odyssey+of+an+American+Traveler+Abroad&rft.pages=415&rft.pub=Buy+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7414-1838-X&rft.aulast=Farrara&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruzel2013" class="citation web cs1">Kruzel, John (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2013/11/guillotine-death-penalty-lethal-injection-is-cruel-and-unusual-punishment-slicing-off-the-head-is-the-better-way-to-go.html">"Bring Back the Guillotine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Bring+Back+the+Guillotine&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.aulast=Kruzel&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2013%2F11%2Fguillotine-death-penalty-lethal-injection-is-cruel-and-unusual-punishment-slicing-off-the-head-is-the-better-way-to-go.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/Archives/19951996/leg/fulltext/hb1274.htm">"Georgia House of Representatives – 1995/1996 Sessions HB 1274 – Death penalty; guillotine provisions"</a>. The General Assembly of Georgia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235314/http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/Archives/19951996/leg/fulltext/hb1274.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia+House+of+Representatives+%E2%80%93+1995%2F1996+Sessions+HB+1274+%E2%80%93+Death+penalty%3B+guillotine+provisions&rft.pub=The+General+Assembly+of+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legis.ga.gov%2FLegislation%2FArchives%2F19951996%2Fleg%2Ffulltext%2Fhb1274.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/2974083.stm">"Guillotine death was suicide"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927212352/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/2974083.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Guillotine+death+was+suicide&rft.date=2003-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Ftyne%2F2974083.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulivan,_Anne2007" class="citation news cs1">Sulivan, Anne (16 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819084547/http://www.thenewsherald.com/articles/2007/09/16/localnews/20070916-archive6.txt">"Man kills himself with guillotine"</a>. <i>The News Herald</i>. Tennessee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewsherald.com/articles/2007/09/16/localnews/20070916-archive6.txt">the original</a> on 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Herald&rft.atitle=Man+kills+himself+with+guillotine&rft.date=2007-09-16&rft.au=Sulivan%2C+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsherald.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F09%2F16%2Flocalnews%2F20070916-archive6.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaglin,_Douglas" class="citation news cs1">Staglin, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/06/russian-suicide-homemade-guillotine/1">"Russian engineer commits suicide with homemade guillotine"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Russian+engineer+commits+suicide+with+homemade+guillotine&rft.au=Staglin%2C+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Fondeadline%2Fpost%2F2010%2F06%2Frussian-suicide-homemade-guillotine%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuncomber,_Andrew1999" class="citation news cs1">Buncomber, Andrew (3 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/guillotine-used-for-suicide-1126857.html">"Guillotine used for suicide"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102072251/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/guillotine-used-for-suicide-1126857.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Guillotine+used+for+suicide&rft.date=1999-12-03&rft.au=Buncomber%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fguillotine-used-for-suicide-1126857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guillotine.dk/pages/30sek.html">"Can the head survive?"</a>. <i>guillotine.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125022453/http://www.guillotine.dk/Pages/30sek.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guillotine.dk&rft.atitle=Can+the+head+survive%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guillotine.dk%2Fpages%2F30sek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZc1AQAAMAAJ"><i>Clinical Journal</i></a>. Medical Publishing Company. 1898. p. 436.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Journal&rft.pages=436&rft.pub=Medical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZc1AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languefrancaise.net/bob/detail.php?id=8">abbaye de monte-à-regret : définition avec Bob, dictionnaire d'argot, l'autre trésor de la langue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314180326/http://www.languefrancaise.net/bob/detail.php?id=8">Archived</a> 14 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Languefrancaise.net. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medarus.org-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medarus.org_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medarus.org_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medarus.org_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medarus.org_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medarus.org_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medarus.org_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medarus.org_53-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medarus.org_53-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medarus.org/Medecins/MedecinsTextes/guillotin.html">Joseph-Ignace GUILLOTIN (1738–1814)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215173120/http://medarus.org/Medecins/MedecinsTextes/guillotin.html">Archived</a> 15 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Medarus.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ktakafka.free.fr-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ktakafka.free.fr_54-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ktakafka.free.fr/F_GUILLOTINE.htm">guillotine du XIVeme arrondissement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908181922/http://ktakafka.free.fr/F_GUILLOTINE.htm">Archived</a> 8 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ktakafka.free.fr. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/2787.html">Guillotine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004213743/http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/2787.html">Archived</a> 4 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Whonamedit. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carlyle, Thomas. <i>The French Revolution in Three Volumes, Volume 3: The Guillotine</i>. Charles C. Little and James Brown (<a href="/wiki/Little_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Brown">Little Brown</a>). New York, NY, 1839. No ISBN. (First Edition. Many reprintings of this important history have been done during the last two centuries.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Wilson_Croker1853" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Croker" title="John Wilson Croker">John Wilson Croker</a> (1853), <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Guillotine" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Guillotine">History of the Guillotine</a></i> (1st ed.), London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19040187" class="extiw" title="d:Q19040187">Q19040187</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Guillotine&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1853&rft.au=John+Wilson+Croker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerould,_Daniel1992" class="citation book cs1">Gerould, Daniel (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guillotineitsleg00dani"><i>Guillotine; Its Legend and Lore</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Blast_Books" title="Blast Books">Blast Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-922233-02-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-922233-02-0"><bdi>0-922233-02-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guillotine%3B+Its+Legend+and+Lore&rft.pub=Blast+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-922233-02-0&rft.au=Gerould%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguillotineitsleg00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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text" href="https://guillotine.dk/">"The Guillotine Headquarters"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Guillotine+Headquarters&rft.aulast=Fabricius&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguillotine.dk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuillotine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1172/does-the-head-remain-briefly-conscious-after-decapitation">Does the head remain briefly conscious after decapitation (revisited)?</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIE9AQAAIAAJ&q=carbonic+oxide">The Origin of the Guillotine</a>", 17 December 1881, pp. 392.</li></ul> <div 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Current_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Current judicial methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">firing squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">Lethal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation" title="Inert gas asphyxiation">Nitrogen hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Ancient_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Ancient and<br />post-classical<br /> methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">Damnatio ad bestias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">Blood eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">Blowing from a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazen_bull" title="Brazen bull">Brazen bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">Breaking wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushing_(execution)" title="Crushing (execution)">Crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimation_(punishment)" title="Decimation (punishment)">Decimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">Disembowelment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">Drowning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_marriage" title="Republican marriage">Republican marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_(execution)" title="Falling (execution)">Falling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">Flaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guillotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">Hanged, drawn and quartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">Immurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">Impalement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikozume" title="Ishikozume">Ishikozume</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazzatello" title="Mazzatello">Mazzatello</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">Sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphism" title="Scaphism">Scaphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">Slow slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation_in_ash" title="Suffocation in ash">Suffocation in ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upright_jerker" title="Upright jerker">Upright jerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">Waist chop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Enforcement or use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executioners" title="List of executioners">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfrichter" title="Scharfrichter">Scharfrichter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final statement">Final statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">Religion and capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">Botched execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations" title="Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations">Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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