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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https://www.scmp.com/economy","name":"Economy"},"position":1},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy","name":"Global Economy"},"position":2}]}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3281685/how-high-can-low-altitude-economy-soar-us-china-battle-supremacy","@type":"WebPage"}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":["NewsArticle","ReportageNewsArticle"],"alternativeHeadline":"How high can the low-altitude economy soar as US, China battle for supremacy?","articleBody":"It is no coincidence that Nansha, a district in Guangdong province’s capital city of Guangzhou, chose to showcase China’s advances in drones, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and unmanned boat technology during the week-long National Day holiday.\nIn particular, a demonstration by an EH216-S – a passenger-carrying pilotless eVTOL aircraft manufactured by the Guangzhou-based Ehang – was a “charming experience of future unmanned aerial transportation”, the Yangcheng Evening News reported last week during the seven-day “golden week” holiday, which finished on Monday.\nDozens of companies around the world are betting on eVTOL aircraft amid increasing competition between China and the United States to make air travel in urban areas more accessible, although neither have begun commercial operations.\nChina, which is the global leader in battery technology, is seeking to emulate its success in electric vehicles with air taxis by making eVTOL aircraft more affordable, with business travel and tourism seen as potential growth areas.\n“Right now, the battery amortisation cost is the largest contributor to the hourly operating cost of eVTOL aircraft,” said James Wang, a professor at the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering within Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University.\n“[This is] because the battery must be replaced after hundreds of full charge cycles, and an eVTOL requires a lot of rechargeable batteries.”\n\n\nCalifornia-based Joby Aviation, which counts Japan’s Toyota Motor as a major investor, said it was aiming to start commercial services of its battery-powered air taxis in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates from late next year.\nEhang, meanwhile, said it could start commercial operations after it receives operator certification from the Civil Aviation Administration of China, which it expects to be towards the end of 2024.\nAccording to a report on eVTOL aircraft in April by the Tencent Research Institute, it costs US and European companies at least US$2 billion to obtain certification and mass produce eVTOL aircraft, while it would cost US$1 billion in China.\nThe so-called low-altitude economy was promoted as a new growth engine in this year’s government work report as part of the “new quality productive forces” – a term President Xi Jinping coined last year that envisions scientific research and technological upgrades of China’s sprawling industrial complex.\nLocal governments like Nansha hope to drum up interest from visitors to boost its low altitude economy, which generally encompasses manned and unmanned activities within airspace below 1,000 metres (3,280 feet).\nThose costs are simply too high for mass adaptation, to say nothing of all the other barriers and challenges\nRichard Aboulafia, AeroDynamic Advisory\nThe short distances covered by eVTOL aircraft are seen to make them ideal for intracity transport, including getting from a city centre to the airport or between busy locations that could be affected by road traffic.\nA 30km (16.6 miles) trip could be completed in just 10 minutes via eVTOL aircraft, according to Wang at Nanyang Technological University.\nBut despite the investment, Richard Aboulafia, a managing director at aerospace consulting firm AeroDynamic Advisory, remains sceptical over the market share eVTOL aircraft could capture in the US, where the flying on-demand market is already mature.\n“The best case scenario is a niche industry, one that takes some of the light helicopter market, and grows it somewhat, depending on costs,” Aboulafia said.\n“But unless they’re much lower than where we think they’ll be, those costs are simply too high for mass adaptation, to say nothing of all the other barriers and challenges.”\n\n\nHuang Xiaofei, senior vice-president of Shanghai-based eVTOL developer Volant, said eVTOL aircraft are mainly marketed for urban air travel in the US because the use of general aviation in short-distance transport, tourism, emergency and medical services is relatively high.\nCompared to the US, flying on demand in China remains underdeveloped largely due to airspace restrictions.\nBut the Chinese government’s support for green travel would help to push forward the commercial use of eVTOL aircraft, Huang added.\n“In the early stage, eVTOLs can be positioned as a supplement to the existing public transportation system, especially in providing high-end business travel, emergency services and tourism experience,” Huang said.\nUS investment bank Morgan Stanley estimated in 2021 that the global urban air mobility market would reach US$1 trillion by 2040, growing to US$9 trillion by 2050.\nBut analysts do not expect a quick return on eVTOL aircraft because it could take another decade for the production of air taxis to become commercially viable.\nInitially the price of taking these air taxis will be double of the cost of ground taxis per person per mile\nJames Wang, Nanyang Technological University\nChallenges also include regulations and public acceptance, including a lack of a comprehensive set of rules specifically on the commercial use of eVTOL aircraft, according to the Tencent Research Institute.\nThe US has largely formulated its guidelines based on rules on general aviation, while China is still exploring and developing regulations, the report added.\nWang at Nanyang Technological University said eVTOL aircraft must be designed and certified by airworthiness authorities to the same stringent standard as commercial aircraft.\n“Initially the price of taking these air taxis will be double of the cost of ground taxis per person per mile. But eVTOL ride cost will be half of the price per passenger per mile as compared to taking a helicopter,” Wang added.\n“It is possible [the development of eVTOLs could drive down costs of flying on demand], but that will not happen until 2035 because we will need the battery price to drop down and the eVTOL aircraft price to drop down due to mass production and economy of scale.”\n","articleSection":"Global Economy","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Amanda Lee","sameAs":"https://www.scmp.com/author/amanda-lee"},"dateCreated":"2024-10-09T16:04:24+08:00","dateModified":"2024-10-10T08:47:25+08:00","datePublished":"2024-10-09T21:00:10+08:00","description":"It is no coincidence that Nansha, a district in Guangdong province’s capital city of Guangzhou, chose to showcase China’s advances in drones, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and unmanned boat technology during the week-long National Day holiday.","genre":"Economy","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","cssSelector":".piano-metering__paywall-container","isAccessibleForFree":"False"},"headline":"How high can the low-altitude economy soar as US, China battle for supremacy?","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":2555},"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/59a64fa3-c662-46fd-a6da-16b2ac70606f_16af1743.jpg","width":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":4095}},"inLanguage":"en-GB","isAccessibleForFree":"False","locationCreated":{"@type":"Place","name":"Hong 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in2="hardAlpha" operator="out"></feComposite><feColorMatrix type="matrix" values="0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0"></feColorMatrix><feBlend mode="normal" in2="BackgroundImageFix" result="effect1_dropShadow_971_51319"></feBlend><feBlend mode="normal" in="SourceGraphic" in2="effect1_dropShadow_971_51319" result="shape"></feBlend></filter></defs></svg></figure></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-ContentContainer" class="css-wvfhp ea45u6l28"><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Author" class="css-plhgzi ea45u6l15"><div data-qa="AuthorNames-AuthorNamesContainer" class=" er6t7fe31 css-1fl3ncg eybiz6w3"><a target="_self" class="e163ld431 css-uvyeg2 e1llv60l0" href="/author/amanda-lee" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor">Amanda Lee</a></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PublishDateTime" class="css-mbzp8v ea45u6l14"><div class=" er6t7fe27 css-1qbx4v2 efakuk42" data-qa="Article20Date-Container"><time dateTime="2024-10-09T13:00:10.000Z" data-qa="Article20Date-PublishedDate" class="css-0 efakuk41">Published: 9:00pm, 9 Oct 2024</time><time dateTime="2024-10-10T00:47:25.000Z" data-qa="Article20Date-UpdatedDate" class="css-m6ip7c efakuk40">Updated: 8:47am, 10 Oct 2024</time></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Correction" class="css-1ou8zht ea45u6l11"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Content" class="css-1u2o0u6 ea45u6l10"><section class="er6t7fe37 css-19sk4h4 e1pqt1t0" data-qa="ContentBody-ContentBodyContainer"><div class="js-reading-0-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">It is no coincidence that Nansha, a district in Guangdong province’s capital city of Guangzhou, chose to showcase China’s advances in drones, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and unmanned boat technology during the week-long National Day holiday.</p><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-y2bwcc e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">In particular, a demonstration by an <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3258401/china-clears-first-evtol-aircraft-production-low-altitude-economy-takes-wing?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">EH216-S</span></a> – a passenger-carrying pilotless eVTOL aircraft manufactured by the Guangzhou-based Ehang – was a “charming experience of future unmanned aerial transportation”, the Yangcheng Evening News reported last week during the seven-day “golden week” holiday, which finished on Monday.</div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">Dozens of companies around the world are betting on eVTOL aircraft amid increasing competition between China and the United States to make air travel in urban areas more accessible, although neither have begun commercial operations.</p><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">China, which is the global leader in battery technology, is seeking to emulate its success in electric vehicles with air taxis by making eVTOL aircraft more affordable, with business travel and tourism seen as potential growth areas.</p><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">“Right now, the battery amortisation cost is the largest contributor to the hourly operating cost of eVTOL aircraft,” said James Wang, a professor at the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering within Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University.</p><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-gy323d e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><div class="js-reading-20-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">“[This is] because the battery must be replaced after hundreds of full charge cycles, and an eVTOL requires a lot of rechargeable batteries.”</p></section></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PaywallContainer" class="css-1kfpym9 ea45u6l1"><div class="er6t7fe22 piano-metering__paywall-container css-1e938sv e1x97qwg1" data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-Container"><div 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styleMoreOnThisArticles: moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n ...magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n entityId\n ...articleMoreStoriesItemArticle\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesItemArticle on Article {\n ...entityLink\n headline\n socialHeadline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n url\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationCheckerArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallContainerArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle on Article {\n printHeadline\n}\n\nfragment articleReactionArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n name\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleReadingTimeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n readingTime\n}\n\nfragment articleRecommendationArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleRenderArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleActionWidgetArticle\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticleContent\n ...articleAuthorBlockArticle\n ...articleAuthorDetailsContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleBeforeYouGoTopicsContent\n ...articleBeforeYouGoWidget\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleCorrectionsWidgetArticle\n ...articleDateContent\n ...articleFurtherReadingWidgetArticle\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleLeadingArticle\n ...articleMoreOnThisListArticle\n ...articlePaywallContainerArticle\n ...articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle\n ...articleReactionArticle\n ...articleReadingTimeContent\n ...articleSectionsContent\n ...articleSeriesArticle\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleTopicContent\n ...articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle\n ...articleTopicsContent\n ...articleTopicWidgetArticle\n ...articleVocabBoxArticle\n ...authorAvatarsArticle\n ...authorNamesArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentLiveTagContent\n ...contentReadMoreButtonContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentSubHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...genericArticleContent\n ...postMagazineArticleContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4\n ...infographicArticleArticle\n ...liveArticleArticle\n ...morningStudioArticleContent\n ...newsletterArticleArticle\n ...pianoIntegrationArticle\n ...plusColumnsArticleContent\n ...plusGenericArticleContent\n ...seriesArticleArticle\n ...styleArticleContent\n ...contentActionBarContent\n}\n\nfragment articleSchemaContent_mN6kk on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n authorLocations\n contentLock\n createdDate\n headline\n publishedDate\n socialHeadline\n sponsorType\n updatedDate\n urlAlias\n authors {\n location\n name\n types\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n text\n }\n corrections {\n correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n 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correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n ...videoDurationOverlayVideo\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksPaywallPromiseContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ...atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4\n ...atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackPageViewArticle on Article {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n headline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n copyrighted\n entityUuid\n socialHeadline\n sponsor\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationsSection on Section {\n ...notificationSection\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment imageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n ...checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent\n}\n\nfragment infographicArticleArticle on Article {\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...landingBannerInfographicArticle\n}\n\nfragment inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment inlineWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment issuesNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n }\n ...issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment itemLiveArticleContentArticle on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment landingBannerInfographicArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n headline\n topics {\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n title\n url\n }\n coverHero: image(filter: {type: HERO}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment liveArticleArticle on Article 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economy is seen a new growth engine for China, highlighted by demonstrations during the recent week-long National Day holiday.\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Low-altitude economy is seen a new growth engine for China, highlighted by demonstrations during the recent week-long National Day holiday."}]}]},"subHeadline":{"text":"Low-altitude economy is seen a new growth engine for China, highlighted by demonstrations during the recent week-long National Day holiday\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Low-altitude economy is seen a new growth engine for China, highlighted by demonstrations during the recent week-long National Day holiday"}]}]},"body":{"text":"It is no coincidence that Nansha, a district in Guangdong province’s capital city of Guangzhou, chose to showcase China’s advances in drones, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and unmanned boat technology during the week-long National Day holiday.\nIn particular, a demonstration by an EH216-S – a passenger-carrying pilotless eVTOL aircraft manufactured by the Guangzhou-based Ehang – was a “charming experience of future unmanned aerial transportation”, the Yangcheng Evening News reported last week during the seven-day “golden week” holiday, which finished on Monday.\nDozens of companies around the world are betting on eVTOL aircraft amid increasing competition between China and the United States to make air travel in urban areas more accessible, although neither have begun commercial operations.\nChina, which is the global leader in battery technology, is seeking to emulate its success in electric vehicles with air taxis by making eVTOL aircraft more affordable, with business travel and tourism seen as potential growth areas.\n“Right now, the battery amortisation cost is the largest contributor to the hourly operating cost of eVTOL aircraft,” said James Wang, a professor at the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering within Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University.\n“[This is] because the battery must be replaced after hundreds of full charge cycles, and an eVTOL requires a lot of rechargeable batteries.”\n\n\nCalifornia-based Joby Aviation, which counts Japan’s Toyota Motor as a major investor, said it was aiming to start commercial services of its battery-powered air taxis in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates from late next year.\nEhang, meanwhile, said it could start commercial operations after it receives operator certification from the Civil Aviation Administration of China, which it expects to be towards the end of 2024.\nAccording to a report on eVTOL aircraft in April by the Tencent Research Institute, it costs US and European companies at least US$2 billion to obtain certification and mass produce eVTOL aircraft, while it would cost US$1 billion in China.\nThe so-called low-altitude economy was promoted as a new growth engine in this year’s government work report as part of the “new quality productive forces” – a term President Xi Jinping coined last year that envisions scientific research and technological upgrades of China’s sprawling industrial complex.\nLocal governments like Nansha hope to drum up interest from visitors to boost its low altitude economy, which generally encompasses manned and unmanned activities within airspace below 1,000 metres (3,280 feet).\nThose costs are simply too high for mass adaptation, to say nothing of all the other barriers and challenges\nRichard Aboulafia, AeroDynamic Advisory\nThe short distances covered by eVTOL aircraft are seen to make them ideal for intracity transport, including getting from a city centre to the airport or between busy locations that could be affected by road traffic.\nA 30km (16.6 miles) trip could be completed in just 10 minutes via eVTOL aircraft, according to Wang at Nanyang Technological University.\nBut despite the investment, Richard Aboulafia, a managing director at aerospace consulting firm AeroDynamic Advisory, remains sceptical over the market share eVTOL aircraft could capture in the US, where the flying on-demand market is already mature.\n“The best case scenario is a niche industry, one that takes some of the light helicopter market, and grows it somewhat, depending on costs,” Aboulafia said.\n“But unless they’re much lower than where we think they’ll be, those costs are simply too high for mass adaptation, to say nothing of all the other barriers and challenges.”\n\n\nHuang Xiaofei, senior vice-president of Shanghai-based eVTOL developer Volant, said eVTOL aircraft are mainly marketed for urban air travel in the US because the use of general aviation in short-distance transport, tourism, emergency and medical services is relatively high.\nCompared to the US, flying on demand in China remains underdeveloped largely due to airspace restrictions.\nBut the Chinese government’s support for green travel would help to push forward the commercial use of eVTOL aircraft, Huang added.\n“In the early stage, eVTOLs can be positioned as a supplement to the existing public transportation system, especially in providing high-end business travel, emergency services and tourism experience,” Huang said.\nUS investment bank Morgan Stanley estimated in 2021 that the global urban air mobility market would reach US$1 trillion by 2040, growing to US$9 trillion by 2050.\nBut analysts do not expect a quick return on eVTOL aircraft because it could take another decade for the production of air taxis to become commercially viable.\nInitially the price of taking these air taxis will be double of the cost of ground taxis per person per mile\nJames Wang, Nanyang Technological University\nChallenges also include regulations and public acceptance, including a lack of a comprehensive set of rules specifically on the commercial use of eVTOL aircraft, according to the Tencent Research Institute.\nThe US has largely formulated its guidelines based on rules on general aviation, while China is still exploring and developing regulations, the report added.\nWang at Nanyang Technological University said eVTOL aircraft must be designed and certified by airworthiness authorities to the same stringent standard as commercial aircraft.\n“Initially the price of taking these air taxis will be double of the cost of ground taxis per person per mile. But eVTOL ride cost will be half of the price per passenger per mile as compared to taking a helicopter,” Wang added.\n“It is possible [the development of eVTOLs could drive down costs of flying on demand], but that will not happen until 2035 because we will need the battery price to drop down and the eVTOL aircraft price to drop down due to mass production and economy of scale.”\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"It is no coincidence that Nansha, a district in Guangdong province’s capital city of Guangzhou, chose to showcase China’s advances in drones, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and unmanned boat technology during the week-long National Day holiday."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In particular, a demonstration by an "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3258401/china-clears-first-evtol-aircraft-production-low-altitude-economy-takes-wing","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"453991af-4869-4312-8e04-9d73f0817924","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"EH216-S"}]},{"type":"text","data":" – a passenger-carrying pilotless eVTOL aircraft manufactured by the Guangzhou-based Ehang – was a “charming experience of future unmanned aerial transportation”, the Yangcheng Evening News reported last week during the seven-day “golden week” holiday, which finished on Monday."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Dozens of companies around the world are betting on eVTOL aircraft amid increasing competition between China and the United States to make air travel in urban areas more accessible, although neither have begun commercial operations."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China, which is the global leader in battery technology, is seeking to emulate its success in electric vehicles with air taxis by making eVTOL aircraft more affordable, with business travel and tourism seen as potential growth areas."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Right now, the battery amortisation cost is the largest contributor to the hourly operating cost of eVTOL aircraft,” said James Wang, a professor at the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering within Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“[This is] because the battery must be replaced after hundreds of full charge cycles, and an eVTOL requires a lot of rechargeable batteries.”"}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/OwjyUq2UGW4?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"Chinese firm obtains country's first passenger-drone production 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A graduate of the London School of Economics, she joined the Post in 2017 and has previously worked for Thomson Reuters and Forbes.\r\n","socialLinks":[{"class":"email","title":"","url":"mailto:amanda.lee@scmp.com"}],"role":{"text":"Correspondent, Political Economy\n"},"areaOfExpertise":["Markets, economy"]}],"headline":"How high can the low-altitude economy soar as US, China battle for supremacy?","socialHeadline":"How high can the low-altitude economy soar as US, China battle for supremacy?","images":[{"generic_og":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_generic/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=4lZe-PLn\u0026v=1728461065"},"styles":[{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_posties_article/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=gpGFaw0g\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_posties_article"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_postmag/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=t4tTt7a2\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_postmag"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_analysis/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=8sPz3q9t\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_scmp_analysis"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_explainer/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=dYkg0KAR\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_scmp_explainer"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_editorial/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=MmwYN2el\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_scmp_editorial"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_fact_check/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=47UNNmZW\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_scmp_fact_check"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_debate/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=YqRTwx7Q\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_scmp_debate"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_live/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=z0lC7Olu\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_scmp_live"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_obituary/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=HXNaye1w\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_scmp_obituary"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_opinion/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=H24_lZGd\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_scmp_opinion"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_review/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=pcyRa8pS\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_scmp_review"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_series/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=GoruU11T\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_scmp_series"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_generic/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=4lZe-PLn\u0026v=1728461065","style":"og_image_scmp_generic"}],"type":"default","style":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/10/09/22a1d8b2-f38d-49e4-930a-d33c81e51551_08b6552a.jpg?itok=BuH4_-Bh\u0026v=1728461065"},"title":"Nansha District in Guangzhou hosted a showcase of drones, autonomous vehicles and autonomous ship technology during the week-long National Day holiday in China. 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economy is seen a new growth engine for China, highlighted by demonstrations during the recent week-long National Day holiday.\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Low-altitude economy is seen a new growth engine for China, highlighted by demonstrations during the recent week-long National Day holiday."}]}]},"subHeadline":{"text":"Low-altitude economy is seen a new growth engine for China, highlighted by demonstrations during the recent week-long National Day holiday\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Low-altitude economy is seen a new growth engine for China, highlighted by demonstrations during the recent week-long National Day holiday"}]}]},"body":{"text":"It is no coincidence that Nansha, a district in Guangdong province’s capital city of Guangzhou, chose to showcase China’s advances in drones, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and unmanned boat technology during the week-long National Day holiday.\nIn particular, a demonstration by an EH216-S – a passenger-carrying pilotless eVTOL aircraft manufactured by the Guangzhou-based Ehang – was a “charming experience of future unmanned aerial transportation”, the Yangcheng Evening News reported last week during the seven-day “golden week” holiday, which finished on Monday.\nDozens of companies around the world are betting on eVTOL aircraft amid increasing competition between China and the United States to make air travel in urban areas more accessible, although neither have begun commercial operations.\nChina, which is the global leader in battery technology, is seeking to emulate its success in electric vehicles with air taxis by making eVTOL aircraft more affordable, with business travel and tourism seen as potential growth areas.\n“Right now, the battery amortisation cost is the largest contributor to the hourly operating cost of eVTOL aircraft,” said James Wang, a professor at the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering within Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University.\n“[This is] because the battery must be replaced after hundreds of full charge cycles, and an eVTOL requires a lot of rechargeable batteries.”\n\n\nCalifornia-based Joby Aviation, which counts Japan’s Toyota Motor as a major investor, said it was aiming to start commercial services of its battery-powered air taxis in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates from late next year.\nEhang, meanwhile, said it could start commercial operations after it receives operator certification from the Civil Aviation Administration of China, which it expects to be towards the end of 2024.\nAccording to a report on eVTOL aircraft in April by the Tencent Research Institute, it costs US and European companies at least US$2 billion to obtain certification and mass produce eVTOL aircraft, while it would cost US$1 billion in China.\nThe so-called low-altitude economy was promoted as a new growth engine in this year’s government work report as part of the “new quality productive forces” – a term President Xi Jinping coined last year that envisions scientific research and technological upgrades of China’s sprawling industrial complex.\nLocal governments like Nansha hope to drum up interest from visitors to boost its low altitude economy, which generally encompasses manned and unmanned activities within airspace below 1,000 metres (3,280 feet).\nThose costs are simply too high for mass adaptation, to say nothing of all the other barriers and challenges\nRichard Aboulafia, AeroDynamic Advisory\nThe short distances covered by eVTOL aircraft are seen to make them ideal for intracity transport, including getting from a city centre to the airport or between busy locations that could be affected by road traffic.\nA 30km (16.6 miles) trip could be completed in just 10 minutes via eVTOL aircraft, according to Wang at Nanyang Technological University.\nBut despite the investment, Richard Aboulafia, a managing director at aerospace consulting firm AeroDynamic Advisory, remains sceptical over the market share eVTOL aircraft could capture in the US, where the flying on-demand market is already mature.\n“The best case scenario is a niche industry, one that takes some of the light helicopter market, and grows it somewhat, depending on costs,” Aboulafia said.\n“But unless they’re much lower than where we think they’ll be, those costs are simply too high for mass adaptation, to say nothing of all the other barriers and challenges.”\n\n\nHuang Xiaofei, senior vice-president of Shanghai-based eVTOL developer Volant, said eVTOL aircraft are mainly marketed for urban air travel in the US because the use of general aviation in short-distance transport, tourism, emergency and medical services is relatively high.\nCompared to the US, flying on demand in China remains underdeveloped largely due to airspace restrictions.\nBut the Chinese government’s support for green travel would help to push forward the commercial use of eVTOL aircraft, Huang added.\n“In the early stage, eVTOLs can be positioned as a supplement to the existing public transportation system, especially in providing high-end business travel, emergency services and tourism experience,” Huang said.\nUS investment bank Morgan Stanley estimated in 2021 that the global urban air mobility market would reach US$1 trillion by 2040, growing to US$9 trillion by 2050.\nBut analysts do not expect a quick return on eVTOL aircraft because it could take another decade for the production of air taxis to become commercially viable.\nInitially the price of taking these air taxis will be double of the cost of ground taxis per person per mile\nJames Wang, Nanyang Technological University\nChallenges also include regulations and public acceptance, including a lack of a comprehensive set of rules specifically on the commercial use of eVTOL aircraft, according to the Tencent Research Institute.\nThe US has largely formulated its guidelines based on rules on general aviation, while China is still exploring and developing regulations, the report added.\nWang at Nanyang Technological University said eVTOL aircraft must be designed and certified by airworthiness authorities to the same stringent standard as commercial aircraft.\n“Initially the price of taking these air taxis will be double of the cost of ground taxis per person per mile. But eVTOL ride cost will be half of the price per passenger per mile as compared to taking a helicopter,” Wang added.\n“It is possible [the development of eVTOLs could drive down costs of flying on demand], but that will not happen until 2035 because we will need the battery price to drop down and the eVTOL aircraft price to drop down due to mass production and economy of scale.”\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"It is no coincidence that Nansha, a district in Guangdong province’s capital city of Guangzhou, chose to showcase China’s advances in drones, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and unmanned boat technology during the week-long National Day holiday."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In particular, a demonstration by an "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3258401/china-clears-first-evtol-aircraft-production-low-altitude-economy-takes-wing","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"453991af-4869-4312-8e04-9d73f0817924","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"EH216-S"}]},{"type":"text","data":" – a passenger-carrying pilotless eVTOL aircraft manufactured by the Guangzhou-based Ehang – was a “charming experience of future unmanned aerial transportation”, the Yangcheng Evening News reported last week during the seven-day “golden week” holiday, which finished on Monday."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Dozens of companies around the world are betting on eVTOL aircraft amid increasing competition between China and the United States to make air travel in urban areas more accessible, although neither have begun commercial operations."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China, which is the global leader in battery technology, is seeking to emulate its success in electric vehicles with air taxis by making eVTOL aircraft more affordable, with business travel and tourism seen as potential growth areas."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Right now, the battery amortisation cost is the largest contributor to the hourly operating cost of eVTOL aircraft,” said James Wang, a professor at the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering within Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“[This is] because the battery must be replaced after hundreds of full charge cycles, and an eVTOL requires a lot of rechargeable batteries.”"}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/OwjyUq2UGW4?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"Chinese firm obtains country's first passenger-drone production certificate","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/04/10/clean_0.jpg?itok=766AB4RG","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/04/10/clean_0.jpg?itok=sf0JtgVd","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/04/10/clean_0.jpg","data-duration":"01:35","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3258498","data-youtube-id":"OwjyUq2UGW4"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"California-based Joby Aviation, which counts Japan’s Toyota Motor as a major investor, said it was aiming to start commercial services of its battery-powered air taxis in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates from late next year."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Ehang, meanwhile, said it could start commercial operations after it receives operator certification from the Civil Aviation Administration of China, which it expects to be towards the end of 2024."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to a report on eVTOL aircraft in April by the Tencent Research Institute, it costs US and European companies at least US$2 billion to obtain certification and mass produce eVTOL aircraft, while it would cost US$1 billion in China."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The so-called low-altitude economy was promoted as a new growth engine "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/economic-indicators/article/3275663/chinas-low-altitude-economy-spreads-its-wings-struggling-locales-look-skyward","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"11e4b988-7b2f-428b-b46b-e4b5721af59d","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"in this year’s government work report"}]},{"type":"text","data":" as part of the “new quality productive forces” – a term President Xi Jinping coined last year that envisions scientific research and technological upgrades of China’s sprawling industrial complex."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3256676/chinas-low-altitude-economy-rise-southern-city-named-focal-point","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"75f2b1d9-4f0d-4407-ba09-88b48eb1887e","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Local governments like Nansha"}]},{"type":"text","data":" hope to drum up interest from visitors to boost its low altitude economy, which generally encompasses manned and unmanned activities within airspace below 1,000 metres (3,280 feet)."}]},{"type":"blockquote-quote","attribs":{"class":"blockquote"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Those costs are simply too high for mass adaptation, to say nothing of all the other barriers and challenges"},{"type":"text","data":"Richard Aboulafia, AeroDynamic Advisory"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The short distances covered by eVTOL aircraft are seen to make them ideal for intracity transport, including getting from a city centre to the airport or between busy locations that could be affected by road traffic."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A 30km (16.6 miles) trip could be completed in just 10 minutes via eVTOL aircraft, according to Wang at Nanyang Technological University."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"But despite the investment, Richard Aboulafia, a managing director at aerospace consulting firm AeroDynamic Advisory, remains sceptical over the market share eVTOL aircraft could capture in the US, where the flying on-demand market is already mature."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The best case scenario is a niche industry, one that takes some of the light helicopter market, and grows it somewhat, depending on costs,” Aboulafia said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6","infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“But unless they’re much lower than where we think they’ll be, those costs are simply too high for mass adaptation, to say nothing of all the other barriers and challenges.”"}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; 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developer Volant, said eVTOL aircraft are mainly marketed for urban air travel in the US because the use of general aviation in short-distance transport, tourism, emergency and medical services is relatively high."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Compared to the US, flying on demand in China remains underdeveloped largely due to airspace restrictions."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"But the Chinese government’s support for green travel would help to push forward the commercial use of eVTOL aircraft, Huang added."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“In the early stage, eVTOLs can be positioned as a supplement to the existing public transportation system, especially in providing high-end business travel, emergency services and tourism experience,” Huang said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"US investment bank Morgan Stanley estimated in 2021 that the global urban air mobility market would reach US$1 trillion by 2040, growing to US$9 trillion by 2050."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"But analysts do not expect a quick return on eVTOL aircraft because it could take another decade for the production of air taxis to become commercially viable."}]},{"type":"blockquote-quote","attribs":{"class":"blockquote"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Initially the price of taking these air taxis will be double of the cost of ground taxis per person per mile"},{"type":"text","data":"James Wang, Nanyang Technological University"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Challenges also include regulations and public acceptance, including a lack of a comprehensive set of rules specifically on the commercial use of eVTOL aircraft, according to the Tencent Research Institute."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The US has largely 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