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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Ancient China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_and_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Ancient Greece and Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_and_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkic_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkic_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Turkic peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkic_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Medieval and early modern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calcio_Fiorentino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calcio_Fiorentino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Calcio Fiorentino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calcio_Fiorentino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_disapproval_and_attempts_to_ban_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_disapproval_and_attempts_to_ban_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Official disapproval and attempts to ban football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_disapproval_and_attempts_to_ban_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_modern_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_modern_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Establishment of modern codes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Establishment_of_modern_codes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Establishment of modern codes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_modern_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_public_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_public_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>English public schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_public_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firsts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firsts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Firsts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firsts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Clubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Competitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_balls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_balls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Modern balls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_balls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_ball_passing_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_ball_passing_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Modern ball passing tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_ball_passing_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rugby football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambridge_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambridge_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Cambridge rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambridge_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sheffield_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sheffield_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sheffield rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sheffield_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_rules_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_rules_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Australian rules football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_rules_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Football_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Football_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>The Football Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Football_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_football_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_football_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>North American football codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_football_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaelic_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaelic_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Gaelic football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaelic_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schism_in_Rugby_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schism_in_Rugby_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Schism in Rugby football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schism_in_Rugby_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalisation_of_association_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalisation_of_association_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Globalisation of association football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalisation_of_association_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_divergence_of_the_two_rugby_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_divergence_of_the_two_rugby_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Further divergence of the two rugby codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_divergence_of_the_two_rugby_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_the_word_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_the_word_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use of the word <i>football</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_the_word_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football_codes_board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football_codes_board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Football codes board</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Football_codes_board-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Football codes board subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Football_codes_board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football_codes_development_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football_codes_development_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Football codes development tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football_codes_development_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present-day_codes_and_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present-day_codes_and_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Present-day codes and families</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present-day_codes_and_families-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Present-day codes and families subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Present-day_codes_and_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Rugby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_and_Australian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_and_Australian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Irish and Australian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_and_Australian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_and_hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_and_hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Recent and hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_and_hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Association_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>Rugby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.3</span> <span>Hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non_goal_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non_goal_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.3.1</span> <span>Non goal sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non_goal_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_codes_still_played" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_codes_still_played"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Historical codes still played</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_codes_still_played-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5.1</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5.1.1</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5.2</span> <span>British schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabletop_games,_video_games,_and_other_recreations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabletop_games,_video_games,_and_other_recreations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Tabletop games, video games, and other recreations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabletop_games,_video_games,_and_other_recreations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Based_on_association_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_association_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.1</span> <span>Based on association football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_association_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Based_on_American_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_American_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.2</span> <span>Based on American football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_American_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Based_on_Australian_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_Australian_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.3</span> <span>Based on Australian football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_Australian_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Based_on_rugby_league_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_rugby_league_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.4</span> <span>Based on rugby league football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_rugby_league_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كرة قدم جماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرة قدم جماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1" title="ফুটবল কোড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফুটবল কোড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbol_(homon%C3%ADmia)" title="Futbol (homonímia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Futbol (homonímia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football" title="Football – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Football" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(Sportart)" title="Football (Sportart) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Football (Sportart)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ποδοσφαιρικά αθλήματα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποδοσφαιρικά αθλήματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BAtbol_(homonimia)" title="Fútbol (homonimia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fútbol (homonimia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedpilkado" title="Piedpilkado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piedpilkado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ورزش فوتبال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورزش فوتبال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluckan_coshey" title="Bluckan coshey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bluckan coshey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%92%8B%EB%B3%BC" title="풋볼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="풋볼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98wallo" title="Ƙwallo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙwallo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibhola_lezinyawo" title="Ibhola lezinyawo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ibhola lezinyawo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫುಟ್ ಬಾಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫುಟ್ ಬಾಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Harpastum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbolo_r%C5%AB%C5%A1ys" title="Futbolo rūšys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Futbolo rūšys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="فوتبول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فوتبول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="フットボール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フットボール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbale" title="Futbale – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Futbale" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B2" title="ଫୁଟବଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଫୁଟବଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਫੁੱਟਬਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੁੱਟਬਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbaal" title="Futbaal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Futbaal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8B" title="កីឡាបាល់ទាត់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កីឡាបាល់ទាត់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbol" title="Futbol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Futbol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Разновидности футбола – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разновидности футбола" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="पादकन्दुकक्रीडा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पादकन्दुकक्रीडा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football" title="Football – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Football" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%BD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="فٽبال – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فٽبال" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காற்பந்தாட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காற்பந்தாட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="กลุ่มกีฬาที่ชื่อฟุตบอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มกีฬาที่ชื่อฟุตบอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbol_sporlar%C4%B1" title="Futbol sporları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Futbol sporları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Різновиди футболу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Різновиди футболу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%B9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="فٹ بال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فٹ بال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putbol" title="Putbol – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Putbol" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3ng_%C4%91%C3%A1_(nh%C3%B3m_th%E1%BB%83_thao)" title="Bóng đá (nhóm thể thao) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bóng đá (nhóm thể thao)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C_(%D7%91%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9F)" title="פוטבאל (באדייטן) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פוטבאל (באדייטן)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E9%A1%9E%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="足球類運動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="足球類運動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1081491#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the family of sports. For specific sports and other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Football_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Football (disambiguation)">Football (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Football</b> is a family of <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sports</a> that involve, to varying degrees, <a href="/wiki/Kick_(football)" title="Kick (football)">kicking</a> a <a href="/wiki/Football_(ball)" title="Football (ball)">ball</a> to score a <a href="/wiki/Goal_(sports)" title="Goal (sports)">goal</a>. Unqualified, <a href="/wiki/Football_(word)" title="Football (word)">the word <i>football</i></a> generally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly called <i>football</i> include <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> (known as <i>soccer</i> in Australia, Canada, South Africa, the United States, and sometimes in Ireland and New Zealand); <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">arena football</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a>); <a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules football</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league football</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union football</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These various forms of football share, to varying degrees, common origins and are known as "<b>football codes</b>". </p><p>There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball games played in many different parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fifa-or_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifa-or-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of <a href="/wiki/English_public_school_football_games" title="English public school football games">these games at English public schools</a> during the 19th century, itself an outgrowth of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">medieval football</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion and cultural power of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled empire.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 19th century, distinct regional codes were already developing: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a>, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888, the <a href="/wiki/English_Football_League" title="English Football League">Football League</a> was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football associations. During the 20th century, several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sports</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Bale_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_elements">Common elements</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lionel_Messi_Player_of_the_Year_2011.jpg/107px-Lionel_Messi_Player_of_the_Year_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lionel_Messi_Player_of_the_Year_2011.jpg/161px-Lionel_Messi_Player_of_the_Year_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lionel_Messi_Player_of_the_Year_2011.jpg/214px-Lionel_Messi_Player_of_the_Year_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3273" data-file-height="4045" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinn_Nordin_(30817577425).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Quinn_Nordin_%2830817577425%29.jpg/127px-Quinn_Nordin_%2830817577425%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Quinn_Nordin_%2830817577425%29.jpg/191px-Quinn_Nordin_%2830817577425%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Quinn_Nordin_%2830817577425%29.jpg/254px-Quinn_Nordin_%2830817577425%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:14._Luke_Ball,_St_Kilda_FC_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/14._Luke_Ball%2C_St_Kilda_FC_02.jpg/113px-14._Luke_Ball%2C_St_Kilda_FC_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/14._Luke_Ball%2C_St_Kilda_FC_02.jpg/170px-14._Luke_Ball%2C_St_Kilda_FC_02.jpg 1.5x, 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class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The action of kicking in (clockwise from upper left) association, gridiron, rugby, and Australian football</div></div></div></div> <p>The various codes of football share certain common elements and can be grouped into two main classes of football: <i>carrying</i> codes like American football, Canadian football, Australian football, rugby union and rugby league, where the ball is moved about the field while being held in the hands or thrown, and <i>kicking</i> codes such as association football and Gaelic football, where the ball is moved primarily with the feet, and where handling is strictly limited.<sup id="cite_ref-Douge_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douge-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common rules among the sports include:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Two <i>teams</i> usually have between 11 and 18 players; some variations that have fewer players (five or more per team) are also popular.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A clearly defined area in which to play the game.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Score_(sport)" title="Score (sport)">Scoring</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Goal_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal (sport)">goals</a></i> or <i>points</i> by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line.</li> <li>Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two <i><a href="/wiki/Goalposts" class="mw-redirect" title="Goalposts">goalposts</a></i>.</li> <li>The goal or line being <i>defended</i> by the opposing team.</li> <li>Players using only their body to move the ball, i.e. no additional equipment such as bats or sticks.</li></ul> <p>In all codes, common skills include <a href="/wiki/Passing_(sports)" title="Passing (sports)">passing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)" title="Tackle (football move)">tackling</a>, evasion of tackles, catching and <a href="/wiki/Kick_(football)" title="Kick (football)">kicking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Douge_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douge-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of players <i><a href="/wiki/Offside_(sport)" title="Offside (sport)">offside</a></i>, and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a <i><a href="/wiki/Goal_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal (sport)">crossbar</a></i> between the <a href="/wiki/Goal_(sports)" title="Goal (sports)">goalposts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Football_(word)" title="Football (word)"><i>Football</i> (word)</a></div> <p>There are conflicting explanations of the origin of the word "football". It is widely assumed that the word "football" (or the phrase "foot ball") refers to the action of the foot kicking a ball.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an alternative explanation, which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a> that were played <i>on foot</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no conclusive evidence for either explanation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_games">Ancient games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Episkyros" title="Episkyros">Episkyros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_China">Ancient China</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Taizu_play_Cuju.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Emperor_Taizu_play_Cuju.jpg/220px-Emperor_Taizu_play_Cuju.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Emperor_Taizu_play_Cuju.jpg/330px-Emperor_Taizu_play_Cuju.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Emperor_Taizu_play_Cuju.jpg/440px-Emperor_Taizu_play_Cuju.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Song" title="Emperor Taizu of Song">Emperor Taizu of Song</a> playing <i><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">cuju</a></i> (Chinese football) with his prime minister <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Pu" title="Zhao Pu">Zhao Pu</a> (趙普) and other ministers, by <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuan" title="Qian Xuan">Qian Xuan</a> (1235–1305)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chinese competitive game <i><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">cuju</a></i> is an early type of ball game where feet were used, in some aspects resembling modern <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>. It was possibly played around the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, based on an attestation in a military manual from around the second to third centuries BC.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one version, gameplay consisted of players passing the ball between teammates without allowing it to touch the ground (much like <a href="/wiki/Keepie_uppie" title="Keepie uppie">keepie uppie</a>). In its competitive version, two teams had to pass the ball without it falling, before kicking the ball through a circular hole placed in the middle of the pitch. Unlike association football, the two teams did not interact with each other but instead stayed on opposite sides of the pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuju has been cited by FIFA as the earliest form of football.<sup id="cite_ref-fifa-or_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifa-or-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The Japanese version of <i>cuju</i> is <i><a href="/wiki/Kemari" title="Kemari">kemari</a></i> (蹴鞠), and was developed during the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hawaii_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaii-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> from about 600 AD. In <i>kemari</i>, several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other, trying not to let the ball drop to the ground. The <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> facilitated the transmission of <i>cuju</i>, especially the game popular in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, the period when the <a href="/wiki/Inflatable" title="Inflatable">inflatable</a> ball was invented and replaced the stuffed ball.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombstone_of_Gaius_Laberius_with_harpastum_ball_in_Sinj,_Croatia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tombstone_of_Gaius_Laberius_with_harpastum_ball_in_Sinj%2C_Croatia.jpg/170px-Tombstone_of_Gaius_Laberius_with_harpastum_ball_in_Sinj%2C_Croatia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tombstone_of_Gaius_Laberius_with_harpastum_ball_in_Sinj%2C_Croatia.jpg/255px-Tombstone_of_Gaius_Laberius_with_harpastum_ball_in_Sinj%2C_Croatia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tombstone_of_Gaius_Laberius_with_harpastum_ball_in_Sinj%2C_Croatia.jpg/340px-Tombstone_of_Gaius_Laberius_with_harpastum_ball_in_Sinj%2C_Croatia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">ancient Roman</a> tombstone of a boy with a <a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">Harpastum</a> ball from <a href="/wiki/Tilurium" title="Tilurium">Tilurium</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Sinj" title="Sinj">Sinj</a>, Croatia)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece_and_Rome">Ancient Greece and Rome</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. The Roman game <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">harpastum</a></i></span> is believed to have been adapted from a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> team game known as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐπίσκυρος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Episkyros" title="Episkyros">episkyros</a></i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φαινίνδα</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">phaininda</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is mentioned by a Greek playwright, <a href="/wiki/Antiphanes_of_Berge" title="Antiphanes of Berge">Antiphanes</a> (388–311 BC) and later referred to by the Christian theologian <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 215 AD</span>). These games appear to have resembled <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman politician <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> (106–43 BC) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber's shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Follis_(ball)" title="Follis (ball)">follis</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Episkyros</i></span> is described as an early form of football by FIFA.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h4></div> <p>There are a number of references to traditional, <a href="/wiki/Ancient" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient">ancient</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> ball games, played by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> in many different parts of the world. For example, in 1586, men from a ship commanded by an English explorer named <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(English_explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Davis (English explorer)">John Davis</a> went ashore to play a form of football with <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> in Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are later accounts of an Inuit game played on ice, called <i>Aqsaqtuk</i>. Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines, before attempting to kick the ball through each other team's line and then at a goal. In 1610, <a href="/wiki/William_Strachey" title="William Strachey">William Strachey</a>, a colonist at <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a> recorded a game played by Native Americans, called <i>Pahsaheman</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pasuckuakohowog" title="Pasuckuakohowog">Pasuckuakohowog</a></i>, a game similar to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> played amongst <a href="/wiki/Amerindians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindians">Amerindians</a>, was also reported as early as the 17th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Games played in Mesoamerica</a> with rubber balls by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> are also well-documented as existing since before this time, but these had more similarities to <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> or <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, and no links have been found between such games and modern football sports. Northeastern American Indians, especially the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> Confederation, played a game which made use of net racquets to throw and catch a small ball; however, although it is a ball-goal foot game, <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a> (as its modern descendant is called) is likewise not usually classed as a form of "football".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oceania">Oceania</h4></div> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Australian_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian continent">Australian continent</a> several tribes of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous people</a> played kicking and catching games with stuffed balls which have been generalised by historians as <i><a href="/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn Grook</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Djab_Wurrung" class="mw-redirect" title="Djab Wurrung">Djab Wurrung</a> for "game ball"). The earliest historical account is an <a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">anecdote</a> from the 1878 book by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brough-Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Brough-Smyth">Robert Brough-Smyth</a>, <i>The Aborigines of Victoria</i>, in which a man called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying, in about 1841 in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a>, that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the game: "Mr Thomas describes how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the skin of a <a href="/wiki/Phalangeriformes" title="Phalangeriformes">possum</a> and how other players leap into the air in order to catch it." Some historians have theorised that <i>Marn Grook</i> was one of the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Australian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Australian football">origins of</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> in New Zealand played a game called <a href="/wiki/K%C4%AB-o-rahi" title="Kī-o-rahi">Kī-o-rahi</a> consisting of teams of seven players play on a circular field divided into zones, and score points by touching the 'pou' (boundary markers) and hitting a central 'tupu' or target.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These games and others may well go far back into antiquity. However, the main sources of modern football codes appear to lie in western Europe, especially England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkic_peoples">Turkic peoples</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk" title="Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk">Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk</a></i>, described a game called <i>tepuk</i> among <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. In the game, people try to attack each other's castle by kicking a ball made of sheep leather.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greek_Football_Player.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek athlete balancing a ball on his thigh, Piraeus, 400–375 BC"><img alt="Ancient Greek athlete balancing a ball on his thigh, Piraeus, 400–375 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ancient_Greek_Football_Player.jpg/135px-Ancient_Greek_Football_Player.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ancient_Greek_Football_Player.jpg/202px-Ancient_Greek_Football_Player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ancient_Greek_Football_Player.jpg/270px-Ancient_Greek_Football_Player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek</a> athlete balancing a ball on his thigh, <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, 400–375 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Hundred_Children_in_the_Long_Spring-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Song dynasty painting by Su Hanchen (c. 1130–1160), depicting Chinese children playing cuju"><img alt="A Song dynasty painting by Su Hanchen (c. 1130–1160), depicting Chinese children playing cuju" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/One_Hundred_Children_in_the_Long_Spring-crop.jpg/208px-One_Hundred_Children_in_the_Long_Spring-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/One_Hundred_Children_in_the_Long_Spring-crop.jpg/312px-One_Hundred_Children_in_the_Long_Spring-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/One_Hundred_Children_in_the_Long_Spring-crop.jpg/416px-One_Hundred_Children_in_the_Long_Spring-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> painting by Su Hanchen (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1130</span>–1160), depicting Chinese children playing <i><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">cuju</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tepantitla_mural,_Ballplayer_B_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paint of a Mesoamerican ballgame player of the Tepantitla murals in Teotihuacan"><img alt="Paint of a Mesoamerican ballgame player of the Tepantitla murals in Teotihuacan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_B_Cropped.jpg/217px-Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_B_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_B_Cropped.jpg/326px-Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_B_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_B_Cropped.jpg/434px-Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_B_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="1211" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paint of a <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ballgame</a> player of the Tepantitla murals in <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aborigines_playing_football_guiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A group of indigenous people playing a ball game in French Guiana"><img alt="A group of indigenous people playing a ball game in French Guiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aborigines_playing_football_guiana.jpg/245px-Aborigines_playing_football_guiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aborigines_playing_football_guiana.jpg/368px-Aborigines_playing_football_guiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aborigines_playing_football_guiana.jpg/490px-Aborigines_playing_football_guiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A group of indigenous people playing a ball game in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marn_grook_illustration_1857-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An illustration from the 1850s of indigenous Australians playing marn grook"><img alt="An illustration from the 1850s of indigenous Australians playing marn grook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marn_grook_illustration_1857-crop.jpg/254px-Marn_grook_illustration_1857-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marn_grook_illustration_1857-crop.jpg/380px-Marn_grook_illustration_1857-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marn_grook_illustration_1857-crop.jpg/507px-Marn_grook_illustration_1857-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An illustration from the 1850s of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous Australians</a> playing <a href="/wiki/Marn_grook" class="mw-redirect" title="Marn grook">marn grook</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemari_Matsuri_at_Tanzan_Shrine_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A revived version of kemari being played at the Tanzan Shrine, Japan, 2006"><img alt="A revived version of kemari being played at the Tanzan Shrine, Japan, 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kemari_Matsuri_at_Tanzan_Shrine_2.jpg/249px-Kemari_Matsuri_at_Tanzan_Shrine_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kemari_Matsuri_at_Tanzan_Shrine_2.jpg/374px-Kemari_Matsuri_at_Tanzan_Shrine_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kemari_Matsuri_at_Tanzan_Shrine_2.jpg/499px-Kemari_Matsuri_at_Tanzan_Shrine_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A revived version of <i>kemari</i> being played at the <a href="/wiki/Tanzan_Shrine" title="Tanzan Shrine">Tanzan Shrine</a>, Japan, 2006</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe">Medieval and early modern Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval football</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> saw a huge rise in popularity of annual <a href="/wiki/Shrovetide_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrovetide football">Shrovetide football</a> matches throughout Europe, particularly in England. An early reference to a ball game played in Britain comes from the 9th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a>, which describes "a party of boys ... playing at ball".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to a ball game played in northern France known as <i><a href="/wiki/La_Soule" class="mw-redirect" title="La Soule">La Soule</a></i> or <i>Choule</i>, in which the ball was propelled by hands, feet, and sticks,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> date from the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobfooty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mobfooty.jpg/220px-Mobfooty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mobfooty.jpg/330px-Mobfooty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Mobfooty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of so-called "mob football"</figcaption></figure> <p>The early forms of football played in England, sometimes referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">mob football</a>", would be played in towns or between neighbouring villages, involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams who would clash <i>en masse</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> struggling to move an item, such as inflated animal's <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a><sup id="cite_ref-sportmatters_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sportmatters-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to particular geographical points, such as their opponents' church, with play taking place in the open space between neighbouring parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The game was played primarily during significant religious festivals, such as Shrovetide, Christmas, or Easter,<sup id="cite_ref-sportmatters_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sportmatters-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Shrovetide games have survived into the modern era in a number of English towns (see below). </p><p>The first detailed description of what was almost certainly football in England was given by <a href="/wiki/William_FitzStephen" class="mw-redirect" title="William FitzStephen">William FitzStephen</a> in about 1174–1183. He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game. The students of each school have their own ball; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls. Older citizens, fathers, and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing, and to relive their own youth vicariously: you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Most of the very early references to the game speak simply of "ball play" or "playing at ball". This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked. </p><p>An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1280 at <a href="/wiki/Ulgham" title="Ulgham">Ulgham</a>, Northumberland, England: "Henry... while playing at ball.. ran against David".<sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Football was played in Ireland in 1308, with a documented reference to John McCrocan, a spectator at a "football game" at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_County_Down" title="Newcastle, County Down">Newcastle, County Down</a> being charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reference to a football game comes in 1321 at <a href="/wiki/Shouldham" title="Shouldham">Shouldham</a>, Norfolk, England: "[d]uring the game at ball as he kicked the ball, a lay friend of his... ran against him and wounded himself".<sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1314, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Farndone" title="Nicholas de Farndone">Nicholas de Farndone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_the_City_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of the City of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a> issued a decree banning football in the French used by the English upper classes at the time. A translation reads: "[f]orasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large foot balls [<i>rageries de grosses pelotes de pee</i>]<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the fields of the public from which many evils might arise which God forbid: we command and forbid on behalf of the king, on pain of imprisonment, such game to be used in the city in the future." This is the earliest reference to football. </p><p>In 1363, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> issued a proclamation banning "...handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games",<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing that "football" – whatever its exact form in this case – was being differentiated from games involving other parts of the body, such as handball. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Football_gravure_1750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Football_gravure_1750.jpg/220px-Football_gravure_1750.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Football_gravure_1750.jpg/330px-Football_gravure_1750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Football_gravure_1750.jpg/440px-Football_gravure_1750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>"Football" in France, circa 1750</figcaption></figure> <p>A game known as "football" was played in Scotland as early as the 15th century: it was prohibited by the Football Act 1424 and although the law fell into disuse it was not repealed until 1906. There is evidence for schoolboys playing a "football" ball game in Aberdeen in 1633 (some references cite 1636) which is notable as an early allusion to what some have considered to be passing the ball. The word "pass" in the most recent translation is derived from "huc percute" (strike it here) and later "repercute pilam" (strike the ball again) in the original Latin. It is not certain that the ball was being struck between members of the same team. The original word translated as "goal" is "metum", literally meaning the "pillar at each end of the circus course" in a Roman chariot race. There is a reference to "get hold of the ball before [another player] does" (Praeripe illi pilam si possis agere) suggesting that handling of the ball was allowed. One sentence states in the original 1930 translation "Throw yourself against him" (Age, objice te illi). </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a> also presented one of the earliest documented uses of the English word "football", in 1409, when he issued a proclamation forbidding the levying of money for "foteball".<sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Etymology_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymology-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also an account in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> from the end of the 15th century of football being played at <a href="/wiki/Caunton" title="Caunton">Caunton</a>, Nottinghamshire. This is the first description of a "kicking game" and the first description of <a href="/wiki/Dribbling" title="Dribbling">dribbling</a>: "[t]he game at which they had met for common recreation is called by some the foot-ball game. It is one in which young men, in country sport, propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground, and that not with their hands but with their feet... kicking in opposite directions." The chronicler gives the earliest reference to a football pitch, stating that: "[t]he boundaries have been marked and the game had started.<sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Doonies_versus_the_Croonies_on_New_Year%E2%80%99s_Day,_by_Alexander_Carse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Doonies_versus_the_Croonies_on_New_Year%E2%80%99s_Day%2C_by_Alexander_Carse.jpg/220px-The_Doonies_versus_the_Croonies_on_New_Year%E2%80%99s_Day%2C_by_Alexander_Carse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Doonies_versus_the_Croonies_on_New_Year%E2%80%99s_Day%2C_by_Alexander_Carse.jpg/330px-The_Doonies_versus_the_Croonies_on_New_Year%E2%80%99s_Day%2C_by_Alexander_Carse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/The_Doonies_versus_the_Croonies_on_New_Year%E2%80%99s_Day%2C_by_Alexander_Carse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Oldest known painting of foot-ball in Scotland, by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Carse" title="Alexander Carse">Alexander Carse</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1810</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg/220px-The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg/330px-The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg/440px-The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="2212" /></a><figcaption>"Football" in Scotland, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Other firsts in the medieval and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern</a> eras: </p> <ul><li>"A football", in the sense of a ball rather than a game, was first mentioned in 1486.<sup id="cite_ref-Etymology_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymology-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reference is in Dame <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Berners" title="Juliana Berners">Juliana Berners</a>' <i>Book of <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a></i>. It states: "a certain rounde instrument to play with ...it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in Latyn 'pila pedalis', a fotebal".<sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A pair of football boots were ordered by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> in 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Women playing a form of football was first described in 1580 by Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Philip Sidney</a> in one of his poems: "[a] tyme there is for all, my mother often sayes, when she, with skirts tuckt very hy, with girles at football playes".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first references to <i>goals</i> are in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1584 and 1602 respectively, <a href="/wiki/John_Norden" title="John Norden">John Norden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carew_(antiquary)" title="Richard Carew (antiquary)">Richard Carew</a> referred to "goals" in <a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a>. Carew described how goals were made: "they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue [twelve] score off, other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also the first to describe goalkeepers and passing of the ball between players.</li> <li>The first direct reference to <i>scoring a goal</i> is in <a href="/wiki/John_Day_(dramatist)" title="John Day (dramatist)">John Day</a>'s play <i>The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green</i> (performed circa 1600; published 1659): "I'll play a gole at <a href="/wiki/Camping_(game)" title="Camping (game)">camp-ball</a>" (an extremely violent variety of football, which was popular in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>). Similarly in a poem in 1613, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Drayton" title="Michael Drayton">Michael Drayton</a> refers to "when the Ball to throw, and drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calcio_Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcio_fiorentino_1688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Calcio_fiorentino_1688.jpg/220px-Calcio_fiorentino_1688.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Calcio_fiorentino_1688.jpg/330px-Calcio_fiorentino_1688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Calcio_fiorentino_1688.jpg/440px-Calcio_fiorentino_1688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="1573" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the <i>Calcio Fiorentino</i> field and starting positions, from a 1688 book by Pietro di Lorenzo Bini</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 16th century, the city of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> celebrated the period between <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphany (feast)">Epiphany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> by playing a game which today is known as "<i>calcio storico</i>" ("historic kickball") in the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Croce" title="Piazza Santa Croce">Piazza Santa Croce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football. For example, <i>calcio</i> players could punch, shoulder charge, and kick opponents. Blows below the belt were allowed. The game is said to have originated as a military training exercise. In 1580, Count Giovanni de' Bardi di Vernio wrote <i>Discorso sopra 'l giuoco del Calcio Fiorentino</i>. This is sometimes said to be the earliest code of rules for any football game. The game was not played after January 1739 (until it was revived in May 1930). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_disapproval_and_attempts_to_ban_football">Official disapproval and attempts to ban football</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_ban_football_games" title="Attempts to ban football games">Attempts to ban football games</a></div> <p>There have been many attempts to ban football, from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> through to the modern day. The first such law was passed in England in 1314; it was followed by more than 30 in England alone between 1314 and 1667.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_Football_and_Europe_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_Football_and_Europe-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Women were <a href="/wiki/Bans_of_women%27s_association_football" title="Bans of women's association football">banned from playing</a> at English and Scottish Football League grounds in 1921, a ban that was only lifted in the 1970s. Female footballers still face similar problems in some parts of the world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> also faced pressures to ban the sport. The game played in the 19th century resembled <a href="/wiki/Mob_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Mob football">mob football</a> that developed in medieval Europe, including a version popular on university campuses known as <a href="/wiki/Old_division_football" title="Old division football">old division football</a>, and several municipalities banned its play in the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRA1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRA1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODF_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODF-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 20th century, the game had evolved to a more rugby style game. In 1905, there were calls to ban <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> in the U.S. due to its violence; a meeting that year was hosted by American president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> led to sweeping rules changes that caused the sport to diverge significantly from its rugby roots to become more like the sport as it is played today.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_of_modern_codes">Establishment of modern codes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Football_field_size_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Football_field_size_comparison.svg/220px-Football_field_size_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Football_field_size_comparison.svg/330px-Football_field_size_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Football_field_size_comparison.svg/440px-Football_field_size_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of modern football codes playing fields</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_public_schools">English public schools</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_public_school_football_games" title="English public school football games">English public school football games</a></div> <p>While football continued to be played in various forms throughout Britain, its <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (England)">public schools</a> (equivalent to private schools in other countries) are widely credited with four key achievements in the creation of modern football codes. First of all, the evidence suggests that they were important in taking football away from its "mob" form and turning it into an organised team sport. Second, many early descriptions of football and references to it were recorded by people who had studied at these schools. Third, it was teachers, students, and former students from these schools who first codified football games, to enable matches to be played between schools. Finally, it was at English public schools that the division between "kicking" and "running" (or "carrying") games first became clear. </p><p>The earliest evidence that games resembling football were being played at English public schools – mainly attended by boys from the upper, upper-middle and professional classes – comes from the <i>Vulgaria</i> by William Herman in 1519. Herman had been headmaster at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester</a> colleges and his <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> textbook includes a translation exercise with the phrase "We wyll playe with a ball full of wynde".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mulcaster" title="Richard Mulcaster">Richard Mulcaster</a>, a student at Eton College in the early 16th century and later headmaster at other English schools, has been described as "the greatest sixteenth Century advocate of football".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his contributions are the earliest evidence of organised team football. Mulcaster's writings refer to teams ("sides" and "parties"), positions ("standings"), a referee ("judge over the parties") and a coach "(trayning maister)". Mulcaster's "footeball" had evolved from the disordered and violent forms of traditional football: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[s]ome smaller number with such overlooking, sorted into sides and standings, not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength: nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously ... may use footeball for as much good to the body, by the chiefe use of the legges.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1633, <a href="/wiki/David_Wedderburn_(writer)" title="David Wedderburn (writer)">David Wedderburn</a>, a teacher from <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, mentioned elements of modern football games in a short Latin textbook called <i>Vocabula.</i> Wedderburn refers to what has been translated into modern English as "keeping goal" and makes an allusion to passing the ball ("strike it here"). There is a reference to "get hold of the ball", suggesting that some handling was allowed. It is clear that the tackles allowed included the charging and holding of opposing players ("drive that man back").<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more detailed description of football is given in <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willughby" title="Francis Willughby">Francis Willughby</a>'s <i>Book of Games</i>, written in about 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willughby, who had studied at <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Vesey%27s_Grammar_School" title="Bishop Vesey's Grammar School">Bishop Vesey's Grammar School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield" title="Sutton Coldfield">Sutton Coldfield</a>, is the first to describe goals and a distinct playing field: "a close that has a gate at either end. The gates are called Goals." His book includes a diagram illustrating a football field. He also mentions tactics ("leaving some of their best players to guard the goal"); scoring ("they that can strike the ball through their opponents' goal first win") and the way teams were selected ("the players being equally divided according to their strength and nimbleness"). He is the first to describe a "law" of football: "they must not strike [an opponent's leg] higher than the ball".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English public schools were the first to codify football games. In particular, they devised the first <i>offside</i> rules, during the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Carosi_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carosi-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the earliest manifestations of these rules, players were "off their side" if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective. Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward, either by foot or by hand. They could only dribble with their feet, or advance the ball in a <i><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby)" title="Scrum (rugby)">scrum</a></i> or similar <i>formation</i>. However, offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at each school, as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham School">Cheltenham</a>, during between 1810 and 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Carosi_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carosi-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known codes – in the sense of a set of rules – were those of Eton in 1815<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_William_Cox_2002_243_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_William_Cox_2002_243-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Aldenham_School" title="Aldenham School">Aldenham</a> in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_William_Cox_2002_243_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_William_Cox_2002_243-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>During the early 19th century, most working-class people in Britain had to work six days a week, often for over twelve hours a day. They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and, at the time, many <a href="/wiki/Child_labour#Industrial_Revolution" title="Child labour">children were part of the labour force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">Feast day</a> football played on the streets was in decline. Public school boys, who enjoyed some freedom from work, became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules. </p><p>Football was adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit. Each school drafted its own rules, which varied widely between different schools and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils. Two schools of thought developed regarding rules. Some schools favoured a game in which the ball could be carried (as at Rugby, <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_College" title="Marlborough College">Marlborough</a> and Cheltenham), while others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted (as at Eton, Harrow, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charterhouse_School" title="Charterhouse School">Charterhouse</a>). The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played. For example, Charterhouse and Westminster at the time had restricted playing areas; the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the school <a href="/wiki/Cloisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloisters">cloisters</a>, making it difficult for them to adopt rough and tumble running games.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="For the whole paragraph (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugby_School_850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rugby_School_850.jpg/220px-Rugby_School_850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rugby_School_850.jpg/330px-Rugby_School_850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rugby_School_850.jpg/440px-Rugby_School_850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Although the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a> (pictured) became famous due to a version that <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a> was invented there in 1823, most sports historians refuse this version stating it is apocryphal.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Webb_Ellis" title="William Webb Ellis">William Webb Ellis</a>, a pupil at Rugby School, is said to have "with a fine disregard for the rules of football, <i>as played in his time</i> [emphasis added], first took the ball in his arms and ran with it, thus creating the distinctive feature of the rugby game." in 1823. This act is usually said to be the beginning of Rugby football, but there is little evidence that it occurred, and most sports historians believe the story to be apocryphal. The act of 'taking the ball in his arms' is often misinterpreted as 'picking the ball up' as it is widely believed that Webb Ellis' 'crime' was handling the ball, as in modern association football, however handling the ball at the time was often permitted and in some cases compulsory,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rule for which Webb Ellis showed disregard was <i>running forward with it</i> as the rules of his time only allowed a player to retreat backwards or kick forwards. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Railway_Mania" title="Railway Mania">The boom in rail transport in Britain</a> during the 1840s meant that people were able to travel farther and with less inconvenience than they ever had before. Inter-school sporting competitions became possible. However, it was difficult for schools to play each other at football, as each school played by its own rules. The solution to this problem was usually that the match be divided into two-halves, one half played by the rules of the host "home" school, and the other half by the visiting "away" school. </p><p>The <i>modern</i> rules of many football codes were formulated during the mid- or late- 19th century. This also applies to other sports such as lawn bowls, lawn tennis, etc. The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Lawnmower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawnmower">lawnmower</a> in 1830. This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals, playing fields, pitches, grass courts, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from Rugby football, the public school codes have barely been played beyond the confines of each school's playing fields. However, many of them are still played at the schools which created them (see <a href="#British_schools">§ British schools</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Football_Game._Thomas_Webster,_1839,_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Football_Game._Thomas_Webster%2C_1839%2C_1.jpg/300px-The_Football_Game._Thomas_Webster%2C_1839%2C_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Football_Game._Thomas_Webster%2C_1839%2C_1.jpg/450px-The_Football_Game._Thomas_Webster%2C_1839%2C_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Football_Game._Thomas_Webster%2C_1839%2C_1.jpg/600px-The_Football_Game._Thomas_Webster%2C_1839%2C_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption><i>A Football Game</i> (1839) by British painter <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Webster_(painter)" title="Thomas Webster (painter)">Thomas Webster</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Public schools' dominance of sports in the UK began to wane after the <a href="/wiki/Factory_Act_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory Act 1850">Factory Act 1850</a>, which significantly increased the recreation time available to working class children. Before 1850, many British children had to work six days a week, for more than twelve hours a day. From 1850, they could not work before 6 a.m. (7 a.m. in winter) or after 6 p.m. on weekdays (7 p.m. in winter); on Saturdays they had to cease work at 2 pm. These changes meant that working class children had more time for games, including various forms of football. </p><p>The earliest known matches between public schools are as follows: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foot_Ball,_Kingston-upon-Thames,_Shrove_Tuesday,_Feb._24th,_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg/220px-Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg/330px-Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg/440px-Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Football match in the 1846 <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>9 December 1834: Eton School v. Harrow School.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1840s: Old Rugbeians v. Old Salopians (played at Cambridge University).<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1840s: Old Rugbeians v. Old Salopians (played at Cambridge University the following year).<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1852: Harrow School v. Westminster School.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1857: Haileybury School v. Westminster School.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>24 February 1858: <a href="/wiki/Forest_School,_Walthamstow" title="Forest School, Walthamstow">Forest School</a> v. <a href="/wiki/Chigwell_School" title="Chigwell School">Chigwell School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1858: Westminster School v. Winchester College.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1859: Harrow School v. Westminster School.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>19 November 1859: Radley College v. Old Wykehamists.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 December 1859: Old Marlburians v. Old Rugbeians (played at Christ Church, Oxford).<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>19 December 1859: Old Harrovians v. Old Wykehamists (played at Christ Church, Oxford).<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_66-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firsts">Firsts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clubs">Clubs</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_clubs" title="Oldest football clubs">Oldest football clubs</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_fc_team_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sheffield_fc_team_1857.jpg/188px-Sheffield_fc_team_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sheffield_fc_team_1857.jpg/282px-Sheffield_fc_team_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sheffield_fc_team_1857.jpg/376px-Sheffield_fc_team_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_F.C." title="Sheffield F.C.">Sheffield F.C.</a> (here pictured in 1857, the year of its foundation) is the oldest surviving association football club in the world.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_v_hallam_match_notes_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sheffield_v_hallam_match_notes_1862.jpg/188px-Sheffield_v_hallam_match_notes_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sheffield_v_hallam_match_notes_1862.jpg/282px-Sheffield_v_hallam_match_notes_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sheffield_v_hallam_match_notes_1862.jpg/376px-Sheffield_v_hallam_match_notes_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1015" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Notes about a Sheffield v. Hallam match, dated 29 December 1862</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Sports clubs dedicated to playing football began in the 18th century, for example <a href="/wiki/The_Gymnastic_Society" title="The Gymnastic Society">London's Gymnastic Society</a> which was founded in the mid-18th century and ceased playing matches in 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_66-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first documented club to bear in the title a reference to being a 'football club' were called "The Foot-Ball Club" who were located in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland, during the period 1824–41.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nas.gov.uk_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nas.gov.uk-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club forbade tripping but allowed pushing and holding and the picking up of the ball.<sup id="cite_ref-Nas.gov.uk_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nas.gov.uk-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1845, three boys at Rugby school were tasked with codifying the rules then being used at the school. These were the first set of written rules (or code) for any form of football.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This further assisted the spread of the Rugby game. </p><p>The earliest known matches involving non-public school clubs or institutions are as follows: </p> <ul><li>13 February 1856: Charterhouse School v. St Bartholemew's Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7 November 1856: Bedford Grammar School v. Bedford Town Gentlemen.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>13 December 1856: Sunbury Military College v. Littleton Gentlemen.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 1857: Edinburgh University v. Edinburgh Academical Club.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>24 November 1858: Westminster School v. Dingley Dell Club.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>12 May 1859: Tavistock School v. Princetown School.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>5 November 1859: Eton School v. Oxford University.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>22 February 1860: Charterhouse School v. Dingley Dell Club.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>21 July 1860: Melbourne v. Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>17 December 1860: 58th Regiment v. Sheffield.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>26 December 1860: Sheffield v. Hallam.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Competitions">Competitions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_competitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest football competitions">Oldest football competitions</a></div> <p>One of the longest running football fixture is the <a href="/wiki/Cordner-Eggleston_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordner-Eggleston Cup">Cordner-Eggleston Cup</a>, contested between <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Grammar_School" title="Melbourne Grammar School">Melbourne Grammar School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotch_College,_Melbourne" title="Scotch College, Melbourne">Scotch College, Melbourne</a> every year since 1858. It is believed by many to also be the first match of <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>, although it was played under experimental rules in its first year. The first football trophy tournament was the Caledonian Challenge Cup, donated by the Royal <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonian</a> Society of Melbourne, played in 1861 under the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Rules">Melbourne Rules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest football league is a rugby football competition, the <a href="/wiki/United_Hospitals_Challenge_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="United Hospitals Challenge Cup">United Hospitals Challenge Cup</a> (1874), while the oldest rugby trophy is the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Cup_(rugby_union)" title="Yorkshire Cup (rugby union)">Yorkshire Cup</a>, contested since 1878. The <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australian Football Association">South Australian Football Association</a> (30 April 1877) is the oldest surviving Australian rules football competition. The oldest surviving soccer trophy is the <a href="/wiki/Youdan_Cup" title="Youdan Cup">Youdan Cup</a> (1867) and the oldest national football competition is the English FA Cup (1871). <a href="/wiki/The_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="The Football League">The Football League</a> (1888) is recognised as the longest running association football league. <a href="/wiki/1871_Scotland_versus_England_rugby_union_match" title="1871 Scotland versus England rugby union match">The first international Rugby football match</a> took place between Scotland and England on 27 March 1871 at <a href="/wiki/Raeburn_Place" title="Raeburn Place">Raeburn Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1872_Scotland_v_England_football_match" title="1872 Scotland v England football match">first international Association football match</a> officially took place between sides representing England and Scotland on 30 November 1872 at <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Crescent" title="Hamilton Crescent">Hamilton Crescent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_of_Scotland_Cricket_Club" title="West of Scotland Cricket Club">West of Scotland Cricket Club</a>'s ground in <a href="/wiki/Partick" title="Partick">Partick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> under the authority of the FA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_balls">Modern balls</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Football_(ball)" title="Football (ball)">Football (ball)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Lindon_(1816-1887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Richard_Lindon_%281816-1887%29.jpg/170px-Richard_Lindon_%281816-1887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Richard_Lindon_%281816-1887%29.jpg/255px-Richard_Lindon_%281816-1887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Richard_Lindon_%281816-1887%29.jpg/340px-Richard_Lindon_%281816-1887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lindon" title="Richard Lindon">Richard Lindon</a> (seen in 1880) is believed to have invented the first footballs with rubber bladders.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, early footballs were made out of animal <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">bladders</a>, more specifically <a href="/wiki/Pig_bladder" title="Pig bladder">pig's bladders</a>, which were inflated. Later leather coverings were introduced to allow the balls to keep their shape.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1851, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lindon" title="Richard Lindon">Richard Lindon</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(Rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gilbert (Rugby)">William Gilbert</a>, both shoemakers from the town of <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby</a> (near the school), exhibited both round and oval-shaped balls at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a> in London. Richard Lindon's wife is said to have died of lung disease caused by blowing up pig's bladders.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lindon also won medals for the invention of the "Rubber inflatable Bladder" and the "Brass Hand Pump". </p><p>In 1855, the U.S. inventor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodyear" title="Charles Goodyear">Charles Goodyear</a> – who had patented <a href="/wiki/Vulcanized_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanized rubber">vulcanised rubber</a> – exhibited a spherical football, with an exterior of vulcanised rubber panels, at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)" title="Exposition Universelle (1855)">Paris <i>Exhibition Universelle</i></a>. The ball was to prove popular in early forms of football in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The iconic ball with a regular pattern of hexagons and pentagons (see <a href="/wiki/Truncated_icosahedron" title="Truncated icosahedron">truncated icosahedron</a>) did not become popular until the 1960s, and was first used in the World Cup <a href="/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1970 FIFA World Cup">in 1970</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_ball_passing_tactics">Modern ball passing tactics</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passing_(association_football)" title="Passing (association football)">Passing (association football)</a></div> <p>The earliest reference to a game of football involving players passing the ball and attempting to score past a goalkeeper was written in 1633 by David Wedderburn, a poet and teacher in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the original text does not state whether the allusion to passing as 'kick the ball back' ('repercute pilam') was in a forward or backward direction or between members of the same opposing teams (as was usual at this time).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Scientific" football is first recorded in 1839 from <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the modern game in rugby football from 1862<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from Sheffield FC as early as 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first side to play a passing <a href="/wiki/Combination_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination game">combination game</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers_AFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Engineers AFC">Royal Engineers AFC</a> in 1869/70.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1869 they were "work[ing] well together", "backing up" and benefiting from "cooperation".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1870 the Engineers were passing the ball: "Lieut. Creswell, who having brought the ball up the side then kicked it into the middle to another of his side, who kicked it through the posts the minute before time was called".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passing was a regular feature of their style.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early 1872 the Engineers were the first football team renowned for "play[ing] beautifully together".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A double pass is first reported from Derby school against <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottingham Forest">Nottingham Forest</a> in March 1872, the first of which is irrefutably a <i>short</i> pass: "Mr Absey dribbling the ball half the length of the field delivered it to Wallis, who kicking it cleverly in front of the goal, sent it to the captain who drove it at once between the Nottingham posts".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first side to have perfected the modern formation was <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_AFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University AFC">Cambridge University AFC</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they also introduced the 2–3–5 "pyramid" formation.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_football">Rugby football</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">History of rugby union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_scrimmage_buckman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Last_scrimmage_buckman.jpg/220px-Last_scrimmage_buckman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Last_scrimmage_buckman.jpg/330px-Last_scrimmage_buckman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Last_scrimmage_buckman.jpg/440px-Last_scrimmage_buckman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><i>The Last Scrimmage</i> by Edwin Buckman, depicting a rugby scrum in 1871</figcaption></figure> <p>Rugby football was thought to have been started about 1845 at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby, Warwickshire</a>, England although forms of football in which the ball was carried and tossed date to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> times. In <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, by 1870, there were 49 clubs playing variations of the Rugby school game.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also "rugby" clubs in Ireland, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. However, there was no generally accepted set of rules for rugby until 1871, when 21 clubs from London came together to form the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> (RFU). The first official RFU rules were adopted in June 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rules allowed passing the ball. They also included the <a href="/wiki/Try_(rugby)" title="Try (rugby)">try</a>, where touching the ball over the line allowed an attempt at goal, though drop-goals from marks and general play, and penalty conversions were still the main form of contest. Regardless of any form of football, the first international match between the national team of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> took place at Raeburn Place on 27 March 1871. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a> split into <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wills" title="Tom Wills">Tom Wills</a> played Rugby football in England before founding <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambridge_rules">Cambridge rules</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_rules" title="Cambridge rules">Cambridge rules</a></div> <p>During the nineteenth century, several codifications of the rules of football were made at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, in order to enable students from different public schools to play each other. The Cambridge Rules of 1863 influenced the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Association">Football Association</a> to ban Rugby-style carrying of the ball in its own first set of laws.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sheffield_rules">Sheffield rules</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield rules">Sheffield rules</a></div> <p>By the late 1850s, many football clubs had been formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various codes of football. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_F.C." title="Sheffield F.C.">Sheffield Football Club</a>, founded in 1857 in the English city of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> by Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest, was later recognised as the world's oldest club playing association football.<sup id="cite_ref-Football,_the_First_Hundred_Years_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Football,_the_First_Hundred_Years-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the club initially played its own code of football: the <i>Sheffield rules</i>. The code was largely independent of the public school rules, the most significant difference being the lack of an <i>offside</i> rule. </p><p>The code was responsible for many innovations that later spread to association football. These included <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/free_kick" class="extiw" title="wikt:free kick">free kicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corner_kick" title="Corner kick">corner kicks</a>, handball, <a href="/wiki/Throw-in" title="Throw-in">throw-ins</a> and the crossbar.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1870s they became the dominant code in the north and midlands of England. At this time, a series of rule changes by both the <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_and_Hallamshire_County_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield and Hallamshire County Football Association">Sheffield</a> FAs gradually eroded the differences between the two games until the adoption of a common code in 1877. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_rules_football">Australian rules football</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Australian_rules_football" title="Origins of Australian rules football">Origins of Australian rules football</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Wills_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tom_Wills_1857.jpg/170px-Tom_Wills_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tom_Wills_1857.jpg/255px-Tom_Wills_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Tom_Wills_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wills" title="Tom Wills">Tom Wills</a>, major figure in the creation of Australian football</figcaption></figure> <p>There is archival evidence of "foot-ball" games being played in various parts of Australia throughout the first half of the 19th century. The origins of an organised game of football known today as Australian rules football can be traced back to 1858 in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>. </p><p>In July 1858, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wills" title="Tom Wills">Tom Wills</a>, an Australian-born <a href="/wiki/Cricketer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricketer">cricketer</a> educated at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a> in England, wrote a letter to <i><a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_Life_in_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell's Life in Victoria">Bell's Life in Victoria</a> & Sporting Chronicle</i>, calling for a "foot-ball club" with a "code of laws" to keep cricketers fit during winter.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is considered by historians to be a defining moment in the creation of Australian rules football. Through publicity and personal contacts Wills was able to co-ordinate football matches in Melbourne that experimented with various rules,<sup id="cite_ref-Origins_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first of which was played on 31 July 1858. One week later, Wills umpired a schoolboys match between <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Grammar_School" title="Melbourne Grammar School">Melbourne Grammar School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotch_College_(Melbourne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch College (Melbourne)">Scotch College</a>. Following these matches, organised football in Melbourne rapidly increased in popularity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australianfootball1866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Australianfootball1866.jpg/220px-Australianfootball1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Australianfootball1866.jpg/330px-Australianfootball1866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Australianfootball1866.jpg/440px-Australianfootball1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Wood engraving of an Australian rules football match at the <a href="/wiki/Yarra_Park" title="Yarra Park">Richmond Paddock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>Wills and others involved in these early matches formed the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club" title="Melbourne Football Club">Melbourne Football Club</a> (the oldest surviving Australian football club) on 14 May 1859. Club members Wills, <a href="/wiki/William_Hammersley" title="William Hammersley">William Hammersley</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._B._Thompson" title="J. B. Thompson">J. B. Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Smith" title="Thomas H. Smith">Thomas H. Smith</a> met with the intention of forming a set of rules that would be widely adopted by other clubs. The committee debated rules used in English public school games; Wills pushed for various <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a> rules he learnt during his schooling. The first rules share similarities with these games, and were shaped to suit to Australian conditions. <a href="/wiki/H._C._A._Harrison" title="H. C. A. Harrison">H. C. A. Harrison</a>, a seminal figure in Australian football, recalled that his cousin Wills wanted "a game of our own".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code was distinctive in the prevalence of the <a href="/wiki/Mark_(Australian_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (Australian football)">mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_kick_(Australian_rules_football)" title="Free kick (Australian rules football)">free kick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)#Australian_rules_football" title="Tackle (football move)">tackling</a>, lack of an offside rule and that players were specifically penalised for <a href="/wiki/Handball_(Australian_rules_football)" title="Handball (Australian rules football)">throwing the ball</a>. </p><p>The Melbourne football rules were widely distributed and gradually adopted by the other Victorian clubs. The rules were updated several times during the 1860s to accommodate the rules of other influential Victorian football clubs. A significant redraft in 1866 by H. C. A. Harrison's committee accommodated the <a href="/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club" title="Geelong Football Club">Geelong Football Club</a>'s rules, making the game then known as "Victorian Rules" increasingly distinct from other codes. It soon adopted <a href="/wiki/Cricket_field" title="Cricket field">cricket fields</a> and an oval ball, used specialised goal and behind posts, and featured <a href="/wiki/Running_bounce" title="Running bounce">bouncing the ball while running</a> and <a href="/wiki/Specky" class="mw-redirect" title="Specky">spectacular high marking</a>. The game spread quickly to other <a href="/wiki/Australian_states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian states and territories">Australian colonies</a>. Outside its heartland in southern Australia, the code experienced a significant period of decline following World War I but has since grown throughout Australia and in <a href="/wiki/Australian_football_around_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian football around the world">other parts of the world</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> emerged as the dominant professional competition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Football_Association">The Football Association</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:591px;max-width:591px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1872_engl_v_scotland_ralston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1872_engl_v_scotland_ralston.jpg/144px-1872_engl_v_scotland_ralston.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1872_engl_v_scotland_ralston.jpg/216px-1872_engl_v_scotland_ralston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1872_engl_v_scotland_ralston.jpg/288px-1872_engl_v_scotland_ralston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1337" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1872_engl_v_scotland-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1872_engl_v_scotland-2.jpg/187px-1872_engl_v_scotland-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1872_engl_v_scotland-2.jpg/281px-1872_engl_v_scotland-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1872_engl_v_scotland-2.jpg/374px-1872_engl_v_scotland-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="688" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1872_engl_v_scotland-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1872_engl_v_scotland-3.jpg/92px-1872_engl_v_scotland-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1872_engl_v_scotland-3.jpg/138px-1872_engl_v_scotland-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1872_engl_v_scotland-3.jpg/184px-1872_engl_v_scotland-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1872_engl_v_scotland-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1872_engl_v_scotland-4.jpg/152px-1872_engl_v_scotland-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1872_engl_v_scotland-4.jpg/228px-1872_engl_v_scotland-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1872_engl_v_scotland-4.jpg/304px-1872_engl_v_scotland-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The first <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> international, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scotland</a> versus <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a>. Once kept by the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> as an early example of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>During the early 1860s, there were increasing attempts in England to unify and reconcile the various public school games. In 1862, J. C. Thring, who had been one of the driving forces behind the original Cambridge Rules, was a master at <a href="/wiki/Uppingham_School" title="Uppingham School">Uppingham School</a>, and he issued his own rules of what he called "The Simplest Game" (these are also known as the Uppingham Rules). In early October 1863, another new revised version of the Cambridge Rules was drawn up by a seven member committee representing former pupils from Harrow, Shrewsbury, Eton, Rugby, Marlborough and Westminster. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Tavern" title="Freemasons' Tavern">Freemasons' Tavern</a>, Great Queen Street, London on the evening of 26 October 1863, representatives of several football clubs in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">London Metropolitan area</a> met for the inaugural meeting of the <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">Football Association</a> (FA). The aim of the association was to establish a single unifying code and regulate the playing of the game among its members. Following the first meeting, the public schools were invited to join the association. All of them declined, except Charterhouse and Uppingham. In total, six meetings of the FA were held between October and December 1863. After the third meeting, a draft set of rules were published. However, at the beginning of the fourth meeting, attention was drawn to the recently published Cambridge Rules of 1863. The Cambridge rules differed from the draft FA rules in two significant areas; namely running with (carrying) the ball and <a href="/wiki/Hacking_(rugby)" title="Hacking (rugby)">hacking</a> (kicking opposing players in the shins). The two contentious FA rules were as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>IX. A player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal if he makes a fair catch, or catches the ball on the first bound; but in case of a fair catch, if he makes his mark he shall not run.<br /> X. If any player shall run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal, any player on the opposite side shall be at liberty to charge, hold, trip or hack him, or to wrest the ball from him, but no player shall be held and hacked at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At the fifth meeting it was proposed that these two rules be removed. Most of the delegates supported this, but <a href="/wiki/F._M._Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="F. M. Campbell">F. M. Campbell</a>, the representative from <a href="/wiki/Blackheath_Rugby_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackheath Rugby Club">Blackheath</a> and the first FA treasurer, objected. He said: "hacking is the true football". However, the motion to ban running with the ball in hand and hacking was carried and Blackheath withdrew from the FA. After the final meeting on 8 December, the FA published the "<a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Laws of the Game</a>", the first comprehensive set of rules for the game later known as association football. The term "soccer", in use since the late 19th century, derives from an <a href="/wiki/Oxford_%22-er%22" title="Oxford "-er"">Oxford University abbreviation</a> of "association".<sup id="cite_ref-OEDsoccer_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDsoccer-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first FA rules still contained elements that are no longer part of association football, but which are still recognisable in other games (such as Australian football and rugby football): for instance, a player could make a fair catch and claim a <i><a href="/wiki/Mark_(Australian_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (Australian football)">mark</a></i>, which entitled him to a free kick; and if a player touched the ball behind the opponents' goal line, his side was entitled to a <i>free kick</i> at goal, from 15 yards (13.5 metres) in front of the goal line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_football_codes">North American football codes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron football</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History of American football</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football#History" title="Canadian football">Canadian football § History</a></div> <p>As was the case in Britain, by the early 19th century, North American schools and universities played their own local games, between sides made up of students. For example, students at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> played a game called <a href="/wiki/Old_division_football" title="Old division football">Old division football</a>, a variant of the association football codes, as early as the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-ODF_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODF-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remained largely "<a href="/wiki/Mob_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Mob football">mob football</a>" style games, with huge numbers of players attempting to advance the ball into a goal area, often by any means necessary. Rules were simple, violence and injury were common.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRA1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRA1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence of these mob-style games led to widespread protests and a decision to abandon them. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, under pressure from the city of <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>, banned the play of all forms of football in 1860, while <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> followed suit in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRA1_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRA1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its place, two general types of football evolved: "kicking" games and "running" (or "carrying") games. A hybrid of the two, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Boston_game" title="Boston game">Boston game</a>", was played by a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Football_Club" title="Oneida Football Club">Oneida Football Club</a>. The club, considered by some historians as the first formal <a href="/wiki/Football_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Football club">football club</a> in the United States, was formed in 1862 by schoolboys who played the Boston game on <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRA1_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRA1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The game began to return to American college campuses by the late 1860s. The universities of Yale, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> (then known as the College of New Jersey), <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a> all began playing "kicking" games during this time. In 1867, Princeton used rules based on those of the English <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">Football Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRA1_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRA1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tigers_of_Hamilton_football_team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Tigers_of_Hamilton_football_team.jpg/220px-The_Tigers_of_Hamilton_football_team.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Tigers_of_Hamilton_football_team.jpg/330px-The_Tigers_of_Hamilton_football_team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Tigers_of_Hamilton_football_team.jpg/440px-The_Tigers_of_Hamilton_football_team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>The Tigers of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a>, circa 1906. Founded 1869 as the Hamilton Foot Ball Club, they eventually merged with the Hamilton Flying Wildcats to form the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats" title="Hamilton Tiger-Cats">Hamilton Tiger-Cats</a>, a team still active in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Football_Canada_timeline_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Football_Canada_timeline-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In Canada, the first documented football match was a practice game played on 9 November 1861, at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_University_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, University of Toronto">University College, University of Toronto</a> (approximately 400 yards west of Queen's Park). One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was (Sir) William Mulock, later Chancellor of the school.<sup id="cite_ref-1860s_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1860s-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1864, at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Trinity_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Trinity College">Trinity College</a>, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, and Christopher Gwynn, one of the founders of Milton, Massachusetts, devised rules based on <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1860s_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1860s-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "running game", resembling rugby football, was then taken up by the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Football_Club" title="Montreal Football Club">Montreal Football Club</a> in Canada in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-histfoot_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histfoot-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1882RutgersFootballTeam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1882RutgersFootballTeam.jpg/220px-1882RutgersFootballTeam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1882RutgersFootballTeam.jpg/330px-1882RutgersFootballTeam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1882RutgersFootballTeam.jpg/440px-1882RutgersFootballTeam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Rutgers University (here pictured in 1882) played the first inter-collegiate football game v Princeton in 1869.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 November 1869, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights football">Rutgers</a> faced <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football" title="Princeton Tigers football">Princeton</a> in a game that was played with a round ball and, like all early games, used improvised rules. It is usually regarded as <a href="/wiki/1869_New_Jersey_vs._Rutgers_football_game" class="mw-redirect" title="1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game">the first game of American intercollegiate football</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRA1_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRA1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarvardMcGill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HarvardMcGill.jpg/220px-HarvardMcGill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HarvardMcGill.jpg/330px-HarvardMcGill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HarvardMcGill.jpg/440px-HarvardMcGill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>The Harvard v McGill game in 1874. It is considered the first rugby football game played in the United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern North American football grew out of <a href="/wiki/1874_Harvard_vs._McGill_football_game" title="1874 Harvard vs. McGill football game">a match</a> between <a href="/wiki/McGill_Redmen_football" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill Redmen football">McGill University</a> of Montreal and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football" title="Harvard Crimson football">Harvard University</a> in 1874. During the game, the two teams alternated between the rugby-based rules used by McGill and the Boston Game rules used by Harvard.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few years, Harvard had both adopted McGill's rules and persuaded other U.S. university teams to do the same. On 23 November 1876, representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> met at the Massasoit Convention in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>, agreeing to adopt most of the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> rules, with some variations.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRA2_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRA2-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1880, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football" title="Yale Bulldogs football">Yale</a> coach <a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a>, who had become a fixture at the Massasoit House conventions where the rules were debated and changed, devised a number of major innovations. Camp's two most important rule changes that diverged the American game from rugby were replacing the <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby)" title="Scrum (rugby)">scrummage</a> with the <i><a href="/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage" title="Line of scrimmage">line of scrimmage</a></i> and the establishment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Down_(American_and_Canadian_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Down (American and Canadian football)">down-and-distance</a></i> rules.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRA2_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRA2-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American football still however remained a violent sport where collisions often led to serious injuries and sometimes even death.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> to hold a meeting with football representatives from Harvard, Yale, and Princeton on 9 October 1905, urging them to make drastic changes.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One rule change introduced in 1906, devised to open up the game and reduce injury, was the introduction of the legal <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">forward pass</a>. Though it was underutilised for years, this proved to be one of the most important rule changes in the establishment of the modern game.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, Canada absorbed some of the developments in American football in an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game. In 1903, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Ontario Rugby Football Union">Ontario Rugby Football Union</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a>, which implemented the <i>line of scrimmage</i> and <i>down-and-distance</i> system from American football, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian football then implemented the legal forward pass in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American and Canadian football <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">remain different codes</a>, stemming from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side has not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaelic_football">Gaelic football</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football#History" title="Gaelic football">History of Gaelic football</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg/290px-Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg/435px-Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg/580px-Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship" title="All-Ireland Senior Football Championship">All-Ireland Football Final</a> in <a href="/wiki/Croke_Park" title="Croke Park">Croke Park</a>, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-19th century, various traditional football games, referred to collectively as <i><a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">caid</a></i>, remained popular in Ireland, especially in <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>. One observer, Father W. Ferris, described two main forms of <i>caid</i> during this period: the "field game" in which the object was to put the ball through arch-like goals, formed from the boughs of two trees; and the epic "cross-country game" which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played, and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary. "Wrestling", "holding" opposing players, and carrying the ball were all allowed. </p><p>By the 1870s, rugby and association football had started to become popular in Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> was an early stronghold of rugby (see the <a href="#Other_developments_in_the_1850s">Developments in the 1850s</a> section above). The rules of the English FA were being distributed widely. Traditional forms of <i>caid</i> had begun to give way to a "rough-and-tumble game" which allowed tripping. </p><p>There was no serious attempt to unify and codify Irish varieties of football, until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a> (GAA) in 1884. The GAA sought to promote traditional Irish sports, such as <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a> and to reject imported games like rugby and association football. The first Gaelic football rules were drawn up by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Davin" title="Maurice Davin">Maurice Davin</a> and published in the <i>United Ireland</i> magazine on 7 February 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davin's rules showed the influence of games such as hurling and a desire to formalise a distinctly Irish code of football. The prime example of this differentiation was the lack of an offside rule (an attribute which, for many years, was shared only by other Irish games like hurling, and by Australian rules football). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schism_in_Rugby_football">Schism in Rugby football</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">History of rugby league</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverend_marshall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Reverend_marshall.jpg/260px-Reverend_marshall.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Reverend_marshall.jpg/390px-Reverend_marshall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Reverend_marshall.jpg/520px-Reverend_marshall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>An English cartoon from the 1890s lampooning the divide in rugby football which led to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>. The caricatures are of Rev. Frank Marshall, an arch-opponent of player payments, and James Miller, a long-time opponent of Marshall. The caption reads: Marshall: "Oh, fie, go away naughty boy, I don't play with boys who can't afford to take a holiday for football any day they like!" Miller: "Yes, that's just you to a T; you'd make it so that no lad whose father wasn't a millionaire could play at all in a really good team. For my part I see no reason why the men who make the money shouldn't have a share in the spending of it."</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Rugby_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="International Rugby Board">International Rugby Football Board</a> (IRFB) was founded in 1886,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code. <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">Professionalism</a> had already begun to creep into the various codes of football. </p><p>In England, by the 1890s, a long-standing <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> ban on <i>professional</i> players was causing regional tensions within rugby football, as many players in northern England were working class and could not afford to take time off to train, travel, play and recover from injuries. This was not very different from what had occurred ten years earlier in soccer in Northern England but the authorities reacted very differently in the RFU, attempting to alienate the working class support in Northern England. In 1895, following a dispute about a player being paid broken time payments, which replaced wages lost as a result of playing rugby, representatives of the northern clubs met in <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Northern Rugby Football Union</a> (NRFU). The new body initially permitted only various types of player wage replacements. However, within two years, NRFU players could be paid, but they were required to have a job outside sport. </p><p>The demands of a professional league dictated that rugby had to become a better "spectator" sport. Within a few years the NRFU rules had started to diverge from the RFU, most notably with the abolition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)" title="Line-out (rugby union)">line-out</a></i>. This was followed by the replacement of the <i><a href="/wiki/Playing_rugby_union#Ruck" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing rugby union">ruck</a></i> with the "play-the-ball ruck", which allowed a two-player ruck contest between the tackler at marker and the player tackled. <i><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_gameplay#Maul" title="Rugby union gameplay">Mauls</a></i> were stopped once the ball carrier was held, being replaced by a play-the ball-ruck. The separate Lancashire and Yorkshire competitions of the NRFU merged in 1901, forming the Northern Rugby League, the first time the name <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> was used officially in England. </p><p>Over time, the RFU form of rugby, played by clubs which remained members of national federations affiliated to the IRFB, became known as <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalisation_of_association_football">Globalisation of association football</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_FIFA" title="History of FIFA">History of FIFA</a></div> <p>The need for a single body to oversee association football had become apparent by the beginning of the 20th century, with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. The English Football Association had chaired many discussions on setting up an international body, but was perceived as making no progress. It fell to associations from seven other European countries: France, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland, to form an international association. The <i>Fédération Internationale de Football Association</i> (<a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>) was founded in Paris on 21 May 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-FIFA.com_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIFA.com-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first president was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Robert Guérin">Robert Guérin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FIFA.com_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIFA.com-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French name and acronym has remained, even outside French-speaking countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_divergence_of_the_two_rugby_codes">Further divergence of the two rugby codes</h3></div> <p>Rugby league rules diverged significantly from rugby union in 1906, with the reduction of the team from 15 to 13 players. In 1907, a New Zealand professional rugby team toured Australia and Britain, receiving an enthusiastic response, and professional <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Australia" title="Rugby league in Australia">rugby leagues were launched in Australia</a> the following year. However, the rules of professional games varied from one country to another, and negotiations between various national bodies were required to fix the exact rules for each international match. This situation endured until 1948, when at the instigation of the French league, the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_International_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League International Federation">Rugby League International Federation</a> (RLIF) was formed at a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. </p><p>During the second half of the 20th century, the rules changed further. In 1966, rugby league officials borrowed the American football concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Down_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Down (football)">downs</a></i>: a team was allowed to retain possession of the ball for four tackles (rugby union retains the original rule that a player who is tackled and brought to the ground must release the ball immediately). The maximum number of tackles was later increased to six (in 1971), and in rugby league this became known as the <a href="/wiki/Playing_rugby_league#Six_tackle_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing rugby league"><i>six tackle rule</i></a>. </p><p>With the advent of full-time professionals in the early 1990s, and the consequent speeding up of the game, the five-metre off-side distance between the two teams became 10 metres, and the replacement rule was superseded by various interchange rules, among other changes. </p><p>The laws of rugby union also changed during the 20th century, although less significantly than those of rugby league. In particular, goals from <i><a href="/wiki/Mark_(rugby)" title="Mark (rugby)">marks</a></i> were abolished, kicks directly <i><a href="/wiki/Touch_(rugby)" title="Touch (rugby)">into touch</a></i> from outside the <i><a href="/wiki/Rugby_pitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby pitch">22-metre</a></i> line were penalised, new laws were put in place to determine who had possession following an inconclusive <i><a href="/wiki/Ruck_(Rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruck (Rugby union)">ruck</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_gameplay#Maul" title="Rugby union gameplay">maul</a></i>, and the lifting of players in <i><a href="/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)" title="Line-out (rugby union)">line-outs</a></i> was legalised. </p><p>In 1995, rugby union became an "open" game, that is one which allowed professional players.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared – and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re-unification – the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an extent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_the_word_football">Use of the word <i>football</i></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Football_(word)" title="Football (word)">Football (word)</a></div> <p>The word <i>football</i>, when used in reference to a specific game can mean any one of those described above. Because of this, much controversy has occurred over the term <i>football</i>, primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>. Most often, the word <i>football</i> is used to refer to the code of football that is considered dominant within a particular region (which is association football in most countries). So, effectively, what the word <i>football</i> means usually depends on where one says it. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sportsman_1910-11-25_Football.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Sportsman_1910-11-25_Football.png/220px-The_Sportsman_1910-11-25_Football.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Sportsman_1910-11-25_Football.png/330px-The_Sportsman_1910-11-25_Football.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Sportsman_1910-11-25_Football.png/440px-The_Sportsman_1910-11-25_Football.png 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Heading from The Sportsman (London) front page of 25 November 1910, illustrating the continued use of the word "football" to encompass both association football and rugby</figcaption></figure> <p>In each of the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada, one football code is known solely as <i>football</i>, while the others generally require a qualifier. In New Zealand, <i>football</i> historically referred to <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, but more recently may be used unqualified to refer to association football. The sport meant by the word <i>football</i> in Australia is either <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, depending on local popularity (which largely conforms to the <a href="/wiki/Barassi_Line" title="Barassi Line">Barassi Line</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophone</a> <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> is more popular, the Canadian code is known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le football</i></span> while American football is known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le football américain</i></span> and association football is known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le soccer</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 45 national <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) affiliates in which English is an official or primary language, most currently use <i>Football</i> in their organisations' official names; the FIFA affiliates in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Soccer_Association" title="Canadian Soccer Association">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation" title="United States Soccer Federation">United States</a> use <i>Soccer</i> in their names. A few FIFA affiliates have recently "normalised" to using <i>Football</i>, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_Federation_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Federation Australia">Australia's association football governing body</a> changed its name in 2005 from using <i>soccer</i> to <i>football</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Football" title="New Zealand Football">New Zealand's governing body</a> renamed itself in 2007, saying "the international game is called football".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Samoa changed from "Samoa Football (Soccer) Federation" to "<a href="/wiki/Football_Federation_Samoa" title="Football Federation Samoa">Football Federation Samoa</a>" in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cakovec10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cakovec10.jpg/220px-Cakovec10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cakovec10.jpg/330px-Cakovec10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cakovec10.jpg/440px-Cakovec10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Small football stadium in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several of the football codes are the most popular team sports in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Bale_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globally, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> is played by over 250 million players in over 200 nations,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has the highest television audience in sport,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the most popular in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American football, with 1.1 million <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high school football</a> players and nearly 70,000 <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a> players, is the most popular <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the United States">sport in the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estimated_Probability_of_Competing_in_Athletics_Beyond_the_High_School_Interscholastic_Level_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estimated_Probability_of_Competing_in_Athletics_Beyond_the_High_School_Interscholastic_Level-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the annual <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> game accounting for nine of the top ten of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_watched_television_broadcasts_in_the_United_States" title="List of most watched television broadcasts in the United States">most watched broadcasts in U.S. television history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> has the highest average <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_attendance_figures" title="List of sports attendance figures">attendance</a> (67,591) of any professional sports league in the world and has the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_sports_leagues_by_revenue" title="List of professional sports leagues by revenue">revenue</a><sup id="cite_ref-urlMajor_sports_leagues_all_make_a_lot_of_money,_heres_how_they_do_it:,_Major_sports_leagues_all_make_a_lot_of_money,_heres_how_they_do_it:_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlMajor_sports_leagues_all_make_a_lot_of_money,_heres_how_they_do_it:,_Major_sports_leagues_all_make_a_lot_of_money,_heres_how_they_do_it:-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of any single professional sports league.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL_is_world's_best_attended_pro_sports_league_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL_is_world's_best_attended_pro_sports_league-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the best association football and American football players are among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_sports_contracts" title="List of largest sports contracts">highest paid athletes in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlThe_Worlds_Highest-Paid_Athletes_2020_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlThe_Worlds_Highest-Paid_Athletes_2020-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlThe_making_of_Patrick_Mahomes,_the_highest-paid_man_in_sports_history_|_NFL_News_|_Sky_Sports_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlThe_making_of_Patrick_Mahomes,_the_highest-paid_man_in_sports_history_|_NFL_News_|_Sky_Sports-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> has the highest spectator attendance of all sports in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Football_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Ireland Football Final">All-Ireland Football Final</a> is the most watched event of that nation's sporting year.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is the most popular sport in New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji.<sup id="cite_ref-urlBBC_–_Tom_Fordyce:_Why_are_New_Zealand_so_good_at_rugby?_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlBBC_–_Tom_Fordyce:_Why_are_New_Zealand_so_good_at_rugby?-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the fastest growing sport in the U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-urlRugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_–_Global_Sport_Matters,_Rugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_–_Global_Sport_Matters_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlRugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_–_Global_Sport_Matters,_Rugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_–_Global_Sport_Matters-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg.com_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irb.com_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irb.com-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/College_rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="College rugby">college rugby</a> being the fastest growing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlWhere_Is_Rugby_the_Most_Popular_Among_Students:_Comparison_of_US_and_UK_Student_Leagues_|_Love_Rugby_League_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlWhere_Is_Rugby_the_Most_Popular_Among_Students:_Comparison_of_US_and_UK_Student_Leagues_|_Love_Rugby_League-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlFuse_Explores_the_Surge_in_Sports_Participation:_Why_Teens_Play_and_Why_They_Don't_|_Business_Wire_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlFuse_Explores_the_Surge_in_Sports_Participation:_Why_Teens_Play_and_Why_They_Don't_|_Business_Wire-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/College_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="College sport">college sport</a> in that country.<sup id="cite_ref-urlU.S_Rugby_Scholarships_–_U.S_Sports_Scholarships_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlU.S_Rugby_Scholarships_–_U.S_Sports_Scholarships-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Football#Fastest_growing_college_sport_in_America" title="Talk:Football">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Football_codes_board">Football codes board</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="13" style="background:#F2EBD1;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval football</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #CCCCFF;"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_rules" title="Cambridge rules">Cambridge rules</a><br /> (1848–1863) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background: #E6BBE6;"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a><br />(1863–) </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #E6BBE6;"><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a> (1930–) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #E6BBE6;"><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">Beach</a> (1992–) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #E6BBE6;"><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_football" title="Paralympic football">Paralympic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #CCCCFF;"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield rules">Sheffield rules</a> <br />(1857–1877) </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #E6BBE6;"><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #E6BBE6;"><a href="/wiki/Street_soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Street soccer">Street</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background: #EFCEBA;"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a> (1845–)<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FCF7BB;"><a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a> </td> <td style="background: #FCF7BB;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> (1861–)<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FCF7BB;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #EFCEBA;"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> with minor modifications </td> <td style="background: #FCF7BB;"><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a><br />(1869<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–) </td> <td style="background: #FCF7BB;"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater</a> (1967–), <a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">Indoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_football_(American)" title="Street football (American)">Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a> (1987–), <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2001)" title="XFL (2001)">XFL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background: #EFCEBA;"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> (1871–) </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #EFCEBA;"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Sevens</a> (1883–), <a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">Tens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">Touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">Mini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">Snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #EFCEBA;"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> (1895–) </td> <td style="background: #EFCEBA;"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">Nines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #EFCEBA;"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">Sevens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #EFCEBA;"><a href="/wiki/Touch_(sport)" title="Touch (sport)">Touch football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">Wheelchair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mod_league" title="Mod league">Mod</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFC0CB;">Rugby rules and other English public school games<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #CAFCCA;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules</a> (1859–) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7BA;"><a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">Austus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rec_footy" title="Rec footy">Rec footy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auskick" title="Auskick">Auskick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa Rules">Samoa Rules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Footy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Footy">Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightning_football" title="Lightning football">Lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine-a-side_footy" title="Nine-a-side footy">Nine-a-side</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kick-to-kick" title="Kick-to-kick">Kick-to-kick</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #A9BA9D;"><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules football</a> (1967–) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background: #C5FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (1885–), <a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies' Gaelic football</a> (1969–) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact name of Mr Lindon is in dispute, as well as the exact timing of the creation of the inflatable bladder. It is known that he created this for both association and rugby footballs. However, sites devoted to football indicate he was known as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311213720/http://www.richardlindon.com/">HJ Lindon</a>, who was actually Richard Lindon's son, and created the ball in 1862 (ref: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soccerballworld.com/History.htm">Soccer Ball World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616030554/http://www.soccerballworld.com/History.htm">Archived</a> 16 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), whereas rugby sites refer to him as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lindon" title="Richard Lindon">Richard Lindon</a> creating the ball in 1870 (ref: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1699545,00.html">Guardian article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061115193354/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1699545,00.html">Archived</a> 15 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Both agree that his wife died when inflating pig's bladders. This information originated from web sites which may be unreliable, and the answer may only be found in researching books in central libraries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1845, the first rules of rugby were written by Rugby School pupils. But various rules of rugby had existed until the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> in 1871.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a> were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Ontario Rugby Football Union">Ontario Rugby Football Union</a>, which transformed Canadian football from a rugby-style game to the gridiron-style game.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are Canadian rules <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://footballcanada.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/FlagRB_secure.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121193313/http://footballcanada.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/FlagRB_secure.pdf">Archived</a> 21 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Football_Canada" title="Football Canada">Football Canada</a>. Apart from this, there are also rules <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ifaf.org/pdf/documents/rules/ifaf_flag_rules_2015.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018053139/http://ifaf.org/pdf/documents/rules/ifaf_flag_rules_2015.pdf">Archived</a> 18 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> established by <a href="/wiki/IFAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IFAF">IFAF</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first game of American football is widely cited as a game played on 6 November 1869, between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton. But the game was played under rules based on the association football rules of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wangerin_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wangerin-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby code.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRA2_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRA2-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some historians support the theory that the primary influence was rugby football and other games emanating from English public schools. On the other hand, there are also historians who support the theory that Australian rules football and Gaelic Football have some common origins. See <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Australian_rules_football" title="Origins of Australian rules football">Origins of Australian rules football</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football_codes_development_tree">Football codes development tree</h3></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Football codes development tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> | <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Football</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_rules" title="Cambridge rules">Cambridge rules</a> (1848–1863)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield rules">Sheffield rules</a> (1857–1877)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a> (1845–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Rugby rules and other English public school games</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> (1863–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules</a> (1859–)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic</a> (1887–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Rugby union with minor modifications</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> (1861–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> (1871–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/International_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="International Rules">Int'l Rules</a> (1967–)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> (1869–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> (1895–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a> (1883–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena football</a> (1987–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Flag football (Canadian)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a> (1930–)</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">Rugby league nines</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">Rugby league sevens</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(rugby_league)" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch football (rugby league)">Touch football</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">Beach soccer</a> (1992–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor soccer</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_football" title="Paralympic football">Paralympic football</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">Street football</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>Notes:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present-day_codes_and_families">Present-day codes and families</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Football code </th> <th colspan="3">Association </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a> </th> <th colspan="3">International and related </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">Beach</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Indoor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Union</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Image </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Football_in_Bloomington,_Indiana,_1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Football_in_Bloomington%2C_Indiana%2C_1995.jpg/100px-Football_in_Bloomington%2C_Indiana%2C_1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Football_in_Bloomington%2C_Indiana%2C_1995.jpg/150px-Football_in_Bloomington%2C_Indiana%2C_1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Football_in_Bloomington%2C_Indiana%2C_1995.jpg/200px-Football_in_Bloomington%2C_Indiana%2C_1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="2328" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaj_futbolu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Plaj_futbolu.jpg/100px-Plaj_futbolu.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Plaj_futbolu.jpg/150px-Plaj_futbolu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Plaj_futbolu.jpg/200px-Plaj_futbolu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cl%C3%A1sico_del_futsal_posade%C3%B1o_-_Telecentro_vs_Plastimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cl%C3%A1sico_del_futsal_posade%C3%B1o_-_Telecentro_vs_Plastimi.jpg/100px-Cl%C3%A1sico_del_futsal_posade%C3%B1o_-_Telecentro_vs_Plastimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cl%C3%A1sico_del_futsal_posade%C3%B1o_-_Telecentro_vs_Plastimi.jpg/150px-Cl%C3%A1sico_del_futsal_posade%C3%B1o_-_Telecentro_vs_Plastimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cl%C3%A1sico_del_futsal_posade%C3%B1o_-_Telecentro_vs_Plastimi.jpg/200px-Cl%C3%A1sico_del_futsal_posade%C3%B1o_-_Telecentro_vs_Plastimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg/100px-Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg/150px-Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg/200px-Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagfootballut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flagfootballut.jpg/100px-Flagfootballut.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flagfootballut.jpg/150px-Flagfootballut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flagfootballut.jpg/200px-Flagfootballut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="683" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Frisco_Fighters_v_Tucson_Sugar_Skulls_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2022_Frisco_Fighters_v_Tucson_Sugar_Skulls_-_001.jpg/100px-2022_Frisco_Fighters_v_Tucson_Sugar_Skulls_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2022_Frisco_Fighters_v_Tucson_Sugar_Skulls_-_001.jpg/150px-2022_Frisco_Fighters_v_Tucson_Sugar_Skulls_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2022_Frisco_Fighters_v_Tucson_Sugar_Skulls_-_001.jpg/200px-2022_Frisco_Fighters_v_Tucson_Sugar_Skulls_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:JoffreyReynolds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JoffreyReynolds.jpg/100px-JoffreyReynolds.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JoffreyReynolds.jpg/150px-JoffreyReynolds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JoffreyReynolds.jpg/200px-JoffreyReynolds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="576" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_vs_Georgia,_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg/100px-Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg/150px-Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg/200px-Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_v_Italy_2013_RLWC_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Scotland_v_Italy_2013_RLWC_%283%29.jpg/100px-Scotland_v_Italy_2013_RLWC_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Scotland_v_Italy_2013_RLWC_%283%29.jpg/150px-Scotland_v_Italy_2013_RLWC_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Scotland_v_Italy_2013_RLWC_%283%29.jpg/200px-Scotland_v_Italy_2013_RLWC_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stoppage_in_an_AFL_game.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Stoppage_in_an_AFL_game.jpg/100px-Stoppage_in_an_AFL_game.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Stoppage_in_an_AFL_game.jpg/150px-Stoppage_in_an_AFL_game.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Stoppage_in_an_AFL_game.jpg/200px-Stoppage_in_an_AFL_game.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2544" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_possession_(2),_Aus_v_Ire_2005_(59309368)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1243" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aidan_O%27Mahony_%26_Eoin_Bradley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Aidan_O%27Mahony_%26_Eoin_Bradley.jpg/100px-Aidan_O%27Mahony_%26_Eoin_Bradley.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Aidan_O%27Mahony_%26_Eoin_Bradley.jpg/150px-Aidan_O%27Mahony_%26_Eoin_Bradley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Aidan_O%27Mahony_%26_Eoin_Bradley.jpg/200px-Aidan_O%27Mahony_%26_Eoin_Bradley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1596" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Country of origin </th> <td>England </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td>Uruguay </td> <td colspan="3">United States </td> <td>Canada </td> <td colspan="2">England </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>Compromise rules between Australian and Gaelic codes </td> <td>Ireland </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Governing Body </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">IFAF</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Football_Canada" title="Football Canada">Football Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">World Rugby</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Rugby_League" title="International Rugby League">IRL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AFL_Commission" title="AFL Commission">AFL Commission</a> </td> <td>AFL and GAA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">GAA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Football_field_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Football field (disambiguation)">Pitch</a> </th> <th>Shape </th> <td colspan="3">Rectangular </td> <td colspan="2">Rectangular </td> <td>Rounded rectangular </td> <td>Rectangular </td> <td colspan="2">Rectangular </td> <td>Oval </td> <td colspan="2">Rectangular </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total length </th> <td> <ul><li>100–130 yards (91–119 m)</li> <li>110–120 yards (100–110 m) (international)</li></ul> </td> <td>35–37 metres </td> <td> <ul><li>25-42 metres</li> <li>38-42 metres (international)</li></ul> </td> <td>120 yards (110 m) </td> <td>70 yards (64 m) (standard, 5 a side) </td> <td>66 yards (60 m) </td> <td>150 yards (140 m) </td> <td>106–144 metres </td> <td>112–122 metres </td> <td>135–185 metres (professional) </td> <td>145 metres </td> <td>130–145 metres </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total width </th> <td> <ul><li>50–100 yards (46–91 m)</li> <li>70–80 yards (64–73 m) (international)</li></ul> </td> <td>26–28 metres </td> <td> <ul><li>16-25 metres</li> <li>20-25 metres (international)</li></ul> </td> <td>160 feet (49 m) </td> <td>25 yards (23 m) (standard, 5 a side) </td> <td>28 yards (26 m) </td> <td>65 yards (59 m) </td> <td>68–70 metres </td> <td>68 metres </td> <td>110–155 metres (professional) </td> <td>90 metres </td> <td>80–90 metres </td></tr> <tr> <th>Surface </th> <td>grass, artificial </td> <td>sand </td> <td>wood, artificial </td> <td>grass, artificial </td> <td>solid, sand </td> <td>artificial </td> <td>grass, artificial </td> <td>grass, sand, clay, snow, artificial </td> <td>grass </td> <td colspan="3">grass </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Goalposts </th> <th>Shape </th> <td colspan="3">Netted rectangular </td> <td>Carving fork </td> <td rowspan="3">None </td> <td>Uppercase H, with bouncing nets/ Uppercase U (hanged) </td> <td>Carving fork </td> <td colspan="2">Uppercase H </td> <td>4 posts </td> <td>Uppercase H (netted bottom) + 2 post </td> <td>Uppercase H (netted bottom) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Width </th> <td>8 yards (7.3 m) </td> <td>5.5 metres </td> <td>3 metres </td> <td>222 inches (5.6 m) </td> <td>10 feet (3.0 m) </td> <td>222 inches (5.6 m) </td> <td>5.6 metres </td> <td>5.5 metres </td> <td colspan="2">2 goal posts (6.4 metres apart) + 2 behind posts (6.4 metres apart from each side of goal post) </td> <td>6.5 metres </td></tr> <tr> <th>Height </th> <td>8 feet (2.4 m) </td> <td>2.2 metres </td> <td>2 metres </td> <td>10 feet (3.0 m) above ground </td> <td colspan="2">10 feet (3.0 m) above ground </td> <td colspan="2">3 metres above ground </td> <td>Goal posts: 6-15 metres <p>Behind posts: 3-10 metres </p> </td> <td>Goal posts: 6 metres, crossbar at 2.5 metres <p>Behind posts: 3 metres </p> </td> <td>7 meters, crossbar at 2.5 meters, netted bottom 0.9 meters in depth </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Football_(ball)" title="Football (ball)">Football</a> </th> <th>Shape </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">Sphere</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Lemon_(geometry)" title="Lemon (geometry)">Lemon</a><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid" title="Spheroid">Prolate spheroid</a> </td> <td>Prolate spheroid </td> <td colspan="2">Sphere </td></tr> <tr> <th>Circumference </th> <td>27–28 inches (69–71 cm) </td> <td>68-70 centimetres </td> <td>62-64 centimetres </td> <td>27.75–28.5 inches (70.5–72.4 cm) (longitudinal) × <p>20.75–21.25 inches (52.7–54.0 cm) (transversal) </p> </td> <td>27–28 inches (69–71 cm) (longitudinal) <p>20–21 inches (51–53 cm) (transversal) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>27.75–28.5 inches (70.5–72.4 cm) (longitudinal) <p>20.75–21.375 inches (52.71–54.29 cm) (transversal) </p> </td> <td>74 - 77 centimetres (elliptic) × <p>58 - 62 centimetres (circular) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>72 - 73 centimetres (elliptic) × <p>54.5 -55.5 centimetres (circular) </p> </td> <td colspan="2">68-70 centimetres </td></tr> <tr> <th>Diameter </th> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>10.875–11.4375 inches (27.623–29.051 cm) (longitudinal) </td> <td>11–11.5 inches (28–29 cm) (longitudinal) <p>6.25–6.75 inches (15.9–17.1 cm) (transversal) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>10.875–11.4375 inches (27.623–29.051 cm) (longitudinal) <p>6.25–6.75 inches (15.9–17.1 cm) (transversal) </p> </td> <td>28-30 centimetres (longitudinal) </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td colspan="2">- </td></tr> <tr> <th>Weight </th> <td>14–16 ounces (400–450 g) </td> <td colspan="2">400-440 grams </td> <td colspan="4">14–15 ounces (400–430 g) </td> <td>410 - 460 grams </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2">480-500 grams </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pressure </th> <td>8.5–15.6 pounds per square inch (59–108 kPa) </td> <td>0.4–0.6 standard atmospheres (41–61 kPa) </td> <td>0.6–0.9 standard atmospheres (61–91 kPa) </td> <td colspan="4">12.5–13.5 pounds per square inch (86–93 kPa) </td> <td>9.5–10 pounds per square inch (66–69 kPa) </td> <td> </td> <td>69 kilopascals </td> <td colspan="2">9–10 pounds per square inch (62–69 kPa) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bounce </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>50-65 centimetres when dropped from 2 metres </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2">0.5222-0.576 <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_restitution" title="Coefficient of restitution">e</a> when dropped from 1.8 metres </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Equipment </th> <th>Non protective </th> <td>Shirt with sleeves, shorts, socks, footwear </td> <td>Shirt with sleeves, shorts, no footwear allowed </td> <td>Shirt with sleeves, shorts, socks, footwear </td> <td>Jersey, pants, socks </td> <td>Jersey, shorts or pants, flag belts </td> <td colspan="2">Jersey, pants, socks, footwear </td> <td colspan="2">Shirt, shorts, socks, footwear </td> <td>Sleeveless shirt, shorts, socks, footwear </td> <td colspan="2">Shirt with sleeves, shorts, socks, footwear </td></tr> <tr> <th>Protective gear </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_guard" title="Shin guard">Shin guards</a> </td> <td>None </td> <td>Shin guards </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Football_helmet" title="Football helmet">Helmet</a>, hip pads, knee pads, <a href="/wiki/Mouthguard" title="Mouthguard">mouthguard</a>, shoulder pads, thigh guards </td> <td>Mouthguard (recommended) </td> <td colspan="2">Helmet, hip pads, knee pads, mouthguard, shoulder pads, thigh guards </td> <td colspan="2">Optional (headgear, padded clothes, mouthguard, shin guards, goggles) </td> <td colspan="2">helmet, knee braces, shoulder pads, back supports, arm guards </td> <td>Mouthguard </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Players </th> <th>Number<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>11 </td> <td colspan="2">5 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>18 </td> <td colspan="2">15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Goalkeeper </th> <td colspan="3">Yes </td> <td colspan="4">No </td> <td colspan="2">No </td> <td>No </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Time </th> <th>Duration </th> <td>2 × 45 minutes </td> <td>3 × 12 minutes </td> <td>2 × 20 minutes </td> <td>4 × 15 minutes </td> <td>2 × 20 minutes </td> <td colspan="2">4 × 15 minutes </td> <td colspan="2">2 × 40 minutes </td> <td>4 × 20 minutes </td> <td>4 × 18 minutes </td> <td>2 × 35 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <th>Clock stoppage </th> <td>No </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td> <td colspan="4">Yes </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kick_(football)" title="Kick (football)">Kicking</a> </th> <th>Type of kicks </th> <td colspan="3">Off the ground, bicycle, placed, dribbling </td> <td>Placed, punt </td> <td rowspan="2">None </td> <td>Placed </td> <td>Placed, punt </td> <td colspan="2">Off the ground, grubber, dropped, bomb, punt, placed </td> <td colspan="2">Off the ground, grubber, bomb, punt </td> <td>Off the ground, grubber, bomb, dropped, punt, bicycle </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kickoff </th> <td colspan="3">Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td> <td colspan="3">No </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Use of hands </th> <td colspan="2">Only goalkeeper, but all in throw-in </td> <td>Only goalkeeper </td> <td colspan="4">Yes </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td> <td colspan="3">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Forward pass </th> <td colspan="3">Yes </td> <td colspan="4">Yes </td> <td colspan="2">No </td> <td colspan="3">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Offside_(sport)" title="Offside (sport)">Offside</a> rule </th> <td>Yes </td> <td colspan="2">No </td> <td colspan="4">Yes </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td> <td colspan="3">No </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Type of <a href="/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)" title="Tackle (football move)">tackles</a> </th> <td colspan="3">Sliding </td> <td>Spear, dump, body tackle, ankle tap, diving, bumping, shoulder charge, intercept ball, chicken wig </td> <td>None </td> <td colspan="2">Spear, dump, body tackle, ankle tap, diving, bumping, shoulder charge, intercept ball, chicken wig </td> <td colspan="2">Dump, body tackle, ankle tap, diving, charge down </td> <td colspan="2">Dump, diving, bumping, intercept ball, spoil, shepherd, smother </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Score </th> <td colspan="3">Goal 1 </td> <td>Touchdown 6, Field goal 3, try 1 or 2, Safety 2 </td> <td>Touchdown 6, try 1 or 2, safety 2, defense touchdown on a try 2 </td> <td>Touchdown 6, Field goal 3 or 4 (drop kick), try 1 or 2, Safety 2, defense touchdown on a try 2, Rouge 1, Deuce 2 </td> <td>Touchdown 6, Field goal 3, Convert 1 or 2, Safety 2, Single 1 </td> <td>Try 5, Conversion 2, Penalty 3, Drop goal 3 </td> <td>Try 4, Conversion 2, Penalty 2, Drop goal 1 </td> <td>Goal 6, behind 1 </td> <td>Goal 6, over 3, behind 1 </td> <td>Goal 3, over 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Tournaments </th> <th>World nation championship </th> <td colspan="3">Yes </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td> <td colspan="2">No </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>No (only Australia vs Ireland) </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Olympic </th> <td>Yes </td> <td colspan="2">No </td> <td>No </td> <td>2028 </td> <td colspan="2">No </td> <td>1900,1908,1920,1924 (<a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">sevens</a> since 2016) </td> <td>No </td> <td colspan="3">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Professional leagues </th> <td colspan="3">Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>No </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td> <td colspan="2">Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>No </td> <td>No (strictly amateur) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association">Association</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Variants_of_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Variants of association football">Variants of association football</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indoor_Soccer_Game_in_Mexico.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Indoor_Soccer_Game_in_Mexico.JPG/220px-Indoor_Soccer_Game_in_Mexico.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Indoor_Soccer_Game_in_Mexico.JPG/330px-Indoor_Soccer_Game_in_Mexico.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Indoor_Soccer_Game_in_Mexico.JPG/440px-Indoor_Soccer_Game_in_Mexico.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">indoor soccer</a> game at an open-air venue in Mexico. The <a href="/wiki/Referee" title="Referee">referee</a> has just awarded the red team a free kick.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_(Venezia,_1960)_-_BEIC_6328452.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1960%29_-_BEIC_6328452.jpg/220px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1960%29_-_BEIC_6328452.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1960%29_-_BEIC_6328452.jpg/330px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1960%29_-_BEIC_6328452.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1960%29_-_BEIC_6328452.jpg/440px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1960%29_-_BEIC_6328452.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Street football, Venice (1960)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YBF_2010_-_naisten_sarja_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/YBF_2010_-_naisten_sarja_1.jpg/220px-YBF_2010_-_naisten_sarja_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/YBF_2010_-_naisten_sarja_1.jpg/330px-YBF_2010_-_naisten_sarja_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/YBF_2010_-_naisten_sarja_1.jpg/440px-YBF_2010_-_naisten_sarja_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Women's <a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">beach soccer</a> game at YBF 2010 in <a href="/wiki/Yyteri_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Yyteri Beach">Yyteri Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p><i>These codes have in common the prohibition of the use of hands (by all players except the goalkeeper, though outfield players can "throw-in" the ball when it goes out of play), unlike other codes where carrying or handling the ball by all players is allowed</i> </p> <ul><li>Association football, also known as <i>football</i>, <i>soccer</i>, <i>footy</i> and <i>footie</i></li> <li>Indoor/basketball court variants: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-a-side_football" title="Five-a-side football">Five-a-side football</a> – game for smaller teams, played under various rules including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a> – the <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>-approved five-a-side indoor game</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minivoetbal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minivoetbal (page does not exist)">Minivoetbal</a> – the five-a-side indoor game played in East and West <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> where it is extremely popular</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papi_fut" title="Papi fut">Papi fut</a> – the five-a-side game played in outdoor basketball courts (built with goals) in Central America.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor soccer</a> – the six-a-side indoor game, the Latin American variant (<i>fútbol rápido</i>, "fast football") is often played in open-air venues</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_Football" title="Masters Football">Masters Football</a> – six-a-side played in Europe by mature professionals (35 years and older)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_football" title="Paralympic football">Paralympic football</a> – modified game for athletes with a disability.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Includes: <ul><li>Football 5-a-side – for <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">visually impaired</a> athletes</li> <li>Football 7-a-side – for athletes with <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a></li> <li>Amputee football – for athletes with <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputations</a></li> <li>Deaf football – for athletes with <a href="/wiki/Hearing_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing impairment">hearing impairments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerchair_football" title="Powerchair football">Powerchair football</a> – for athletes in electric wheelchairs</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">Beach soccer</a>, beach football or sand soccer – variant modified for play on sand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">Street football</a> – encompasses a number of informal variants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_goalie" title="Rush goalie">Rush goalie</a> – a variation in which the role of the goalkeeper is more flexible than normal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab football">Crab football</a> – players stand on their hands and feet and move around on their backs whilst playing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamp soccer">Swamp soccer</a> – the game as played on a <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog</a> field</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorkyball" title="Jorkyball">Jorkyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_football" title="Walking football">Walking football</a> – players are restricted to walking, to facilitate participation by older and less mobile players</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rushball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rushball (page does not exist)">Rushball</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby">Rugby</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiji_vs_Wales_CG_Melbourne_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fiji_vs_Wales_CG_Melbourne_2006.jpg/220px-Fiji_vs_Wales_CG_Melbourne_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fiji_vs_Wales_CG_Melbourne_2006.jpg/330px-Fiji_vs_Wales_CG_Melbourne_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fiji_vs_Wales_CG_Melbourne_2006.jpg/440px-Fiji_vs_Wales_CG_Melbourne_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team" title="Fiji national rugby union team">Fiji</a> v <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team" title="Wales national rugby union team">Wales</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006 Commonwealth Games</a> in Melbourne</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg/220px-Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg/330px-Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg/440px-Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Griffins RFC Kotka, the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> team from <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, Finland, playing in the Rugby-7 Tournament in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p><i>These codes have in common the ability of players to carry the ball with their hands, and to throw it to teammates, unlike association football where the use of hands during play is prohibited by anyone except the goalkeeper. They also feature various methods of scoring based upon whether the ball is carried into the goal area, or kicked above the goalposts.</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">Mini rugby</a> a variety for children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">Rugby tens</a> – variants for teams of reduced size.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> – often referred to simply as "league", and usually known simply as "football" or "footy" in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(sport)" title="Touch (sport)">Touch</a>, non-contact</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">Rugby league sevens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">Rugby league nines</a> – variants for teams of reduced size.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">Beach rugby</a> – rugby played on sand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">Touch rugby</a> – generic name for forms of rugby football which do not feature tackles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Rugby">Tag Rugby</a> – non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> – called "football" in the United States and Canada, and "gridiron" in Australia and New Zealand. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">Nine-man football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">eight-man football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">six-man football</a> – variants played primarily by smaller high schools that lack enough players to field full teams.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(American)" title="Street football (American)">Street football</a>/backyard football – played without equipment or official fields and with simplified rules</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a> – non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch football</a> – non-tackle variants</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> – called simply "football" in Canada; "football" in Canada can mean either Canadian or American football depending on context. All of the variants listed for American football are also attested for Canadian football.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">Indoor football</a> – indoor variants, particularly <a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">arena football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair football</a> – variant adapted to play by athletes with <a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">physical disabilities</a></li></ul></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Comparison of rugby league and rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of American football and rugby league">Comparison of American football and rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">Comparison of American football and rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby league">Comparison of Canadian football and rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union">Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaelic_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Gaelic football and rugby union">Comparison of Gaelic football and rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_association_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of association football and rugby union">Comparison of association football and rugby union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">Comparison of American and Canadian football</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_and_Australian">Irish and Australian</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_possession_(2),_Aus_v_Ire_2005_(59309368)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/310px-Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/465px-Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/620px-Irish_possession_%282%29%2C_Aus_v_Ire_2005_%2859309368%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules football</a> test match from the <a href="/wiki/2005_International_Rules_Series" title="2005 International Rules Series">2005 International Rules Series</a> between Australia and Ireland at <a href="/wiki/Telstra_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Telstra Dome">Telstra Dome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p><i>These codes have in common the absence of an offside rule, the prohibition of continuous carrying of the ball (requiring a periodic bounce or solo (toe-kick), depending on the code) while running, handpassing by punching or tapping the ball rather than throwing it, and other traditions.</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> – officially known as "Australian football", and informally as "football", "footy" or "Aussie rules". In some areas it is referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">AFL</a>", the name of the main organising body and competition <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auskick" title="Auskick">Auskick</a> – a version of Australian rules designed by the AFL for young children</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_footy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro footy">Metro footy</a> (or Metro rules footy) – a modified version invented by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Australian_Football_League" title="United States Australian Football League">USAFL</a>, for use on <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron</a> fields in North American cities (which often lack grounds large enough for conventional Australian rules matches)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick-to-kick" title="Kick-to-kick">Kick-to-kick</a> – informal versions of the game</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-a-side_footy" class="mw-redirect" title="9-a-side footy">9-a-side footy</a> – a more open, running variety of Australian rules, requiring 18 players in total and a proportionally smaller playing area (includes contact and non-contact varieties)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec_footy" title="Rec footy">Rec footy</a> – "Recreational Football", a modified non-contact variation of Australian rules, created by the AFL, which replaces tackles with tags</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_Aussie_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch Aussie Rules">Touch Aussie Rules</a> – a non-tackle variation of Australian Rules played only in the United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a> – localised version adapted to Samoan conditions, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a> fields</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_Australian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Masters Australian football">Masters Australian football</a> (a.k.a. <i>Superules</i>) – reduced contact version introduced for competitions limited to players over 30 years of age</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Australian_rules_football" title="Women's Australian rules football">Women's Australian rules football</a> – women's competition played with a smaller ball and (sometimes) reduced contact</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> – Played predominantly in Ireland. Commonly referred to as "football" or "Gaelic" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies_Gaelic_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladies Gaelic football">Ladies Gaelic football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules football</a> – a compromise code used for international representative matches between Australian rules football players and Gaelic football players</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Australian_rules_football_and_Gaelic_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Australian rules football and Gaelic football">Comparison of Australian rules football and Gaelic football</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_and_hybrid">Recent and hybrid</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keepie_uppie" title="Keepie uppie">Keepie uppie</a> (keep up) – the art of juggling with a football using the feet, knees, chest, shoulders, and head. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footbag" class="mw-redirect" title="Footbag">Footbag</a> – several variations using a small bean bag or sand bag as a ball, the trade marked term <a href="/wiki/Hacky_sack" title="Hacky sack">hacky sack</a> is sometimes used as a generic synonym.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_football" title="Freestyle football">Freestyle football</a> – participants are graded for their entertainment value and expression of skill.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Association_2">Association</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_sided_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Three sided football">Three sided football</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triskelion_(sport)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triskelion (sport) (page does not exist)">Triskelion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rugby_2">Rugby</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forceback" title="Forceback">Forceback</a> a.k.a. <b>forcing back</b>, <b>forcemanback</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid">Hybrid</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">Austus</a> – a compromise between Australian rules and <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, invented in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> during World War II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(American_ball_game)" title="Speedball (American ball game)">Speedball</a> – a combination of American football, soccer, and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, devised in the United States in 1912.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_football" title="Universal football">Universal football</a> – a hybrid of Australian rules and rugby league, trialled in Sydney in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volata" title="Volata">Volata</a> – a game resembling association football and <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">European handball</a>, devised by <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascist</a> leader, <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Turati" title="Augusto Turati">Augusto Turati</a>, in the 1920s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair rugby</a> – also known as <b>Murderball</b>, invented in Canada in 1977. Based on <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> rather than rugby.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a> – played in a pool, and the ball can only be played when underwater. The ball can be carried as in rugby.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_soccer" title="Roller soccer">Roller soccer</a>, a version of association football played on skates.</li></ul> <p>More distant sports: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_ball" title="Cycle ball">Cycle ball</a> – a sport similar to association football played on bicycles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoball" title="Motoball">Motoball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_sport" title="Motorcycle sport">motorcycle team sport</a> similar to association Football.</li> <li>The hockey game <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a> has rules partly based on the association football rules and is sometimes nicknamed as 'winter football'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Non_goal_sports">Non goal sports</h5></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Net_and_wall_games" title="Net and wall games">Net and wall sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bossaball" title="Bossaball">Bossaball</a> – mixes association football and <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>; played on inflatables and <a href="/wiki/Trampoline" title="Trampoline">trampolines</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_tennis" title="Football tennis">Football tennis</a> – mixes association football and tennis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footvolley" title="Footvolley">Footvolley</a> – mixes association football and beach volleyball; played on sand.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Although similar to football and volleyball in some aspects, <a href="/wiki/Sepak_takraw" title="Sepak takraw">Sepak takraw</a> has ancient origins and cannot be considered a hybrid game. </p> <ul><li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footgolf" title="Footgolf">Footgolf</a> – <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> played by kicking an association football.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickball" title="Kickball">Kickball</a> – a hybrid of association football and baseball, invented in the United States about 1942.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_codes_still_played">Historical codes still played</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval">Medieval</h4></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a></i> – a modern revival of Renaissance football from 16th century <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Soule" class="mw-redirect" title="La Soule">la Soule</a></i> – a modern revival of French medieval football</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">lelo burti</a></i> – a Georgian traditional football game</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Britain">Britain</h5></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Haxey_Hood" title="Haxey Hood">Haxey Hood</a>, played on <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphany (feast)">Epiphany</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haxey" title="Haxey">Haxey</a>, Lincolnshire</li> <li>Shrove Tuesday games <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scoring_the_Hales" title="Scoring the Hales">Scoring the Hales</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alnwick" title="Alnwick">Alnwick</a>, Northumberland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shrovetide_Football" title="Royal Shrovetide Football">Royal Shrovetide Football</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ashbourne,_Derbyshire" title="Ashbourne, Derbyshire">Ashbourne, Derbyshire</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Atherstone#Shrovetide_Ball_Game" title="Atherstone">Shrovetide Ball Game</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atherstone" title="Atherstone">Atherstone</a>, Warwickshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shrove_Tuesday_Football_Ceremony_of_the_Purbeck_Marblers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers">The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle_(village)" title="Corfe Castle (village)">Corfe Castle, Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling_the_Silver_Ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurling the Silver Ball">Hurling the Silver Ball</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Columb_Major" title="St Columb Major">St Columb Major</a> in Cornwall</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sedgefield_Ball_Game" title="Sedgefield Ball Game">Ball Game</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sedgefield" title="Sedgefield">Sedgefield</a>, County Durham</li></ul></li> <li>In Scotland the <a href="/wiki/Ba_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba game">Ba game</a> ("Ball Game") is still popular around Christmas and <a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a> at: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duns,_Scottish_Borders" title="Duns, Scottish Borders">Duns</a>, Berwickshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scone,_Perthshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Scone, Perthshire">Scone, Perthshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> Islands</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_schools">British schools</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RendallsHarrowFootball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/RendallsHarrowFootball.jpg/220px-RendallsHarrowFootball.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/RendallsHarrowFootball.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harrow_football" title="Harrow football">Harrow football</a> players after a game at <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2005</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Games still played at UK <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a> (<a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">private</a>) schools: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eton_field_game" title="Eton field game">Eton field game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_wall_game" title="Eton wall game">Eton wall game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_football" title="Harrow football">Harrow football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_College_football" title="Winchester College football">Winchester College football</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabletop_games,_video_games,_and_other_recreations"><span id="Tabletop_games.2C_video_games.2C_and_other_recreations"></span>Tabletop games, video games, and other recreations</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Based_on_association_football">Based on association football</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blow_football" title="Blow football">Blow football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button_football" title="Button football">Button football</a> – also known as <b>Futebol de Mesa</b>, <b>Jogo de Botões</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy football (soccer)">Fantasy football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFA_Video_Games_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA Video Games Series">FIFA Video Games Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lego_Sports#Soccer/Football_(2000–2006)" title="Lego Sports">Lego Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_sports_games#Mario_Strikers_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mario sports games"><i>Mario Strikers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_football" title="Penny football">Penny football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Evolution_Soccer_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro Evolution Soccer (series)"><i>Pro Evolution Soccer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbuteo" title="Subbuteo">Subbuteo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_football" title="Table football">Table football</a> – also known as <b>foosball</b>, <b>table soccer</b>, <b>babyfoot</b>, <b>bar football</b> or <b>gettone</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Based_on_American_football">Based on American football</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Bowl" title="Blood Bowl">Blood Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_football_(American)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy football (American)">Fantasy football (American)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madden_NFL" title="Madden NFL">Madden NFL</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_football" title="Paper football">Paper football</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Based_on_Australian_football">Based on Australian football</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL_(video_game_series)" title="AFL (video game series)">AFL video game series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AFL_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of AFL video games">List of AFL video games</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Based_on_rugby_league_football">Based on rugby league football</h4></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League_(video_game)" title="Australian Rugby League (video game)">Australian Rugby League</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidhe_(game_developer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidhe (game developer)">Sidhe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_(video_game_series)" title="Rugby League (video game series)"><i>Rugby League</i> series</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_3" title="Rugby League 3">Rugby League 3</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReillyGilbourne2003" class="citation journal cs1">Reilly, Thomas; Gilbourne, D. 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Etymology Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163935/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=football&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Football&rft.pub=Etymology+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dfootball%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626145855/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/fa-cup/biography/history-of-football">"History of Football – The FA Cup – Icons of England"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/fa-cup/biography/history-of-football">the original</a> on 26 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Football+%E2%80%93+The+FA+Cup+%E2%80%93+Icons+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icons.org.uk%2Ftheicons%2Fcollection%2Ffa-cup%2Fbiography%2Fhistory-of-football&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/sports">"Sports"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417001059/https://www.britannica.com/sports/sports">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2Fsports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIFA.com" class="citation web cs1">FIFA.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028084304/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/the-game/index.html">"History of Football – The Origins"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/the-game/index.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Football+%E2%80%93+The+Origins&rft.au=FIFA.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fabout-fifa%2Fwho-we-are%2Fthe-game%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiossosSotiropoulosSouglisDafopoulou2011" class="citation journal cs1">Giossos, Yiannis; Sotiropoulos, Aristomenis; Souglis, Athanasios; Dafopoulou, Georgia (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bjha.2011.3.issue-2/v10131-011-0013-5/v10131-011-0013-5.pdf">"Reconsidering on the Early Types of Football"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity</i>. <b>3</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10131-011-0013-5">10.2478/v10131-011-0013-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55758320">55758320</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706162455/https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bjha.2011.3.issue-2/v10131-011-0013-5/v10131-011-0013-5.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltic+Journal+of+Health+and+Physical+Activity&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+on+the+Early+Types+of+Football&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fv10131-011-0013-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55758320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Giossos&rft.aufirst=Yiannis&rft.au=Sotiropoulos%2C+Aristomenis&rft.au=Souglis%2C+Athanasios&rft.au=Dafopoulou%2C+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fj%2Fbjha.2011.3.issue-2%2Fv10131-011-0013-5%2Fv10131-011-0013-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/blog-stories/editorial/origins-cuju-in-china/">"Cuju"</a>. <i>Fifa Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fifa+Museum&rft.atitle=Cuju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifamuseum.com%2Fen%2Fblog-stories%2Feditorial%2Forigins-cuju-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawaii-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hawaii_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttmannThompson2001" class="citation book cs1">Guttmann, Allen; Thompson, Lee Austin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbOau1trIMMC&pg=PA34"><i>Japanese sports: a history</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2464-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2464-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-2464-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180522/https://books.google.com/books?id=lbOau1trIMMC&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+sports%3A+a+history&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2464-8&rft.aulast=Guttmann&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Lee+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlbOau1trIMMC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Lin (2018). "Chinese Ju and World Football". <i>Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research</i>. <b>120</b>: <span class="nowrap">276–</span>281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Social+Science%2C+Education+and+Humanities+Research&rft.atitle=Chinese+Ju+and+World+Football&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29pi%2Fskuros">ἐπίσκυρος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512065946/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29pi%2Fskuros">Archived</a> 12 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007 Edition: "In ancient Greece a game with elements of football, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">episkuros</i></span>, or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">harpaston</i></span>, was played, and it had migrated to Rome as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">harpastum</i></span> by the 2nd century BC".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfaini%2Fnda^">φαινίνδα</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703081521/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfaini%2Fnda%5E">Archived</a> 3 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Wilson, <i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</i>, Routledge, 2005, p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel M. Kennell, <i>The Gymnasium of Virtue: Education and Culture in Ancient Sparta (Studies in the History of Greece and Rome)</i>, The University of North Carolina Press, 1995, on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_eAP7wN5XUC&dq=episkuros+rugby&pg=PA61">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205233056/https://books.google.com/books?id=u_eAP7wN5XUC&pg=PA61&dq=episkuros+rugby&cd=16#v=onepage&q=episkuros%20rugby&f=false">Archived</a> 5 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Craig, <i>Sports and Games of the Ancients: (Sports and Games Through History)</i>, Greenwood, 2002, on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KKlSSRq-P2QC&dq=phaininda+rugby&pg=PA104">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206085821/https://books.google.com/books?id=KKlSSRq-P2QC&pg=PA104&dq=phaininda+rugby&cd=2#v=onepage&q=phaininda%20rugby&f=false">Archived</a> 6 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don Nardo, <i>Greek and Roman Sport</i>, Greenhaven Press, 1999, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sally E. D. Wilkins, <i>Sports and games of medieval cultures</i>, Greenwood, 2002, on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IyFHvy-SCIYC&dq=episkuros+rugby&pg=PA214">Google books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206054412/https://books.google.com/books?id=IyFHvy-SCIYC&pg=PA214&dq=episkuros+rugby&cd=2#v=onepage&q=episkuros%20rugby&f=false">Archived</a> 6 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Norman Gardiner: "Athletics in the Ancient World", Courier Dover Publications, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-42486-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-42486-3">0-486-42486-3</a>, p.229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Smith: "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities", 1857, p. 777</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIFA.com2013" class="citation web cs1">FIFA.com (8 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701012335/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/rivalries/newsid=2026693/index.html">"A gripping Greek derby"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/rivalries/newsid=2026693/index.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+gripping+Greek+derby&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft.au=FIFA.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fclassicfootball%2Fclubs%2Frivalries%2Fnewsid%3D2026693%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Hakluyt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/h/hakluyt/northwest/chapter8.html">Voyages in Search of The North-West Passage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012191427/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/h/hakluyt/northwest/chapter8.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a></i>, 29 December 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Uluslararası Türk Kültürü Kongresi Bildirileri</i>. Vol. 6. Atatürk Kültür Merkezi. 2009. p. 2128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uluslararas%C4%B1+T%C3%BCrk+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC+Kongresi+Bildirileri&rft.pages=2128&rft.pub=Atat%C3%BCrk+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Merkezi&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nennius-full.asp"><i>Historia Brittonum</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309124458/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nennius-full.asp">Archived</a> 9 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Sourcebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Sourcebook">Medieval Sourcebook</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuff2001" class="citation book cs1">Ruff, Julius (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5SAfnqQ93sC"><i>Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500–1800</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59894-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59894-1"><bdi>978-0-521-59894-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180450/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5SAfnqQ93sC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+in+Early+Modern+Europe+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59894-1&rft.aulast=Ruff&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5SAfnqQ93sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jules_Jusserand" title="Jean Jules Jusserand">Jusserand, Jean-Jules</a>. (1901). <i>Le sport et les jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France.</i> Retrieved 11 January 2008, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Football--Le_sport_et_les_jeux_dexercice_dans_lancienne_France__La_soule_par_Jean-Jules_Jusserand">http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Football--Le_sport_et_les_jeux_dexercice_dans_lancienne_France__La_soule_par_Jean-Jules_Jusserand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207055012/http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Football--Le_sport_et_les_jeux_dexercice_dans_lancienne_France__La_soule_par_Jean-Jules_Jusserand">Archived</a> 7 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, Eric (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportmatterssoci00dunn_562"><i>Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportmatterssoci00dunn_562/page/n99">89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09378-1"><bdi>978-0-415-09378-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+Matters%3A+Sociological+Studies+of+Sport%2C+Violence+and+Civilisation&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09378-1&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsportmatterssoci00dunn_562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sportmatters-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sportmatters_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sportmatters_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, Eric (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportmatterssoci00dunn_506"><i>Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportmatterssoci00dunn_506/page/n98">88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09378-1"><bdi>978-0-415-09378-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+Matters%3A+Sociological+Studies+of+Sport%2C+Violence+and+Civilisation&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09378-1&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsportmatterssoci00dunn_506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1988" class="citation book cs1">Baker, William (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkuAiv3LoR4C"><i>Sports in the Western World</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06042-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06042-7"><bdi>978-0-252-06042-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180457/https://books.google.com/books?id=rkuAiv3LoR4C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+in+the+Western+World&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06042-7&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkuAiv3LoR4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Alsford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/florilegium/introduction/intro01.html#p25">FitzStephen's Description of London</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040322230739/http://www.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/florilegium/introduction/intro01.html#p25">Archived</a> 22 March 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Florilegium Urbanum</i>, 5 April 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magoun-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magoun_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magoun_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magoun_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magoun_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magoun_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Peabody Magoun, 1929, "Football in Medieval England and Middle-English literature" (<i>The American Historical Review</i>, v. 35, No. 1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729154246/http://www.carlow-nationalist.ie/tabId/392/itemId/2418/Irish-inventions-fact-and-fiction.aspx">"Irish inventions: fact and fiction"</a>. Carlow-nationalist.ie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlow-nationalist.ie/tabId/392/itemId/2418/Irish-inventions-fact-and-fiction.aspx">the original</a> on 29 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+inventions%3A+fact+and+fiction&rft.pub=Carlow-nationalist.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlow-nationalist.ie%2FtabId%2F392%2FitemId%2F2418%2FIrish-inventions-fact-and-fiction.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Birley (Sport and The Making of Britain). 1993. Manchester University Press. p. 32. 978-0719037597</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Baker (England in the Later Middle Ages). 1995. Boydell & Brewer. p. 187. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-648-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-648-4">978-0-85115-648-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymology-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Etymology_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etymology_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=football">"Online Etymology Dictionary (no date), "football"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628050902/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=football">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary+%28no+date%29%2C+%22football%22&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dfootball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1150460,00.html">Vivek Chaudhary, "Who's the fat bloke in the number eight shirt?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209222550/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1150460,00.html">Archived</a> 9 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 18 February 2004.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anniina Jokinen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/editions/sidneydialogue.htm">Sir Philip Sidney. "A Dialogue Between Two Shepherds"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929144303/http://www.luminarium.org/editions/sidneydialogue.htm">Archived</a> 29 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i>Luminarium.org</i>, July 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard" class="citation web cs1">Richard, Carew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/srvcr10.txt">"EBook of The Survey of Cornwall"</a>. Project Gutenberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070929134358/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/srvcr10.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EBook+of+The+Survey+of+Cornwall&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Carew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fdirs%2Fetext06%2Fsrvcr10.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.it/20170622/what-is-florences-calcio-storico-the-strange-history-of-the-worlds-most-violent-sport">"Everything you need to know about Calcio Storico, Italy's most violent tradition"</a>. <i>The Local Italy</i>. 22 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831052832/https://www.thelocal.it/20170622/what-is-florences-calcio-storico-the-strange-history-of-the-worlds-most-violent-sport/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local+Italy&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+Calcio+Storico%2C+Italy%27s+most+violent+tradition&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.it%2F20170622%2Fwhat-is-florences-calcio-storico-the-strange-history-of-the-worlds-most-violent-sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_Football_and_Europe-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Women_Football_and_Europe_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMageeCaudwellListonScraton2007" class="citation book cs1">Magee, Jonathan; Caudwell, Jayne; Liston, Kate; Scraton, Sheila, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yo2ZnpOQc7AC"><i>Women, Football and Europe: Histories, Equity and Experience</i></a>. International Football Institute Series. Vol. 1. Meyer & Meyer Sport. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84126-225-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84126-225-3"><bdi>978-1-84126-225-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180441/https://books.google.com/books?id=yo2ZnpOQc7AC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Football+and+Europe%3A+Histories%2C+Equity+and+Experience&rft.series=International+Football+Institute+Series&rft.pub=Meyer+%26+Meyer+Sport&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84126-225-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyo2ZnpOQc7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PFRA1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PFRA1_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFRA1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFRA1_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFRA1_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFRA1_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFRA1_51-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611173624/https://www.profootballresearchers.org/Articles/No_Christian_End.pdf">"No Christian End!"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journey to Camp: The Origins of American Football to 1889</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Journey+to+Camp%3A+The+Origins+of+American+Football+to+1889&rft.atitle=No+Christian+End%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.org%2FArticles%2FNo_Christian_End.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODF-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODF_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODF_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2006" class="citation web cs1">Meacham, Scott (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmo.com/football/Football_Meacham.pdf">"Old Division Football, The Indigenous Mob Soccer Of Dartmouth College (pdf)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. dartmo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616030436/http://www.dartmo.com/football/Football_Meacham.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Division+Football%2C+The+Indigenous+Mob+Soccer+Of+Dartmouth+College+%28pdf%29&rft.pub=dartmo.com&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmo.com%2Ffootball%2FFootball_Meacham.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1969" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Guy M. (1969). "Teddy Roosevelt's Role in the 1905 Football Controversy". <i>The Research Quarterly</i>. <b>40</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">717–</span>724. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4903389">4903389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Research+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Teddy+Roosevelt%27s+Role+in+the+1905+Football+Controversy&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E717-%3C%2Fspan%3E724&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4903389&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Guy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A history of Winchester College. by Arthur F Leach. Duckworth, 1899 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4446-5884-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4446-5884-0">1-4446-5884-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415061949/http://www.footballnetwork.org/dev/historyoffootball/history8_18_3.asp">"2003, "Richard Mulcaster"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Footballnetwork.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footballnetwork.org/dev/historyoffootball/history8_18_3.asp">the original</a> on 15 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2003%2C+%22Richard+Mulcaster%22&rft.pub=Footballnetwork.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footballnetwork.org%2Fdev%2Fhistoryoffootball%2Fhistory8_18_3.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Peabody Magoun. (1938) History of football from the beginnings to 1871. p.27. Retrieved 2010-02-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley2015" class="citation book cs1">Rowley, Christopher (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmBoCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Shared Origins of Football, Rugby, and Soccer</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4619-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4619-5"><bdi>978-1-4422-4619-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180441/https://books.google.com/books?id=HmBoCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shared+Origins+of+Football%2C+Rugby%2C+and+Soccer&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4619-5&rft.aulast=Rowley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmBoCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillughby2003" class="citation book cs1">Willughby, Francis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-io9DcBllkC&q=willughby+book+of+sports&pg=PA168"><i>Francis Willughby, 1660–72, </i>Book of Games<i><span></span></i></a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85928-460-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85928-460-5"><bdi>978-1-85928-460-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180454/https://books.google.com/books?id=P-io9DcBllkC&q=willughby+book+of+sports&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Willughby%2C+1660%E2%80%9372%2C+Book+of+Games&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85928-460-5&rft.aulast=Willughby&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-io9DcBllkC%26q%3Dwillughby%2Bbook%2Bof%2Bsports%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/Fpublic.htm">"Football in Public Schools"</a>. <i>Spartacus Educational</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517120812/https://spartacus-educational.com/Fpublic.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Football+in+Public+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FFpublic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmerson" class="citation web cs1">Emmerson, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7298549">"Analyse the role of the public schools in the development of sport in the nineteenth century"</a>. <i>Academia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812195337/https://www.academia.edu/7298549">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=Analyse+the+role+of+the+public+schools+in+the+development+of+sport+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.aulast=Emmerson&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7298549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carosi-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carosi_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carosi_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenaston.org/download/KenAstonRefereeSociety/offside_history-JulianCarosi.pdf">"Julian Carosi, 2006, "The History of Offside"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502105003/http://www.kenaston.org/download/KenAstonRefereeSociety/offside_history-JulianCarosi.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Julian+Carosi%2C+2006%2C+%22The+History+of+Offside%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenaston.org%2Fdownload%2FKenAstonRefereeSociety%2Foffside_history-JulianCarosi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_William_Cox_2002_243-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_William_Cox_2002_243_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_William_Cox_2002_243_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxRussellVamplew2002" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Richard William; Russell, Dave; Vamplew, Wray (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKbb02bg6zYC"><i>Encyclopedia of British Football</i></a>. Routledge. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5249-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5249-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-5249-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325125959/https://books.google.com/books?id=JKbb02bg6zYC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+British+Football&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5249-8&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Richard+William&rft.au=Russell%2C+Dave&rft.au=Vamplew%2C+Wray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKbb02bg6zYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">example of ball handling in early football from English writer <a href="/wiki/William_Hone" title="William Hone">William Hone</a>, writing in 1825 or 1826, quotes the social commentator Sir <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Morton_Eden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Morton Eden">Frederick Morton Eden</a>, regarding "Foot-Ball", as played at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone, Scotland</a>, Scotland: |<i>The game was this: he who at any time got the ball into his hands, run [sic] with it till overtaken by one of the opposite part; and then, if he could shake himself loose from those on the opposite side who seized him, he run on; if not, he threw the ball from him, unless it was wrested from him by the other party</i>, but no person was allowed to kick it. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/046-february15.html">William Hone, 1825–26, <i>The Every-Day Book</i>, "February 15."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105043230/http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/046-february15.html">Archived</a> 5 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Access date: 15 March 2007.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ABC Radio National <i>Ockham's Razor</i>, first broadcast 6 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life, 7 December 1834</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_66-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_66-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_66-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_66-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_66-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Football: The First Hundred Years. The Untold Story. Adrian Harvey. 2005. Routledge, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life, 7 March 1858</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">THE SURREY CLUB Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle (London, England), Sunday, 7 October 1849; pg. 6. New Readerships</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Hope, <i>Accounts and papers of the football club kept by John Hope, WS, and some Hope Correspondence 1787–1886</i> (National Archives of Scotland, GD253/183)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nas.gov.uk-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nas.gov.uk_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nas.gov.uk_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/071112.asp">"The Foot-Ball Club in Edinburgh, 1824–1841 – The National Archives of Scotland"</a>. Government of the United Kingdom. 13 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122091234/http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/071112.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Foot-Ball+Club+in+Edinburgh%2C+1824%E2%80%931841+%E2%80%93+The+National+Archives+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nas.gov.uk%2Fabout%2F071112.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121094425/http://www.rfu.com/microsites/museum/page.aspx?section=89&sectionTitle=World%2BRugby%2BChronology">"Rugby chronology"</a>. <i>Museum of Rugby</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfu.com/microsites/museum/page.aspx?section=89&sectionTitle=World+Rugby+Chronology">the original</a> on 21 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Rugby&rft.atitle=Rugby+chronology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfu.com%2Fmicrosites%2Fmuseum%2Fpage.aspx%3Fsection%3D89%26sectionTitle%3DWorld%2BRugby%2BChronology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life, 17 February 1856</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life, 16 November 1856</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life, 21 December 1856</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life, 24 January 1858</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life, 12 December 1858</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exeter And Plymouth Gazette, 21 May 1859</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life, 13 November 1859</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life, 26 February 1860</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Orcadian, 21 July 1860</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 20 December 1860</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 24 December 1860</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricscotland.com/history/australia/melbourne.htm">"History of the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne"</a>. Electricscotland.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100922233346/http://electricscotland.com/history/australia/melbourne.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Royal+Caledonian+Society+of+Melbourne&rft.pub=Electricscotland.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electricscotland.com%2Fhistory%2Faustralia%2Fmelbourne.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soccerballworld.com/History.htm#Early">Soccer Ball World – Early History</a>. Retrieved 9 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616030554/http://www.soccerballworld.com/History.htm">Archived</a> 16 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soccerballworld.com/Oldestball.htm">soccerballworld.com, (no date) "Charles Goodyear's Soccer Ball"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061216094305/http://www.soccerballworld.com/Oldestball.htm">Archived</a> 16 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Downloaded 30/11/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/news/scottish-news/edinburgh-east-fife/scots_invented_beautiful_game_1_1121849">Scots invented beautiful game</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211033106/https://www.scotsman.com/news/scottish-news/edinburgh-east-fife/scots_invented_beautiful_game_1_1121849">Archived</a> 11 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Scotsman</i>, 14 June 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magoun, Francis Peabody (1938). History of football from the beginnings to 1871. Published by H. Pöppinghaus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle (London, England), Sunday, 13 January 1839. New Readerships</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackwood's Magazine, Published by W. Blackwood, 1862, page 563</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle (London, England), Saturday, 7 January 1865; Issue 2,229: "The Sheffield party, however, eventually took a lead, and through some scientific movements of Mr J Wild, scored a goal amid great cheering"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's life in london, 26 November 1865, issue 2275: "We cannot help recording the really scientific play with which the Sheffield men backed each other up</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2005" class="citation book cs1">Wall, Sir Frederick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGpmAAAACAAJ"><i>50 Years of Football, 1884–1934</i></a>. Soccer Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86223-116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86223-116-0"><bdi>978-1-86223-116-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180511/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGpmAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Years+of+Football%2C+1884%E2%80%931934&rft.pub=Soccer+Books+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-86223-116-0&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Sir+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGpmAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Cox, Richard (2002) The encyclopaedia of British Football, Routledge, United Kingdom]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 18 December 1869</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 5 November 1870, issue 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 18 November 1871, issue 2, 681</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 17 February 1872, issue 2694</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Derby Mercury (Derby, England), Wednesday, 20 March 1872; Issue 8226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2007" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Brendan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D9PVkQEACAAJ"><i>From Sheffield with Love</i></a>. Sports Book Limited. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899807-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899807-56-7"><bdi>978-1-899807-56-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180457/https://books.google.com/books?id=D9PVkQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sheffield+with+Love&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Sports+Book+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-899807-56-7&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD9PVkQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Association Football, chapter by CW Alcock, The English Illustrated Magazine 1891, page 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2005" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Adrian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC"><i>Football, the First Hundred Years</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 273, ref 34–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35019-8"><bdi>978-0-415-35019-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501183145/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Football%2C+the+First+Hundred+Years&rft.pages=273%2C+ref+34-119&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35019-8&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxoZ0S-GC7MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Csanadi Arpad, Hungarian coaching manual "Soccer", Corvina, Budapest 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson Jonathon, Inverting the pyramid: a History of Football Tactics, Orion, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/timeline1870s.htm">"Rugby Football History"</a>. <i>rugbyfootballhistory.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113065814/http://rugbyfootballhistory.com/timeline1870s.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rugbyfootballhistory.com&rft.atitle=Rugby+Football+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyfootballhistory.com%2Ftimeline1870s.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englandrugby.com/about-rfu/the-rfu">"RFU"</a>. <i>englandrugby.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120121829/https://www.englandrugby.com/about-rfu/the-rfu">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=englandrugby.com&rft.atitle=RFU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.englandrugby.com%2Fabout-rfu%2Fthe-rfu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2005" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Adrian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC"><i>Football: the First Hundred Years</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-35019-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-35019-0"><bdi>0-415-35019-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180443/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Football%3A+the+First+Hundred+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-35019-0&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxoZ0S-GC7MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Football,_the_First_Hundred_Years-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Football,_the_First_Hundred_Years_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2005" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Adrian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC"><i>Football, the First Hundred Years</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35019-8"><bdi>978-0-415-35019-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501183145/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Football%2C+the+First+Hundred+Years&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35019-8&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxoZ0S-GC7MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2007" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Brendan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D9PVkQEACAAJ"><i>From Sheffield with Love</i></a>. Sports Book Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899807-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899807-56-7"><bdi>978-1-899807-56-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180457/https://books.google.com/books?id=D9PVkQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sheffield+with+Love&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Sports+Book+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-899807-56-7&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD9PVkQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060625081726/http://www.mcg.org.au/default.asp?pg=footballdisplay&articleid=37">"Letter from Tom Wills"</a>. <i>MCG website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcg.org.au/default.asp?pg=footballdisplay&articleid=37">the original</a> on 25 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MCG+website&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Tom+Wills&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcg.org.au%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpg%3Dfootballdisplay%26articleid%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origins-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origins_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611104451/http://www.mcg.org.au/default.asp?pg=footballdisplay&articleid=36">"The Origins of Australian Rules Football"</a>. <i>MCG website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcg.org.au/default.asp?pg=footballdisplay&articleid=36">the original</a> on 11 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MCG+website&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Australian+Rules+Football&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcg.org.au%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpg%3Dfootballdisplay%26articleid%3D36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbinsMancini1987" class="citation book cs1">Hibbins, Gillian; Mancini, Anne (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oR3wAAAAMAAJ"><i>Running with the Ball: Football's Foster Father</i></a>. Lynedoch Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">118–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7316-0481-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7316-0481-4"><bdi>978-0-7316-0481-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180511/https://books.google.com/books?id=oR3wAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Running+with+the+Ball%3A+Football%27s+Foster+Father&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Lynedoch+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7316-0481-4&rft.aulast=Hibbins&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft.au=Mancini%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoR3wAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Shortell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clubs.rfu.com/Clubs/portals/cornwallreferees/ThoughtsforRefs6667.aspx">Hacking – a history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403122555/http://clubs.rfu.com/Clubs/portals/cornwallreferees/ThoughtsforRefs6667.aspx">Archived</a> 2008-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clubs.rfu.com/Clubs/portals/cornwallreferees/CRRSHistory6515.aspx">Cornwall Referees Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303044805/http://clubs.rfu.com/Clubs/portals/cornwallreferees/CRRSHistory6515.aspx">Archived</a> 3 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2 October 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDsoccer-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OEDsoccer_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/183733">"soccer, n"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214090707/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=84FDB32A6EA2107D8965E67670A41FB7?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F183733">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=soccer%2C+n&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F183733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllaway2001" class="citation web cs1">Allaway, Roger (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715025451/http://www.sover.net/~spectrum/oneidas.html">"Were the Oneidas playing soccer or not?"</a>. <i>The USA Soccer History Archives</i>. Dave Litterer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sover.net/~spectrum/oneidas.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+USA+Soccer+History+Archives&rft.atitle=Were+the+Oneidas+playing+soccer+or+not%3F&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Allaway&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sover.net%2F~spectrum%2Foneidas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Football_Canada_timeline-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Football_Canada_timeline_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228064050/http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp">"Canadian Football Timelines (1860– present)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Football_Canada" title="Football Canada">Football Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp">the original</a> on 28 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Football+Timelines+%281860%E2%80%93+present%29&rft.pub=Football+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footballcanada.com%2Fhistory_timeline.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1860s-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1860s_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1860s_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501160230/http://www.cfl.ca/page/his_timeline_1860">"Timeline 1860s"</a>. <i>Official Site of the Canadian Football League</i>. Canadian Football League. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfl.ca/page/his_timeline_1860">the original</a> on 1 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Site+of+the+Canadian+Football+League&rft.atitle=Timeline+1860s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfl.ca%2Fpage%2Fhis_timeline_1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histfoot-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-histfoot_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyoffootball.net/">"The History of Football"</a>. <i>The History of Sports</i>. Saperecom. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527114640/http://www.historyoffootball.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Sports&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Football&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyoffootball.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070120202924/http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/timeline/1800.htm">"1800s"</a>. <i>Rutgers Through The Years</i>. Rutgers University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/timeline/1800.htm">the original</a> on 20 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rutgers+Through+The+Years&rft.atitle=1800s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruweb.rutgers.edu%2Ftimeline%2F1800.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611173624/https://www.profootballresearchers.org/Articles/No_Christian_End.pdf">"No Christian End! The Beginnings of Football in America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Professional Football Researchers Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Articles/No_Christian_End.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Professional+Football+Researchers+Association&rft.atitle=No+Christian+End%21+The+Beginnings+of+Football+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.org%2FArticles%2FNo_Christian_End.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213001352/http://www.cfl.ca/page/his_timeline_1870">"History – CFL.ca – Official Site of the Canadian Football League"</a>. <i>CFL.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfl.ca/page/his_timeline_1870">the original</a> on 13 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CFL.ca&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+CFL.ca+%E2%80%93+Official+Site+of+the+Canadian+Football+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfl.ca%2Fpage%2Fhis_timeline_1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/212839/gridiron-football">"gridiron football (sport)"</a>. <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614053218/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/212839/gridiron-football">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=gridiron+football+%28sport%29&rft.btitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F212839%2Fgridiron-football&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PFRA2-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PFRA2_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFRA2_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFRA2_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929152206/http://profootballresearchers.org/Articles/Camp_And_Followers.pdf">"Camp and His Followers: American Football 1876–1889"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journey to Camp: The Origins of American Football to 1889</i>. Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Articles/Camp_And_Followers.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Journey+to+Camp%3A+The+Origins+of+American+Football+to+1889&rft.atitle=Camp+and+His+Followers%3A+American+Football+1876%E2%80%931889&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.org%2FArticles%2FCamp_And_Followers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1976" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Tom (1976). <i>The Pro Style: The Complete Guide to Understanding National Football League Strategy</i>. Los Angeles: National Football League Properties, Inc., Creative Services Division. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pro+Style%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+Understanding+National+Football+League+Strategy&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=National+Football+League+Properties%2C+Inc.%2C+Creative+Services+Division&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatterson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Watterson, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808041801/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/NASSH_Proceedings/NP2001/NP2001zn.pdf">"Tiny Maxwell and the Crisis of 1905: The Making of a Gridiron Myth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>College Football Historical Society</i>: <span class="nowrap">54–</span>57. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/NASSH_Proceedings/NP2001/NP2001zn.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+Football+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Tiny+Maxwell+and+the+Crisis+of+1905%3A+The+Making+of+a+Gridiron+Myth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Watterson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.la84foundation.org%2FSportsLibrary%2FNASSH_Proceedings%2FNP2001%2FNP2001zn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVancil2000" class="citation book cs1">Vancil, Mark (<i>Ed.</i>) (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j3sBAAAACAAJ"><i>ABC Sports College Football All-Time All-America Team</i></a>. New York: Hyperion Books. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6710-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6710-3"><bdi>978-0-7868-6710-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180527/https://books.google.com/books?id=j3sBAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC+Sports+College+Football+All-Time+All-America+Team&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Hyperion+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7868-6710-3&rft.aulast=Vancil&rft.aufirst=Mark+%28%27%27Ed.%27%27%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3sBAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922201718/http://greycup.cfl.ca/page/grey-cup-history-timeline-1900">"Grey Cup History Timeline 1900"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greycup.cfl.ca/page/grey-cup-history-timeline-1900">the original</a> on 22 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grey+Cup+History+Timeline+1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreycup.cfl.ca%2Fpage%2Fgrey-cup-history-timeline-1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span> History of the Grey Cup</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfl.ca/page/his_timeline_1920">CFL.ca History, Timeline, 1920</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625032212/http://www.cfl.ca/page/his_timeline_1920">Archived</a> 25 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usgaa.org/gaelic-football/">"Gaelic Football"</a>. <i>USGAA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813010033/http://usgaa.org/gaelic-football/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGAA&rft.atitle=Gaelic+Football&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusgaa.org%2Fgaelic-football%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFworldrugby.org" class="citation web cs1">worldrugby.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world.rugby/news/204311?lang=en">"IRFB Formed"</a>. <i>world.rugby</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829072301/https://www.world.rugby/news/204311?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=world.rugby&rft.atitle=IRFB+Formed&rft.au=worldrugby.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world.rugby%2Fnews%2F204311%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIFA.com-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FIFA.com_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIFA.com_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIFA.com" class="citation web cs1">FIFA.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516094922/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/history/index.html">"History of FIFA – Foundation"</a>. FIFA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/history/index.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+FIFA+%E2%80%93+Foundation&rft.pub=FIFA&rft.au=FIFA.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fabout-fifa%2Fwho-we-are%2Fhistory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100422210444/http://www.rfu.com/AboutTheRFU/History.aspx">"History of the RFU"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfu.com/AboutTheRFU/History.aspx">the original</a> on 22 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+RFU&rft.pub=Rugby+Football+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfu.com%2FAboutTheRFU%2FHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304192131/http://www.federation-soccer.qc.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=149&Itemid=34">"The governing body is the "Fédération de soccer du Québec"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Federation-soccer.qc.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federation-soccer.qc.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=149&Itemid=34">the original</a> on 4 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+governing+body+is+the+%22F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+de+soccer+du+Qu%C3%A9bec%22&rft.pub=Federation-soccer.qc.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federation-soccer.qc.ca%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D149%26Itemid%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/Soccer/Soccer-to-become-football-in-Australia/2004/12/16/1102787198357.html?from=more">Stories Soccer to become football in Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107094051/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Soccer/Soccer-to-become-football-in-Australia/2004/12/16/1102787198357.html?from=more">Archived</a> 7 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (SMH.com.au. 17 December 2004) "ASA chairman Frank Lowy said the symbolic move would bring Australia into line with the vast majority of other countries which call the sport football."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090922061544/http://www.nzsoccer.com/plugins/newsfeed.cgi?rm=content&plugin_data_id=12155">"NZ Football – The Local Name of the Global Game"</a>. NZFootball.co.nz. 27 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzsoccer.com/plugins/newsfeed.cgi?rm=content&plugin_data_id=12155">the original</a> on 22 September 2009. <q>The international game is called football and we're part of the international game so the game in New Zealand should be called football</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NZ+Football+%E2%80%93+The+Local+Name+of+the+Global+Game&rft.pub=NZFootball.co.nz&rft.date=2006-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzsoccer.com%2Fplugins%2Fnewsfeed.cgi%3Frm%3Dcontent%26plugin_data_id%3D12155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=0-1001-0-0-0&sID=12574&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=10755795&sectionID=12574">"new name & logo for Samoan football"</a>. Sportingpulse.com. 28 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011222031/http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=0-1001-0-0-0&sID=12574&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=10755795&sectionID=12574">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=new+name+%26+logo+for+Samoan+football&rft.pub=Sportingpulse.com&rft.date=2009-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportingpulse.com%2Fassoc_page.cgi%3Fclient%3D0-1001-0-0-0%26sID%3D12574%26%26news_task%3DDETAIL%26articleID%3D10755795%26sectionID%3D12574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305030123/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?view=article&id=21824%3Afootball-progress&option=com_content&Itemid=81">"Football progress in Samoa"</a>. <i>Samoa Observer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?view=article&id=21824%3Afootball-progress&option=com_content&Itemid=81">the original</a> on 5 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samoa+Observer&rft.atitle=Football+progress+in+Samoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samoaobserver.ws%2Findex.php%3Fview%3Darticle%26id%3D21824%253Afootball-progress%26option%3Dcom_content%26Itemid%3D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060915133001/http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf">"FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FIFA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIFA+Survey%3A+approximately+250+million+footballers+worldwide&rft.pub=FIFA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccess.fifa.com%2Finfoplus%2FIP-199_01E_big-count.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111225008/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/">"2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before"</a>. FIFA. 6 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/">the original</a> on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2006+FIFA+World+Cup+broadcast+wider%2C+longer+and+farther+than+ever+before&rft.pub=FIFA&rft.date=2007-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Faboutfifa%2Forganisation%2Fmarketing%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D111247%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuellerCantuVan_Camp1996" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Frederick; Cantu, Robert; Van Camp, Steven (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XG6AIHLtyaUC&q=soccer+most+popular+team+sport&pg=PA57">"Team Sports"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XG6AIHLtyaUC"><i>Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports</i></a>. Champaign: Human Kinetics. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87322-674-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87322-674-5"><bdi>978-0-87322-674-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180511/https://books.google.com/books?id=XG6AIHLtyaUC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and is an industry worth over US$400 billion world wide. 80% of this is generated in Europe, though its popularity is growing in the United States. It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s, and that number is increasing. In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Team+Sports&rft.btitle=Catastrophic+Injuries+in+High+School+and+College+Sports&rft.place=Champaign&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87322-674-5&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Cantu%2C+Robert&rft.au=Van+Camp%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXG6AIHLtyaUC%26q%3Dsoccer%2Bmost%2Bpopular%2Bteam%2Bsport%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427115738/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/mid/1508/articleId/1365/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/Default.aspx">"As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Insights & Analytics">Harris Interactive</a>. 16 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/mid/1508/articleId/1365/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 27 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+American+as+Mom%2C+Apple+Pie+and+Football%3F&rft.pub=Harris+Interactive&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrisinteractive.com%2FNewsRoom%2FHarrisPolls%2Ftabid%2F447%2Fmid%2F1508%2FarticleId%2F1365%2Fctl%2FReadCustom%2520Default%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estimated_Probability_of_Competing_in_Athletics_Beyond_the_High_School_Interscholastic_Level-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Estimated_Probability_of_Competing_in_Athletics_Beyond_the_High_School_Interscholastic_Level_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235239/http://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/Probability-of-going-pro-methodology_Update20123.pdf">"Estimated Probability of Competing in Athletics Beyond the High School Interscholastic Level"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/NCAA.org" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA.org">NCAA.org</a>. 17 September 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Is+Rugby+the+Most+Popular+Among+Students%3A+Comparison+of+US+and+UK+Student+Leagues+%26%23124%3B+Love+Rugby+League&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loverugbyleague.com%2Fpost%2Fwhere-is-rugby-the-most-popular-among-students-comparison-of-us-and-uk-student-leagues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlFuse_Explores_the_Surge_in_Sports_Participation:_Why_Teens_Play_and_Why_They_Don't_|_Business_Wire-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlFuse_Explores_the_Surge_in_Sports_Participation:_Why_Teens_Play_and_Why_They_Don't_|_Business_Wire_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180712005864/en/Fuse-Explores-the-Surge-in-Sports-Participation-Why-Teens-Play-and-Why-They-Don%E2%80%99t">"Fuse Explores the Surge in Sports Participation: Why Teens Play and Why They Don't | Business Wire"</a> (Press release). 12 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812204524/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180712005864/en/Fuse-Explores-the-Surge-in-Sports-Participation-Why-Teens-Play-and-Why-They-Don%E2%80%99t">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fuse+Explores+the+Surge+in+Sports+Participation%3A+Why+Teens+Play+and+Why+They+Don%27t+%26%23124%3B+Business+Wire&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20180712005864%2Fen%2FFuse-Explores-the-Surge-in-Sports-Participation-Why-Teens-Play-and-Why-They-Don%25E2%2580%2599t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlU.S_Rugby_Scholarships_–_U.S_Sports_Scholarships-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlU.S_Rugby_Scholarships_–_U.S_Sports_Scholarships_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ussportsscholarships.com/us-rugby-scholarships/">"U.S Rugby Scholarships – U.S Sports Scholarships"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915102108/https://www.ussportsscholarships.com/us-rugby-scholarships/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S+Rugby+Scholarships+%E2%80%93+U.S+Sports+Scholarships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussportsscholarships.com%2Fus-rugby-scholarships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/history-of-football/1869-1939/1869-first-ever-college-soccer-football-game/">First ever college soccer football game</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227085218/https://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/history-of-football/1869-1939/1869-first-ever-college-soccer-football-game/">Archived</a> December 27, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Pro Football Hall of Fame</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pittnews.com/article/39469/archives/first-college-football-game-played-at-rutgers-in-1869/">First college football game played at Rutgers in 1869</a> by Shaunna Stuck, <i>The Pitt News</i>, 20 Sep 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ussoccer.com/history/timeline">"U.S. Soccer Timeline"</a>. <i>U.S. Soccer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Soccer&rft.atitle=U.S.+Soccer+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussoccer.com%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wangerin-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wangerin_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangerin2008" class="citation book cs1">Wangerin, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/soccerinfootball0000wang"><i>Soccer in a football world : the story of America's forgotten game</i></a>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-885-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-885-2"><bdi>978-1-59213-885-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soccer+in+a+football+world+%3A+the+story+of+America%27s+forgotten+game&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-885-2&rft.aulast=Wangerin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoccerinfootball0000wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LemonSurface.html">"Lemon Surface"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Lemon+Surface&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FLemonSurface.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The minimum (or typical, if there is one) number of players per team on the field is shown.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers" class="citation web cs1">Summers, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disabilityfootball.co.uk/">"The Disability Football Directory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009213232/http://www.disabilityfootball.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Disability+Football+Directory&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disabilityfootball.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2006" class="citation web cs1">Fagan, Sean (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021081015/http://www.rl1908.com/articles/AFL.htm">"Breaking The Codes"</a>. RL1908.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rl1908.com/articles/AFL.htm">the original</a> on 21 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breaking+The+Codes&rft.pub=RL1908.com&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frl1908.com%2Farticles%2FAFL.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFootball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Football" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Football">Football</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Eisenberg, Christiane and Pierre Lanfranchi, eds. (2006): <i>Football History: International Perspectives</i>; Special Issue, <a href="/wiki/Historical_Social_Research" title="Historical Social Research">Historical Social Research</a> 31, no. 1. 312 pages.</li> <li>Green, Geoffrey (1953); <i>The History of the Football Association</i>; Naldrett Press, London.</li> <li>Mandelbaum, Michael (2004); <i>The Meaning of Sports</i>; Public Affairs, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-252-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-252-1">1-58648-252-1</a>.</li> <li>Williams, Graham (1994); <i>The Code War</i>; Yore Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874427-65-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-874427-65-8">1-874427-65-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Football_codes295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Football_codes" title="Template:Football codes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Football_codes" title="Template talk:Football codes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Football_codes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Football codes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Football_codes295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Football codes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amputee_football" title="Amputee football">Amputee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_soccer" title="Crab soccer">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-a-side_football" title="Five-a-side football">Five-a-side</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_football" title="Freestyle football">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keepie_uppie" title="Keepie uppie">Keepie uppie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hacky_sack" title="Hacky sack">Footbag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic association football">Paralympic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powerchair_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerchair Football">Powerchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorkyball" title="Jorkyball">Jorkyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_soccer" title="Roller soccer">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_goalie" title="Rush goalie">Rush goalie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_football" title="Swamp football">Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-sided_football" title="Three-sided football">Three-sided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_football" title="Walking football">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_football" title="Lightning football">Lightning football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_footy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro footy">Metro footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-a-side_footy" title="Nine-a-side footy">Nine-a-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec_footy" title="Rec footy">Rec footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_Australian_rules_football" title="Variations of Australian rules football">Variations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">Eight-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">Nine-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">Seven-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">Six-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masters_Rugby_League" title="Masters Rugby League">Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_league" title="Mod league">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">Nines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_disability_rugby_league" title="Physical disability rugby league">PD Rugby League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">Tens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(sport)" title="Touch (sport)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_rules_football" title="Circle rules football">Circle rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_football" title="Harrow football">Harrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">Lelo burti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_sports" title="List of hybrid sports">Hybrid codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">Austus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_game" title="Boston game">Boston game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_field_game" title="Eton field game">Eton field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_wall_game" title="Eton wall game">Eton wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(American_ball_game)" title="Speedball (American ball game)">Speedball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_football_(code)" title="Swedish football (code)">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_football" title="Universal football">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volata" title="Volata">Volata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules and<br /> regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_rules" title="List of gridiron football rules">Gridiron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_rules" title="American football rules">American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_league" title="Laws of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_union" title="Laws of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_rules" title="Cambridge rules">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Rules" title="Sheffield Rules">Sheffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">Caid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_public_school_football_games" title="English public school football games">English school games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkyros" title="Episkyros">Episkyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">Harpastum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_soule" title="La soule">La soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn Grook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba game">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camping_(game)" title="Camping (game)">Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_division_football" title="Old division football">Old Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shrovetide_Football" title="Royal Shrovetide Football">Royal Shrovetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppies_and_Downies" title="Uppies and Downies">Uppies and Downies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_association_football" title="History of association football">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australian_rules_football" title="History of Australian rules football">Australian rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_Canadian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of American football and Canadian football">American and Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of American football and rugby league">American and rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">American and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_association_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of association football and rugby union">Association and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby league">Canadian and rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union">Canadian and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaelic_football_and_Australian_rules_football" title="Comparison of Gaelic football and Australian rules football">Gaelic and Australian rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaelic_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Gaelic football and rugby union">Gaelic and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Rugby league and rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorabilia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_card" title="American football card">American football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_card" title="Association football card">Association football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_card" title="Australian rules football card">Australian rules football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_card" title="Rugby card">Rugby card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_ban_football_games" title="Attempts to ban football games">Attempts to ban football games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_clubs" title="Oldest football clubs">Oldest clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_competitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest football competitions">Oldest competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Team_sports199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Team_sports" title="Template:Team sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Team_sports" title="Template talk:Team sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Team_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Team sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Team_sports199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sportspeople" title="Lists of sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ball_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball sports">Ball sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion games">Invasion games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basket sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach basketball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_basketball" title="Deaf basketball">deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_basketball" title="Water basketball">water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_basketball" title="Wheelchair basketball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestoball" title="Cestoball">Cestoball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dueball" title="Dueball">Dueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">Korfball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast5_netball" title="Fast5 netball">Fast5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_netball" title="Indoor netball">indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_netball" title="Wheelchair netball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezball" title="Rezball">Rezball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringball" title="Ringball">Ringball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlamBall" title="SlamBall">SlamBall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Football</a><br />codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_football" title="Lightning football">Lightning football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_footy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro footy">Metro footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-a-side_footy" title="Nine-a-side footy">Nine-a-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec_footy" title="Rec footy">Rec footy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_rules_football" title="Circle rules football">Circle rules football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amputee_football" title="Amputee football">amputee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">beach soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_football" title="Freestyle football">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minifootball" title="Minifootball">minifootball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_football" title="Paralympic football">paralympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerchair_football" title="Powerchair football">powerchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_soccer" title="Roller soccer">roller soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socca" title="Socca">socca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">street</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">eight-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">nine-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">six-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_sports" title="List of hybrid sports">Hybrid</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">Austus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_wall_game" title="Eton wall game">Eton wall game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(American_ball_game)" title="Speedball (American ball game)">Speedball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_football_(code)" title="Swedish football (code)">Swedish football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_football" title="Universal football">Universal football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volata" title="Volata">Volata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval/historical<br />football</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27_Game" title="Ba' Game">Ba' Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">Caid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcio_storico_fiorentino" title="Calcio storico fiorentino">Calcio fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camping_(game)" title="Camping (game)">Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">Harpastum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemari" title="Kemari">Kemari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_soule" title="La soule">La soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">Lelo burti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn grook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasuckuakohowog" title="Pasuckuakohowog">Pasuckuakohowog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shrovetide_Football" title="Royal Shrovetide Football">Royal Shrovetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppies_and_Downies" title="Uppies and Downies">Uppies and downies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masters_Rugby_League" title="Masters Rugby League">masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_league" title="Mod league">mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">nines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">tens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(sport)" title="Touch (sport)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%AB-o-rahi" title="Kī-o-rahi">Kī-o-rahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jegichagi" title="Jegichagi">Jegichagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubi_lakpi" title="Yubi lakpi">Yubi lakpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stick-and-ball<br />sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateball" title="Gateball">Gateball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li>Super11s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_rules_shinty%E2%80%93hurling" title="Composite rules shinty–hurling">Shinty–Hurling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Indigenous North American stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iomain" title="Iomain">Iomain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knattleikr" title="Knattleikr">Knattleikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knotty" title="Knotty">Knotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_lacrosse" title="Box lacrosse">box/indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_lacrosse" title="Field lacrosse">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercrosse" title="Intercrosse">intercrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritinis" title="Ritinis">Ritinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_rules_shinty%E2%80%93hurling" title="Composite rules shinty–hurling">Shinty–Hurling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hockey" title="Hockey">Hockey</a> sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_hockey" title="Ball hockey">Ball hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rink_bandy" title="Rink bandy">rink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broomball" title="Broomball">Broomball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_hockey" title="Indoor hockey">indoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_hockey" title="Floor hockey">Floor hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">Floorball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond_hockey" title="Pond hockey">pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_hockey" title="Power hockey">power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledge_hockey" title="Sledge hockey">ice sledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringette" title="Ringette">Ringette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkball" title="Rinkball">Rinkball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_hockey" title="Roller hockey">Roller hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roller_in-line_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller in-line hockey">in-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_hockey_(quad)" title="Roller hockey (quad)">quad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossall_Hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossall Hockey">Rossall hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinny" title="Shinny">Shinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hockey" title="Street hockey">Street hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicycle_hockey" title="Unicycle hockey">Unicycle hockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">Polo</a> sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_polo" title="Auto polo">Auto polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_polo" title="Cowboy polo">Cowboy polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_polo" title="Cycle polo">Cycle polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_polo" title="Elephant polo">Elephant polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_horse_polo" title="Hobby horse polo">Hobby horse polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseball" title="Horseball">Horseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pato" title="Pato">Pato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">Polo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_polo" title="Arena polo">Arena polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li> <li>Snow polo</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polocrosse" title="Polocrosse">Polocrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segway_polo" title="Segway polo">Segway polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_polo" title="Yak polo">Yak polo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other goal sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angleball" title="Angleball">Angleball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_ball" title="Cycle ball">Cycle ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flickerball" title="Flickerball">Flickerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalball" title="Goalball">Goalball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_handball" title="Beach handball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_handball" title="Czech handball">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_handball" title="Field handball">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_handball" title="Wheelchair handball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ball" title="Home Ball">Home Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoball" title="Motoball">Motoball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushball" title="Pushball">Pushball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quidditch_(real-life_sport)" title="Quidditch (real-life sport)">Quidditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_ball" title="Roll ball">Roll ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_polo" title="Canoe polo">canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_tube_water_polo" title="Inner tube water polo">inner tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlyball" title="Whirlyball">Whirlyball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bat-and-ball_games" title="Bat-and-ball games">Bat-and-ball<br />games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_baseball" title="Variations of baseball">Baseball variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball5" title="Baseball5">Baseball5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4nnboll" title="Brännboll">Brännboll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkball" title="Corkball">Corkball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickball" title="Kickball">Kickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matball" title="Matball">Matball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-line" title="Over-the-line">Over-the-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pes%C3%A4pallo" title="Pesäpallo">Pesäpallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlagball" title="Schlagball">Schlagball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-inch_softball" title="16-inch softball">16-inch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickball_(street_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stickball (street game)">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitilla" title="Vitilla">Vitilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_baseball" title="British baseball">British baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="English baseball">English baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh baseball">Welsh baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiffle_ball" title="Wiffle ball">Wiffle ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_ball" title="Town ball">Town ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireball" title="Wireball">Wireball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_cricket" title="Forms of cricket">Cricket variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty20_International" title="Twenty20 International">Twenty20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_cricket" title="Indoor cricket">Indoor cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigoro" title="Vigoro">Vigoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_longball" title="Danish longball">Danish longball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapta_(game)" title="Lapta (game)">Lapta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oin%C4%83" title="Oină">Oină</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoolball" title="Stoolball">Stoolball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_and_wall_games" title="Net and wall games">Net and wall games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_badminton" title="Ball badminton">Ball badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biribol" title="Biribol">Biribol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossaball" title="Bossaball">Bossaball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fistball" title="Fistball">Fistball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fives" title="Fives">Fives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eton_fives" title="Eton fives">Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_fives" title="Rugby fives">Rugby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footbag_net" title="Footbag net">Footbag net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_tennis" title="Football tennis">Football tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footvolley" title="Footvolley">Footvolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzi" title="Jianzi">Jianzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokgu" title="Jokgu">Jokgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcomb_ball" title="Newcomb ball">Newcomb ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peteca" title="Peteca">Peteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepak_takraw" title="Sepak takraw">Sepak takraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teqball" title="Teqball">teqball‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwball" title="Throwball">Throwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_volleyball" title="Sitting volleyball">sitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_volleyball" title="Standing volleyball">standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_variations#Pioneerball" title="Volleyball variations">pioneerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_volleyball" title="Snow volleyball">snow</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ball games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dodgeball" title="Dodgeball">Dodgeball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gain-ground" title="Gain-ground">Gain-ground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balle_%C3%A0_la_main" title="Balle à la main">Balle à la main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballon_au_poing" title="Ballon au poing">Ballon au poing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeu_de_paume" title="Jeu de paume">Jeu de paume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longue_paume" title="Longue paume">Longue paume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaatsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaatsen">Kaatsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin-Ball" title="Kin-Ball">Kin-Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagori" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagori">Lagori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelota_mixteca" title="Pelota mixteca">Pelota mixteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisonball" title="Prisonball">Prisonball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamburello" title="Tamburello">Tamburello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchoukball" title="Tchoukball">Tchoukball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulama_(game)" title="Ulama (game)">Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_pilota" title="Valencian pilota">Valencian pilota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llargues" title="Llargues">Llargues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukigassen" title="Yukigassen">Yukigassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tag_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag sports">Tag sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_kho" title="Kho kho">Kho kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chase_Tag" title="World Chase Tag">World Chase Tag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">Water sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Synchronized swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_racing" title="Yacht racing">Yacht racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other non-ball sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airsoft" title="Airsoft">Airsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo-taoshi" title="Bo-taoshi">Bo-taoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Buzkashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_(juggling)" title="Combat (juggling)">Combat (juggling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_curling" title="Wheelchair curling">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guts_(flying_disc_game)" title="Guts (flying disc game)">Guts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornussen" title="Hornussen">Hornussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makura-Nage" title="Makura-Nage">Makura-Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintball" title="Paintball">Paintball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_skating" title="Synchronized skating">Synchronized skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">Tug of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_frisbee" title="Ultimate frisbee">Ultimate</a></li></ul> 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